FINAL

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI -590018
PROJECT REPORT
ON
"SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE BY USING SEASHELLS AS
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR NATURAL SAND”
Submitted to Visvesvaraya Technological University in partial
fulfillment of requirement for the award of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
Mr. ADARSH PUJAR 2KA19CV001
Mr. NUTANGOUDA PATIL 2KA19CV020
Mr. RAHUL HAVALE 2KA19CV022
Mr. YATISH P JANGAMANI 2KA20CV410
Under the Guidance of
Prof. T. B. Kalburgi
Smt. KAMALA AND Sri VENKAPPA M AGADI COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAKSHMESHWARA-582116
2022-2023
Smt. KAMALA AND Sri VENKAPPA M AGADI COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAKSHMESHWARA-582116
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to Certified that “Self Compacting Concrete By Using Seashells
As Partial Replacement For Natural Sand” is a bonafide work carried out by

Mr.Adarsh Pujar (2KA19CV001), Mr.Nutangouda Patil (2KA19CV020), Mr.Rahul Havale
(2KA19CV022), Mr.Yatish P Jangamani (2KA20CV410) in the partial fulfillment for the
award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering of Visvesvaraya
Technology University, Belagavi during the year of 2022 - 2023. It is certified that all
correction / suggestion for internal assessment have been incorporated in the report
deposited in the department library. The Project report has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of Project report prescribed for the Bachelor of
Engineering degree.
Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD

Prof. T.B.Kalburgi Prof. Arun Tandi
Assistant Professor Dept. of Civil Engineering
Dept. of Civil Engineering
Signature of the Co-Ordinator Signature of the Principal

Dr. Swapna Chanagoudar Dr.Udayakumar Hampannavar
Assistant Professor Principal
Dept. of Civil Engineering SKSVMACET Lakshmeshwar
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any
task would be incomplete without the mention of people who made it possible, whose
constant guidance and encouragement crowned out efforts with success.
We would like to take this opportunity to thank our Project Guide Prof. T.B.
Kalburgi, Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering, without his immense
guidance and support the work would have been unthinkable. Also, we would like to
thank our Project Coordinator Dr. Swapna Chanagoudar, Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, helped us in the completion of project work.
We express our deep sense of gratitude to our HOD Mr. Arun Tandi,
Department of Civil Engineering, for his unstinted support. We extend our gratitude to
the vice Principal Dr. Parashuram Baraki, SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar and the
Principal Dr. Udayakumar Hampannavar, SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar for their
generous support in all regards.
We extend our heartfelt thanks to all the faculty members, Teaching and Non-
Teaching staff of department of Civil Engineering, SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar who
have helped us directly or indirectly. We are very much indebted to our parents and friends
for their unquestioning best cooperation and help.
Mr. Adarsh Pujar (2KA19CV001)
Mr. Nutangouda Patil (2KA19CV020)
Mr. Rahul Havale (2KA19CV022)
Mr. Yatish P Jangamani (2KA20CV410)
i
DECLARATION
I, the student of final Semester of Civil Engineering, Smt Kamala and Sri
Venkappa M Agadi College of Engineering and Technology-582116 hereby declare
that the Project work entitled “Self Compacting Concrete By Using Seashells As Partial
Replacement For Natural Sand” has been successfully completed under the guidance of
Prof. T.B.Kalburgi of Civil Department, Smt Kamala and Sri Venkappa M Agadi
College of Engineering and Technology-582116. This dissertation work is submitted to
Visvesvaraya Technological University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering during the academic
year 2022-2023. Further the matter embodied in the project report has not been submitted
previously by anybody for the award of any degree or diploma to any university.
Mr.Adarsh Pujar (2KA19CV001)
Mr.Nutangouda Patil(2KA19CV020)
Mr. Rahul Havale(2KA19CV022)
Mr.Yatish P Jangamani(2KA20CV410)
ii
ABSTRACT
The present study deals with fresh and harden concrete properties of self compacting
concrete while carrying several trial mixes with the variety of water binder ratio and super
plasticizer content and achieving a trial mix with satisfying the flow properties of slump flow, v-
funnel and L-box test apparatus values to be obtained within the limit of European guidelines.
The study is to be carried out on the properties of lightweight self compacting concrete (LWSCC)
with a binder content in the achieved proportion of the final trial mix, the aggregate will be
replaced by varying the different percent of aggregate as 0%,10%,20%,30%,40% &50% by
volume replacement. The fresh concrete properties are to be determined as per IS 10262:2019; by
performing slump flow, V- funnel and L- box test proportions (0%,10%,20%,30%,40%) of
seashell aggregates by replacing normal. The reason of this attempt is to demonstrate that
seashells can be utilized as partial replacement for aggregate in concrete for enhancing strength
properties since seashells are widely available everywhere in coastal and seashore areas and some
of the concrete material cannot be found easily everywhere.
iii
CONTENTS
Acknowledgement
Declaration
Abstract
Contents Page No
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 1 to 8
1.1 General
1.2 Definitions of SCC
1.3 Necessity to choose SCC
1.4 Advantages of SCC by using seashells as partial replacement for natural sand
1.5 Limitations of SCC by using seashells as partial replacement for natural sand
CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE SURVEY 9
CHAPTER 3 - PROPERTIES OF SCC 10 to 23
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Terminology
3.3 Engineering Properties
3.4 Specifying SCC
CHAPTER 4 – MATERIALS 24 to 26
CHAPTER 5 – METHODOLOGY 27 to 37
CHAPTER 6 – RESULTS 38 to 40
CHAPTER 7 – CONCLUSION 41
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig No Figures Name Page No
1 Situations necessitating use of SCC 5
2 Cement 24
3 River Sand 24
4 Course Aggregate 25
5 Fly ash 26
6 Seashells 26
7 Shiridao Beach 28
8 Seashells Collected 28
9 Washed Seashells 29
10 Burnt Seashells 29
11 Crushed Seashells 29
12 Slump Flow Test 35
13 J – Ring Test 35
14 L – Box Test 35
15 U – Box Test 36
16 V – Funnel Test 36
17 Compressive Test 36
18 Split Tensile Test 37
v
Self Compacting Concrete By Using Seashells As Partial Replacement For Natural Sand 2022-2023
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Currently, SCC can be used as a trending building material. This concrete indicates, no
vibration is required have self compaction. This type of concrete has many advantages a lot over normal
concrete. SCC has worked on the nature of concrete and decreases of on-location fixes, quicker
development times, lower by and large expenses, and help of the presentation of robotization into
concrete development. SCC’s properties will contribute to a greater improvement in the nature of a
concrete structure and open up new fields for the use of concrete. It may also provide a quick place of a
concrete situation, with shorter development times and compacts into each side of a compacts into each
side of a formwork. Hajime Okamura proposed the concept of self-compacting concrete (SCC) in 1986.
Cement plays crucial role in bonding the concrete whereas aggregate play’s crucial role in
availing the strength of concrete. To increase the strength, concrete is usually reinforced with different
elements such as steel or admixtures that could be added when concrete mixing and moulding. Around
70-80% of aggregate is present in concrete.
With the tremendous development of construction of mega structures, the world over, the
demand for self-compacting concrete (SCC) application is increasing: Many sites have the problems of
congestion of reinforcement in principle structural members. The design issues are compounded due to
the high risk of seismic zone, vulnerability to cycknic storms and huge capacity addition of the plants to
a very large scale. SCC has become the only choice in such difficult site environments. Ideally the
development of concrete mix where placing and compaction has minimal dependence on the Standard
of workmanship available on a particular site should improve the true quality of the concrete in the final
structure, and hence its durability. This was an important driving force behind the development of self-
compacting concrete (SCC). Self-compacting concrete is considered as a breakthrough in concrete
technology due to its improved performance and working environment. It has wide application from thin
elements to bulk robust structures, SCC can be taken as greatest technical advancement and most
Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 1

revolutionary development in concrete technology over the years. SCC is a concrete of future, as it will
be replacing normal concrete due to its distinct advantages.
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) also called as Self Consolidating Concrete or Rhedynamic

concrete is an innovative concrete that does not require vibration for placing and compaction. It is able
to flow under its own weight, completely filling formwork and achieving full compaction, even in the
presence of congested reinforcement. The hardened concrete is derse, homogeneous and has at least
engineering properties at par with and durability as traditional vibrated concrete. The principle behind
Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is that the settlement of aggregates is related to the viscosity of the
fresh concrete.
SCC can be produced using the same ingredients as that of normal concrete. However, a
closet uslerance is required to ensure strict control of workability characteristics. The proportioning of
SCC mix is much more scientific than that of conventional concrete mixes SCC mix requires high
powder counters, lesser quantity of course aggregate, high range superplasticizer and VMA (Viscosity
Modifying Agent) to give stability and fluidity to concrete mix. The workability of SCC is equilibrium
of fluidry, deformability, filling ability and resistance to segregation. This equilibrium has to be
maintained for a sufficient time period to allow for its transportation, placing and finishing.
Combinations of tests are required to characterize the workability properties, Concrete that requires little
vibration or compaction has been used in Earope since the early 1970s but Self-Compacting Concrete
was not developed until late 1980s in Japan.
In Europe it was probably Test used in civil works for transportation networks in Sweden in
the mid 1990s. The EC funded a multinational, industry lead project "SCC" 1997-2000 and since then
SCC has found increasing use in all European countries and the use is increasing all over the world, and
in India also. In India, the SCC has been used (about 5000 Cum) in Kaiga Noclear Power Project
(Karnataka) and abo in Kota Atomic Power project (Rajasthan). Some of the projects where SCC has
been used are
• Delhi Metro Project - 10000 Cum
• Tarapore Atomac Power Project-6000 Cam

• Gosiklund Project-5000 Cum

• Purna Dam Project-500 Cum
• Lower Wardha Project-2000 Cum
The use of SCC is increasing day by day in India and many infrastructure projects are going in for SCC,
the example being The Signature Bridge on river Yamuna near New Delhi and the Bandra-Worli sea
link project, Mumbai.
Self-Compacting Concrete offers a rapid rate of concrete placement, with faster construction
times and ease of flow around congested reinforcement. The fluidity and. segregation resistance of SCC
ensures high level of homogeneity, minimal concrete voids and uniform concrete strength, providing the
potential for a superior level of finish and durability to the structure. SCC is often produced with low
water-cement ratio providing the potential for high early strength, cartier de-moulding and faster use of
elements and structures. The elimination of vibrating equipment improves the environment on and near
construction sites where concrete is being placed, reducing the exposure of workers to noise and
vibration.
The improved construction practice and performance, combined with the health and safety
benefits, make SCC a very attractive solation for both precast concrete and on-site civil engineering
construction.
The chemical composition of seashells has proven that they can be used as a partial addition
to the usual aggregate we currently use like sand and crushed stones, since the main oxides used in both,
seashells and aggregates/cements are very much similar, as they all contain big percentages of calcium
oxide, silicon oxide and alumina.
Nan-Su, et., al. 2001, was presented a mixed design strategy for self-compacting concrete
(SCC). First, the amount of aggregate is still in the air, and then the gluing of the sheets compensates for
the disadvantages of aggregates to ensure that the resulting concrete has the required fluidity, self-

compacting capacity, and other SCC characteristics. This method is less complicated, easier to perform,
and less tedious, requires more modest fixings, and saves material.
1.2 Definitions of SCC
The Self compacting concrete has been defined by many and some of the definitions are as below
i. EFNARC, May 2005, Guidelines for SCC defines it as “Concrete that is able to flow and
consolidate under its own weight, completely fill the formwork even in the presence of dense
reinforcement, whilst maintaining homogeneity and without the need for any additional
compaction”.
ii. Technical Bulletin TB-1501 defines SCC as “Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC) also known as
self-compacting concrete, a highly workable concrete that can flow through densely reinforced or
complex structural elements under its own weight and adequately fill voids without segregation or
excessive bleeding, and without the need for vibration.
iii. Khayat K. H. defines SCC as: “A highly flowable, yet stable concrete is one that can spread readily
into place and fill the formwork without any consolidation and undergoing any significant
segregation”.
iv. As per N.V.Nayak et.al: “A concrete that is capable of Self compacting (self consolidating),
occupies all space in the form without any external efforts ( in the form of mechanical vibration
,floating, poking etc.) is termed as self compacting concrete”.
v. As per report # 1, SCC of CE241, Concrete technology (2004): “SCC is in want of a standard
definition, but may be nominally considered a concrete mix of exceptional deformability during
casting, which still meets resistance to segregation and bleeding.”
vi. Japan Concrete Institute defines SCC as “A concrete having self compatibility; self compactability
of concrete is its ability related to the place ability, with which it can be uniformly filled and
compacted in every corner of formwork by its own weight without vibration during placing.”
1.3 Necessity to Choose SCC

SCC is considered as a preferred option due to its well-known properties of flowability,
passing ability and compatibility.

SCC is an excellent repair material for concrete encasement because of its ability to flow
through narrow openings. Care shall be taken to avoid shrinkage of concrete by adding shrinkage
compensating admixtures since bonding of new concrete with the old concrete is a requirement in repair
works. Congested reinforcements, secondary concreting of gate slots, complicated shapes of concrete
elements necessitate the use of SCC (Figure 1).
Figure 1 - Situations necessitating use of SCC
1.4 Advantages of Self Compacting Concrete by Using Seashells as Partial

Replacement for Natural Sand
i. Self compacting concrete (SCC) is a concrete which is able to flow under its own weight,
completely filling formwork & achieving full compaction, even in the congested places. The SCC
mixes have these attributes because of their good deformability enabling them to maintain
homogeneity at fresh state. It can be placed & compacted under its self-weight with little or no
vibration effort & which is at the same time is cohesive enough to be handled without segregation
& bleeding.
ii. Reduction in amount of usage of natural sand in preparation of SCC.

iii. Self compacting concrete offers a rapid rate of concrete placement with faster construction times
& ease of flow around congested reinforcement. The fluidity & segregation resistance of SCC
ensures a high level of homogeneity, minimal concrete voids & uniform concrete strength in situ,
providing the potential for a superior level of finish & durability to the structure.
iv. Use of fly ash in SCC is an eco-friendly option and is useful in controlling the excess heat of
hydration in concreting. It also improves to the qualities like homogeneity, permeability and
durability of the concrete.
v. Use of flyash is mostly necessary to provide higher quantity of powdery material required in SSC.
SCC has got a property of self compacting which removes one of the main reasons of discrepancy
between the performance of laboratory concrete specimens and that of the concrete structures at
site, namely the degree of compaction of the fresh concrete; as SCC mixture does not depend on
the degree of compaction of the fresh concrete.
vi. SCC enables reduction in noise at site and so it ensures improved health and safety at site. The use
of SCC reduces the exposure of the workers to sound intensities that are as low as one tenth of
those produced when placing traditional vibrated concrete; introduction of SCC is truly a quiet
revolution in concrete.
vii. SCC requires reduced manpower over conventional concrete placing of SCC is much less
strenuous activity than placing traditional vibrated concrete.
viii. More innovative designs, more complex shapes, more thinner sections are possible with use of
SCC.
ix. SCC exhibit greater stability than traditional concrete.
x. Reduced internal bleeding when SCC is used is responsible for a denser and stronger ITZ with
respect to that of CC. The positive role of SCC in decreasing microcracking and porosity of
interfacial transition zone (ITZ) is also responsible for a more durable concrete.
xi. Large amount of fly ash or limestone filler in SCC favors formation of a less porous and, hence, a
stronger transition zone due to a limited amount of microcracking in the vicinity of the ITZ.
xii. The denser microstructure of the ITZ in SCC may contribute for a lower plastic settlement, higher
bond between steel and concrete matrix, lower permeability to oxygen and lower chloride diffusion
coefficient with respect to corresponding values for conventional concretes.

xiii. Higher tensile strength for SCC is due to improvement in the homogeneity and denser
microstructure of the ITZ.
xiv. SCC allows rapid pumping of concrete.
xv. SCC has uniform, even surface with less surface defects, voids honeycombs etc. by virtue of good
filling ability.
xvi. SCC has improved aesthetics of final product with improved surface finish due to its good fluidity
and deformability making SCC a competitive option vis-a-vas traditional concrete.
xvii. When placing a new layer of SCC on old SCC, the bond between the old and new SCC is equal to
or better than in the case of conventional vibrated concrete.
xviii. A review of technical literature shows that SCC can flow (in formwork) horizontally a distance of
15-20m without segregation. A well-designed SCC may have a free fall of as much as 8 m without
segregation. However, from practical considerations height of free fall shall be restricted to 3 m
and horizontal flow be as small as possible but restricted to 10 m.
1.5 Limitations of Self Compacting Concrete by Using Seashells as Partial

Replacement for Natural Sand
i. Self compacting Concrete is a new technology and hence, requires well maintained and high
degree of quality control & quality assurance methods. Production and placing of SCC need to
be carried out by trained personnel only.
ii. When the seashells are collected from sea source, they hold water inside it and when they are
dried in the site there is a lot of weight loss.
iii. Seashells in its natural shapes occupies large volume of space before crushing, which may affect
for transportation.
iv. Absence of internal and external bleeding in SCC, however is one of the causes for their higher
plastic shrinkage compared to traditional vibrated concrete. Hence, SCC should be cured as soon
as practicable after placement to prevent surface shrinkage cracking.
v. The lower MSA (nominal maximum size of aggregate) and reduction in % of coarse aggregate
in volume of SCC are responsible for lower modulus of elasticity compared to the conventional
concrete. For this reason, the total shrinkage of SSC is also slightly higher.

vi. SCC requires good and leak proof formwork due to presence of more fines and flowable concrete.
Special attention is needed in design of the formwork for pressures based on the flowability,
cohesiveness, rate and method of placing or pumping (from top/from bottom) etc.
vii. Before any SCC is produced at the plant and used at the job site, the mix must be properly
proportioned and tested to assure compliance with the functional requirements and the project
specifications. The ingredients and the equipment used in developing the mix and testing should
be the same ingredients and equipment to be used in the final mix for the project.
viii. Most common concrete mixers can be used for producing SCC. However, the mixing time may
be longer than that for the conventional vibrated concrete.
ix. SCC is more sensitive to the total water content in the mix. It is necessary to take into account
the moisture/water content in the aggregates and the admixtures before adding the remaining
water in the mix. The mixer must be clean and moist, and contains no free water.
x. The truck drivers (transit mixer) should be given oral and written instructions for handling SCC.
He must check the concrete drum before filling with SCC to make sure that the drum is clean
and moist, but with no free water. Extra care must be taken for long deliveries. The truck driver
shall also be given training in regional languages about the effects of wrong handling, adding
extra water etc. This training will help them to know the importance so that the instructions given
to them can be implemented effectively.
xi. The truck drivers should not be allowed to add water and/or admixtures during transit.
xii. SCC is more sensitive to temperature during the hardening process than the conventional vibrated
concrete hence extra care shall be taken about the handling and keeping the concrete cool.
xiii. Because of high cementitious content, the control on temperature of concrete is highly important
in extreme hot environment.
xiv. SCC places more stringent requirements on the selection of materials in comparison with
conventional concrete.
xv. SCC mix requires a large number of trial batches. In addition to the laboratory trial batches, field
size trial batches should be used to simulate the typical production conditions.
xvi. A change in the characteristics of a SCC mix could be a warning sign for quality control.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
1] 1997 “Self-Compacting High-Performance Concrete”, Okamura determined that SCC technology

can save time cost and enhance durability. SCC has high potential for great acceptance and wider
application in highway and bridge construction in all over world.
] 2010 “Characteristics of self-consolidating concrete using two types of lightweight course
aggregates”, According to Y. J. Kim, Y. W. Choil, M lachemi the addition of lightweight aggregate
significantly improved the workability of self compacting light weight concrete this is due to round
shape of LWA (Light Weight Aggregate). The slump flow of SCLWC (Self Compacting Light Weight
Concrete) increases(1.39%) compared to SCNWC (Self Compacting Normal Weight Concrete) while
flow time of SCLWC decreases 10% compared to with SCNWC.
] 2016 “To increase the strength of concrete by adding seashell as admixture”, Mageswari. R. et. al.
determined the compressive strength by using seashell as an admixture to the conventional concrete by
replacing cement partially with fly ash, according to her study the conventional OPC had the highest
compressive strength compared to the seashell concrete mixes respectively. Although the 10% mould is
closer in terms of compressive strength to the conventional concrete which shows that it can be used in
construction.
] 2017 “Properties of concrete as influenced by shape and texture of fine aggregate”, Kiran Kumar
Poloju determined that the compressive strength with 20% & 10% replacement of seashell with fine
aggregate, both are more than conventional concrete with 20% replacement.
] 2022 “Experimental study on self-compacting concrete with replacement of coarse aggregate by light
expanded clay aggregate”, R. Vaishnava Kumar determined that the replacement of coarse aggregates
with LECA(Light Expanded Clay Aggregate) to a ratio of 30% results in light weight self compacting
concrete with better performance, with lower weight & low density.

CHAPTER 3
PROPERTIES OF SCC
3.1 OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of this project are
1. To study about mechanical & fresh properties of seashell.
2. To prepare power-based SCC.
3. To prepare eco-friendly concrete.
3.2 TERMINOLOGY
The European Guidelines (EFNARC) for SCC and the Technical Bulletin TB-1501 give terms
and their definitions which are adopted with due modification as wherever felt necessary for the purposes
of this Chapter.
➢ Aggregate blocking - The condition in which coarse aggregate particles combine to form elements
large enough to obstruct flow of the fresh concrete between reinforcing steel or other obstructions
in the concrete formwork. This property is of increased importance in SCC because of the absence
of vibration energy to dislodge these blockages.
➢ Air-migration - The undesirable condition in which entrapped air in fresh SCC migrates to the top
surface causing a bubbling or boiling appearance. This is an indication of unstable air and a low
viscosity mortar. Air-popping is another term used for this occurrence.
➢ Binder - Materials in SCC with particle sizes passing the 150-micron (No. 100) sieve. These include
cement, supplementary cementitious materials and unreactive fillers.
➢ Bingham fluid - A material that exhibits the behaviour of having a yield stress. Thus, a shear stress
(y axis) versus shear rate curve will have y intercept, known as the yield stress, and a slope, known
as the plastic viscosity. Concrete also tends to behave as a Bingham fluid, or near to it
(pseudoplastic).
➢ Bleed water - The water that appears to rise to the surface of concrete subsequent to placement.
ACI defines bleeding as “the autogenous flow of mixing water within, or its emergence from, newly
placed concrete or mortar, caused by settlement of solid materials within the (concrete) mass.”

➢ Dynamic stability - The characteristic of a fresh SCC mix that ensures uniform distribution of all
solid particles and air voids as the SCC is transported and placed.
➢ Filling ability - The ability of SCC to flow under its own weight (without vibration) into and fill
completely all spaces within formwork containing obstacles such as reinforcement.
➢ Finishability - The ease with which SCC can be finished to achieve the desired surface flatness and
smoothness on that portion of an element that must be finished. Finishability does not refer to
formed surface finish quality.
➢ Flowability - The ease of flow of fresh concrete when unconfined by formwork and/reinforcement.
A property of fresh SCC indicating the ease of flowing without manual or mechanical effort. This
is a component of filling ability, but a concrete can have high flowability without high filling ability,
if the passing ability is poor.
➢ Fluidity – The ease of flow of fresh concrete.
➢ Paste – The fraction of the concrete comprising powder (cement + SCM’s + unreactive powder),
water and air, plus admixture, if applicable.
➢ Passing ability - The ability of SCC to flow through openings approaching the size of the mix’s
nominal maximum size aggregate, such as the space between steel reinforcing, without segregation
or aggregate blocking.
➢ Placeability - The ability to place SCC in the time span required such that the material remains
homogenous while exhibiting all the required SCC fresh concrete properties. A general term,
compassing elements of filling and passing ability, as well as time-dependent change.
➢ Plastic viscosity - The rheologist’s term for measurement of a material’s resistance to increase in
its rate of flow with increasing application of force. In a plot of the force versus the flow rate, the
higher the slope, the higher is the plastic viscosity. SCC mixes tend to have moderate to high plastic
viscosity.
➢ Pumpability - The ability of an SCC mix to be pumped without significant degradation of its fresh
SCC properties. Robustness - The capacity of concrete to retain its fresh properties when a small
variation in the properties or quantities of the constituent materials occurs.
➢ Rheology - The science of the deformation and flow of materials. Certain of the critical properties
of fresh SCC can best be understood through the principles of rheology.

➢ Segregation resistance - The ability of concrete to remain homogeneous in composition during

mixing, transportation, handling, placement and finishing i.e., while in its fresh state.
➢ Slump flow - The mean diameter of the spread of fresh concrete using a conventional slump cone.
➢ Slump flow test - A test method using the standard Abram’s slump cone (upright or inverted) on a
flat surface to measure the unconfined flow and stability of SCC. The numerical value in mm of
flow is determined as the average diameter of the circular deposit (patty) of SCC at the conclusion
of the slump flow test.
➢ Slump flow T500 - Measurement of the time it takes for the slump flow patty to reach a 500 mm
(20 inch) diameter circle drawn on the slump flow plate, after starting to raise the slump cone. Most
SCC will have a T500 of 2-5 seconds. The longer the time (at the same slump flow), generally the
greater the passing ability.
➢ Stability - The ability of SCC to remain homogenous during mixing, transportation, handling,
placement, finishing and curing.
➢ Thixotropy - The tendency of a material (e.g., SCC) to progressive loss of fluidity when allowed
to rest undisturbed but to regain its fluidity when energy is applied.
➢ Thixotropic behaviour - The property of a material that it exhibits a low viscosity while being
mechanically agitated and for a while after, but stiffens after a period of rest. This is different from
the normal Bingham plastic behaviour of concrete, in which it appears to exhibit lower viscosity
while moving than at rest, in that a change over time while at rest is required for a material to be
thixotropic.
➢ Viscosity - The resistance to flow of a material (e.g., SCC) once flow has started. A rheological
term defined as the magnitude of the change in the applied stress required for changing the unit flow
velocity of a material. In other words, the slope of the stress-shear rate curve. In simpler terms
viscosity is how “thick” a fluid behaves. Simple fluids like water or oil, which have no yield stress,
appear to have the same “thickness” regardless of how fast they are moving, and are called
“Newtonian.” concrete, which follows so called Bingham behaviour, will have different apparent
viscosities, with the lowest apparent viscosity at highest speed of shear.
➢ Viscosity Modifying Admixture (VMA) - Admixture added to fresh concrete to increase cohesion
and segregation resistance. VMA increases the plastic viscosity and improves the stability of the
mixture at a constant fluidity.

➢ Water to cementitious ratio (w/cm) - The ratio of the weight of free water to the weight of all
cement and reactive powders such as slag, fly ash, silica fume, and metakaolin.
➢ Workability - That property of freshly mixed concrete or mortar that determines the ease, with
which it can be mixed, placed, consolidated and finished. It is a complex combination of aspects of
fluidity, cohesiveness, compactability, and stickiness, quantified in tests to determine filling ability,
passing ability and stability.
➢ Yield stress - One of the rheological parameters of fresh concrete, fresh mortar and fresh paste. It
is the minimum stress required to make the concrete flow. SCC requires a low yield stress. Inversely
related to slump or slump flow.
3.3 Engineering Properties

General
Self-compacting concrete and traditional vibrated concrete of similar compressive strength
have comparable properties and hence SCC can be used in most applications where traditional vibrated
concrete is used. However, SCC composition does differ from that of traditional concrete and the
difference exists in the performance during fresh state; not much in terms of properties of hardened state.
In the design of concrete structures, engineers may refer to a number of structural properties of concrete
which are not always part of the concrete specification. The most relevant are:
• Compressive strength
• Tensile strength
• Modulus of elasticity
• Creep
• Durability
Where the development of a specific concrete property is dependent on time, tests should be carried out
taking into account the exposure conditions as per the relevant Indian Standard.
Compressive strength
Compressive strength is the most routinely and widely specified and tested engineering
property and number of other concrete properties can be related and evaluated from compressive

strength. Self-compacting concrete with a similar water cement or cement binder ratio will usually have
a slightly higher strength compared with traditional vibrated concrete, and this is due to an improved
interface between the aggregate and hardened paste due to absence of vibrations. The strength
development will be similar to traditionally vibrated concrete so maturity testing will be an effective
way to control the strength development whether accelerated heating is used or not.
Tensile strength
For the SCC of specified strength, class and maturity, the tensile strength may be safely
assumed to be the same as the one for a normal vibrated concrete as the volume of paste (cement + fines
+ water) which is more in SCC has no significant effect on tensile strength. In fact, due to improvement
in homogeneity and denser microstructure, the mechanical properties, and in particular, tensile strength
of SCC may be higher than for conventional concrete. Also, due to a less porous microstructure, tensile
strength of SCC should be higher than that of conventional concrete, Values available in literature seems
to indicate higher split tensile strength for SCC with respect to conventional concrete.
Static modulus of elasticity

The modulus of elasticity (E-value, the ratio between stress and strain), is used in the elastic
calculation of deflection, often the controlling parameter in slab design, and of pre or post tensioned
elements.
As the bulk of the volume of concrete is aggregate, the type and amount of aggregate as well
as its E-value have the most influence. Selecting an aggregate with a high E-value will increase the
modulus of elasticity of concrete. However, increasing the paste volume could decrease the E-value.
Because SCC often has a higher paste content and lower maximum size of coarse aggregate and reduced
coarse aggregate volume than traditional vibrated concrete, the E-value of SCC may be somewhat lower
thereby lowering the tendency to form cracks with respect to conventional concrete with the same time
dependent deformations.
If SCC does have a slightly lower E modulus than traditional vibrated concrete, this will affect
the relationship between the compressive strength and the camber due to prestressing or post-tensioning.
For this reason, careful control should be exercised over the strength at the time when the prestressing
and post-tensioning strands or wires are released.

Creep
Creep is defined as the gradual increase in deformation (strain) with time for a constant applied
stress. It has both components, time dependent as well as stress dependant. Creep takes place in the
cement paste and it is influenced by its porosity which is directly related to its water to cementitious
material ratio. During hydration, the porosity of the cement paste reduces and so for a given concrete,
creep reduces as the strength increases. The type of cement is important if the age of loading is fixed.
Cements that hydrate more rapidly will have higher strength at the age of loading, a lower stress/strength
ratio and a lower creep. As the aggregates restrain the creep of the cement paste, the higher the volume
of the aggregate and the higher the E-value of the aggregate, the lower the creep will be. Due to the
higher volume of cement paste, the creep coefficient for SCC may be expected to be higher than for
normal concrete of equal strength, but such differences are small and covered by the safe assumptions
in the tables and the formulae provided in the relevant codes. However, for prestressed structural
members the study conducted by Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of
Wisconsin, USA states that “Creep and shrinkage strains, approximately twice that of a normal mix, do
constitute a significant increase in the effects of creep and shrinkage which, in turn, would likely result
in less than expected long term prestress in a girder after losses (if the higher loss was not accounted for
in design) and undesirable girder behaviour" & hence necessity precautions shall be taken when using
SCC for prestressed structures.
Durability
The durability of a concrete structure is closely associated to the permeability of the surface
layer, the one that should limit the ingress of substances that can initiate or propagate possible deleterious
actions (CO2, chloride, sulphate, water, oxygen, alkalis, acids, etc.). In practice, durability depends on
the material selection, concrete composition, as well as on the degree of supervision during placing,
compaction, finishing and curing.
Honey-comb and lack of compaction of the surface layer, due to vibration difficulties in
narrow spaces between the formwork and the re-bars or other inserts (e.g., posttensioning ducts) has
been recognized as a key factor of poor durability performance of reinforced concrete structures exposed
to aggressive environments. Overcoming this was one of the main reasons for the original development
of SCC in Japan.

Traditional vibrated concrete is subjected to compaction via vibration (or tamping), which is
a discontinuous process. In the case of internal vibration, even when correctly executed, the volume of
concrete within the area of influence of the vibrator does not receive the same compaction energy at all
locations. This means, in the vibrated concrete there remains portions of over-vibrated and under-
vibrated concrete.
Similarly, in the case of external vibration, the resulting compaction is essentially
heterogeneous, depending on the distance to the vibration sources.
Therefore, result of the vibration is the concrete in structure with uneven compaction and with
different permeabilities, which enhances the selective ingress of aggressive substances. Naturally, the
consequences of incorrect vibration (honeycombing, segregation, bleeding, etc.) have a much stronger
negative effect on permeability and, hence, on durability.
Self compacting concrete with the right properties will be free from those shortcomings and
result in a material of consistently low and uniform permeability, offering less weak points for
deleterious actions of the environment and, hence, better durability.
The greater durability of self compacting concrete satisfies the request for sustainability
because it will be possible to minimize and delay the maintenance and repairs. So, it can be concluded
that:
Extension of durability of SCC structures and elements is due to –
i. The improved durability of SCC itself, as direct consequence of the better quality of the interfacial
transition zone (its) and of the lower tendency to crack in comparison with the conventional
concrete.
ii. A better quality of the concrete in the job-site, due to the reduced dependency on the procedures
of casting and compaction.
3.4 Specifying SCC

General
SCC will normally be specified as a prescribed concrete or proprietary concrete. The
proprietary concrete is the one wherein the producer assures the performance and need not declare the
composition i.e., performance specification-based concrete. The prescribedconcrete is the one in which
the user specifies the composition and the requirements.

Basic Requirements
The specification for self-compacting concrete shall contain:
a) Requirement confirming to “The European Guidelines for SCC, May 2005, Annex A”
b) Compressive strength
c) Exposure class(s) and/or limiting values of composition, e.g., maximum w/c ratio, minimum
cement content. (As per IS 456: 2000, & it’s Amendment no.3);
d) Maximum nominal coarse aggregate size
e) Class of exposure related to chloride ion penetration.
f) Slump flow class or in special cases, a target value.
The filling ability and stability of self-compacting concrete in the fresh state can be defined by the
following four key characteristics. Each characteristic can be addressed by one or more test methods:
Table 1 Preferred Test Methods for Assessing Characteristics of SCC.
Characteristic Preferred test method(s)

Flowability Slump-flow test
Viscosity (assessed by rate of flow) T500 Slump flow test or V-funnel test
Passing ability L-box test
Segregation Segregation resistance (sieve) test
The test methods excluding the sieve test are given in Annexure C (C.1 to C.5). Two important
properties specific to SCC in its plastic state are its flowability and stability. SCCmixtures typically have
a higher paste volume, less coarse aggregate, and higher sand-to- coarse aggregate ratio than typical
concrete mixtures; mix is highly cohesive.
Additional requirements
In addition to the basic requirements the following additionalrequirements and provisions shall be:
a) T500 value for the Slump flow test or a V-funnel class.

b) L-box class or, in special cases, a target value.
c) Segregation resistance class or, in special cases, a target value

d) Requirements for the temperature of the fresh concrete,

e) Other technical requirements.
Requirements in the fresh state
Specific requirements for SCC in the fresh state depend on the type of application,and especially
on:
• Confinement conditions related to the concrete element geometry, and the quantity,type and
location of reinforcement its congestion, inserts, cover and recesses etc
• Placing equipment (e.g., pump, direct from truck-mixer, skip, tremie)
• Placing methods (e.g., number and position of delivery points)
• Finishing method.
The classifying system allows for an appropriate specification of SCC to cover theserequirements,
which are characterized as:
• Flowability Slump-flow
• Viscosity (measure of the speed of flow)
• Passing ability (flow without blocking)
• Segregation resistance
Details of test methods for these characteristics can be found in Annexure -C Information on
selection of parameters and classes is given in Clause 6.3.
Self-compacting concrete requirements in the fresh state that are appropriate for a given application
should be selected from one or more of these four key characteristics and then specified by class or target
value.
Passing ability, viscosity and segregation resistance will affect in-situ properties of the hardened
concrete. But these should only be specified if specifically needed.
• If there is little or no reinforcement, there may be no need to specify passing ability asa requirement
may not be needed.

• Viscosity may be important where good surface finish is required or reinforcement is highly
congested but may not be specified in most other cases.
• Segregation resistance becomes increasingly important with higher fluidity and lower viscosity SCC
but if it needs to be specified.
The required consistence retention time will depend on the transportation and placing time. This
should be determined and specified and it is the responsibility of the producer to ensure that the SCC
maintains its specified fresh properties during this period.
Self-compacting concrete should, if possible be placed in one continuous pour so delivery rates
should be matched to placing rate and also be agreed with the producer in order to avoid placing
stoppages due to lack of concrete or long delays in placing after the concrete reaches site.
Consistence classification– The EFNARC specifications for SCC gives the classificationfor SCC
as under.
Slump-flow
Slump-flow value describes the flowability of a fresh mix in unconfined conditions. Itis a
sensitive test that will normally be specified for all SCC, as the primary check that the fresh concrete
consistence meets the specification. Visual observations during the test and/or measurement of the T500
time can give additional information on the segregation resistance and uniformity of each delivery.
The following are typical slump-flow classes for a range of applications:
a) Slump flow-1(SF1) 550 - 650 mm is appropriate for:
• Unreinforced or slightly reinforced concrete structures that are cast from the top with free
displacement from the delivery point (e.g., housing slabs)
• Casting by a pump injection system (e.g., tunnel linings)
• Sections those are small enough to prevent long horizontal flow (e.g., piles and some deep
foundations). [Note: For piles slump flow 400 to 600 mm may be provided].
b) Slump flow- 2 (SF2) 660 - 750 mm is suitable for many normal applications (e.g., walls, columns)
c) Slump flow-3 (SF3) 760 – 850 mm is typically produced with a small maximum size of aggregates
(less than 16 mm) and is used for vertical applications in very congested structures, structures with

complex shapes, or for filling under formwork. SF3 will often give better surface finish than SF 2
for normal vertical applications but segregation resistance is more difficult to control.
Target values higher than 850 mm may be specified in some special cases but great care should be
taken regarding segregation and the maximum size of aggregate should normally be lower than 12 mm.
Viscosity
Viscosity can be assessed by the T500 time during the slump-flow test or assessed by the V-
funnel flow time. The time value obtained does not measure the viscosity of SCC but is related to it by
describing the rate of flow. Concrete with a low viscosity will have a very quick initial flow and then
stop. Concrete with a high viscosity may continue to creep forward over an extended time. Viscosity
(low or high) should be specified only in special cases such as those given below. It can be useful during
mix development and it may be helpful to measure and record the T500 time while doing the slump-flow
test as a way of confirming uniformity of the SCC from batch to batch.

a) Viscosity VS1 has good filling ability even with congested reinforcement. It is capable of self-
levelling and generally has the best surface finish. However, it is more likely to suffer from bleeding
and segregation.
b) Viscosity VS2 has no upper-class limit but with increasing flow time it is more likely to exhibit
thixotropic effects, which may be helpful in limiting the formwork pressure or improving
segregation resistance. Negative effects may be experienced regarding surface finish and sensitivity
to stop pages or delays between successive lifts.
Passing ability
Passing ability describes the capacity of the fresh mix to flow through confined spaces and
narrow openings such as areas of congested reinforcement without segregation, loss of uniformity or
causing blocking. In defining the passing ability, it is necessary to consider the geometry and density of
the reinforcement, the flowability/filling ability and the maximum aggregate size.
The defining dimension is the smallest gap (confinement gap) through which SCC has to continuously
flow to fill the formwork. This gap is usually but not always related to the reinforcement spacing. Unless

the reinforcement is very congested, the space between reinforcement and formwork cover is not
normally taken into account as SCC can surround the bars and does not need to continuously flow
through these spaces.
Examples of passing ability specifications are given below:
1. Passing ability PA1 structures with a gap of 80 mm to 100 mm, (e.g., housing, verticalstructures)
2. Passing ability PA2 structures with a gap of 60 mm to 80 mm, (e.g., civil engineeringstructures)
3. For thin slabs where the gap is greater than 80 mm and other structures where the gapis greater than
100 mm no specified passing ability is required.
4. For complex structures with a gap less than 60 mm, specific mock-up trials may benecessary.
Segregation resistance
Segregation resistance is fundamental for SCC in-situ homogeneity and quality. SCC can
suffer from segregation during placing and also after placing but before stiffening. Segregation occurring
after placing will be most detrimental in tall elements but even in thin slabs, it can lead to surface defects
such as cracking or a weak surface.
In the absence of relevant experience, the following general guidance on segregation
resistance classes is given in the following:
Segregation resistance becomes an important parameter with higher slump-flow classes
and/or the lower viscosity class, or if placing conditions promotes segregation. If none of these apply, it
is usually not necessary to specify a segregation resistance class.
a) Segregation resistance1 (SR1) is generally applicable for thin slabs and for vertical applications with
a flow distance of less than 5 meters and a confinement gap greater than 80 mm.
b) Segregation resistance 2 (SR2) is preferred in vertical applications if the flow distance is more than 5
meters with a confinement gap greater than 80 mm in order to take care of segregation during flow.
SR2 may also be used for tall vertical applications with a confinement gap of less than 80
mm if the flow distance is less than 5 meters but if the flow is more than 5 meters a target SR value of
less than 10% is recommended. SR2 or a target value may be specified ifthe strength and quality of the
top surface is particularly critical.

Table 2. Suggested specifications

Suggested class of SCC for various components
Sr.no. Component Suggested specifications
SF VS PA SR Remarks
Class Class Class Class
Secondary concrete such
1 as for gate slots, brackets, SF2 VS1 PA2 SR2
inserts, anchoring etc.
Conjestedly reinforced
2 structural components / SF3 VS1 PA2 SR1
elements
Structural elements with
3 SF3 VS1 PA2 SR1
complex shapes
Blockouts for M/C
4 SF1 VS2 PA1 SR
foundations
Emergency situations
requiring quick concreting
5 SF1 VS2 PA1 SR2
such as Packing River
sluices, outlets & similar
As per actual
Emergency repairs of requirements based
PA1
urgent nature SF1or VS1 or SR1or
6 or on size and shape of
SF2 VS SR2
PA2 element and nature of
repairs.
7 Concrete pavement works SF1 VS2 PA1 SR1
8 Tunnel lining SF1 VS1 PA1 SR2
Columns, beams, slabs in SF1 For slabs SF1 and for
9 VS2 PA1 SR1
conventional structures or other elements SF2
Prestressed girders and
10 SF3 VS1 PA1 SR2
elements
Acceptance criteria for SCC:

Typical acceptance criteria for SCC with a maximum aggregate size of 20 mm areas shown
in table no.3.

Table 3. Acceptance criteria for Self Compacting Concrete.
Sr. Method Typical range of values

Unit
No. Minimum Maximum
slump flow by Abrams
1 mm 650 800
cone
2 T500mmslumpflow Sec 2 5
3 J-ring mm 0 10
4 V-funnel Sec 6 12
Time increase, V-funnel
5 Sec 0 +3
at T 5minutes
6 L-box (h2/h1) 0.8 1.0
7 U-box (h2-h1) mm 0 30
8 Fill box % 90 100
9 GTM Screen stability test % 0 15
10 Orimet Sec 3 15
These requirements are to be fulfilled at the time of placing. Likely changes in workability
during transport should be taken into account in production.
These typical requirements shown against each test method are based on current knowledge
and practice. However future developments may lead to different requirements being adopted.
Special care should always be taken to ensure that no segregation of the mix is likely as, at
present, there is not a simple and reliable test that gives information about segregationresistance of SCC
in all practical situations.

CHAPTER 4
4.1 Materials
1. Cement
Cements conforming to the concerned Indian Standard
can be used for the production of SCC. The correct choice of
cement type is normally dictated by the specific requirements of
each application or what is currently being used by the producer
rather than the specific requirements of SCC. However, there
exists the problem of incompatibility between cement and HRWRA (high range water reducing
admixture) particularly at low water contents. In concretes having low water content and high super
plasticizer dosage (SNF based), gypsum (present in cement) may precipitate out causing a premature
stiffeningof the paste and consequent loss of slump. When lignosulphonates (which may have sugar in
them) are used for retarding action to retain slump in hot weather conditions and VMAs are used the
concrete may not set for nearly twenty hours. Hence, before using any brand of cement it is advisable to
verify its compatibility with the superplasticizer being used.
As it is difficult for the field engineer to either verify the compatibility himself or get it tested
every time. It is better to get a certificate / confirmation from admixture supplier about this aspect, as
supplier would have done detailed compatibility study on each brand / grade of cement in the market.
This certificate will also be useful for getting an estimate of optimum dosage.
2. Fine Aggregate
The influence of fine aggregates on the fresh
properties of the SCC is significantly greater than that of coarse
aggregate. Particles size fractions of less than 0.075 mm should
be included in the fines content of the paste and should also be
taken into account in calculating the water powder ratio.
The high volume of paste in SCC mixes helps to reduce the internal friction between the sand
particles but a good grain size distribution is still very important. Many SCC mix design methods use
blended sands to match an optimised aggregate grading curve and this can also help to reduce the paste

content. Some producers prefer gap-graded sand. The sandshall conform to IS383.
Option of using Crushed Stone Sand or Manufactured sand (M-sand) can be considered. In fact, research
studies have concluded that M-sand is more suited to SCC as it contains higher percentage of micro fines
passing through 150 micron and 75 microns in comparison to natural river sand. Use of M-sand demands
slightly more water and higher dosage of admixture. This can be established through laboratory trials.
However, it should be clearly understood that Quarry Dust is not manufactured sand.
3. Course Aggregate
Uncrushed gravel or stone which is the result of natural
disintegration and crushed gravel or stone are usually called the
“Coarse Aggregates”. As mentioned earlier, coarse aggregates
are stones that are retained on 4.75mm sieve. Nearly all natural
aggregates originate from bed rocks. There are three kinds of
rocks, namely, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. In such, many properties of aggregate depend
on the properties of the parent rock itself.
Coarse aggregates are classified into two main groups: (i) single-size aggregate and (ii) graded
aggregate. Single-size aggregate is based on a nominal size specification. It contains about 85 to 100
percent of the material which passes through that specified size of the sieve and zero to 25% of which is
retained in the next lower sieve. A graded aggregate contains more than one single-size aggregate.
Size of Coarse Aggregate
Size of the gravel affects several aspects: mainly strength & workability. The use of largest maximum
size of aggregate practicable to handle under a given set of conditions could be used. Using the largest
possible maximum size will result in:
a) reduction of the cement content
b) reduction in water requirement
c) reduction of drying shrinkage
While choosing the maximum size of aggregate it should not be greater than one-fourth of the minimum
thickness of the structural member. Also, it is restricted to 5mm less than the minimum clear distance
between the main rebars or 5mm less than the minimum cover to the reinforcement.

4. Fly Ash
Fly ash has been shown to be an effective addition
for SCC providing increased cohesion and reduced sensitivity
to changes in water content. In India, in particular fly-ash is
amply available and can be a sustainable alternative. However,
high levels of fly ash may produce a paste fraction which is so
cohesive that it can be resistant to flow. Fraction of flyash
below 45 μm are useful as pozzolanic, however, particles finer than 5 μm are highly useful. Fly ash must
confirm to the relevant IS standard (IS: 3812 – 2007)
5. Water
Water used in SCC mixes shall be in accordance with the requirements of IS456. Where
recycled water, recovered from processes in the concrete industry, is used the type/content and in
particular, any variation in content of suspended particles should be taken into account as this may affect
batch-to-batch uniformity of the mix.
6. Seashell
A seashell or sea shell, also known simply as a
shell, is a hard, protective outer layer usually created by an
animal or organism that lives in the sea. The shell is part of
the body of the animal. Empty seashells are often found
washed up on beaches by beachcombers. The shells are
empty because the animal has died and the soft parts have
decomposed or been eaten by another animal.

CHAPTER 5
METHODOLOGY
1. Collection of materials.
2. Study of properties of collected materials.
3. Collected seashells are washed, burned & crushed to pass through 4.75 mm sieve.
4. Mixing of materials to prepare concrete mix as per Nansu method.
5. Samples of concrete prepared are to be added by 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of
totalweight of sand by seashell.
6. The tests to be conducted on prepared SCC samples are
a. Fresh Properties Test
i) Slump Flow Test
ii) J - Ring Test
iii) L - Box Test
iv) U - Box Test
v) V - Funnel Test
b. Mechanical Properties Tests
i) Compressive Test
ii) Split Tensile Test

1. Collection of Materials:
➢ The seashells are collected from the Shiridao Beach, Goa.

➢ The flyash is collected from the Shreeyog Industry, Dandeli.
➢ The materials like cement (OPC 53 grade), river sand and coarse aggregate are collected from
local available quarry or shop.
Figure 5.1 Shiridao Beach Figure 5.2 Seashells collected
2. Study of properties of collected materials:
SI No. Materials Specific Gravity
1 Cement 2.95
2 Fine Aggregate 2.65
3 Coarse Aggregate 2.82
4 Flyash 2
5 Water 1

3. Collected seashells are washed, burned & crushed.
Figure 5.3 Washed Seashells Figure 5.4 Burnt Seashells
Figure 5.5 Crushed Seashells
4. Mixing of materials to prepare concrete mix as per Nansu method.
Step 1: To determine the coarse aggregate and fine aggregate content.

The coarse aggregate and fine aggregate used should be surface dry and usually when
aggregates stacked loosely there exists voids or gaps in-between aggregates, when binders and water
are added this loosely stacked pile of aggregate will become dense and compact. Thus the packing

factor plays an important role and it is defined as ratio of mass of aggregate when tightly packed in
concrete to the mass of aggregate in loosely stacked pile. The content of coarse aggregate and fine
aggregate can be found by formula given below.
WCA= P.F X WcaL X (1-s/a)…….(1)
WFA= P.F X WfaL X s/a…………(2)
Where,
WCa= Coarse aggregate content in SCC in Kg/m³
WFa= Fine aggregate content in SCC in Kg/m³
WcaL = Unit volume of mass of loosely piled saturated surface dry coarse aggregate in
air (Kg/m³)
WfaL=Unit volume of mass of loosely piled saturated surface dry fine aggregate air (Kg/m³)
P.F = Packing factor, the ratio of aggregate mass when packed tightly to that of loosely piled state in air.
The packing factor for this experiment is obtained as 1.091.
s/a = it is the volume ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate and the value of s/a ranges from 50% to
57%.
WCA=1.091 x 1553x (1-0.54)
WCA=779.3Kg/m³
WFA= 1.091 x 1600 x 0.54
WFA=942.62 Kg/m³
Step 2: To determine the cement content.
The strength of SCC depends on the quantity of cement used. Thus the quantity of cement
used in SCC should ensure good strength and good flowability without segregation. Assuming the each
kg of cement can impart a compressive strength of 0.1378 N/mm². Thus required quantity of cement is
obtained from below formula.
f´c
C = (0.1378)……. (3)
38.25
C = (0.1378)
C = 277.56 Kg/m³

Step 3: To determine water content required for mixing cement

The relationship between water / cement ratio is same as that for normal concrete. The formula
below confirms to ACI318 and used to determine cement content.
𝑊
Wwc= ( 𝐶 )X C …… (4)
Where,
Wwc= The quantity of water (Kg/m³) required by cement for mixing.
W/C = Water cement ratio, which depends on the compressive strength to be achieved.
Wwc = 0.47 x 277.56
Wwc = 130.45 Kg/m³
Step 4: To determine the quantity of flyash content in SCC
As stated earlier the quantity of flyash is fixed based on the flow results of trail mix. Thus the
final quantity of flyash is fixed as 65% of total volume of paste friction and the remaining 35% of volume
paste is filled by cement itself, the idea behind this concept is also to improve the early age strength of
concrete. The water / flyash ratio is fixed according to flow table test conducted for flyash mortar and it
is taken as 0.47.The ratio of FA:C is taken as 0.65:0.35. Then the volume of FA paste (Vpf) and volume
of cement paste (Vpc) is calculated by formula below.
Wg Ws C Wwc
Vpf + Vpc = 1− 1000 X G ca − 1000 X G fa − 1000 X Gc − 1000 X Gw − Va…..(5)
G ca =Specific gravity of coarse aggregate

G fa =Specific gravity of fine aggregate
G c = Specific gravity of cement
G w = Specific gravity of water
Va = air content
779.3 942.62 277.57 130.45
Vpf + Vpc = 1− 1000 X 2.82 − 1000 X 2.65 − 1000 X 2.95 − 1000 X 1 − 1.5
Vpf + Vpc = 0.136 m³/m³

Let the total amount of filler (Pozzolonic plus cement) material in SCC be as W (Kg/m³), then the
percentage of flyash be as A% and the percentage of extra cement be B% by weight. Thus the quantities

of this material by weight are given by formula.

W Wp 𝑊 Wp
Vpf + Vpc = (1 + F ) x A% x 1000 x G f + (1 + 𝐶 )x B% x1000 x G c …… (6)
Where,
Wp= Content of powder in Kg/m³
Gf =Specific gravity of flyash
Gc =Specific gravity of cement
W
= water to flyash ratio
F
𝑊
= water to cement ratio
𝐶
0.65 𝑋 𝑊𝑝 0.47 𝑋 0.65 𝑋 𝑊𝑝 0.35 𝑋 𝑊𝑝 0.47 𝑋 0.35 𝑋 𝑊𝑝
0.136 = + + 1000 𝑋 2.95 +
1000 𝑋 2 1000 𝑋 1 1000 𝑋 1
Wp = 153.5 Kg/m³
The quantity of flyash is found by formula below,
Wf= A% x Wp …..(7)
Wf= 0.65 x 153.59
Wf= 99.83 ≈ 100 Kg/m³
The remaining quantity i.e. 53.59Kg/m³is filled by cement itself.
Therefore, the water content required by flyash and extra cement is calculated formula
𝑊
Wwf = ( 𝐹 ) 𝑋 Wf ……(8)
𝑊
Wwf = ( 𝐶 ) 𝑋 Wf …… (9)
Wwf= 0.47 x 100

Wwf = 47 Kg/m³ of water for mixing Flyash.
Wwc= 0.47 x 53.59 = 25.18 Kg/m³ of water for mixing extra cement content as powder content.
Therefore, the total water content required for preparation of SCC is given by sum of all water content
and it is equal to 202.6 Kg/m³.
Step 5: To determine the SP dosage

Chemical admixture is used in SCC in-order to improve the workability and avoid segregation
of SCC. Let the dosage of SP be n% of total binder content and the solid content in SP is as m%. The
dosage can be calculated by formula below

Wsp= n% ( C + Wf) …… (10)

1.9
Wsp= x (431.47)
100
Wsp= 8.19 Kg/m³
Step 6: To adjust water content required for SCC

Therefore, the amount of water content in SP
Wwsp= (1- m %) xWsp
Where the solid content (m %) in SP is of 40%
Wwsp= (1-0.4) x 8.19 = 4.94Kg/m³.
The total water content required for SCC is calculated below
Wwc= 130.45 + 47 + 25.18 -4.94 =197.69Kg/m³.
Total powder content = 431.16Kg/m³.

Total mass of concrete (CA + FA + Powder + Water) =2350.77Kg/m³.
The quantities of material obtained from mix design are shown in table 3.6. All the quantities obtained
satisfy EFNARC-2005 guidelines for SCC.
Quantity of materials obtained and comparison with EFNARC -2005.
Contents EFNARC-2005 typical range Obtained values Units Check

Powder 380 – 600 431.16 Kg/m³. OK
Fine agg. 48 -55% of total aggregate weight 942.62 Kg/m³. OK
Coarse agg 750 - 1000 779.3 Kg/m³. OK
Water 150 - 210 197.69 Kg/m³. OK
The mix proportions of the materials for SCC (with respect to powder content) is shown
Arrived mix design proportion.

𝑊 Powder content Coarse aggregate Fine Aggregate

( )
𝐶 (Cement + Flyash)
0.47 431.16 Kg/m³. 779.3 Kg/m³. 942.62 Kg/m³.
0.47 1 1.80 2.18
5. Samples of concrete prepared are to be added by 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and
50% of totalweight of sand by seashell.
i. Powder
a) Flyash = 2kg
b) Cement (opc 53) = 6.62kg
ii. Course Aggregate = 15.58kg
iii. Fine Aggregate
Sand replaced by seashell Fine Aggregate in kg
River Sand Seashell
10% 16.97 1.88
20% 15.09 3.77
30% 13.21 5.65
40% 11.32 7.54
50% 9.43 9.43

6. The tests to be conducted on prepared SCC samples are

a) Fresh Properties Tests.
i. Slump Flow Test.
This is a simple, rapid test procedure, though two
people are needed if the T50 time is to be measured. It can be
used on site, though the size of the base plate is somewhat
unwieldy and level ground is essential.
It is the most commonly used test, and gives a good assessment
of filling ability. It gives no indication of the ability of the
concrete to pass between reinforcement without booking, but
may give some indication of resistance to segregation. Figure 5.6 Slump Flow Test
ii. J - Ring Test.

J-ring test denotes the passing ability of the concrete.
The equipment consists of a rectangular section of 30 mm x 25
mm open steel ring drilled vertically with holes to accept
threaded sections of reinforcing bars 10 mm diameter 100 mm
in length. The bars and sections can be placed at different
distances apart to simulate the congestion of reinforcement at
the site.
Figure 5.7 J-Ring Test
iii. L - Box Test.
The L-Box test to is used to assess the passing ability of
self-compacting concrete to flow through tight obstructions
without segregation or blocking.
• Two (59 ± 1mm space) or three bar test (41 ± 1mm space)
• Fill hopper and strike surface
• Stand for 60 ± 10sec
• Open gate and wait for movement to stop Figure 5.8 L-Box Test
• Passing ability ratio (PL) is depth at end of horizontal divided by depth vertical = H2/H1

iv. U - Box Test.

U Box test is used to measure the filling ability of
self compacting concrete. The apparatus consists of a
vessel that is divided by a middle wall into two
compartments; an opening with a sliding gate is fitted
between the two sections. Reinforcing bar with nominal
diameter of 134 mm are Testinstalled at the gate with
centre to centre spacing of 50 mm. this create a clear
spacing of 35 mm between bars. Figure 5.9
U-Box Test
v. V - Funnel Test.
The V Funnel apparatus is used to evaluate the flow time
of freshly mixed self-compacting concrete. The test is not
suitable when the maximum size of the aggregate exceeds
22.4 mm. The test set consists of a stainless-steel funnel
placed vertically on a supporting stand.
Figure 5.10 V-Funnel Test
b) Mechanical Properties Tests.

i. Compressive Test.
Compressive strength of concrete Blocks or concrete
masonry units are required to know the suitability of these in
construction works for various purposes. Concrete masonry
blocks are generally made of cement, aggregate and water.
Which are usually rectangular and are used in construction
of masonry structure. They are available in solid and hollow
forms.
Figure 5.11 Compressive Test

ii. Split Tensile Test.

The split tensile test is an indirect way of evaluating the tensile test of concrete. In this test, a
standard cylindrical specimen is laid horizontally, and the
force is applied on the cylinder radially on the surface which
causes the formation of a vertical crack in the specimen along
its diameter. Tensile stress increases with the increase in
radial compressive force and specimens deteriorate along the
direction of the applied force. This test is relatively simple
and needs only a standard cylindrical test specimen and a
loading assembly. Figure 5.12 Split Tensile Test

CHAPTER 6
RESULTS
1. Fresh properties test values:
Method Unit Laboratory Values
0% replaced 10% replaced 20% replaced

seashells seashells seashells
Slump flow Mm 680 750 760
T 50 cm slump sec 4 3 3
flow
J – ring mm 5 4 4
V – funnel sec 11 7 6
V – funnel at sec 3 2 2
T5 minutes
L – box (h2/h1) 0.8 0.83 0.87
U – box mm 20 10 12
Method Unit Laboratory Values
30% replaced 40% replaced 50% replaced

seashells seashells seashells
Slump flow mm 740 745 770
T 50 cm slump sec 3 4 2
flow
J – ring mm 3 5 1
V – funnel sec 8 9 6
V – funnel at sec 3 3 2
T5 minutes
L – box (h2/h1) 0.82 0.89 0.81
U – box mm 15 14 9

2. Compressive Strength Values
% of sand replaced by 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
seashell
0 27.34 30.98 36.14
10 27.88 31.69 37.04
20 28.28 32.09 37.50
30 28.71 32.59 38.16
40 27.66 31.41 36.68
50 26.98 30.20 35.3
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
45
40 37.04 37.5 38.16

36.14 36.68
35.3
35 31.69 32.09 32.59 31.41
30.98 30.2
27.88 28.28 28.71 27.66
30 27.34 26.98
25
20
15
10
0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

3. Split Tensile Strength Values
% of sand replaced by 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
seashell
0 2.79 3.12 3.75
10 2.84 3.19 3.83
20 2.88 3.23 3.88
30 2.92 3.28 3.96
40 2.82 3.16 3.81
50 2.65 2.96 3.1
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
4.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
As the result, the compressive strength of 30% of sand replaced by seashell is maximum for
28 days that is 38.16 N/mm². Which is about 5.6% more than compressive strength of 0% of sand
replaced by seashell that is 36.14 N/mm² for 28 days. Further the compressive strength decreases for
40% but it is still more than 0% replaced concrete, which is 36.68 N /mm² for 28 days, 16% greater.
And for Split tensile strength, the 30% of sand replaced by seashell is maximum for 28 days
that is 3.95 N/mm². Which is about 6% more than compress split tensile strength of 0% of sand replaced
by seashell SCC which is 3.74 N/mm² for 28 days. Further the split tensile strength also decreases 40%
replaced SCC, but it is still more than 0% replaced concrete, which is 3.81 N/mm² for 28 days, 1.8%
greater.

REFERENCES
1. Okamura, “Self - Compacting High - Performance Concrete, Concrete International”, 1997.pp. 50-
54.
2. Y. J. Kim, Y. W. Choi, and M. Lachemi, " Characteristics of self - consolidating concrete using two
types of lightweight coarse aggregates, " Construction Building Materials, vol 24. no. 1. pp. 11-16,
2010.
3. Dr. M. Mageswari R, "To Increase the Strength of Concrete by Adding Seashell as Admixture",
International Journal of Advanced Re- search in Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure
Engineering and Developing Volume-2 Issue- 2 (2016):165-174.
4. Kiran Kumar Poloju, Vineetha Ani Ram Kishore Manchiryal Properties of Concrete asInfluenced
by Shape and Texture of Fine Aggregate. American Journal of Applied scientific research. Vol. 2,
No. 3, 2017, pp. 61-69.
5. R. Vaishnava Kumar et al 2022 IOP Experimental study on self-compacting concrete with
replacement of coarse aggregate by light expanded clay aggregate Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.
982 012006.

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI -590018

Under the Guidance of

Smt. KAMALA AND Sri VENKAPPA M AGADI COLLEGE OF

As Partial Replacement For Natural Sand” is a bonafide work carried out by

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD

Signature of the Co-Ordinator Signature of the Principal

Mr. Adarsh Pujar (2KA19CV001)

Mr. Nutangouda Patil (2KA19CV020)

Mr. Rahul Havale (2KA19CV022)

Mr. Yatish P Jangamani (2KA20CV410)

Mr.Adarsh Pujar (2KA19CV001)

Mr. Rahul Havale(2KA19CV022)

1.2 Definitions of SCC

1.3 Necessity to choose SCC

CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE SURVEY 9

CHAPTER 3 - PROPERTIES OF SCC 10 to 23

3.3 Engineering Properties

3.4 Specifying SCC

Fig No Figures Name Page No

1 Situations necessitating use of SCC 5

12 Slump Flow Test 35

18 Split Tensile Test 37

Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 1

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) also called as Self Consolidating Concrete or Rhedynamic

Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 2

• Gosiklund Project-5000 Cum

Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 3

1.3 Necessity to Choose SCC

Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 4

Figure 1 - Situations necessitating use of SCC

1.4 Advantages of Self Compacting Concrete by Using Seashells as Partial

Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 5

Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 6

1.5 Limitations of Self Compacting Concrete by Using Seashells as Partial

Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 7

Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 8

1] 1997 “Self-Compacting High-Performance Concrete”, Okamura determined that SCC technology

Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 9

Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 10

Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 11

➢ Segregation resistance - The ability of concrete to remain homogeneous in composition during

Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 12

3.3 Engineering Properties

Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 13

Static modulus of elasticity

Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 14

Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 15

3.4 Specifying SCC

Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 16

Table 1 Preferred Test Methods for Assessing Characteristics of SCC.

Characteristic Preferred test method(s)

a) T500 value for the Slump flow test or a V-funnel class.

Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 17

d) Requirements for the temperature of the fresh concrete,

Requirements in the fresh state

Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 18

Dept. of Civil SKSVMACET, Lakshmeshwar Page 19

test as a way of confirming uniformity of the SCC from batch to batch.