Contents

S.no. Title Page. No. Remarks

1. Transformer and its types 1-2

2. Step Down Transformers 3
3. Construction of a transofrmer 4
4. Working of a transformer 5-6
5. Application of step down 7
transformers
6. Efficiency 8-10
7. Loss faced in step down 11-14
transformers
Transformer and its types
A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one
electrical circuit to another circuit, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any
coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core,
which induces a varying Electromotive force (EMF) across any other coils wound
around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between separate
coils without a metallic (conductive) connection between the two
circuits. Faraday’s law of induction, discovered in 1831, describes the induced
voltage effect in any coil due to a changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil.

Transformers are used to change AC voltage levels, such transformers being

termed step-up or step-down type to increase or decrease voltage level,
respectively. Transformers can also be used to provide galvanic isolation between
circuits as well as to couple stages of signal-processing circuits. Since the
invention of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers have
become essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating
current electric power. A wide range of transformer designs is encountered in
electronic and electric power applications. Transformers range in size
from RF transformers less than a cubic centimeter in volume, to units weighing
hundreds of tons used to interconnect the power grid.
Types: there are 2 types of transformers

Step up transformer- A step-up transformer is a transformer that has a

primary voltage that is lower than the secondary voltage.

So, if your building is wired with 208v but you need 480v to power a
large machine, you'll need a step-up transformer to boost the voltage
from 208v to 480v.

Step down transformer- A step-down transformer is a transformer that

has a primary voltage that is higher than the secondary voltage.

To illustrate, let’s say your building receives 3-phase 480v power from
the power company, but you have a piece of equipment that requires
208v 3-phase power. To make this work, you need a step-down
transformer to convert the 480v power to 208v to power your machine
with the right voltage.
 Step down transformers
A step-down transformer is an electrical device that reduces the voltage of an
alternating current (AC) power supply. It consists of a primary winding, a
secondary winding, and an iron core.

When an AC voltage is applied to the primary winding, it creates a fluctuating

magnetic field in the iron core. This magnetic field then induces a voltage in the
secondary winding but at a lower voltage level than the primary winding.

A transformer works on the mutual induction principle, also known as Faraday’s

Law of Electromagnetic Induction, which states that the magnitude of voltage is
directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.

Mutual Induction
It means that a current gets induced in a coil when it comes in proximity to a
current-carrying coil having varying magnetic flux. This induced current is directly
proportional to the rate of change in current. Learn more about mutual induction.

Faraday’s Law
According to Faraday’s Law, any change in the magnetic field near the coil or
conductor leads to the production of an electromotive force (EMF) that is induced
inside the coil due to a change in magnetic flux.
Construction of a transformer-

Core
The coils that are winded up on a certain material collectively form a transformer
core. These cores are made of very high permeable material that is able to carry
the flux.

The core of a transformer acts as a path or channel for the easy flow of magnetic
flux.

These cores are constructed using ferromagnetic materials that have high
permeability such as iron.

In transformers, we use thin metallic iron sheets instead of a single solid core
because the single solid core causes a greater generation of eddy currents and
this decreases the efficiency of a transformer.

Winding
The voltage transformers are winded with wires called coils. Here, we use wires
with less resistance and good conductivity, which is required to get good
efficiency from the transformer.

Generally, copper is used in transformer winding as it has good electrical

conductivity and very low resistance in comparison to others. It is also not
expensive like gold, silver, and platinum.
Working of a transformer-

A transformer works on the principle of mutual induction. So, when there is a

change in the current of one coil, an electric current is also induced in the other
coil in its proximity.

Every transformer consists of two coils or winding: primary and secondary. The
primary winding is connected to the AC power source and the secondary to the
load.

When AC current is provided to the primary winding of the coil, a magnetic flux is
generated. Through the transformer core, the magnetic field completes its path.

As the secondary winding comes in contact with this magnetic flux, an EMF is
induced on it.

The strength of the generated EMF depends on the number of turns in the
winding of the secondary coil.
Derivation-

N1<N2

Where, N1 = Number of turns in the 1st coil

N2 = Number of turns in the 2nd coil

The relation between voltage and the number of turns in a coil is:

Vp/Vs = Np/Ns

Where Vp = Voltage in the primary coil

Vs = Voltage in the secondary coil

Np = Number of turns in the primary coil

Ns = Number of turns in the secondary coil

Applications of step down transformers

The step-down transformers have a very important function in a power system.

They lower the voltage level and adapt it to energy consumers. It is performed in
several steps described below:

 A long distance energy transmission system should have a voltage level as

high as possible. With high voltage and low current, the transmission power
loss will be significantly decreased. A power grid is designed that has
to be connected with the transmission system with the different voltage
levels. Step-down transformers are used in the interconnection of
transmission systems with different voltage levels. They decrease voltage
level from high to lower value (e.g. 765/220 kV, 410/220 kV, 220/ 110 kV).
These transformers are huge and have very high nominal power (even 1000
MVA). In this case, when the transformer turns ratio is not high
the autotransformers are usually installed.

 The next voltage level transformation step is adapting the transmission

voltage to the distribution level. The characteristic voltage ratios, in this
case, are 220/20 kV, 110/20 kV (also the LV secondary voltages 35 kV and
10 kV can be found). The nominal power of those transformers is up to 60
MVA (usually 20 MVA). The on-load tap changer is almost always installed
in these transformers. Voltage regulation is the main function of tap
changer. In the USA the tap changer is based on the LV side, and in the rest
of the world mostly on the HV transformer side.

 The final voltage transformation step is adapting the voltage to the home
voltage level These transformers are known as small
distribution transformers with nominal power up to 5 MVA (mostly below 1
MVA) and with nominal voltage values 35, 20, 10 kV on HV side and
400/200 V on LV side. It is noticeable that those transformers have a
high turns ratio. They usually have de-energized tap changer with 5 tap
position (+/- 2 tap position) and do not have on-load tap changer.
Efficiency-
BENEFITS OF USING A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

1. Enhanced Safety
One of the primary benefits of using a step down transformer is enhanced
safety. High voltage levels can be dangerous, potentially causing electrical
shocks or fires. A step down transformer reduces the voltage to a safer level,
mitigating these risks. This is especially crucial in residential and commercial
environments where safety is a top priority.

2. Cost Efficiency
Step down transformers contribute to cost efficiency by allowing the use of
lower voltage electrical equipment, which is generally less expensive.
Additionally, by reducing energy losses that occur due to high voltage
transmission, they can significantly lower operational costs in the long run.

3. Versatility in Application
Step down transformers are versatile and can be used in a wide range of
applications, from small electronic devices to large industrial machinery.
Whether you need to power home appliances or heavy-duty industrial
equipment, a step down transformer can cater to your needs effectively.

4. Energy Conservation
Energy conservation is another significant advantage of using a step down
transformer. By efficiently lowering the voltage, these transformers reduce
energy losses that occur during transmission and distribution. This not only
helps in conserving energy but also reduces electricity bills, making it a cost-
effective solution for businesses.

5. Prolonged Equipment Lifespan

Operating electrical equipment at lower voltages can prolong its lifespan.
High voltage can cause excessive wear and tear on components, leading to
frequent maintenance and replacement. A step down transformer helps in
maintaining an optimal voltage level, thereby extending the life of your
equipment.

6. Noise Reduction
In industrial settings, electrical noise can be a significant issue, leading to
disruptions in operations and communication. Step down transformers help
in minimizing electrical noise, ensuring smoother and quieter operation of
equipment. This is particularly beneficial in environments where precision
and clarity are essential.

7. Improved Voltage Regulation

Reliable voltage regulation is crucial for the efficient functioning of electrical
equipment. Step down transformers provide stable voltage levels,
preventing fluctuations that can damage sensitive equipment. This is
particularly important in industries that rely on precision instruments and
machinery.

8. Flexibility in Design
Step down transformers are available in various designs and configurations,
making them adaptable to different needs. Whether you require a compact
transformer for a small application or a more robust unit for industrial use,
there’s a step down transformer that meets your specifications.
Leading servo stabilizer manufacturers often offer customized solutions to
suit specific requirements.

9. Reduced Heat Generation

Excessive heat generation is a common issue in high voltage systems, which
can lead to equipment failure and energy loss. Step down transformers
reduce the voltage and, consequently, the heat generated during operation.
This contributes to a cooler, safer working environment and lessens the
need for additional cooling systems.

10. Compliance with Electrical Standards

In many regions, there are strict regulations regarding the voltage levels that
can be used in residential, commercial, and industrial settings. Using a step
down transformer ensures compliance with these standards, helping
businesses avoid fines and legal complications. Furthermore, working with
reputable servo stabilizer manufacturers ensures that your transformers
meet the necessary safety and quality standards.
Losses faced in step down transformers

Resistive losses
Resistive loss, or I2R loss, or copper loss, is the power loss in a transformer
caused by the resistance of the copper wire used to make the windings.
Since higher frequencies cause the electrons to travel more toward the
outer circumference of the conductor (skin effect), electrical disturbances
called harmonics have the effect of reducing the wire size and increasing
resistive loss. These losses are the same as the power losses in any
conductor and are calculated as follows:

P=I^2R

Where

P= power (in watt)

I= current (in ampere)

R= resistance (in ohm)

For example, if a transformer primary is wound with 100’ of # copper wire that
carries 15 A, what is the resistive loss in that coil?

The resistance of copper wire is 1.588 Ω/1000’ at room temperature. Therefore,

the resistance of 100′ of the wire is 0.1588 Ω
P=I^2R

= 15^2 x 0.1588

=35.7 watt

The transformer primary wiring consumes 35.7 W of power that is wasted as

heat. If the transformer is not cooled properly, this heat increases the
temperature of the transformer and the wires. This increased temperature
causes an increase in the wire resistance, and the voltage dropped across
the conductor. This loss varies with the current and is always present in the
primary when it is energized. The secondary sees very little loss of this type
when unloaded.

Eddy current losses

Eddy current loss is power loss in a transformer or motor due to currents
induced in the metal parts of the system from the changing magnetic field.
Any conductor that is in a moving magnetic field has a voltage and current
induced in it. The iron core offers a low reluctance to the magnetic flux for
mutual induction. The magnetic flux induces current at right angles to the
flux. This means that current is induced across the core. This current causes
heating in the core. The heat produced by eddy currents increases as the
square of the frequency. For example, the third harmonic (180 Hz) has nine
(32) times the heating effect of the fundamental (60 Hz) frequency.

Constructing the core from thin sheets of iron laminated together can
minimize this loss. The thin sheet-iron layers shorten the current path and
minimize the eddy currents. Each sheet is coated with an insulating varnish
that forces these currents to only flow within individual laminations. This
reduces the overall eddy currents in the entire core. These thin sheets are
manufactured from silicon-iron or nickel-iron alloys that can be magnetized
more readily than pure iron. The use of alloy cores also improves the age
resistance of the core. The sheets are often made from 29-gauge alloy,
which is only 0.014′′ thick.

Hysteresis loss
Hysteresis loss is loss caused by the magnetism that remains (lags) in a
material after the magnetizing force has been removed. Magnetic domains
are small sections of a magnetic material that act together when subject to
an applied magnetic field. Magnetic domains have magnetic properties and
move in iron when subjected to a magnetic field. When the iron is subjected
to a magnetic field in one polarity, the magnetic domains will be forced into
alignment with the field. When the polarity changes twice each cycle, power
is consumed by this realignment, and this reduces the efficiency of the
transformer. This movement of the molecules produces friction in the iron,
and thus heat is a result. Harmonics can cause the current to reverse
direction more frequently, leading to more hysteresis loss. Hysteresis is
reduced through the use of highly permeable magnetic core material.

Flux loss
Flux loss occurs in a transformer when some of the flux lines from the
primary do not pass through the core to the secondary, resulting in a power
loss. There are two main reasons for flux lines to travel through the air
instead of through the core. First, the iron core can become saturated so
that the core cannot accept any more flux lines. The lines of flux then travel
through the air and are not cut by the secondary. Second, the ratio of the
reluctance of the air and the core in the unsaturated region is typically
about 10,000:1. This means that for every 10,000 lines of flux through the
core, there is 1 line of flux through the air. Flux loss is generally small in a
well-designed transformer.