Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

4 Special Lines and Centres

3. (a)

in a Triangle
Quick Review

Review Exercise 4 (p. 4.3)

1. In △BCD,
DC = DB given
BCD  CBD  27 base s, isos. △
ADC  BCD  CBD ext.  of △
 27  27
 54 (b) Yes
In △ADC,
4. (a)
ACD  CAD  ADC  180  sum of △
ACD  72  54  180
ACD  54
∵ ACD  ADC
∴ AC  AD sides opp. equal s
∴ △ACD is an isosceles triangle.

2. In △ABE and △DCE,

EBA  ECD given
∵ EBC  ECB given
∴ EB  EC sides opp. equal s (b) Yes
AEB  DEC vert. opp. s
∴ △ABE  △DCE ASA Activity 4.2 (p. 4.22)
1. Route 2 > route 1. So, AB + BC > AC.
Activity 2.
Distance Distance
Inequality to
Activity 4.1 (p. 4.12) travelled travelled
1. (a) compare the
through through
distances
route 1 route 2
From A to C AC AB + BC AB + BC > AC
From A to B AB AC + CB AC + CB > AB
From B to C BC BA + AC BA + AC > BC

Maths Dialogue

Maths Dialogue (p. 4.9)

1. In △EBM and △ECM,
∵ E is a point on the
perpendicular bisector of BC.
(b) Yes
∴ BM  CM and
2. (a) BME  CME  90
EM  EM common side
∴ △EBM  △ECM SAS
∴ EB  EC corr. sides, △s

2. In △PBQ and △PBR,

∵ P is a point on the angle bisector
of ABC.
∴ PBQ  PBR
BQP  BRP  90
BP  BP common side
∴ △PBQ  △PBR AAS
∴ PQ  PR corr. sides, △s
(b) Yes

62
 4 Special Lines and Centres in a Triangle

3. ∵ AE is the angle bisector of BAC.

∴ BAE  EAC
86

2
 43
DAE  BAE  BAD
Draw AN  BC.  43  32
∵ AM is a median of △ABC.  11
∴ BM  MC
1 Quick Practice 4.2 (p. 4.7)
Area of △ABM   BM  AN
2 (a) In △ACE and △BDE,
1 AEC  BED  90 vert. opp. s
Area of △AMC   MC  AN
2 AC  BD given
1 CE  DE given
  BM  AN
2 ∴ △ACE  △BDE RHS
∴ Area of △ABM = area of △AMC
(b) AE  BE (corr. sides, △s)
Classwork BED  90 (given)
∴ CD is the perpendicular bisector of AB in △ABC.
Classwork (p. 4.5)
(a) altitude Quick Practice 4.3 (p. 4.8)
Let ACD  x.
(b) perpendicular bisector ∵ AC is an altitude of △ABC.
∴ ACB  90
BCD  ACB  ACD
(c) angle bisector
 90  x
CBD  ACD = x given
(d) median In △BCD,
ADC  BCD  CBD ext.  of △
(e) median, perpendicular bisector  (90  x)  x
 90
(f) angle bisector, altitude ∴ CD is an altitude of △ABC.

Classwork (p. 4.16) Quick Practice 4.4 (p. 4.24)

(a) incentre, angle bisectors (a) ∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter line
segments
(b) centroid, medians  (2 + 3) cm
 5 cm
(c) circumcentre, prependicular bisectors ∴ The three line segments cannot form a triangle.

(b) ∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter line

(d) orthocentre, altitudes segments
 (3 + 7) cm
 10 cm
Quick Practice < 11 cm
∴ The three line segments cannot form a triangle.
Quick Practice 4.1 (p. 4.6)
∵ AD is an altitude of △ABC. (c) ∵ The sum of the lengths of any two line segments
∴ ADB  90  (6 + 6) cm
In △ABD,  12 cm
BAD  ABD  ADB  180 ( sum of △) > 6 cm
∴ The three line segments can form a triangle.
BAD  58  90  180
BAD  32 Quick Practice 4.5 (p. 4.25)
In △ABC, Assume that the three line segments can form a triangle.
By the triangle inequality, we have:
BAC  ABC  ACB  180 ( sum of △)
(i) x  4 x  25
BAC  58  36  180
5 x  25
BAC  86
x5
∴ x  6, 7, 8, ...

63
Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

(ii) x  25  4 x (b) ∵ BE ⊥ AC
25  3x ∴ BE is an altitude of △ABC.
25
x
3 3. ∵ CD is a median of △ABC.
∴ x  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ∴ AD  BD
(iii) 4 x  25  x ∵ Perimeter of △ABC = 27 cm
3 x  25 ∴ AB  CB  AC  27 cm
x
25 2 AB  7 cm  27 cm
3 2 AB  20 cm
∴ x  1, 2, 3, 4, ...
AB  10 cm
From the results of (i), (ii) and (iii), the possible values of x are
10 cm
6, 7 and 8. AD 
∴ Three triangles can be formed. 2
 5 cm
Consolidation Corner
4. In △ABC,
Consolidation Corner (p. 4.9)
1. (a) altitude ∵ AB  AC
∴ ABC  ACB  62 (base s, isos. △)
(b) angle bisector
BAC  ABC  ACB  180 ( sum of △)
(c) perpendicular bisector BAC  62  62  180
BAC  56
(d) median ∵ BD is an altitude of △ABC.
2. In △ABE, ∴ BDC  90
∵ EB is an altitude of △ACE. In △ABD,
∴ ABE = 90° BAD  ABD  BDC (ext.  of △)
AEB  BAE  ABE  180 ( sum of △) 56  ABD  90
AEB  82  90  180 ABD  34
AEB  8
In △DEF,
DEF  AED  AEB 5. ∵ BE is the angle bisector of ABD.
 47  8 ∴ ABE  EBD
 39 In △ABD,
∵ AD is an altitude of △ACE. ABC  ADB  BAD  180 ( sum of △)
∴ FDE = 90° ABC  52  74  180
AFE  FDE  DEF (ext.  of △) 2FBC  126  180
 90  39 2FBC  54
 129 FBC  27
∵ AC is an altitude of △ABD.
3. ∵ AB  AC given
∴ ACB  90
∴ ABC  ACB base s, isos. △
In △BCF,
EAD  ACB corr. s, AD // CB
BAD  ABC alt. s, AD // CB EFC  FBC  FCB (ext.  of △)
∴ EAD  BAD  27  90
∴ AD is the angle bisector of  117
BAE in △AEB.
6. ∵ AB  BC given
Exercise ∴ BAC  BCA base s, isos. △
BCA  CAD alt. s, BC // AD
Exercise 4A (p. 4.10)
Level 1 ∴ BAC  CAD
1. (a) ∵ AE = EB i.e. BAE  EAD
∴ CE is a median of △ABC. ∴ AE is the angle bisector of
BAD in △ABD.
(b) ∵ BAF = FAC
∴ AF is an angle bisector of △ABC.

2. (a) ∵ DG ⊥ BC and BG = GC
∴ DG is a perpendicular bisector of △ABC.

64
 4 Special Lines and Centres in a Triangle

7. In △ADC and △EFC, ∵ DE  BC and EB  EC

DAC  FEC given ∴ DE is the perpendicular bisector of BC in
ACD  ECF vert. opp. s △ABC.
CDA  180  DAC  ACD  sum of △
 180  FEC  ECF 12. (a) In △ADC and △ABC,
ADC  ABC  90 given
 CFE  sum of △
AC  AC common side
 90
AD  AB given
∴ AD is an altitude of △ABC. ∴ △ADC  △ABC RHS

8. In △PQR,
(b) ∵ △ADC  △ABC (proved in (a))
PQR  QPR  PRQ  180  sum of △
∴ DAC  BAC (corr.∠s,  △s)
34  QPR  90  180 ∵ AD = AB and (given)
QPR  56 DAE = BAE
∵ QPR  PRS  56 ∴ BE = DE and AE ⊥ BD (prop. of isos. △)
∴ PS  RS sides opp. equal s i.e. AED  90
SRQ  PRQ  PRS ∴ DE is an altitude of △ADC.
 90  56
13. In △ABD and △ECD,
 34
∵ SQR  SRQ  34 ABD  ECD alt. s, AB // CE
∴ QS  RS sides opp. equal s BAD  CED alt. s, AB // CE
∴ QS  PS ∵ AD is a median of △ABC.
∴ RS is a median of △PQR. ∴ BD  CD
∴ △ABD  △ECD AAS
9. In △ABC, ∴ AD  ED corr. sides, △s
ABC  BAC  ACB  180  sum of △
∴ CD is a median of △AEC.
ABC  84  34  180
ABC  62 14. In △BDE,
In △BFD, ∵ DB  DE given
BDF  DBF  BFD  180  sum of △ ∴ DBE  DEB base∠s, isos. △
28  62  BFD  180 In △ABC,
BFD  90 DBE  BAC  BCA ext.∠ of △
∵ F is the mid-point of BC. In △CDE,
∴ BF  FC DEB  CDE  ECD ext.∠ of △
∴ DF is the perpendicular ∵ BAC  CDE given
bisector of BC in △ABC. ∴ BAC  BCA  CDE  ECD
BCA  ECD
Level 2
10. ∵ AB  AC and BD is a median of △ABC. ∴ BC is the angle bisector of ACD
∴ AB  2 AD and AD  CD in △ADC.
AB  AD  12 cm
15. (a) In △ABD and △AED,
2 AD  AD  12 cm
AB  AE given
3 AD  12 cm
∵ AD is the angle bisector of BAE.
AD  4 cm
BC  CD  14 cm
∴ BAD  EAD
BC  4 cm  14 cm AD  AD common side
∴ △ABD  △AED SAS
BC  10 cm

(b) DBC  ADB alt.∠s, BC // AD

11. (a) In △ABD and △EBD,
BAD  BED  90 given BCD  ADE corr.∠s, BC // AD
∵ BD is the angle bisector of ∵ △ABD  △AED proved in (a)
ABC. ∴ ADB  ADE corr.∠s,  △s
∴ ABD  EBD ∴ DBC  BCD
BD  BD common side ∴ CD  BD sides opp. equal∠s
∴ △ABD  △EBD AAS
BD  ED corr. sides,  △s
(b) ∵ △ABD  △EBD (proved in (a)) ∴ CD  ED
∴ AB  EB (corr. sides, △s) ∴ AD is a median of △ACE.
∵ AB  EC
∴ EB  EC
65
Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

Exercise 4B (p. 4.20) In △PNH,

Level 1 NPH  PNH  PHR (ext.  of △)
1. (a) ∵ I is the incentre of △ PQR. 22  90  PHR
∴ IP, IQ and IR are angle bisectors of △PQR.
PHR  112
∴ IPR  IPQ
 25 6.

(b) In △PQR,
PRQ  RPQ  PQR  180 ( sum of △)
2IRQ  2  25  2  34  180
2IRQ  118  180
2IRQ  62
IRQ  31

2. ∵ O is the circumcentre of △ABC, AP = PB and 7.

BQ = QC.
∴ OP and OQ are the perpendicular bisectors of AB and
BC respectively.
∴ OPB  OQB  90
POQ  OPB  PBQ  OQB  (4  2)  180
( sum of polygon)
124  90  PBQ  90  360
304  PBQ  360
PBQ  56
∴ ABC  56

3. ∵ G is the centroid of the isosceles triangle DEF. 8.

∴ R and S are the mid-points of EF and DF
respectively.
∴ DS  SF  4 cm and ER  RF  5 cm
DE  DF  2  4 cm  8 cm
Perimeter of △DEF  DE  EF  DF
 (8  2  5  8) cm
 26 cm

4. (a) ∵ H is the orthocentre of △PQR. 9.

∴ QT and PS are altitudes of △PQR.
∴ PTQ  PSR  90
In △QRT,
TQR  QRT  PTQ (ext.  of △)
18  QRT  90
QRT  72

(b) In △PSR,
SPR  PSR  PRS  180 ( sum of △)
SPR  90  72  180
SPR  162  180
SPR  18

5. ∵ H is the orthocentre of △PQR.

∴ PM and NR are altitudes of △PQR.
∴ PMR  PNR  90
In △PQM,
PQM  QPM  PMR (ext.  of △)
68  QPM  90
QPM  22

66
 4 Special Lines and Centres in a Triangle

10. (b)

11.
14. (a)

(b)

Level 2
12. (a)

(b)
15. ∵ AD is an altitude of △ABC.
∴ ADC  90
In △ABD,
ABD  BAD  ADC (ext.  of △)
ABD  34  90
ABD  56
∵ EB is the angle bisector of ABC.
∴ ABE  EBC
13. (a)
56

2
 28
In △ABE,
ABE  AEB  BAE  180 ( sum of △)
28  AEB  (34  28)  180
90  AEB  180
AEB  90
∵ ADC  90 and AEB  90
∴ K is the orthocentre of △ABC.

67
Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

16. ∵ O is the circumcentre of △ABC, OM  BC and (ii) y46

ON  AC . y2
∴ OM and ON are the perpendicular bisectors of BC ∴ y  3, 4, 5, ...
and AC respectively.
(iii) 6  4  y
∴ MC  BM  11 cm and NC  AN  9 cm
In △OMC, y  10
∴ y  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
OC 2  OM 2  MC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
From the results of (i), (ii) and (iii), the possible values of
OC  OM 2  MC 2 y are 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
 32  112 cm 4. By the triangle inequality, we have:
 130 cm (i) PQ  PR  QR
3.5  z  7
In △OCN,
z  3.5
ON 2  NC 2  OC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∴ z  4, 5, 6, ...
ON  OC  NC 2
2
(ii) PQ  QR  PR

 ( 130 ) 2  92 cm 3.5  7  z
z  10.5
 49 cm ∴ z  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
 7 cm (iii) PR  QR  PQ
z  7  3.5
Exercise 4C (p. 4.26)
z  3.5
Level 1
∴ z  1, 2, 3, 4, ...
1. (a) ∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter line
segments From the results of (i), (ii) and (iii), the possible values of
 (6  4.5) cm z are 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.
∴ The greatest possible value of z is 10 and the least
 10.5 cm possible value of z is 4.
 10 cm
∴ The three line segments can form a triangle. 5. An isosceles triangle has two equal sides.
∴ The length of the unknown side is either 3 cm or
(b) ∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter line 8 cm.
segments i.e. The lengths of the three sides of the triangle may be
 (12  7) cm 3 cm, 3 cm, 8 cm ...... (1)
 19 cm or 3 cm, 8 cm, 8 cm ...... (2)
For (1), ∵ 3 + 3 < 8
 20 cm ∴ It is impossible to form a triangle in this
∴ The three line segments cannot form a triangle.
case.
For (2), ∵ 3 + 8 > 8
(c) ∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter line
∴ A triangle can be formed in this case.
segments
∴ Perimeter of the triangle  (3  8  8) cm
 (16  19) cm
 19 cm
 35 cm
∴ The three line segments cannot form a triangle.
6. ∵ AB is the longest side.
2. By the triangle inequality, we have: ∴ AC < 5 cm, BC < 5 cm and AC + BC > 5 cm
(i) 5  x  2 ∴ Two possible sets of lengths of AC and BC are
x  3 AC  4 cm, BC  3 cm or AC  3 cm, BC  3 cm. (or
∴ x  1, 2, 3, 4, ... any other reasonable answers like AC  2 cm,
(ii) 5  2  x BC  4 cm)
Level 2
x7 7. Since the side of length 4 cm can be one of the equal sides
∴ x  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or the base, we have to consider two cases:
(iii) x  2  5 Case 1: The side of length 4 cm is one of the equal sides.
x3
∴ x  4, 5, 6, ...
From the results of (i), (ii) and (iii), the possible values of
x are 4, 5 and 6.

3. By the triangle inequality, we have:

(i) y  6  4
y  2
∴ y  1, 2, 3, 4, ... Let x cm be the length of the base.

68
 4 Special Lines and Centres in a Triangle

Then, x  2  4  18 ∴ The student’s claim is incorrect.

x  10
∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter sides 10. For △ABD,
 (4  4) cm  8 cm  10 cm AB  AD  BD ...... (1)
For △BCD,
∴ It is impossible to form a triangle in this case.
CB  CD  BD ...... (2)
Case 2: The side of length 4 cm is the base. (1) + (2):
AB  AD  CB  CD  2BD

11. For △ABD,

AB  BD  AD ...... (1)
For △BCD,
BD  BC  DC ...... (2)
(1) + (2):
AB  2BD  BC  AD  DC
Let y cm be the length of each equal side. i.e. AB  2BD  BC  AC
Then, 2 y  4  18
y7 Check Yourself (p. 4.29)
The length of the longest side = 7 cm 1. (a) ∵ ACB  90
∵ The sum of the lengths of the remaining two sides ∴ AC or BC is an altitude of △ABC.
 (4  7) cm  11 cm  7 cm
∴ A triangle can be formed in this case. (b) ∵ ARP  90 and AR  RC  5 cm
From the calculations above, the lengths of the other two ∴ PR is a perpendicular bisector of △ABC.
sides are both 7 cm.
(c) ∵ CAQ  BAQ  30
8. Assume that the three line segments can form a triangle. ∴ AQ is an angle bisector of △ABC.
By the triangle inequality, we have:
(i) x  2 x  7
(d) ∵ AR  RC  5 cm
3x  7
∴ BR is a median of △ABC.
7
x
3 2. (a) circumcentre
∴ x  3, 4, 5, ...
(ii) x  7  2 x (b) centroid
x7
∴ x  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (c) an angle bisector
(iii) 2 x  7  x
x  7 (d) an altitude
∴ x  1, 2, 3, 4, ...
3. (a) 
From the results of (i), (ii) and (iii), the possible values of
∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter line
x are 3, 4, 5 and 6.
∴ Four triangles can be formed. segments
 (4 + 6) cm
9. Assume that the three line segments can form a triangle.  10 cm
By the triangle inequality, we have: > 8 cm
(i) 2 x  5 x  28 ∴ The three line segments can form a triangle.
7 x  28 (b) 
x4 ∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter line
∴ x  5, 6, 7, ... segments
(ii) 2 x  28  5 x  (5 + 3) cm
28  3x  8 cm
< 9 cm
28
x ∴ The three line segments cannot form a triangle.
3
∴ x  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (c) 
(iii) 5 x  28  2 x ∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter line
3 x  28 segments
28  (7 + 5) cm
x  12 cm
3
∴ The three line segments cannot form a triangle.
∴ x  1, 2, 3, 4, ...
From the results of (i), (ii) and (iii), the possible values of
x are 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
∴ Five triangles can be formed.
69
Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

(d)   ABE  EBC

∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter line  28  28
segments
 56
 (10 + 2) cm
In △ABC,
 12 cm
> 11 cm ABC  BAC  ACB  180  sum of △
∴ The three line segments can form a triangle. 56  56  ACB  180
ACB  68
4. (a) In △ANC, In △BCD,
NAC  ACN  ANM (ext.  of △) DBC  BCD  BDC  180  sum of △
NAC  40  52 28  (68  ECD)  16  180
NAC  12 112  ECD  180
∵ AN is the angle bisector of CAM.
ECD  68
∴ MAN  NAC  12
∵ ECB  ECD  68
CAM  MAN  NAC
∴ CE is the angle bisector of BCD
 12  12 in △BCD.
 24
4. ∵ EB is an altitude of △ACE.
(b) ∵ AB is an altitude of △ABC. ∴ ABE  90
∴ ABC  90 In △BCE,
In △ABC, BCE  BEC  ABE ext.  of △
ABC  BAC  ACB  180 ( sum of △) 54  BEC  90
90  (MAB  CAM )  40  180 BEC  36
90  MAB  24  40  180 ∵ EB is the angle bisector of CEA.
154  MAB  180 ∴ AEB BEC
MAB  26 In △ADE,
AED  DAE  ADE  180  sum of △
Revision Exercise 4 (p. 4.30) 2BEC  18  ADE  180
Level 1 2(36)  18  ADE  180
1. (a) ∵ ACP = PCB ADE  90
∵ CP is an angle bisector of △ABC. ∴ AD is an altitude of △ACE.

(b) ∵ BR = RC 5. ∵ AC and AB are the angle

∴ AR is a median of △ABC. bisectors of DAP and DAQ
respectively.
(c) ∵ AS ⊥ BS ∴ PAC  CAD and
∴ AS is an altitude of △ABC. QAB  BAD
ACD  PAC alt. s, CB // PQ
(d) ∵ QR ⊥ BC and BR = RC ABD  BAQ alt. s, CB // PQ
∴ QR is a perpendicular bisector of △ABC. ∴ CAD  ACD
2. ∵ AX and CY are two altitudes of △ABC. and BAD  ABD
∴ AXC  CYB  90 ∴ AD = CD and AD = BD sides opp. equal s
In △AXC, ∴ CD  BD
AXC  ACX  CAX  180 ( sum of △) ∴ AD is a median of △ABC.
90  (16  BCY )  37  180
143  BCY  180 6. Let ABD  ACB  x .
∵ BD is an altitude of △ABC.
BCY  37
∴ BDC  90
In △BCY,
In △BCD,
YBC  BCY  CYB  180 ( sum of △)
DBC  180  BDC  DCB ∠ sum of △
YBC  37  90  180
 180  90  ACB
YBC  53
 90  x
i.e. ABC  53
ABC  ABD  DBC
 x  (90  x)
3. ∵ BE is the angle bisector of ABC.
 90
∴ EBC  ABE  28
∴ △ABC is a right-angled triangle.
∵ CA  CB given
∴ BAC  ABC base s, isos. △

70
 4 Special Lines and Centres in a Triangle

7. ∵ AC  AE (given) ∴ The three line segments can form a triangle.

∴ ACE  AEC (base s, isos. △)
BAD  BEC (corr. s, DA // CE) 11. By the triangle inequality, we have:
DAC  ACE (alt. s, DA // CE) (i) AB  AC  BC
∴ BAD  DAC 95 x
∴ AD is the angle bisector of BAC in △ABC. x  14
∴ x  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
8. ∵ I is the incentre of △PQR. (ii) AB  BC  AC
∴ IP, IQ and IR are the angle bisectors of QPR, PQR 9 x 5
and PRQ respectively.
x  4
∴ IQR  IQP  14 , IPQ  IPR  20 and
∴ x  1, 2, 3, 4, ...
IRQ  IRP
(iii) AC  BC  AB
In △PQR,
5 x 9
PQR  QPR  PRQ  180 ( sum of △)
x4
2(14)  2(20)  2IRP  180
∴ x  5, 6, 7, ...
68  2IRP  180
From the results of (i), (ii) and (iii), the possible values of
2IRP  112 x are 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13.
IRP  56 ∴ The greatest possible value of x is 13 and the least
In △IQR, possible value of x is 5.
IQR  QIR  IRQ  180 ( sum of △)
12. Assume that the three line segments can form a triangle.
14  QIR  56  180
By the triangle inequality, we have:
QIR  110 (i) 2 y  7 y  42
9 y  42
9. ∵ H is the orthocentre of △ABC. 14
∴ BE and CF are altitudes of △ABC. y
3
∴ BFC  BEC  90 ∴ y  5, 6, 7, ...
In △BCF,
(ii) 2 y  42  7 y
BFC  FBC  BCF  180 ( sum of △)
42  5 y
90  FBC  35  180
42
125  FBC  180 y
5
FBC  55
∴ y  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
ABE  FBC  EBC
(iii) 7 y  42  2 y
 55  43
5 y  42
 12
42
In △ABE, y
BAC  ABE  BEC (ext.  of △) 5
BAC  12  90 ∴ y  1, 2, 3, 4, ...
From the results of (i), (ii) and (iii), the possible values of
BAC  78
y are 5, 6, 7 and 8.
∴ Four triangles can be formed.
10. (a) ∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter line
segments Level 2
 (4  6) cm 13. (a) In △DEF and △CEF,
 10 cm ∵ F is the mid-point of DC.
 12 cm ∴ DF  CF
∴ The three line segments cannot form a triangle. EFD  EFC  90 given
EF  EF common side
(b) ∵ The sum of the lengths of the two shorter line ∴ △DEF  △CEF SAS
segments
 (3  4) cm (b) ∵ △DEF  △CEF (proved in (a))
 7 cm ∴ EDF  ECF (corr. s, △s)
 5 cm DCB  EDF (alt. s, DE // BC)
∴ The three line segments can form a triangle. ∴ ECF  DCB
i.e. ACD  DCB
(c) The length of the longest side = 10 cm ∴ DC is the angle bisector of ACB.
∵ The sum of the lengths of the remaining two line
segments
 (7  10) cm
 17 cm
 10 cm

71
Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

14. (a) In △BDE and △BAC, 17. (a) In △FAD and △ECD,
∵ ED is the perpendicular ∵ D is the orthocentre of △ABC.
bisector of BC. ∴ AE and CF are altitudes of
∴ BDE  90 and △ABC.
DC  BD  4 cm ∴ AFD  CED  90
BDE  BAC  90 given ADF  CDE vert. opp. s
DBE  ABC common angle AF  CE given
BED  180  BDE  DBE  sum of △ ∴ △FAD  △ECD AAS
 180  BAC  ABC
 BCA  sum of △ (b) ∵ △FAD  △ECD (proved in (a))
∴ △BDE ~ △BAC AAA ∴ AD  CD (corr. sides, △s)
DAC  DCA  27 (base s, isos. △)
(b) In △BDE, In △AFC,
BD 2  DE 2  BE 2 (Pyth. theorem) FAC  AFC  ACF  180 ( sum of △)
FAC  90  27  180
DE  BE 2  BD 2
FAC  63
 5 2  4 2 cm In △AEC,
 3 cm ACE  AEC  CAE  180 ( sum of △)
∵ △BDE ~ △BAC (proved in (a)) ACE  90  27  180
AC BC ACE  63
∴  (corr. sides, ~△s)
DE BE In △ABC,
AC (4  4) cm ABC  BAC  ACB  180 ( sum of △)

3 cm 5 cm ABC  63  63  180
AC  4.8 cm ABC  54

15. (a) In △DCQ and △FBQ, 18. (a) In △LMQ and △LNP,
CQD  BQF vert. opp. s LQ  LP given
DQ  FQ given ∵ O is the centroid of △LMN.
CDQ  BFQ alt. s, AC // EF ∴ P and Q are the mid-points
∴ △ DCQ  △FBQ ASA of LM and LN respectively.
∴ PM  LP and QN  LQ
(b) ∵ △ DCQ  △FBQ proved in (a) ∴ LM  LP  PM  2LP
∴ CQ  BQ corr. sides, △s and LN  LQ  QN  2 LQ
CQD  EDQ  90 alt. s, ED // BC ∴ LM  LN
∴ DF is the perpendicular MLQ  NLP common angle
bisector of CB in △ABC. ∴ △ LMQ  △ LNP SAS
∴ LMQ  LNP corr. s, △s
16. (a) In △ABE and △ACE,
∵ AD is the angle bisector of (b) ∵ LM = LN (proved in (a))
both ∠BAC and BEC. ∴ LMN  LNM (base s, isos. △)
∴ BAE  CAE ∵ △ LMQ  △ LNP (proved in (a))
and BED  CED ∴ LMQ  LNP (corr. s,  △s)
AEB  180  BED adj. s on st. line ∴ OMN  LMN  LMQ
 180  CED  LNM  LNP
 AEC adj. s on st. line  ONM
AE  AE common side ∴ OM  ON (sides opp. equal s)
∴ △ABE  △ACE ASA
∴ BE  CE corr. sides, △s 19. (a)

(b) In △BDE and △CDE,

BE  CE (proved in (a))
BED  CED
ED  ED (common side)
∴ △BDE  △CDE (SAS)
∴ BDE  CDE (corr. s, △s)
BDE  CDE  180 (adj. s on st. line)
2BDE  180
BDE  90
∴ AD is an altitude of △ABC.

72
 4 Special Lines and Centres in a Triangle

(b) 2. Answer: A
∵ DE is the perpendicular bisector of AB.
∴ BDE  90 and AD  BD
AB  12 cm
AD  BD  12 cm
12
BD  cm
2
 6 cm
In △BED,
BE 2  BD 2  DE 2 (Pyth. theorem)
BE  62  82 cm
 10 cm

3. Answer: C
∵ AD is the angle bisector of BAC.
∴ BAK  KAE
20. (a) 38

2
 19
∵ BE is an altitude of △ABC.
∴ BEC  90
In △AKE,
KAE  AKE  BEC (ext.  of △)
19  AKE  90
AKE  71
BKD  AKE (vert. opp. s)
 71
(b)
4. Answer: B
For I:
∵ BD is not an altitude of △ABC.
∴ I is false.
For II:
∵ AD  DC
∴ BD is a median of △ABC.
∴ II is true.
For III:
∵ BD is not perpendicular to AC.
∴ BD is not the perpendicular bisector of AC in
21. △ABC.
∴ III is false.
∴ The answer is B.

5. Answer: D
For I:
Join QS. ∵ PS may not be the angle bisector of QPR.
For △QRS, ∴ QPS may not be equal to RPS.
QR  RS  QS ...... (1) ∴ I may not be true.
For △PQS, For II:
PQ  QS  PS ...... (2) ∵ PS is a median of △PQR.
By (1) + (2), we have ∴ SQ  SR
PQ  QS  QR  RS  PS  QS ∵ PS  SR
PQ  QR  RS  PS ∴ PS  SQ
∴ II must be true.
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 4.33) For III:
1. Answer: A Let PQS  x .
∵ AD  DC ∵ PS  SQ (proved)
∴ BD is a median of △ABC. ∴ QPS  PQS  x (base s, isos. △)

73
Mathematics in Action (3rd Edition) 3A Full Solutions

In △PQS, ∴ The least possible value of x is 2.

PSR  PQS  QPS (ext.  of △)
 xx Exam Corner
 2x
∵ PS  SR Exam-type Questions (p. 4.36)
∴ RPS  PRS (base s, isos. △) 1. ∵ G is the centroid of △ABC.
In △PSR, ∴ L, M and N are the mid-points of BC, AC and AB
PSR  RPS  PRS  180 (ext.  of △) respectively.
2 x  2RPS  180 ∴ NB  AN  9 cm , MC  AM  15 cm and
RPS  90  x LC  BL  12 cm
QPR  QPS  RPS In △ABC,
 x  (90  x) AB 2  BC 2  [(9  9) 2  (12  12) 2 ] cm 2
 90  (324  576) cm 2
∴ III must be true.  900 cm 2
∴ The answer is D.
AC  (15  15) 2 cm 2  900 cm 2
2

6. Answer: C ∵ AB 2  BC 2  AC 2
∵ I is the incentre of △ABC. ∴ △ABC is a right-angled triangle, where ABC = 90°.
∴ IA and IB are the angle bisectors of BAC and ABC (converse of Pyth. theorem)
respectively. BC  AB
Area of △ABC 
∴ ABI  IBC  25 and BAI  IAC 2
∵ IA  IB (12  12)  (9  9)
 cm 2
∴ BAI  ABI  25 (base s, isos. △) 2
In △ABC,  216 cm 2
ABC  BAC  ACB  180 ( sum of △)
(25  25)  ( 25  25)  ACB  180
2. (a) In △AHE and △CHD,
100  ACB  180 ∵ H is the orthocentre of △ABC.
ACB  80 ∴ AD and CE are altitudes of
△ABC.
7. Answer: D ∴ AEH  CDH  90
If △ABC is a right-angled triangle, then AHE  CHD vert. opp. s
(i) the circumcentre of △ABC lies on the mid-point of EAH  180  AEH  AHE  sum of △
the hypotenuse, 180  CDH  CHD
(ii) the centroid of △ABC lies inside △ABC,  DCH  sum of △
(iii) the orthocentre of △ABC lies on a vertex, i.e. it lies ∴ △AHE ~ △CHD AAA
on △ABC.
∴ The answer is D. (b) In △AEH,
AH 2  AE 2  EH 2 (Pyth. theorem)
8. Answer: B
∵ AM may not be perpendicular to BC, and BAM may AH  8  6 cm
2 2

not be equal to MAC.  10 cm

∴ I and II may not be true. ∵ △AHE ~ △CHD (proved in (a))
For III: EH AE
∵ M is the mid-point of BC. ∴  (corr. sides, ~△s)
DH CD
∴ The centroid of △ABC lies on AM.
6 cm 8 cm
∴ The answer is B. 
DH 12 cm
DH  9 cm
9. Answer: B
AD  AH  DH
By the triangle inequality, we have:
(i) 3  4.5  x  (10  9) cm
x  7.5  19 cm
∴ x  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
(ii) 3  x  4.5 3. (a) (i) ∵ I is the incentre of △ABC.
x  1.5 ∴ AD and BE are the angle bisectors of
∴ x  2, 3, 4, ... BAE and ABC respectively.
(iii) 4.5  x  3 ∴ CAD = BAD = x and
CBE = ABE = y
x  1.5
∴ BAE = 2x and ABD = 2y
∴ x  1, 2, 3, 4, ...
From the results of (i), (ii) and (iii), the possible values of
x are 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.

74
 4 Special Lines and Centres in a Triangle

In △ABE, 5. Answer: D
BAE  ABE  114 (ext.  of △) Construct the altitudes AX, BY and CZ as follows.
2 x  y  114
In △ABD,
BAD  ABD  96 (ext.  of △)
x  2 y  96
∴ The pair of simultaneous equations in x and
2 x  y  114
y is  .
 x  2 y  96
 2 x  y  114 ......(1)
(ii)  In △ABX and △ACX,
 x  2 y  96 ......(2)
∵ △ABC is an equilateral triangle.
From (1), we have
y  114  2 x …...(3) ∴ AB  AC
By substituting (3) into (2), we have AX  AX (common side)
x  2(114  2 x)  96 ∵ AX is an altitude of △ABC.
∴ AXB  AXC  90
x  228  4 x  96
∴ △AXB  △AXC (RHS)
3 x  132
∴ BAX  CAX (corr. s, △s)
x  44 and BX  CX (corr. sides, △s)
By substituting x  44 into (3), we have ∴ AX is an angle bisector, a median and a perpendicular
y  114  2(44) bisector of △ABC.
 26 Similarly, BY and CZ are angle bisectors, medians and
perpendicular bisectors of △ABC.
∴ P is the incentre, circumcentre and centroid of
(b) In △ABC,
△ABC.
BAC  ABC  ACB  180 ( sum of △)
∴ I, II and III must be true.
2(44)  2(26)  ACB  180
140  ACB  180
ACB  40

4. (a) ∵ H is the orthocentre of △ABC.

∴ AD and BE are altitudes of △ABC.
∴ AEB  ADB  90
In △ABE,
ABE  BAE  AEB  180 ( sum of △)
20  (DAB  25)  90  180
135  DAB  180
DAB  45
In △ABD,
DAB  ABD  ADB  180 ( sum of △)
45  (HBD  20)  90  180
155  HBD  180
HBD  25

(b) In △ADC and △BDH,

CAD  HBD  25
∵ DAB  45 and
ABD  20  25  45
∴ AD  BD sides opp. equal s
ADC  BDH  90
∴ △ADC  △BDH ASA

75