EEE 316

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
TRANSFORMERS
FALL, 2023
Theman Jirnadu I
 POWER TRANSFORMER
A power transformer is a type of transformer that
operates with high voltages and currents in the power
system network. It is mainly used to increase or decrease
the voltage level between the generator and the
distribution circuits. It has two or more windings that are
magnetically coupled through a core. A varying current in
one winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the core,
which induces a varying voltage in the other windings.
The ratio of the voltages in the primary Np and
secondary Ns windings depends on the number of turns
in each winding.
 Power Transformer Cont’d
Power transformers are classified as static devices because
they have no moving or rotating parts. They are also
passive devices because they do not generate or consume
electrical energy, but only transfer it from one circuit to
another. Power transformers can operate with high
efficiency and reliability for long periods of time.

If V2 > V1, it is called a step up-

transformer.
If V2 < V1, it is called a step-down
transformer.
 Type of Transformer based on Design
Depending upon the manner in which the primary and secondary
windings are placed on the core, and the shape of the core, there
are two types of transformers, called:
(a) Core type, and
(b) Shell type.
 Operation based Types of Transformer
• Step-up and step-down transformers: These transformers
are used to increase or decrease the voltage level of an AC
supply. A step-up transformer has more turns in the secondary
winding than in the primary winding, while a step-down
transformer has fewer turns in the secondary winding than in
the primary winding.
• Single-phase and three-phase transformers: These
transformers are used to handle single-phase or three-phase AC
supplies. A single-phase transformer has one primary winding
and one secondary winding, while a three-phase transformer
has three primary windings and three secondary windings that
are connected in star or delta configuration.
 Operation based Types of Transformer Cont’d
• Distribution and power transformers: A distribution
transformer is used to step down the voltage for distribution
to domestic or commercial users. It has good voltage
regulation and operates at full load or near full load most of
the time. Power transformers are designed to step up or the
voltage in the transmission networks of higher voltages. Its
ratings are 400kv, 200kv, 110kv, 66kv, 33kv. Most of the
power transformersstations, transmission substations, where
high-capacity transformers are needed. Power transformers
are designed for maximum are rated above 200MVA and are
installed at the generating operating efficiency of 100% and
are larger than the distribution transformer.
 Operation based Types of Transformer Cont’d
• Instrument transformers: These transformers are used to measure
high voltages and currents in a circuit by stepping them down to
lower values that can be measured by conventional instruments. They
include current transformers (CT) and potential transformers (PT).
• Oil-cooled and dry-type transformers: These transformers differ in
their cooling methods. Oil-cooled transformers use mineral oil as a
cooling medium that circulates through radiators or heat exchangers.
Dry-type transformers use air as a cooling medium that flows through
vents or fans.
• An autotransformer: is a type of electrical transformer with only one
winding winding which is common to both input and output. This
single winding is “tapped” at various points along its length to provide
a percentage of the primary voltage supply across its secondary load.
 Functions of a Transformer
The following are some of the most common uses for transformer:
1. It is used for Impedance Matching. The maximum power transfer
theorem states that the impedance of each component must be equal in
magnitude in order for the greatest amount of power to be transferred.
2. Increasing or reducing the voltage level in an AC circuit to ensure
the correct operation of the circuit’s various electrical components.
3. It blocks/stops DC from flowing from one circuit to another.
4. It separates two separate electric circuits.
5. Before transmission can take place, the voltage level at the electric
power plant must be increased. This helps to mitigate power loss
and increases energy efficiency.
6. They act as an Electrical Safety Device by Stopping the Flow of
Electric Current. (Breakers).
 Transformer Specification plate/ Nameplate
All power transformers has a nameplate
to show the detailed technical
information necessary on it. This
nameplate lie in different position on
different transformers. It is a metal or
plastic placard that provides the essential
information to electrical professionals,
technicians, and users who interact with
the transformer. It helps to ensure
proper installation, maintenance, and
operation of the transformer by
conveying key details about the unit’s
capabilities and operational parameters.
 Power Transformer Specifications
Power transformers have various specifications that describe their
characteristics and performance. Some of the common
specifications are:
• Rated voltage: This is the nominal voltage that the transformer
is designed to operate at. It is usually expressed in kilovolts (kV)
or volts (V).
• Rated power: This is the maximum apparent power that the
transformer can deliver at its rated voltage and frequency. It is
usually expressed in kilovolt-amperes (kVA) or megavolt-
amperes (MVA).
• Rated current: This is the maximum current that the
transformer can carry at its rated voltage and frequency. It is
usually expressed in amperes (A) or kiloamperes (kA).
 Power Transformer Specifications Cont’d
• Voltage ratio: This is the ratio of the secondary voltage to the
primary voltage of the transformer. It indicates how much the
transformer steps up or steps down the voltage.
• Turns ratio: This is the ratio of the number of turns in the
secondary winding to the number of turns in the primary
winding of the transformer. It is related to the voltage ratio by
the equation:
Vs/Vp = Ns/Np
where Vs and Vp are the secondary and primary voltages, and
Ns and Np are the secondary and primary turns.
• Impedance: This is the opposition to the flow of current in the
transformer. It is usually expressed as a percentage of the rated
voltage divided by the rated current, or as an ohmic value.
 Power Transformer Specifications Cont’d
• Efficiency: This is the ratio of the output power to the input
power of the transformer. It indicates how well the transformer
converts electrical energy from one circuit to another.
• Regulation: This is the change in secondary voltage when the
load changes from full load to no load, expressed as a
percentage of the no-load voltage. It indicates how well the
transformer maintains a constant output voltage.
 Power Transformer Applications
• Power transformers are widely used in various sectors, such as:
• Power generation: Power transformers are used to step up the
voltage of the electricity generated by power plants before it is
sent to the grid. This reduces the current and the line losses
during transmission.
• Power transmission: Power transformers are used to step up
or step down the voltage at different points of the transmission
network for efficient power delivery. They also provide galvanic
isolation and impedance matching between different circuits.
 Power Transformer Applications Cont’d
• Power distribution: Power transformers are used to step down the
voltage for distribution to various consumers (Domestic or
commercial users). They also provide multiple voltage levels for
different applications, such as lighting, heating, cooling,
communication, etc.
• Lighting: Power transformers are used to provide low voltage and
high currents for lighting systems, such as fluorescent lamps, neon
signs, etc.
• Audio systems: Power transformers are used to isolate and amplify
audio signals in speakers, amplifiers, microphones, etc.
• Electronic equipment: Power transformers are used to provide low
voltage and regulated power supply for electronic devices, such as
computers, televisions, radios, etc.
 Winding of a Transformer
Transformer winding involve the process of wrapping an insulated
conductor into several turns around a section of the core that forms a
continuous coil through which an electric current can pass through. In
most transformers, there are two windings, one of them is a high
voltage primary/secondary and the other is the low voltage
secondary/primary. Basically, there are two major types of transformer
windings:
• Concentric Type
• Sandwich Type
 Concentric windings
Concentric windings are normally carried out in a core type
transformer. It places the Low Voltage windings near the core and
high voltage windings are placed after low voltage winding (Laid
un top of the low winding).
 Sandwitch or pancake windings
Sandwich windings are mostly carried out in a shell type transformer.
•High voltage winding and low voltage winding are wound in the form
of pancakes and then they interleaved.
•The top and bottom windings which are near the yoke are of low
voltage winding only.
 Transformer Tank
1. The whole transformer assembly is placed in a metal tank and
immersed in oil which serves the purpose of providing insulation and
cooling.
2. Cooling tubes are provided to increase the surface area of the tank for
more effective cooling.
Transformer Conservator & Terminal Bushings
The conservator is air tight cylindrical metal drum supported on
the transformer tank. This drum is connected with pipe to the
transformer tank and always partially filled with oil.The
expansion and contraction of the oil in the main tank with
changes of temperature is now taken up by the conservator.
 Buchholz Relay
This is a protective device mounted in
the pipe line connecting to the main
tank to the conservator.
Due to excessive heat developed during
the fault condition the oil in the tank
gets decomposed and different types of
the gases are liberated.
These gases operate the buchholz relay
which gives alarm to the operator.
 Tap Changer
A tap changer is a device fitted to power transformers for regulation of the
output voltage to required levels. This is normally achieved by changing the
ratios of the transformers on the system by altering the number of turns in
one winding of the appropriate transformer/s. Tap changers offer variable
control to keep the supply voltage within the limits to fit the application needs
Tap Changer Cont’d
 Principle of Operation of a Transformer
When an alternating voltage V1 is applied to the primary, an
alternating flux ϕ is set up in the core. This alternating flux links
both the windings and induces e.m.f.s E1 and E2 in them
according to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction. The
e.m.f. E1 is termed as primary e.m.f. and e.m.f. E2 is termed as
secondary e.m.f.
d
Clearly,......E1   N1 Primary induced e.m.f.
dt
d
and,....E 2   N 2 Secondary induced e.m.f.
dt
 Transformer Equation derivation
The r.m.s. value of the e.m.f. induced in primary and secondary
winding are:
E1 = 4.44 f N1 Φm = 4.44 f N1 Bm A.........(1)
E2 = 4.44 f N2 Φm = 4.44 f N2 Bm A..........(2)
Φm = Maximum flux in core in webers
= Bm × A
Where A = area of core
Where f = Frequency of a.c. input in Hz
Dividing equation 1 by 2:
E2 4.44 N2 fΦ E2 N2 Voltage relationship for
   ideal transformer where
E1 4.44 N1 fΦ E1 N1 Voltage ratio equals turn ratio
 Transformer Equation derivation Cont’d
Note that magnitudes of E2 and E1 depend upon the number
of turns on the secondary and primary respectively.
If N2 > N1, then E2 > E1 (or V2 > V1), i.e K > 1, and we get
a step-up transformer.
If N2 < N1, then E2 < E1 (or V2< V1), i.e K < 1 and we get a
step-down transformer.
Turns Ratio (K) = E2/E1 = N2/N1 From our transformer
equation derivation.
 Transformer Equation derivation Cont’d
Given, 
E2 N2
 . . . . . . . . . .(1) (Turns Ratio)
E1 N1
V1 = E1 + voltage drop
E2 = V2 + voltage drop
Due to the resistance in the windings and some leakage flux, there
is some loss in voltage. This is called as Voltage Drop.
But, in ideal case, voltage drop can be neglected.
Hence,
V1 = E1
E2 = V2
E2 V2
Hence,  E1  V1 . . . . . . . .(2) (Voltage Ratio)
 Transformer Equation derivation Cont’d
Also, in a transformer, the power across the primary as well as the
secondary winding is same. Hence,
V1*I1 = V2*I2
V1 I2 . . . . . . . . . (3) (Current Ratio)

V2 I1

Now, combining (1), (2) & (3), we get:

E2 N2 V2 I1
K    (Transformation Ratio)
E1 N1 V1 I2
 Transformer Equation derivation Cont’d
From Voltage Ratio (Ideal transformer)
Es Ns
K  
Ep Np The turns ratio is a scalar.
ES  K  E P Introduces no phase shift

Apparent Power balance

E p  I p  E s  Is
No power losses in ideal
Sp  Ss transformer
Current Ratio
Is 1 1
 ,  I s     I p Current ratio is the inverse
Ip K K of the voltage ratio
 Impedance Transforms
Impedances Reflected Through Ideal Transformers
Load impedance as seen from
primary side of transformer
Zin Zload
Ep
By Ohm’s Law Zin 
Ip
Write Es and Is in terms of primary values
 Ep  Load impedance is increased E
Z load  s
 
Es  K   E p  1   E p  1  when viewed from primary side Is
      2
   
I s K  I p  K  K  I p   I p  K  EP
Es  Is  K  I p
K

 1 
Z load  Z in   2   Z load  K 2  Z in
K 
 Impedance Transforms
Derive equation when impedances are connected to the primary side and viewed
from the secondary side.
E s Write primary values in terms of
Zin 
Is secondary and substitute in the Zload
equation.
Is
Zin E p  K  Es Ip 
Zload K

Ep K  Es K E 
Ep Z load    K  Es    K 2   s 
Zload  Ip Is  Is   Is 
Ip K
Generally : Moving impedance from secondary Zload
to primary multiply by K2. Moving from primary Zload  Zin  K 2
 2
 Zin
to secondary, divide by K2. K
Zp
Z p  Zs  K 2
2
 Zs
K
 Course Drill
Ex 1: A transformer primary winding is powered by a 120 V
ac source. If the turn ratio is 10, what does the secondary
voltage equal?
Solution:
Given, the turn ratio, N2/N1 = 10,
voltage across the primary coil, V1 = 120 V
Now, according to the transformer’s equation:
V2/V1 = N2/N1
Substituting the given values,
V2/120 = 10,
 V2 = 1200 V
 Course Drill Cont’d
Ex 2: A transformer has 1000 turns in the primary coil, and 8A current
flows through it. When the input power is 10 kW, and the output is
1000 V. Determine the number of turns in the secondary coil.
Solution:
Consider the case of an Ideal Transforemer,
Given that, Pin = Pout = 1000 W
But, Pout = VSIS
Now, the current through the secondary circuit is,
IS = Pout / VS =10000 / 1000 = 10 A
Therefore, the turns ratio of transformer is given by,
IP / IS = NS / NP
NS = (IP / IS) NP
= (8/10) × 1000
= 800 turns.
 Course Drill Cont’d
Ex 3: The number of turns in the secondary coil of a 22 KVA,
2200V/220V single-phase transformer is 50, find the number of
primary turns. Neglect all kinds of losses in the transformer.
Solution:
The value of the turns ratio is
Vp/Vs = 2200/220
=10 = K
Number of primary turns
The value of the primary turns can be determined as:-
Np/Ns=K
Np/50=10
Np = 500 turns.
 Course Drill Cont’d
Ex 4: Determine the primary current drawn in the transformer
when the efficiency of the transformer provided is 75% and works
on 100 V, 5 kVA and secondary voltage is 200 V.
Solution:
Given that, The kVA rating of transformer= 5 kVA
Primary voltage, V1 = 100 V
Secondary voltage, V2 = 200 V
Therefore, the Primary current I1 is given by,

I1= P / V1
= 5 kVA / 100
= 50 A
 Course Drill Cont’d
Ex. 1 A transformer primary winding is powered by a 7200V
ac source. If the output voltage is 240V, calculate the turns
ration K. (Ideal Transformer)
 Course Drill Cont’d: Ideal Transformer
Example 8-1: A 25 kVA, 7200 - 240/120 center-tap single phase
transformer operates at rated voltage. It supplies a single phase load
that has an equivalent impedance of 7.2 +36.9o ohms. Assume
Ideal operation and find:
a.) turns ratio.
b.) secondary current.
c.) primary current.
d.) load Z as seen from primary side.
e.) PT, ST, QT, and Fp
120 V
7200 V
240 V
120 V
 Course Drill Cont’d: Ideal Transformer
a) For ideal transformers
N P 7200V
N P VP
 K   30 Ans
N S VS NS 240V
VP  7200V , VS  240V

b) Secondary current Using Ohm’s law to find Is

IP 1 1 E P  7200 0V
 ,  IP  IS
IS K K ES  240 0V

2400V
IS  , I S  33.33  36.9 A Ans
7.236.9
 Course Drill Cont’d: Ideal Transformer
c) Find the primary current
1 1
I P  I S , I P  ( )(33.33  36.9)
K 30
I P  1.11  36.9 A Ans

d) Find the input impedance as seen from the primary side

Zin  K 2 Zload

Zin  (30) 2 (7.236.9)

Zin  6480 36.9 Ans

 Course Drill Cont’d: Ideal Transformer

e) Find the power and the power factor of the load

Using secondary side quantities Using primary side quantities

STS  I S *VS STP  I P *VP

STS  (2400)(33.33  36.9) * ST P  (1.111  36.9) * (7200 0)

STS  (2400)(33.3336.9) ST P  (1.11136.9)(7200 0)
STS  8000 36.9VA Ans ST P  8000 36.9VA Ans

Power equal on both sides of ideal transformer

 Course Drill Cont’d: Ideal Transformer

Now find the power factor and the active and reactive powers
PT  ST Cos ,   36.9 QT  ST Sin ,   36.9
PT  8000Cos(36.9) QT  8000 Sin(36.9)
PT  6397 .5W Ans QT  4803VAR Ans

PT
FP 
ST
6397.5
FP   0.80 Lagging Ans
8000
 Course Drill Cont’d: Ideal Transformer
Example 8-2: 300 kVA 2400-120, 60 Hz single phase
transformer operates at 2300 volts on the primary side. It
supplies 115 kVA to a load that has a power factor of 0.723
lagging. Assume idea operation and find:

a.) secondary voltage at operating voltage

b.) secondary current
c.) impedance of the load as seen on the secondary side
d.) impedance of the load as seen on the primary side
 Course Drill Cont’d: Ideal Transformer
a) Find secondary voltage at operating voltage
V pr 2400V
K ,   20 Use rated values to find turns ratio
Vsr 120V
Vp
V p  KVS ,  VS  Transformer operates at 2300V=Vp
K
2300V
VS  , 115V Ans
20
b) Find secondary current at operating voltage
115,000VA
Power is equal on both SS IS 
Sp = Ss IS  115V
sides of ideal VS
transformers IS  1000A Ans
 Course Drill Cont’d: Ideal Transformer
c) Find load impedance seen on secondary side
VS 115V
| Z S | ,   0.115 Next we find impedance angle
IS 1000 A
FP  0.723 Lagging   Cos 1 ( F )
P Angle between V and
  Cos 1 (0.723) I.
Change sign for
  43.7 impedance angle
  43.7
Z S  0.11543.7 Ans
 Course Drill Cont’d: Ideal Transformer
d) Find load impedance seen on primary side of transformer
Reflecting impedance from secondary to primary-multiply by a2.

ZP  K 2ZS

Z P  (20) 2 (0.11543.7)

Z P  4643.7 Ans
 Transformer Efficiency
The efficiency of a transformer is also known as commercial
efficiency is described as the ratio of output (in W or kW) to input (in
W or kW). It is represented by the symbol ‘η’.
Hence, the efficiency of transformer may be expressed as:
Efficiency (η) = (Power Output / Power Input)
The above equation can be used for an ideal transformer in which
there are no transformer losses and all input energy is transferred to
the output. However, the following equation is mostly used if
transformer loses are taken into consideration:
Efficiency = ((Power O/P) / (Power O/P + Losses)) × 100%
or
Efficiency = (Power i/p – Losses) / Power i/p × 100 = 1− (Losses/
i/p Power) × 100
 Energy Losses in a Transformer
We used an ideal transformer in the previous equations
(without any energy losses). However, some energy losses do
occur in actual transformer for the following reasons:
• Copper/Ohmic Loss (Windings (Conductor)
Resistance) : Because the wire used for the windings has
some electrical resistance, energy is wasted as a result of the
heat generated in the windings. These are mitigated in high
current, low voltage windings by utilizing thick wire with a
high conductive substance.
Pcopper  Pcu  ( I 1) 2 R1  ( I 2) 2 R2  Pshort circuit
or if referred , Pcu  ( I 1) 2 R01  ( I 2) 2 R02
 Energy Losses in a Transformer Cont’d
• Iron/ Core Loss (Flux Leakage) : Not all flux generated by the primary
coil make it to the secondary coil. This occurs as a result of the core’s
inadequate design or the presence of air holes in the core. It is possible to
lower it by wrapping the primary and secondary coils over each other. It
can also be lowered if the core is well-designed.
Piron  Pc  ( I c) 2 Rc  Popen circuit
• Eddy Currents: The alternating magnetic flux creates eddy currents
in the iron core, resulting in energy losses through heating. By using a
laminated core, the impact is decreased.
• Hysteresis Loss: In each AC cycle, the alternating magnetic field
reverses the magnetization of the core. The loss of energy in the core
occurs as heat owing to hysteresis loss, which is minimized by
employing a magnetic material with a low hysteresis loss.
 Course Drill : Transformer Efficiency
Ex. 1 A 500 KVA transformer has 2500 watts iron loss, and 7500
watts copper loss at full load. The power factor is 0.8 lagging.
Calculate:
• Transformer efficiency at full load,
• Maximum efficiency of the transformer,
• Output KVA corresponding to maximum efficiency,
• Transformer efficiency at half load.
Solution:
Transformer rating = 500 KVA
Transformer output power = 500,000 x 0.8 = 400,000 watts
Iron losses (Pi) = 2500 W
Full load copper loss (Pcu) = 7500 W
 Course Drill : Transformer Efficiency
Transformer Efficiency at Full Load:
= [(output power)/(output power + Pi +Pcu)] x 100
= [(400,000)/(400,000 + 2500 + 7500)] x 100
= 97.56% (Ans)
Maximum Efficiency of Transformer:
For maximum efficiency, Copper loss (Pc) = Iron losses (Pi) =
2500 W
= [(output power)/(output power + Pi +Pc)] x 100
Therefore, maximum efficiency:
= [(400,000)/(400,000 + 2500 + 2500)] x 100
= 98.76% (Ans)
 Course Drill : Transformer Efficiency
Output KVA Corresponding to Maximum Efficiency:
= full load KVA x √(Pi/Pc)
= 500 x √(2500/7500)
= 500 x √0.333 = 166.5 KVA (Ans)
Transformer Efficiency at Half Load
Fraction of load at which efficiency is to be calculated (x):
= half load = ½ = 0.5
Therefore, x = 0.5
 Course Drill : Transformer Efficiency
Therefore, put x = 0.5 in above formula to get transformer efficiency at
half load
= [(0.5 x 400,000)/{(0.5 x 400,000) + 2500 + (0.5)2 x 7500)}] x 100
= [ 200,000/ { 200,000 + 2500 + 3900 } x 100
= 96.89% (Ans)

Ex. 2 A 20 KVA transformer on domestic load, which can be taken as

of unity power factor, has a full load efficiency of 95.3%, the copper
loss then being twice the iron loss. Calculate its ail-day efficiency at
following daily cycle:
• no load for 10 hours,
• half load for 8 hours,
• full load for 6 hours.
 Course Drill : Transformer Efficiency
Solution:
Full load output = 20 x 1 = 20 kW
Full load input = output/efficiency = (20/95.3) x 100 = 20.986 kw
Total losses = Pi + Pcu = Input – Output = 20.986 – 20 = 0.986 kw
Now Pcu = 2Pi (given)
Therefore, Pi + 2Pi = 0.986 kW
Or Iron losses (Pi) = 0.3287 kW
Full load copper losses (Pcu) = 2 x 0.3287 = 0.6574 kW
kWh output in 24 hours = {(1/2) x 20 x 8} + (1 x 20 x 6) = 200
kWH
 Course Drill : Transformer Efficiency
Iron losses for 24 hours = 0.3287 x 24 = 7.89 kW
Copper losses for 24 hours = Cu losses for 8 hours at half load + Cu
losses for 6 hours at full load
= {(1/2)2 x 0.6574 x 8} + (0.6574 x 6)
= 5.259 Kwh
Input in 24 hours = kWh output in 24 hours + iron and copper
losses for 24 hours
= 200 + 7.89 + 5.259 = 213.149 kWH
All day efficiency of transformer = (kWH output in 24 hours/ kWH
input in 24 hours) x 100
= (200/213.149) = 93.83% (Ans)
 Voltage Regulation
The voltage regulation is the percentage of voltage difference between
no load and full load secondary voltages of a transformer with respect to
its full load secondary voltage.
In other words, regulation determines the variation in secondary terminal
voltage which occurs inside the transformer as a result of variations in
the transformers connected load thereby affecting its performance and
efficiency if these losses are high and the secondary voltage becomes too
low. of a transformer.
When there is no-load connected to the transformer’s secondary
winding, (That is its output terminals are open-circuited), there is no
closed-loop condition, so there is no output load current (IL = 0) and the
transformer acts as single winding of high self-inductance. Note that the
no-load secondary voltage is a result of the fixed primary voltage and the
turns ratio of the transformer.
 Voltage Regulation Cont’d
Loading the secondary winding with a simple load impedance causes a
secondary current to flow, at any power factor, through the internal winding
of the transformer. Thus voltage drops due to the windings internal
resistance and its leakage reactance causes the output terminal voltage to
change.
A transformers voltage regulation change between its secondary terminal
voltage from a no-load condition when IL = 0, (open circuit) to a fully-
loaded condition when IL = IMAX (maximum current) for a constant primary
voltage is given as:
Voltage Regulation as a Fractional Change:
 Voltage Regulation Cont’d
Note that this voltage regulation when expressed as a fraction or
unit-change of the no-load terminal voltage can be defined in one
of two ways, voltage regulation-down, (Regdown) and voltage
regulation-up, (Regup).
That is when the load is connected to the secondary output
terminal, the terminal voltage goes down, or when the load is
removed, the secondary terminal voltage goes up. Thus the
regulation of the transformer will depend on which voltage value is
used as the reference voltage, load or non-load value.
We can also express transformer voltage regulation as a percentage
change between the no-load condition and the full-load conditions
as follows:
 Voltage Regulation Cont’d
Transformer Voltage Regulation as a Percentage Change:

Vno-load - Vfull-load
% Regulation (down)  x 100
Vno-load
Vno-load - Vfull-load
% Regulation (up)  x 100
Vfull-load
So for example, let’s assume we have a single-phase transformer which
has an open-circuit, no-load terminal voltage of 100 volts and the same
terminal voltage drops to 95 volts on the application of a resistive load.
The transformers voltage regulation would therefore be: 0.05 or 5%,
((100 – 95)/100)*100%). Then a transformers voltage regulation can be
expressed as either a unit change value, in this example 0.05, or as a
percentage change value (5%) of the original no-load voltage.
 Voltage Regulation Cont’d
Eg. 1 The primary winding of a 500VA, 10:1 single-phase step-down
transformer is fed from a constant 240Vrms supply. Calculate the
percentage regulation of the transformer when connected to an
impedance of 1.1Ω
Data given: VA = 500, TR = 10:1, VP = 240V, ZS = 1.1Ω, find the
%Reg.

Therefore, VS(no-load) = 24 Volts

 Voltage Regulation Cont’d
Therefore, VS(full-load) = 23.45 Volts

Then the percentage down regulation calculated for the transformer

is given as: 2.29%, or 2.3% rounded-off
 Voltage Regulation Cont’d
Eg. 2 A single-phase transformer with a voltage regulation of 4% has
a secondary terminal voltage of 115.4 volts at full load current.
Calculate its no-load terminal voltage when the load is removed.
 Voltage Regulation Cont’d
It is obvious that a change in the connected load creates a change
in the transformers terminal voltage between its “no-load” voltage
and its “full-load” voltage, thereby making transformer voltage
regulation a function external to the transformer.
Thus the lower the percentage voltage regulation, the more stable
the transformers secondary terminal voltage will be no matter
what the load current value is. If the connected load is purely
resistive, then the voltage drop would be smaller. Thus an ideal
transformer would have zero voltage regulation, that is VS(full-
load) is equal to VS(no-load) as there would be zero losses.
 Three-phase Transformers
• The transformers may be inherently 3-phase, having three
primary windings and three secondary windings mounted on
a 3-legged core.
• The same result can be achieved by using three single-phase
transformers connected together to form a 3-phase
transformer bank.
• When three single-phase transformers are used to transform
a 3-phase voltage, the windings can be connected in several
ways.  the ratio of the 3-phase input voltage to the 3-phase
output voltage depends not only upon the turns ratio of the
transformers, but also upon how they are connected.
Three-phase Transformers Cont’d
 3 phase Transformer connections
By connecting three single phase transformers
 Star and Delta connection

STAR: This connection

type is used for both low
and high voltages and for
low currents .

DELTA: This connection

type is used mainly for high
rated currents and low
voltages.
 Star - Star connection
STAR - STAR
1. This Type of Transformer
is rarely used due to
problems with unbalanced
loads.

2. It is economical for small

currents high voltage
transformer as the number
of turns per phase and the
amount of insulation
required is less.
 Delta - Delta Connection
APPLICATION
1. Suitable for large, low voltage
transformers.
2. This type of connection is normally
uncommon but used in some
industrial facilities to reduce impact
of SLG (Single Line-to-Ground)
faults on the primary system.
3. It is generally used in systems where
it need to be carry large currents on
low voltages and especially when
continuity of service is to be
maintained even though one of the
phases develops fault.
 Star - Delta connection
APPLICATIONS
1. Following are primary
applications of the star-delta
connection of the transformer
2. This type of connection is used,
where the primary side requires
neutral terminal so that it can be
grounded.
3. The star-delta connection is
mainly used in step-down
transformers, which are located at
the substation end of the
transmission line.
 Delta - Star connection
APPLICATION
1. The delta-star connection is used
in step-up transformers, where
neutral at the secondary side is
required.
2. The delta-star connected
transformers are mainly used as
generator transformer for
connecting the generators to the
transmission system.
3. They are also used in industrial,
commercial and high-density
residential distribution systems.
Module 3