Task 1:

Power Transformer

The Power transformer is a one kind of transformer, that is used to transfer electrical energy in any part
of the electrical or electronic circuit between the generator and the distribution primary circuits. These
transformers are used in distribution systems to interface step up and step down voltages. The common
type of power transformer is liquid immersed and the life span of these transformers is around 30 years.
Power transformers can be classified into three types based on the ranges. They are small power
transformers, medium power transformers and large power transformers.

Rating:

 The range of small power transformers can be from 500-7500kVA

 The range of medium power transformers can be from -100MVA
 The range of large power transformers can be from 100MVA & beyond
The average life of a transformer is around 30 years.

These transformers transform the voltage. It holds a low voltage, high current circuit at one side of the
transformer and on the other side of the transformer it holds high voltage low current circuit. Power
transformer depends on the principle of Faradays induction. They describe the power system into zones
where every gear connected to the system is sized per the ratings set by the power transformer.

Construction:

The skeleton of the power transformer is designed with metal which is laminated by sheets. It is fixed into
either a core type or shell type. The skeletons of the transformer are wound and connected using
conductors to make three 1-phase or one 3-phase transformer. Three 1-phase transformer requires each
bank isolated from the additional and thus offer continuity of service when one bank flops. A single 3-
phase transformer, whether the shell or core type, will not function even with one bank out of service.
The 3-phase transformer is inexpensive to make and it has a smaller footprint, and functions
comparatively with higher efficiency.

The skeleton of the transformer is absorbed in a fire retardant protecting oil inside a tank. The
conservatory on top of the oil tank lets for the increasing oil to fall into it. The charger of the load taps to
the side of the tank changes the no of turns on the high voltage-low current winding for superior voltage
regulation. The bushings of the tank permit for conductors to carefully enter and exit the tank without
stimulating the outer shell. The power transformer can be worked beyond its small rating as long as it
stays within the 65ºC rise of the temperature. To allow the above nominal operation, transformers are
built-in with fans that cools the core of the transformer to a point below the indicated temperature.
Specifications and Limitations:

Power transformers can be designed as either a single phase or a three phase configuration. There are
numerous important specifications to identify when searching for power transformers. The
specifications of power transformer include a maximum power rating, maximum secondary current
rating, maximum voltage rating and o/p type. Power transformer specifications mainly include

Phase is 3Ø

Frequency if 60Hz,50Hz

Primary Voltage is 22.9 kV

Secondary Voltage is 6.6/3.3 kV

Tap Voltage 23.9-R22.9-21.9-20.9-19.9Kv

Vector Dd0, Dyn11, etc.

Applications:

Power transformers can alter from one voltage to another at high power levels. These transformers are
used in various electronic circuits and also available in various types and applications.

The applications of the power transformer include the transmission and distribution of electrical power
These transformers are widely used by power plants, industrial plants and traditional electric utility
companies,

Power transformers are used in the high voltage transmission network to step up and step down the
voltage. These transformers are generally used for the purpose of transmission of heavy loads.

These transformers are big in size compared with distribution transformers, that are used in producing
station and transmission substation. Power transformers are used in the transmission n/w. So they do
not connect directly connect to the consumers. So load fluctuations of transformer are less.

These transformers are used as a step up devices for transmission, so that the I2r loss can be reduced to
a specified power flow.

Power transformers are mainly designed to use the core part for maximum and will function very much
near to the knee point of the B-H curve. This takes down the mass of the core extremely. Naturally,
power transformers have the corresponding copper losses and iron losses at higher load.

Distribution Transformer

Distribution Transformer is an electrical isolation transformer which convert high-voltage electricity to

lower voltage levels acceptable for use in homes and business. A distribution transformer's function is
straightforward: to step down the voltage and provide isolation between primary and secondary.
Electrical energy is passed through distribution transformers to reduce high-distribution voltage levels
down to end-use levels. Nearly all energy passes through at least one distribution transformer before
being consumed by an end-use appliance, motor, or other piece of equipment. Distribution
Transformers are found in all sectors of the economy: residential, commercial, and industrial.
Distribution transformers are generally categorized in several ways:

 type of insulation: liquid-immersed or dry-type

 number of phases: single-phase or three-phase

 voltage level (for dry-type): low or medium

General Purpose Distribution Transformers/Rating/Application:

They are generally used for supply appliance, lighting, motorized machine and power loads from
electrical distribution systems. They are either ventilated or totally enclosed, and are available with
either aluminum or copper windings in standard ratings from 50VA up to 750 kVA.
Since small distribution transformers do not generate much heat, a higher proportion of theses tend to
be dry-type. Dry-types are less flammable, and are therefore often selected for use when they must be
located in confined spaces on a customer's premises. Distribution transformers are used in electric
power systems. The final part of the distribution system at medium voltage are the distribution
transformers. Due to the low impedance voltage, this type of power distribution transformer will not
substantially limit the short circuit current in the case of a fault on its secondary side. It is therefore
common practice that power distribution transformers have to be type tested to their ultimate short-
circuit conditions. Power distribution transformers may be oil filled or dry-filled. Distribution
Transformers consist of two primary components: Core and Coil. Coil is a conductor, or winding, typically
made of a low resistance material such as aluminum or copper. Copper or aluminum conductors are
wound around a magnetic core to transform current from one voltage to another. Liquid insulation
material or air (dry-type) surrounds the transformer core and conductors to cool and electrically insulate
the transformer.
A core made of magnetically permeable material like grain oriented steel.
Distribution transformers are either mounted on an overhead pole or on a concrete pad at ground level.
There is some evidence to suggest that pole mounted transformers dissipate heat more easily than pad
mounted units and may therefore be more fully loaded.
 Dry Type Transformer

Dry type transformers range from 30 kVA to 30 MVA, with primary operating voltages up to 41.5 kV and
secondary operating voltages up to 36 kV.

With the aim of minimizing environmental contamination and fire hazards, customers are increasingly
requesting dry type transformers. These transformers meet strict parameters with respect to electrical
system demands and functioning in areas with extreme climatic conditions.

Applications include high-density office buildings, nuclear power plants, offshore drilling platforms,
nuclear-powered navy vessels and high-volume industrial process plants.

Dry type transformers fulfil the requirements of international standards IEC 60726, as well as the
European HD464 and HD538.

Dry type transformers are virtually maintenance free and are manufactured in accordance with the
international quality standards ISO 9001 and ISO 14001.

Applications:

Dry type transformers are most suitable for installations that require a high degree of safety, such as:
hospitals, shopping centers, multipurpose cultural centers, car factories etc. Dry type transformers are
also the most technologically advanced, designed for the severe conditions present in:

- Chemical processing, offshore platforms for oil wells, offshore drilling platforms, marine applications,
container cranes at seaports.

- Heavy industrial applications: wind power generation, underground railways, stations and
underground mines in non-classified areas. Rectifiers and frequency converters for AC motors. Power
plants for auxiliary services and excitation transformer systems.
Task 4:
Open Circuit Test:

Close Circuit Test:

Task 6:
Part a):

A double wound transformer has two electrically separate windings, a primary and a
secondary. The supply is connected to the primary and the load to the secondary. Therefore
the output circuit (secondary and load) are electrically isolated from the primary and its
supply.

An auto-transformer has only one winding. Both the incoming supply and the load are
connected to this single winding, usually at different points (taps). Depending on where
these two connections are connected to the winding, the transformer can boost the output
voltage relative to the input, keep it the same (not very usual, because in this case the
transformer is doing nothing useful), or lower it.

Auto-transformers are typically used where primary to secondary isolation isn’t needed and
the input and output voltages are relatively close together. In such case the amount of
copper and iron required are a fraction (almost 50%) of what would be required for a
double wound transformer so the transformer’s cost and losses are much reduced.

Part b):

Advantages of an autotransformer are:

1. Can be used to step up/down the voltage for small amount where needed like from
110 to 120 or 13.2 kV to 13.8 kV.
2. Apparent power increases since the leakage flux is reduced.
3. Reduces the budget since you need not to have a separate transformer to step
up/down the voltage for this small amount.

Disadvantages of an autotransformer are:

1. The electrical isolation is lost due to direct connection b/w primary & secondary
windings.
2. The internal impedance of an autotransformer is less as compare to the conventional
transformer.

*Note: The disadvantages are serious hence, needed to be into account in practical
applications