N5E21 P1

According to the structure of the transformer, it can be divided into core-type and shell-
type.

Core-type

(https://circuitglobe.com/difference-between-core-type-and-shell-type-transformer.html)

The shape of the core-type transformer is rectangle which is composed of two L-shape
magnetic core for preventing the generation of high reluctance at the joints. There are two
windings located at two sides of the magnetic core, which are primary and secondary.
Insulation is necessary between the magnetic core and the winding as well as between
primary winding and secondary winding.

Shell-type

(https://circuitglobe.com/difference-between-core-type-and-shell-type-transformer.html)
The shape of the shell-core transformer is rectangle which is composed of a long
rectangular bar and an E-shape magnetic core. There are three limbs in the transformer
that the central one carries the full amount of flux while the left and the right ones carry
half of the flux. Therefore, the size of the central bar is twice more than the others.

Both primary and secondary winding are located at the central bar. The low voltage
winding is located near the core while the high voltage winding is located outside the low
voltage winding so the insulation is greatly reduced.

Shell-type transformers are normally found in low voltage applications, particularly low
voltage power circuits and electronic circuits.

According to the voltage level of the primary side and the secondary of the transformer, it
can be divided into step-up and step-down.

Step-up

(https://circuitdigest.com/tutorial/different-types-of-transformers-and-their-applications)

Step up transformer rise the voltage of primary side to secondary side, according to the
ratio of the winding of primary and secondary, which is less than 1 for step up
transformer that means the number of turns of primary side is always greater than number
be turns of secondary side. Step up transformer can be found in electrical power
distribution system.

Step-down
(https://circuitdigest.com/tutorial/different-types-of-transformers-and-their-applications)

For step down transformer, voltage level of primary side is higher than voltage level of
secondary side, so the ratio of number of turn of primary and secondary is greater than 1.
Step down transformer can be found in electronic device, converting 230V AC from
power distribution system to low voltage application, such as 5V, 6V, 9V, 12V, 24V or
even 48V.

Besides power generation, transformers are also utilized in the field of power
transmission and power distribution to ensure the safety to the workers and end users.
Generally, transformers are located outdoor.

In Electrical, the Power domain deals with the power generation, measurement, and
distribution. However, it is a very large field where transformers are an essential part to
accommodate safe power conversion and successful power delivery to the substation and
to the end users. The transformers which are used in the power domain can be both
outdoor and indoor but mostly outdoor.

(http://engineering.electrical-
equipment.org/power-quality/mv-lv-substation-selection-power-transformers.html)

(a) Power Transformers are larger than other form of transformer, transmitting electrical
energy to substation or to the public. There are three types of power transfer, which are
small power transformer, medium power transformer and large transformer. The rating of
the small power transformer is ranging from 30KVA to 700KVA, medium power
transformer is ranging from 50 to 100 MVA and large power transformer is more than
100MVA. Good cooling system is necessary for high power generation and oil is
common cooling agent. Transformer receives electrical energy with low voltage and high
current and then converts it into high voltage and low current. Three phase power
transformer is more efficient than single phase power transformer.

(https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/measuring-current-transformers-
10460681591.html)

(b) Measurement transformer measures the output, the phase, current and voltage of the
power received. The main power is isolated in the measurement transformer and
converted the current and voltage in a smaller ratio to its secondary output.
 (https://new.siemens.com/global/en/products/energy/high-voltage/transformers/
distribution-transformers.html)

(c) Distribution Transformer is used in the last stage of the electrical energy distribution
system, stepping down the high voltage from power station to low voltage for public use,
such as 110V and 230V. The size of the distribution transformer increases when the rating
or capacity increases, which is always less than 200kVA.. There are two types of
insulation of distribution, which are dry method or oil-immersed method.
P2
Auto transformer

(https://circuitglobe.com/what-is-an-auto-transformer.html)

Two windings of traditional transformer are separated in term of electrical connection but
they have a magnetic connection. However, two windings of auto transformer are in both
electrical and magnetic connection when there is a common winding for primary and
secondary winding.
There are two types of auto transformer according to the construction. The first type of
construction is that a tap is mobile along the winding which can be stopped at desired
point to determine the secondary voltage while the second type of construction is that two
or more coils are separately placed which are electrically connected.

(https://circuitglobe.com/what-is-an-auto-transformer.html)

The above figure illustrated the first type auto transformer. A tap C is mobile along the
winding AB so the winding CB is the secondary winding, when the tap is stopped at the
desired position. Primary voltage is applied from AB, while the secondary voltage is
outputted from CB. The tap can be mobile or fixed.

Isolation transformers
 (https://www.electrical4u.com/isolation-transformer/)

The main function of isolation transformer is to protect the life of user and the equipment.
Generally, the secondary winding is connected to the electrical appliances that contact
with person and the grounding is isolated from the secondary side which means the
secondary side is not grounded.

There is no common winding found in isolation transformer because the there is a

connection between primary and secondary side. When the auto transformer is broken
down, the primary side still can use the remaining voltage to turn on alarm.

In order to reduce the noise produced by the transformer that would decrease the
performance of the electrical appliance which is connected to the auto transformer, such
as medical equipment, electromagnetic induction inside the auto transformer is
suppressed. The transformer may be shielded to prevent electrostatics.

The capacitive coupling, which depends on the value of the winding capacitance,
increases the noise of output when the AC signal passes from primary winding to the
secondary winding. In order to minimize the effect of the capacitive coupling, a grounded
metal strip is attached around the winding to create a Faraday shield.

The application of isolation transformer is to measure high voltage which is a potential

hazard to human being. Therefore, a step down transformer is used to greatly decrease the
voltage on the primary winding to a safe level for voltage measurement.

Current transformer
 (https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transformer/current-transformer.html)

The working mechanism of current transformer is similar to the power transformer. There
are primary and secondary windings in the current transformer. When the current passes
through primary winding, magnetic flex is created which induces current in the secondary
winding. Due to the low impedance of the secondary winding, the working condition is
almost in short circuit so the magnitude of secondary current depends on the magnitude
of primary current.

The current transformer composed of an iron core and two windings. The primary
winding receives the actual current from the load which is connected in series. On the
other hand, the secondary winding is connected to a measuring device or a relay. The
ratio of the number of the turns of primary to secondary is equal to the ratio of primary
current to secondary current, which is called the current transformer ratio of the current
transformer. Generally, the secondary current is 5 A, 1 A, 0.1 A, while the primary current
varies from 10 A to 3000 A or more.

P3
Three phase transformer

Three-phase is a general method for power transmission worldwide, which is always used
in power motors and other electrical devices. The installation of neutral wire of three-
phase is optional because the function of the neutral wire is to support not only high
voltage supply but also low voltage single phase supply. Therefore, no neutral wire was
found in the power distribution system which is just phase to phase connection in high
voltage.

There are three advantages for using three phase in the power distribution system. Firstly,
the neutral conductor can be eliminated by the balanced phase current. Secondly, energy
loss in vibration of generator and motor would be greatly reduced by using stable power
transmission. The last but not least, the direction of rotation in three phase system had
been already determined, so the structure of electric motor can be simplified. The least
number of phases to perform those advantages mentioned is three. Because most of the
domestic appliances uses single phase, the three phase power is split out at the main
distribution board.

In the power distribution system, the transformer transmits the electrical energy from one
circuit to another one through the wound coil on the metal core. Inductive coupling is
occurred in the secondary winding where the magnetic field is changed due to the change
of magnetic flux by alternating current passing through the primary coil.

(https://www.gamatronic.com/three-phase-transformers/34/)

There are six windings in the three-phase transformer, which are three primary and three
secondary. Delta and Wye are the two types of configurations are applied to the three-
phase transformer. For Delta connection, there is no Neutral while for Wye connection,
there is a Neutral. As a result, Delta can only supply three phase loading but the Wye can
supply both three phase voltage and single phase voltage, which is between any phase
and the Neutral. Neutral can be connected to the ground for safety.

Following four paragraphs describe the combination of delta and wye connections for
three-phase transformers.

1.Delta-Delta

(https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/3-phase-transformer-connections)

This type of transformer always supplies electricity to the electrical appliance which is
basically three-phase with some single-phase electronic parts. For example, the motor
energy is supplied from three-phase while the lighting and low voltage load are supplied
from single-phase. The single-phase load can be supplied by the ground and any legs of
the delta secondary which are connected to the grounded leg and grounded neutral.

2.Wye-Wye
(https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/3-phase-transformer-connections)
Wye-wye transformer can supply both three-phase and single-phase loads because the
electricity is evenly distributed among three legs. The disadvantages of Wye-wye
transformer is the propagation of third-harmonic currents and voltages, which may
interfere surrounding circuits.

3.Delta-Wye
(https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/3-phase-transformer-connections)
This combination of Delta and Wye configuration is the most popular three-phase
transformer because three phase legs and neutral of Wye configuration that can supply
single-phase electricity while the wire of Delta configuration can supply only three-phase
electricity. The disadvantage of Delta-wye transformer is that when any single phase
transformers fails the entire transformer fails.

4.Wye-Delta
 (https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/3-phase-transformer-connections)

The features of wye-delta transformer are that the primary wye is grounded and the
secondary delta is four wires with grounded one.

Generally, most of the industrial engineer adopts Delta-Wye transformer for power
distribution system. There are three advantages of Delta-Wye transformer. Firstly, the
primary delta balances the current from the source when the secondary supplies large
amounts of unloaded voltages. Secondly, the connection provides a neutral if there is no
neutral in the line. Thirdly, the noise of power transmission can be suppressed from the
line the secondary.
P4

Electric Motor

Electric machine is an apparatus that converts electrical energy to mechanical or

mechanical to electrical energy. Therefore, electric motor is a form of electric machine
that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

The working mechanism of motor is that the mechanical force is generated at the
conductor by placing a conductor with current in a magnetic field. There are two main
parts of the motor which are stator and rotor. For most of the motors, electricity is
supplied is both stator and rotor winding while in some exceptional cases, such as fixed
magnet motors and induction motors, energy is supplied to only one winding and the
electromagnetic force between stator winding and rotor winding is generated to motivate
the rotor.

Electrical motor is categorized in to DC motor, AC motor and the special motor.

DC motor

DC motor is a device that converts a direct current into mechanical energy. There are
several types of DC motor, such as Permanent magnet DC(PMDC) motor, Shunt motor,
Separately excited motor, Series motor and Compounded motor.

Structure & Operation

 (https://www.powerelectronictips.com/basics-ac-dc-ec-electric-motors-part-1-ac-dc/)

DC motor is composed of a stator, an armature, a rotor and a commutator with brushes.

The magnetic fields created in the motor alter the polarity and cause the rotation of the
motor. DC motor can be found in domestic appliances, such as car electric window.

The magnetic field is created by the permanent magnets or electromagnetic windings. An

armature is placed between the north and south poles of the magnetic field and as the
same time, it is a conductor that is passed with current. As a result, the armature turns by
the torque created in the magnetic field.

In the DC motor, the magnet is the stator and the armature is the rotor. A commutator
regularly alters the direction of current flow through the conductor. Generally, brushes or
conductive rod are the commutator that connected between the power source and the
armature.

Traditionally, DC motor can be only used under DC power source but now can be also
used under AC power source which is transformed to DC power by electronic
component. DC motor can be found in low voltage appliance such as toys. Its advantages
are low cost and simple drive but the disadvantages are short-life and low controllability.

AC motor
(https://www.powerelectronictips.com/basics-ac-dc-ec-electric-motors-part-1-ac-dc/)

The design AC motor is a very simple that alternation of current and voltage direction
switches the poles of the coils so the rotor turns. The revolution per minute (rpm) of the
motor depends on the number of windings of the circumference and the frequency of AC
power supply. For AC induction motor, the AC input voltage create the rotating stator
field and hence the rotor field created while for AC synchronous motor, current supplied
by slip rings or magnets created the magnetic field.

Due to no contact between parts of the AC motor besides the rotor bearings, the expected
life-span of AC motor is longer than DC motor. The frequency of AC power supply is
fixed so the range of rpm is limited. Although changing voltage alters the rpm, the torque
and the efficiency will be affected. As a result, the AC motor is appropriate for the load
that is known and constant because of the high efficiency. The efficiency would be
sharply decreased if the rpm is adjusted out of the range.

The application of AC motor can be found in various loading requirement, such as low
horsepower appliance and high horsepower motor in industry. High power AC motor
perform well when the electronic control component is installed while the low power AC
motor perform well under limited control.
Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is also known as variable speed drive, adjustable speed
drive, adjustable frequency drive, AC drive, microdrive and inverter. The function of
VFD is to control the frequency and hence the voltage supplied to the AC motor. For
example, the electric appliance requires mid-range speed for daily work. The VFD can be
used to decrease the frequency and the voltage for that appliance. Frequency of 50/60 Hz
is converted to DC and then converted to AC at a controllable and different frequency. As
a result, the motor RPM and the torque can be also changed.

(https://www.vfds.com/blog/what-is-a-vfd)

P5

Starting method of an Induction Motor

Due to high current is drawn from the supplies at the start of induction motor, starting
method is critical for the protection of the parts of motor, such as windings.

The starting method of an induction motor is self starting, with the following sequences:
1. Electrical power is connected to the stator;
2. The stator starts to move;
3. The motor slip is an unity so the starting current is large.

There are three functions of the starter:

1. Start of the motor;
2. Reduction of the high starting current;
3. Protection when there is overload and under voltage.

(https://circuitglobe.com/starting-of-an-induction-motor.html)

The three phase induction motor can be started by either direct connection to the full
power supply or reduced power supply. When the applied voltage increased, the torque of
the induction motor increased, since torque is directly proportional to square of the
voltage.

There are three methods for starting for cage rotor induction motor, which are direct
connection, star delta and auto transformer.

1. Direct on line starter

The advantages of starting method of direct connection are simple and cheap. The
maximum rating of the motor is 5kW for this method in order to avoid supply voltage
fluctuation.
 (https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/direct-on-line-dol-motor-starter)

At starting, high current is drawn from the supply at a short moment and then the current
will be reduced to the Locked Rotor Current. As a result, the motor will develop Locked
Rotor Torque and the motor will increase the speed to full.

When the motor accelerates, the current gradually decreases and then greatly reduces at
the motor high speed, such as 85% of synchronous speed. The starting current is
dependent of the motor design and terminal voltage but not motor load while the time for
the motor high load from zero to full speed is dependent of motor load.

During the star cycle, the motor torque is always higher than the load torque so the motor
will reach the full speed. If the motor torque is less the load torque, the motor will stop to
accelerate.

The direct on line starter method, of an induction motor is simple and economical. In this
method, the starter is connected directly to supply voltage. By this method small motors
up to 5 kW rating is started to avoid the supply voltage fluctuation.

2. Star delta starter

(https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/star-delta-motor-starter)
The disadvantage of direct online starter is that, for a large motor, a disturbance of
voltage occurs caused by large starting current surges. As a result, the starting method is
commonly and widely found in large induction motor, which applied delta connection for
stator windings.

To limit the starting current surge, large induction motors are started at reduced voltage
and then have full supply voltage reconnected when they run up to near rotated speed.

The change on the motor windings reduces the voltage. Firstly, the motor winding is
configured in star connection which reduces the voltage across each winding. Hence, the
torque is reduced by the factor of 3. After a certain period, the winding are reconfigured
as delta so the motor smoothly operates.

3. Auto transformer starter

Compared with direct starter and star delta starter, auto transformer is more flexible
because it can use both direction connection and star connection. The starting current of
the stator is reduced by auto transformer.
 (https://circuitglobe.com/starting-of-an-induction-motor.html)

There are several taps with different starting voltage in the auto transformer. The primary
winding of the auto transformer is connected to the power supply while the secondary
winding is connected to the motor. When the motor speed reach about 80% of the rated
speed, the handle H will moved from START position to RUN position. Therefore, the
auto transformer is disconnected from circuit and connected to the supply for reaching
rated speed.

P6
A generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by the
principle of Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction. Generators are classified into
AC Generators and DC Generators.

AC generator

(https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zqys97h/revision/2)

AC generator is composed of a coil, slip rings and brushes. Voltage is generated when the
wire coil is rotating in a magnetic field. It is also known as alternator for charging battery
in cars while the engine is running.

The rotation of coil in the magnetic field create current in one direction and the direction
will be reversed as the side of coil changes so the direction of current created
alternatively changed. The function of Slip rings is to keep the contact with the same side
of the coil. In order to constantly produce current, the slip ring always contact the same
side of the coil. As a result, alternating current is produced.
 (https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zqys97h/revision/2)

The graphs illustrated that the relationship between time and the induced potential
difference. At point A, the coil is at 0°, which is in parallel to the direction of magnetic
field so the potential difference is zero. When the coil is moving to 90°, point B, the coil
is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field so the potential difference is the
highest. Then the coil moves to 180°, point C which is similar to point A, the coil is
parallel to the direction of the magnetic field and so the potential difference is zero. At
point D, the coil moved to 270° which is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic
field so the induced potential difference is at its maximum. However, the direction of the
current is opposite to the current at point B. Finally, the coil moved back to point A.

The level of the potential difference and current is affected by the

1. the rate of revolution
2. the strength of the magnetic field
3. the number of turns on the coil

Types of AC generators

There are two types of AC generators, which are Induction generators and Synchronous
generators.

Induction Generators, also known as Asynchronous Generators, are the AC current

generators. The working principle of induction generator is similar to the transformer
while the induction generator is rotating when working. The speed of induction generator
is lower than generator synchronous speed so it also called asynchronous generator. It can
be found in both little and huge machine, such as mixer and industrial appliances.
 (https://www.watelectrical.com/ac-generator-construction-working-applications/)

Synchronous Generator also generate AC current while its speed is equal to the
synchronous speed. Due to its high efficacy, synchronous generator can be found in
power plant.

(https://www.watelectrical.com/ac-generator-construction-working-applications/)

DC Generator
DC generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in direct current.
According to the Electromagnetic Induction principle of Faraday’s Laws, electromotive
force is generated when a conductor is located in the magnetic flux and the conductor
circuit is closed.

In the DC generator, the field coil generates an electromagnetic field and the armature
conductors are turning into the field. Hence, e.m.f is induced through the armature
conductors and the flowing direction of the current can be determined by Fleming’s right-
hand rule.

Types of DC Generator

There are two main types of DC generator, which are separately excited as well as self-
excited.
 (https://www.industrial-electronics.com/elecy3_2.html)

For separately excited DC generator, the strength of field coil is supplied by the external
DC source.

(https://www.electrical4u.com/self-excited-generators/)

For self excited DC generator, the strength of field coil is supplied by the internal DC
source. Electromotive force is generated when the conductor is presented in the magnetic
field. The e.m.f. causes part of the current to strengthen the field coil so the field flux and
the e.m.f. will be increased. Three catagories are included in the DC generator, which are
series wound, shunt wound, and compound wound. The connection of field winding and
armature winding in series wound is in series while the connection of field winding and
armature winding in shunt wound is in parallel. The compound winding is the mix of the
series winding and shunt winding.
P7
AC Generator can be applied as electric generators, diesel electric locomotive alternators
and marine alternators. Several components are commonly found in AC generator, such
as Field, Armature, Prime mover, Rotor and Stator.

a. Field
 (https://pt.slideshare.net/shruti5562/simple-ac-generator)

The field of the AC generator is produced from the coils of conductors in the generator.
Current flow through the conductor so a magnetic flux is produced. When the armature
rotates in the generator, magnetic flux located in the field induce current flowed though
the coil in the armature as the output voltage of the AC generator.

b. Armature

(https://pt.slideshare.net/shruti5562/simple-ac-generator)

Voltage is generated in the armature which is composed of coils of wire that is capable of
carry full output of the generator.

c. Prime mover
Prime mover is a rotating machine, such as a diesel engine, steam turbine or motor, which
drive the AC generator.

d. Rotor
Rotation of the the rotor is driven by the prime mover of the generator. The rotor part of a
generator may be the armature or the field. The rotor is the armature when the voltage
output is generated in the armature while the rotor is the field when it is excited to move.
e. Stator
Stator is the stationary part of the generator. Corresponding to the rotor, it may be either
the armature or the field. The stator is the armature when the voltage output is generated
there while the stator is the field where the excitation is applied.

f. Slip Rings

(https://www.slideshare.net/JunrellC/fac-generator-ppt-3568632)

The function of slip ring is to transfer electrical energy to and from the rotor in the AC
generator. The ring-shaped material is a conductor which is connected to the rotor
windings and insulated from the shaft.
 (https://www.slideshare.net/JunrellC/fac-generator-ppt-3568632)

Brushes is made of metal or graphite that always contact with the slip rings during the
rotation. The sine wave form of energy is generated for AC generator because the current
and voltage is outputted alternatively between positive and negative poles.

Diesel generator

A generator creates electrical power, used in both small electrical tools and large industry.
There are many types of generators, such as petrol generators, portable generators,
inverter generators, home generator and diesel generator. Diesel generator will be
discussed in this section.

Diesel Generator, which is also known as gensets, is one of the application of AC

generator which is connected to a diesel engine. Diesel generator is used for power
generation, which is not only a critical machine during the power outage, but also in
transportation, mining, hospitals, families and industry.

(https://www.adeltd.co.uk/blog/how-does-an-electric-generator-
work.php)

There are at least nine basic components in a diesel generator, which includes Diesel
Engine, Alternator, Fuel System, Voltage Regulator, Cooling System & Exhaust System,
Lubrication System, Battery Charger, Control Panel and Main Assembly Frame.

Diesel Engine
It generates mechanical energy to the generator which is similar to the diesel engine used
in cars, vans, lorries and other vehicles. Larger diesel engine, larger generator output and
also more electrical output.

Alternator
Alternator includes Field, Armature, Prime mover, Rotor and Stator, which are
introduced above. In brief, the alternator receives mechanical energy generated by diesel
engine to drive the rotor and then current is generated.

Fuel System
 (https://www.farmtender.com.au/listing/machinery-equipment/fuel-
tanks/free-standing-1200lt-diesel-fuel-tank-with-ladder-and-platform-
for-filling-hose-and-gun)

The fuel system provides fuel to the engine as a power source. There is a pipe connected
the fuel tank and the engine for transmission. The length of generator operation is
determined by the size of the fuel tank or additional free-standing fuel tank.

Voltage Regulator
It is a complicated structure of the diesel generator for regulating voltage output because
a stable voltage is required to generate electricity. Higher voltage output, more fluctuation
of voltage.

Cooling System & Exhaust System

The cooling system prevents the generator from overheating. Coolant inside the system
circulates through the heat exchanger to remove heat energy. The exhaust system
removes gaseous waste from the generator produced by the engine.

Lubrication System
It is connected to the engine and oil is pumped to the all parts of the generator to make
sure it works smoothly.

Battery Charger
A small electrical motor is installed to drive the engine. Full Battery is required for that
machine.

Control Panel
Operator controls the generator through the control panel. All parameters and figures of
the generator are shown on the screen and switches and buttons can be found on the
panel, such as start button, fuel indicator and coolant temperature.

Main Assembly Frame

It is exceptionally important to outdoor generator for protecting the generator from water
and gathering all parts together.
P8

Transducer Types, Ideal Characteristics and Its Applications

Inside the electrical device, transducer is a common electronic component that converts
one form of energy to another form, such as mechanical, electrical, light, chemical,
acoustic and electromagnetic energy. The transducer measures received signal and
outputs signal which is amplified, attenuated, filtered or modified.

The nature of input signal is non-electrical while the output signal is electrical in the form
of the current, voltage or frequency. For example, transducer in microphone in the mobile
converts sound into electrical signal and then amplifies it. Then the amplified signal is
converted into audio signals at the loudspeaker in the mobile. Fluorescent bulbs convert
electrical energy into light energy. In general, the mechanism of transduction is a device
senses the input signal or energy and then converts it into another form of signal or
energy by a transduction device.

Types of Transducer can be classified as followed :

1. Principle of transduction
2. Primary and secondary
3. Passive and active
4. Analogue and digital
5. Transducer and inverse transducer

1. Principle of Transduction

The output signal of the transducer may be in form of resistance, inductance or

capacitance,which are the transduction medium.

2. Primary and secondary

A transducer consists of primary and secondary transducer. Primary Transducer converts

the physical input signals into a mechanical signal while the secondary transducer
converts the mechanical signal into the electrical signal. The magnitude of electrical
signal is related to the magnitude of mechanical signal.

For instances, Bourdon’s Tube in the pressure gauge is composed of both primary and
secondary transducer. The displacement of free end, which is a mechanical signal, is
detected when it is a pressure so the Bourdon’s Tube is the primary transducer. Then the
displacement of the core induces the output voltage which depends on the magnitude of
the displacement in the linear variable displacement transformer (LVDT) so it is the
secondary transducer.

(https://www.polytechnichub.com/pressure-measured-using-lvdt/)

3. Passive and active

Passive Transducer – The transducer which requires the power from an external supply
source is known as the passive transducer. They are also known as the external power
transducer. The capacitive, resistive and inductive transducers are the example of the
passive transducer.

Active Transducer – The transducer which does not require the external power source is
known as the active transducer. Such type of transducer develops theirs owns voltage or
current, hence known as a self-generating transducer. The output signal is obtained from
the physical input quantity. The physical quantity like velocity, temperature, force and the
intensity of light is induced with the help of the transducer. The piezoelectric crystal,
photo-voltaic cell, tacho generator, thermocouples, photovoltaic cell are the examples of
the active transducers.
In term of power source, passive transducer require an external power source while active
transducer does not. The capacitive, resistive and inductive transducers are the examples
of the passive transducer and the transducer that generates voltage or current is the
example of the active transducer. The input signal of active transducer may be velocity,
temperature

Thermcouple is an active transducer that generate electrical signal depending on

temperature. In contrast, photocell converts light photons into current that require
external power source.

Piezo-Electric Transducer

Piezo-electric transducer convert pressure or mechanical stress in to electrical force.

Therefore, it is always used for measurement of physical quantity, such as pressure, stress
and force because the generated electrical force or voltage can be measured easily
although its quantity is fine.

(https://circuitglobe.com/piezo-electric-transducer.html)

The material of piezo-electric transducer is special because it induces voltage when the
force or stress is applied on it, which is know as electro-resistive property. The
deformation of the transducer drive the movement of the charges to generate voltage
while the application of voltage to piezo-electric transducer changes its shape.

Piezoelectric transducer can be found in ultrasonic generators, microphones, speakers.

Temperature Transducer

Temperature transducer convert thermal energy into another form of energy, such as
electrical energy or mechanical energy. Thermocouple, Resistance Temperature Detector
and thermistor are well know examples of temperature transducer.

Thermocouple generate voltage because of temperature difference between two poles.

Therefore, temperature transducer is always used for measurement of temperature and
heat flow in the air-conditioning system or ventilation system.Thermocouple can be used
in Power Generation, Radiation Sensors, Gas Safety Equipment and Manufacturing
Industry.

(https://www.slideshare.net/034383/temperature-transducers)

The sensing component of the temperature transducer changes in properties when the
temperature changes. For example, Platinum metal in a Resistance Temperature Detector
(RTD). Its resistance increases when the temperature increases. Material with high
resistivity is chosen because small size of material is sufficient for its function.

RTD is widely used in furnaces for temperature measurement and in laboratories for very
low temperature measurement, such as dry ice and liquid nitrogen. When it is installed in
the automatic system, feedback from RTD can initiate the adjustment.

A Thermistor is a type of resistor that resistance varies with the change of temperature.
The resistance is calculated by a current passing through it and the voltage drop is
measured. There are two types of thermsitor, which are NTC-Negative Temperature
Coefficient for temperature sensing and PTC-Positive Temperature Coefficient for
electric current control.
Temperature transducer is an electrical device that is used to convert the temperature of a
device into another quantity like electrical energy or pressure or mechanical energy, then
the quantity will be sent to the control device for controlling the temperature of the
device.

Temperature Transducer
Temperature Transducer
Application of Temperature Transducer
Temperature transducer is used to measure the temperature of the air such that to control
the temperature of several control systems like air-conditioning, heating, ventilation, and
so on.

Arduino based automatic fan speed regulator controlling of temperature Block Diagram
Arduino based automatic fan speed regulator controlling of temperature Block Diagram
Let us consider a practical example of a temperature transducer that is used to control the
temperature of any device based on the necessity for different industrial applications. An
Arduino based automatic fan speed regulator controlling of temperature and exhibiting a
measure of temperature on an LCD display.

In the proposed system, IC LM35 is used as a temperature transducer. An Arduino board

is used to control the various functions that include analog to digital conversion and an
LCD display that is connected in the above fig.

Practical Application of Temperature Transducer

Practical Application of Temperature Transducer
The temperature can be fixed by using settings like INC and DEC for increasing and
decreasing. Based on the temperature measured a pulse width modulation o/p will be
generated by the program of an Arduino board. The output of this is used to control the
DC fan through the motor driver IC.