A Study On Strength Properties of Concrete With Alccofine and Nano Silica As Partial Replacement of Cement

A STUDY ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE WITH ALCCOFINE AND NANO SILICA AS

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT
A Dissertation
Submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
By
AAKARAPU SAI PRATHIK

15011P0110
Under the esteemed guidance of
Dr. P. SRINIVASA RAO

Professor & Former Principal of JNTUHCEH,
Department of Civil Engineering
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad
College of engineering
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD COLLEGE
OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)
KUKATPALLY, HYDERABAD - 500 085 TELANGANA, INDIA.
DECEMBER 2020.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation work entitled “A STUDY ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES
OF CONCRETE WITH ALCCOFINE AND NANO SILICA AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT
OF CEMENT” that is being submitted by AAKARAPU SAI PRATHIK, HT No: 15011P0110
in partial fulfillment for the award of Master of Technology in “Structural Engineering” to the
Department of Civil Engineering, JNTUH College of Engineering, KUKATPALLY, Hyderabad, is a
record of bonafide work carried out by him under my guidance and supervision.
The material contained in this report has not been submitted to any university or
Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.
Project Guide: Head of the Department:

Dr. P. SRINIVASA RAO Dr. P. SRAVANA
Professor & Former Principal of JNTUH CEH Professor & Head,
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,
JNTUHCEH, Hyderabad-500085 JNTUHCEH, Hyderabad-500085
DECLARATION
I AAKARAPU SAI PRATHIK, HT. No: 15011P0110 hereby declare that the research
embodied in the present dissertation entitled “A STUDY ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE WITH ALCCOFINE AND NANO SILICA AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF
CEMENT”, which is being submitted to the JNTUH College of Engineering, Kukatpally,
Hyderabad in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Master of
Technology in Structural Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, is a bonafide report of
the work carried out by me.
The material contained in this report has not been submitted to any university or
Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.
Place: Hyderabad. Signature of the student

Date:
AAKARAPU SAI PRATHIK
H.T.NO: 15011P0110
Phone: +91 9154392642
Email id: saiprathikaakarapu@gmail.com
Department of Civil Engineering
JNTUCEH, Hyderabad.
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

HYDERABAD for providing the opportunity to pursue my higher education.
I feel a great pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude to my guide

Dr.P.SRINIVASA RAO, Professor in Civil Engineering & Former Principal of JNTUH
CEH for his valuable guidance, suggestions and support for throughout my Project.
I feel a great pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude to my advisor ASHWINI

KOTA, Research Scholar in Civil Engineering for her valuable guidance, suggestions and
support for throughout my Project.
My profound thanks to Dr. P. SRAVANA, Professor and Head of the Department of the
Civil Engineering, JNTUH College of Engineering for her valuable suggestions and help is
carryout this dissertation work.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. B. N. BHANDARI, Principal of JNTUH

College of Engineering Hyderabad for providing all facilities and support.
I express my thankfulness to all lab technicians and lab assistants who have helped me
out in making my project successful.
(AAKARAPU SAI PRATHIK)
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ABSTRACT
Concrete is the world’s second most produced material. With increase in demand for
construction materials the need for concrete has increased exponentially. Mechanical
properties of concrete can be improved by introducing supplementary cementitious material
or by addition of mineral admixtures. In this research mechanical strength development of

concrete is studied by partially replacing cement with Alccofine and nano silica. Use of
Alccofine not only improves strength but also durability and workability of concrete. Along
with supplementary cementitious materials like Alccofine, Nano materials can also be
incorporated in concrete to enhance its properties. Nano silica also known as nano-silicon
dioxide is the most used nano material in field of construction. The tests were carried out to
determine mechanical properties such as Compressive strength, split tensile strength and
Flexural strength for 28,90 and 180 days. This Thesis discusses the experimental evaluation
of mechanical characteristics of concrete with 15% of Alccofine and 3% of Nano silica as
replacement of cement for M40, M50 and M60 grades of concrete.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
CERTIFICATE i
DECLARATION OF CANDIDATE ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES 6
LIST OF GRAPHS 6ii
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS xiv
ACRONYMS 6
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-6
1.1 General 1
1.2 Alcoffine 1
1.3 Effects of Alccofine In Concrete 2
1.4 Advantages of Alccofine In Concrete 2
1.5 Applications of Alccofine In Concrete 3
1.6 Recent Application of Alccofine in India 3
1.7 Nano Technology in Concrete 3
1.8 Production of Nano materials 4
1.9 Nano Silica 5
1.10 Effects of Nano Silica in Concrete 5
1.11 Applications of Nano Silica in Concrete 6
1.12 Aim and Objectives of Present Study 6
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7-11
CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION 12-29
3.1 General 12
3.2 Materials Used 12
3.2.1 Cement 12
3.2.2 Aggregates 12
3.2.2.1 Fine Aggregates 13
3.2.2.2 Coarse Aggregates 13
3.2.3 Water 14
3.2.4 Nano Silica 14
3.2.5 Alccofine 16
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3.2.6 Conplast SP430 DIS 16
3.3 Mix design 16
3.3.1 Design procedure for M40 Concrete 17
3.3.4 Design procedure for Concrete with partial replacement
of cement with Alccofine and Nano Silica 24
3.4 Preparation of Test Specimens 26
3.4.1 Mixing 26
3.4.2 Workability Test 26
3.4.3 Casting of Specimen 27
3.4.4 Curing of Specimens 27
3.4.5 Testing of Specimen 27
3.5 Experiments Conducted 28
3.5.1 Compressive Strength Test 28
3.5.2 Flexural Strength Test 28
3.5.3 Split Tensile Strength Test 29
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 30-45
4.1 Cement 30
4.2 Properties of Fine Aggregates 30
4.3 Properties of Coarse Aggregates 31
4.4 Mix Design 31
4.5 Compressive Strength of AFNS concrete 32
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4.6 Flexural Strength of AFNS concrete 33
4.7 Split Tensile Strength of AFNS concrete 33
4.8 Percentage increase of Compressive Strength of AFNS
concrete 34
4.9 Percentage increase of Flexural Strength of AFNS
Concrete 35
4.10 Percentage increase of split Tensile Strength of AFNS
concrete 36
4.11 Graphs 37
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSIONS 46-48
5.1 Studies on Compressive Strength of Concrete with

Alccofine and Nano Silica as Partial Replacement of
Cement 46
5.2 Studies on Flexural Strength of Concrete with Alccofine
and Nano Silica as a Partial Replacement of Cement 47
5.3 Studies on Split Tensile Strength of Concrete with

Alccofine and Nano Silica as a Partial Replacement of
Cement 48
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS 49-50
CHAPTER 7 SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDIES 51
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CHAPTER 8 PHOTOGRAPHS 53-58
CHAPTER 9 REFERENCES 58-61
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Description Page No.
Table 3.1 Certificate of Analysis of Nano Silica 14
Table 3.2 Physical Properties of Alccofine 15
Table 3.3 Chemical Properties of Alccofine 15
Table 4.1 Physical Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement 30
Table 4.2 Properties of Fine Aggregates 30
Table 4.3 Properties of Coarse Aggregate 31
Table 4.4.1 Quantities of Materials Required for 1m3 Of AFNS
Concrete 31
Table 4.4.2 Quantities of Materials Required for 1m3 Of Control
concrete 31
Table 4.4.3 Mix Proportions of AFNS concrete (15% AF and 3% NS) 32
Table 4.4.4 Mix Proportions of Control concrete 32
Table 4.5 Compressive Strength of Specimen 32
Table 4.6 Flexural Strength of Specimen 33
Table 4.7 Split Tensile Strength of specimen 33
Table 4.8.1 Percentage increase of Compressive Strength of AFNS
concrete of Grade M40 34
Table 4.9.1 Percentage Increase of Flexural Strength of AFNS

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Table 4.10.1 Percentage increase of Split Tensile Strength of AFNS
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LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph No. Description Page No.
Graph 4.1 Variation of Compressive Strength of Control concrete of
different grades 37
Graph 4.2 Variation of Compressive Strength of AFNS concrete of
different grades 37
Graph 4.3 Variation of Flexural Strength of Control concrete of different
grades 38
Graph 4.4 Variation of Flexural Strength of AFNS concrete of different
grades 38
Graph 4.5 Variation of Split Tensile Strength of Control concrete of
different grades 39
Graph 4.6 Variation of Split Tensile Strength of AFNS concrete of
different grades 39
Graph 4.7 Variation of Compressive Strength of AFNS concrete Vs
Control concrete of grade M40 40
Graph 4.8 Variation of Flexural Strength of AFNS concrete Vs
Graph 4.9 Variation of Split Tensile Strength of AFNS concrete Vs
Graph 4.11 Variation of Flexural Strength of AFNS concrete Vs Control
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concrete of grade M50 42
Graph 4.14 Variation of Flexural Strength of AFNS concrete Vs Control
concrete of grade M60 43
Graph 4.16 Variation of Percentage Increase of Compressive Strength of
AFNS concrete of different grades 44
Graph 4.17 Variation of Percentage Increase of Flexural Strength of
Graph 4.18 Variation of Percentage Increase of Split Tensile Strength
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LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Photograph No. Description Page No.
Photograph 1 Nano silica 52
Photograph 2 Alccofine 52
Photograph 3 Mixing of materials in rotating drum 53
Photograph 4 Slump of Control Concrete 53
Photograph 5 Slump of AFNS mix 54
Photograph 6 Casting of cubes 55
Photograph 7 Casting of beams 55
Photograph 8 Casting of cylinders 56
Photograph 9 Compressive strength specimen of AFNS Concrete 56
Photograph 10 Flexural strength test specimen of AFNS Concrete 57
Photograph 11 Split tensile strength test specimen of AFNS Concrete 58
ACRONYMS
F.A Fine Aggregate

C.A Coarse Aggregate
AF Alccofine
NS Nano Silica
CM Cementitious material
SCM Supplementary cementitious material
CC Control Concrete
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Concrete is a very strong and versatile construction material which can withstand great
compressive loads. Concrete is mixture of Cement, aggregates and water. Cement is the
mostly used binding material which plays a key role in setting and hardening of concrete. In
modern era, the requirements of concrete cannot be fulfilled by using only Ordinary Portland
cement.
Most of the constructions like high rise buildings, high way bridges where the application
of loads is high demand concrete with high mechanical and durability properties which
cannot be fulfilled by use of ordinary Portland cement.
Strength of concrete can be improved by reducing water cement ratio, changing type of
aggregates or by addition of mineral admixture. Use of supplementary cementitious materials
to enhance performance of concrete are being explored. Production of cement results in
emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases which have a negative impact on
environment. Use of supplementary cementitious material produce greener concrete.
Most of recent studies in concrete are inclined towards use of nano materials in concrete.
Nanomaterials are materials whose size varies from 1 to 100nm. Nano materials like nano
silica, Nano clay, Nano alumina, Carbon nano tubes can be used in concrete. Each nano
material acts differently when added to concrete, based on requirements Nano material to be
used is selected.
1.2 ALCCOFINE
ALCCOFINE 1203 is a specially processed product based on slag of high glass content
with high reactivity obtained through the process of controlled granulation. It is also known
as Ultrafine GGBS and Ultrafine slag. Alccofine is a supplementary cementitious material
first produced in India by Ambuja cements which is finer than micro silica and cement. The
main component of Alccofine is Low calcium silicates. The mean particle size is around 4-
6µm. The fineness of Alccofine is due to the proper processed granulation of required
ingredients. Highly sophisticated equipment is used to obtain the uniform particle size
distribution of Alccofine.
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1.3 EFFECTS OF ALCCOFINE IN CONCRETE
Effects of Alccofine in concrete are listed below

 Use of Alccofine as supplementary cementitious material increases Mechanical
properties of concrete.
 Incorporation of Alccofine also increases workability and flowability of concrete.
 Due to its unique composition, for a given workability, Alccofine lowers water
demand.
 Super plasticizer dosage is minimized.
 The initial heat of hydration will be low due to replacement of cement with alccofine.
 The Ultrafine particle size of Alccofine reduces pore volume makes the concrete
denser and compact.
1.4 ADVANTAGES OF ALCCOFINE IN CONCRETE
Advantages of using Alccofine 1203 In Fresh State

 The workability of the mix is increased without increase in admixture.
 Flow ability of the mix is improved
 In fresh state, Segregation of mix is reduced.
 Reduction in segregation can be observed in the mix.
 Heat of hydration of the mix is reduced.
 Improvement in durability of the mix.
Advantages of using Alccofine 1203 in Hardened state
 Concrete with alccofine show better resistance to AAR.

 Early Strength gain is obtained and long term strength gain is also observed.
 Resistance to chemical attack / corrosion is improved as ingression becomes
difficult.
 Alccofine Lowers permeability of the mix.
 Alccofine protects concrete by maintaining its PH.
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1.5 APPLICATIONS OF ALCCOFINE
Concrete with Alccofine can be used as a construction material in special structures like
 RCC commercial and residential buildings
 Tall structures like High rise buildings
 High strength and high performance with low water cement ratio
 Shotcrete with increased cohesion and early strength gain
 Tunnels in sea beds
 Precast concrete structure like hollow core slabs, bridge elements, segemental
construction units
 Off-shore piers and platforms
 Jetties and ports
 Roads and air ports
1.6 RECENT APPLICATION OF ALCCOFINE IN INDIA
 Alccofine was in Nagpur for construction of its first cable stayed bridge.
 Kochi metro in Kerala Alccofine 1203 is being used.
 For metro project in Chennai, Alccofine 1101 was used as micro fine cement
grout.
1.7 NANO TECHNOLOGY IN CONCRETE
Nano technology deals with applications of nano particles whose size is in scale of
500nm or less. With increase in technology the study of nano particles through SEM analysis
and XRD has been made possible. Over the years, the requirement of high strength has been
increasing. In past years, Concrete of lower grade were sufficient. In modern times, For
constructions beyond the limits of strength of ordinary concrete, use of mineral admixtures
are adopted. High strength cannot be produced just by use of cement, aggregates and water
without any additional mineral admixture. Usually Materials like Silica fume are used to gain
high strength.
Many studies are being conducted over the past years exploring the effects of using
different nano materials in concrete. Nano silica, Nano alumina, Carbon nano tube (CNT),
Polycarboxylates, Titanium oxide, Nano kaolin and Nano clay are some of the widely known
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nano materials used in concrete industry.
Nano particles when added to concrete can enhance strength in a molecular level. As
the pore volume of concrete increases the strength of concrete decreases. With incorporation
of nano particles, even the smallest of voids between the cement particles are filled producing
dense and compact concrete. Nano particles manipulate or alter the cement matrix system to
provide a new nano scale structure by acting as good filler.
1.8 PRODUCTION OF NANO MATERIALS
The particle size distribution of nano materials depends on the production. Nano
particles should be manufactured in such a way that it should not alter any chemical
properties or purity of parent materials. Nano particles can be produced in two methods. They
are top to bottom approach and bottom to top approach. Top to bottom approach involves use
of techniques like milling and mechanical attrition. Top to bottom approach is also called as
Nano fabrication. In this method, large size particles are fractured into nano size particles
without influencing any chemical composition. One of the most used technique for top to
bottom approach of production is milling as it requires only milling machine and doesn’t
require any additional equipment for any alterations. Milling not only breaks materials into
nano size particles but also fuses and forms new compound when different particles are used.
The top to bottom approach is mostly utilized in the largescale production of nano materials.
Though the process is economical, it doesn’t ensure quality and homogeneity.
Another method of production of Nano materials is bottom to top approach which is
recognized as molecular Nano technology. In this method Nano particles are formed by
piecing molecular and atomic particles together through chemical formulation. The nano
materials of required size and composition can be obtained through chemical synthesis
technique. Molecular manufacturing is more efficient than nano fabrication. Due to proper
size reduction, uniformity and order, the nano materials produced from chemical synthesis
will have more specific surface area and wide range of applications. Bottom to top approach
is relatively costlier than top to bottom approach. The important techniques for synthesis of
nano materials through bottom to top approach are
 Electro-deposition Methods
 Sol-Gel
 Sono-chemical Methods
 Solution Deposition
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1.9 NANO SILICA
Silicon dioxide nanoparticles, also known as silica nanoparticles or nano silica, in

nature, silica makes up quartz and the sand. It is the first Nano product that replaced the
micro silica. Advancement made by the study of concrete at Nano scale has proved Nano
silica much better than silica used in conventional concrete.
Using tools of physics, chemistry and recent Nano technology revolutionary product
pure Nano silica was developed which had superior advantages in comparison with micro
silica. A liter bottle of Nano silica was equivalent to a barrel full of micro silica, extra cement
and super plasticizing admixtures.
Nano silica on addition to cement based materials can also control the degradation of
the fundamental C-S-H (calcium-silicate hydrate) reaction of concrete caused by calcium
leaching in water as well as block water penetration and therefore lead to improvements in
durability. High workability with reduced water/concrete levels. It is also said that about 20-
30 % of cement content can be reduced by addition of nano silica to concrete.
1.10 EFFECTS OF NANO SILICA IN CONCRETE

 Nano-Silica can alter the microstructure and inhibit the seepage, segregation
phenomenon in concrete.
 The microstructure turns out to be more uniform, cohesive and compact than earlier.
 It reduces the Calcium leaching rate of cement pastes and thereby improved
durability.
 Besides increase in density, it reduces porosity and strengthens the bond between
cement matrix and aggregates.
 At high concentration of Nano silica, the shrinkage due to self-desiccation increases
which may lead high cracking potential. To counterpart this high concentration of
superplasticizer can be used.
 It is an alternative for low early strength of concrete.
 Nano Silica offsets increased water demand of Mix.
 Reduced co-efficient of permeability.
 Improves sulphate resistance of concrete.
 Improves resistance to freezing and thawing.
 Enhances resistance to penetration of chloride ions.
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 Improves resistance to abrasion by forming a strong exterior surface due to
improvement of structure in the transition zone of concrete.
 Alkali silica reaction is prevented.
1.11 APPLICATIONS OF NANO SILICA IN CONCRETE
 Compared to other mineral admixtures, the price of nano silica is high. Due to this
reason, Nano Silica is only used in the self-compacting, high performance and Ultra-
high performance concrete.
 Some explorative applications of NS in high performance well cementing slurries,
specialized mortars for rock-matching grouting and gypsum particle board can be
found, but Nano-Silica is not used in practice yet.
 Nano-Silica is used mainly as an anti-bleeding agent in HPC and SCC concrete.
 Nano-Silica is applied as additive in tiles and eco-concrete mixtures.
 Particulate Nano-Silica is applied in oil well cementing slurries in two specific ranges
of particles sizes, i.e., 5 to 50nm and 5 to 30nm.
1.12 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF PRESENT STUDY
Normal concrete made with Portland cement undergo several disadvantages. Attempts
to over-come these deficiencies have resulted in the development of special concretes. High
strength concretes have been produced industrially by using superplasticizers or water
reducing admixtures, pozzolonas etc. Over the past 20 years the use of supplementary
cementitious materials in concrete has become very common due to their technological,
economic and environmental benefits. In present study, Alccofine is used as supplementary
cementitious materials. Nano materials can also be incorporated into concrete to enhance
mechanical properties. Nano silica is the most used Nano material in field of concrete
technology. In this present study, use of Nano silica is adopted. The Aim of present research
is to determine the compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile strength at 28,90 and
180 days for M40, M50 and M60 grades of concrete with optimum percentage of alccofine
and Nano silica.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
[1] Mohamed Amin , Khaled Abu el-hassan :
In this Study, Nano materials such as nano silica, Cu-Zn ferrite and Ni ferrite were
added to the concrete so as to determine the change in the compressive strength, splitting
tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete. One to five
percentages of nano silica, Cu-Zn ferrite and Ni ferrite were added with respect to the weight
of cementitious materials. Results obtained from experiments conducted were compared with
that of convectional mix and Concrete with silica fumes. The X-ray powder diffraction
(XRD) data for nano materials used in this research were collected using Graphics X-ray
Powder Diffractometer. Structures of nano particles were shown using X-ray diffraction
pattern.
Based on the results obtained from this experimental, it was observed that the
optimum percentage of nano silica to be used is 3%. There was 21%, 44% and 23% increase
in compressive strength, Split tensile strength and flexural strength upon on addition of Nano
silica. It also concludes that use of nano silica significantly reduced workability and high
range water reducer should be used to attain workability.
[2] Morteza Bastami, Mazyar Baghbadrani, Farhad Aslani
This research studied the effects of concrete with nano silica and silica fume at high
temperatures. Studies were also done on compressive, tensile strengths, spalling and mass
loss of high strength concrete (HSC) obtained with addition of Nano-Silica at high
temperatures. Different percentages of Nano silica and Silica fume were used in eight
different concrete mixes and Experiments were conducted on samples at different
temperatures at an increase of 20 0C/min. The results obtained concluded that presence of
nano silica in High strength concrete improved mechanical properties even at high
temperatures. Efficient use of nano silica increased tensile strength to prevent loss of strength
and formation of cracks.
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It was observed from the Compressive strengths obtained from specimen with nano
silica and with silica fume that concrete with nano silica had higher strength than that of
concrete with silica fumes. The maximum compressive strength was obtained when 3% of
nano silica was used.
[3] Anwar M. Mohamed
In this research, Nano materials were added to the concrete to determine the effects of
use of nano materials on compressive strength and flexural strength. The nano materials used
in this research were Nano silica and Nano clay. 24 different mixes of Different proportions
of nano silica and nano clay varying from 0% to 10% were used to cast specimen required to
determine compressive and flexural strength for 7, 28 and 90 days.
The results concluded that use of nano silica and nano clay in either dry or wet condition
enhanced mechanical properties. However, increase in compressive strength due to use of
nano silica was more than that of nano clay. Similarly Increase in flexural strength was
observed on addition of nano silica.
[4] X.F. Wang, Y.J. Huang, G.Y. Wu, C. Fang, D.W. Li, N.X. Han, F. Xing
In this study, experiments were done on light weight aggregate concrete by inclusion
of nano silica. 1%,2% and 3% of nano silica by weight of cement are added to light weight
aggregates to concrete and compared with convectional light weight aggregates to investigate
the effects on nano silica on the compressive strength, early cracking sensitivity and
shrinkage.
The results concluded that there was a significant increase in compressive strength of light
weight aggregate concrete upon addition of 3% of nano silica. With increase in percentage of
nano silica from 1% to 3% the compressive strength also increased. It was observed from the
scanning electronic microscopic images of light weight aggregate with nano silica and
without nano silica that the concrete with 3% nano silica was more compact than the
convectional LWAC.
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[5] Byung-Wan Jo, Chang-Hyun Kim, Ghi-ho Tae, Jong-Bin Park
Experimental studies were conducted on cement mortars on inclusion of nano silica.

Effects of nano silica and silica fumes of cement mortars on compressive strength were
studied. Specimens containing different proportions of silica fume and nano silica were
casted and tested for 7 and 28 days. Mixes with 5% to 10% of silica fumes by weight of
cement and 3% to 12% of nano silica by weight of cement were used for this research. The
results concluded that use of nano material nano silica was more effective in increasing
compressive that that of silica fumes. SEM examinations conducted on specimen also
conclude that nano silica particles not only act as filler material but also promote pozzolanic
reactions.
[6] R. Yu, P. Spiesz, H.J.H. Brouwers
Conducted experiments to achieve highest compressive strength, flexural strength and

to study microscopic structure of ultrahigh performance concrete with different dosages of
nano silica. Specimen were cast using nano silica by 1% to 5% of weight of cementitious
materials. SEM studies were conducted on specimen of all mixes. Based on obtained data
from SEM analysis it concludes that Nano silica played a prominent role in hydration and
development of micro structure. It was observed that 3.46-3.70% of nano silica is optimum
percentage to get maximum compressive strength in Ultrahigh performance concrete.
Similarly, optimum percentage to get maximum flexural strength rages from 3 to 4.2%.
[7] Ehsan Ghafaria, Hugo Costab, Eduardo Julio, Antonio Portugalc, Luisa
Duraes
Influence of addition of nano silica and silica fume to the concrete on Strength,
flowability and other properties were studied. The concrete tested consists of mixes with
3%,6%,9% of nano silica as replacement of cement. SEM analysis was done on concrete with
nano silica and without nano silica. Based on the SEM micrographs for different concrete
with percentages, it was noticed that with increase in nano silica content there is decrease in
capillary pore volume which further concludes that the density of concrete increases upon
inclusion of nano silica. The peak percentage of increase in strength was seen when cement is
replaced by 3% of nano silica.
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[8] M. Pradeep Kumar, K.M. Mini, Murali Rangarajan
Conducted experimental investigations on ordinary Portland cement with inclusion of
ultrafine slag. Cubes and cylinders with different percentage of alccofine were cast to
determine compressive strength, bond strength and resistance to corrosion. SEM analysis and
X ray diffraction analysis were performed on control concrete and concrete with ultrafine
slag. It was noted that addition of alccofine to OPC increased compressive strength as well as
bond strength but reduced workability. Further data obtained from XRD and SEM analysis
revealed that there was change in composition of mixture due to addition of Alccofine and
this is due to alccofine being ultrafine and has higher surface area of particles.
[9] Ardra Mohan, K.M. Mini
This research was done to report the improvements of strength properties and
durability properties on self compacting concrete which uses Alccofine and Silica fume as
supplementary cementitious materials. The experiments were done on concrete which were
cast with use of varying percentages of silica fumes and alccofine. Seven mixes were
obtained which include control mix, mixes with silica fumes 5%,10% and 15% of cement by
weight and mixes with alccofine 5%,10% and 15% of cement by weight. The experimental
results obtained conclude that use of both silica fume and alccofine i.e, ultrafine GGBS
showed significant increase in compressive and split tensile strength. Based on this research,
replacement of cement with 5,10 and 15% with supplementary cementitious material Strength
properties obtained were greater that of control mixes.
[10]A. Narender Reddy, T. Meena
This study presented the influence of GGBS and alccofine on compressive strength
when it replaces cement. Initially concrete were cast by replacing different percentages of
cement with GGBS and the optimum percentage of GGBS is determined. Based on the
results obtained, 20% of cement was replaced with GGBS and further experiments were
conducted to obtain optimum percentage of Alccofine to be used as supplementary
cementitious material. The results concluded that use of both GGBS and ultrafine GGBS
showed less compressive strength than control concrete.
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[11]Shamshad Ahmad, Mohammad Shakeel, Sirajuddin Ahmed
This study dealt with use of Alccofine as supplementary cementitious materials and
investigates effects of alccofine on compressive strength and durability properties of concrete
made with pozzolanic Portland cement. Five mixes of concrete were produced using 5%,10%
15% and 20% of cement being replaced by alccofine. Compressive strength tests were
conducted for all mixes at 3,7 and 28 days. It was observed that replacement of cement
alccofine gave better early compressive strength. With increase in percentage of alccofine
replaced, the compressive strength was also increased. 28 days strength obtained was highest
for 20% replacement and concrete with alccofine showed better resistance to acid attacks. It
was proved that with the use of alccofine, the increase in strength is due to denser pore
structure & better particle packing.
[12]Fouzia Shaheen, Mohammed Samiuddin Fazil
This paper focused on effects of supplementary cementitious materials alccofine and

metakaolin on strength and durability properties. Compressive strength and flexural strength
of specimen of different mix using 5% and 7.5% of metakaolin and 5%,10% and 15% of
alccofine as partial replacement of cement were determined. It was noted that inclusion of
alccofine and metakaolin in concrete produced concrete with more strength compared to that
of ordinary concrete. Evaluations of test results concluded that compressive strength and
flexural strengths increased as the percentage of replacement of metakaolin and alccofine
increased. The optimum percentage increase was obtained by replacement of 10% of
alccofine.
[13]Javed Ahmed Naqash
Described the review of how the supplementary cementitious material alccofine alters the
strength properties of concrete of different water and binder ratios. The percentage of cement
replaced by ultrafine slag is 25% by weight. 0.45,0.4 and 0.38 were water binder ratios used
in this research. Compressive strength, modulus of rupture and split tensile strength were
determined for all mixes after 7 and 28 days of curing and XRD analysis and
thermogravimetric analysis were performed on specimen. Results proved that alccofine can
acts as a feasible supplementary cementitious material.
27
CHAPTER 3
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
3.1 GENERAL
In the present study, various experimental investigations are carried out to study the
strength parameters such as compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength
of the concrete. Concrete specimen for these mechanical properties of different grades were
casted with partial replacement of cement with alccofine and nano silica.
3.2 MATERIALS USED

The following materials have been used in this research and are tested according to
the specified Indian standards.
Materials used in this project are
 Cement
 Fine aggregate
 Coarse aggregate
 Water
 Alccofine and
 Nano silica.
The description of each material is discussed as follows.
3.2.1 CEMENT
In mixing of concrete binding material plays a key role in setting and hardening of
concrete. Cement is the mostly used binding material which sets, hardens and adhere to the
aggregates and binds them together. Generally, cement of different grades is used as per
requirements. Grade of cement usually indicates strength of the cement for a standard cube
after 28 days of curing. 33,43 and 53 are different grades of cement that are available.
In this project, KPC cement of grade 53 is used. The cement has been tested as per IS:
4031-1998 and found to be conforming to all required specifications of IS 12269-2013. The
cement used for this experimental investigation has been taken from a single source without
any lumps and stored in a place free from humidity and atmospheric exposure.
The properties of ordinary Portland cement used for the research are shown in table 4.1.
28
3.2.2 AGGREGATES
Aggregates have significant impact on various properties of concrete. The

composition, shape, and size of the aggregate all are important factors to be considered when
selecting aggregates. Generally, natural stones and crushed rocks are used as aggregates in
mixing of concrete. As aggregates comprise as much as 60% to 80% of a typical concrete
mix, they must be properly selected and proportioned to produce consistent concrete strength,
workability, finishability and durability.
Aggregates are categorized as well graded, poorly graded and gap graded aggregates.
Aggregate gradation is especially important when creating a mix and will ultimately help to
produce a better concrete mix. The proportions between coarse and fine aggregates will
change based on the project requirements and use of proper fine and coarse aggregates will
result in an economical concrete with good workability.
3.2.2.1 FINE AGGREGATES
Aggregates which can pass through 4.75mm and retained on 150µ are termed as fine
aggregates. Fine aggregate usually consists of Quartz sand, Crushed stone sand and Crushed
gravel sand. Fine aggregates are classified into Grading zone I, Grading zone II, Grading
zone-III, and Grading zone IV. Grading zone can be found by using fineness modulus by
referring to table 4 from IS 383:1970.
Locally available sand is employed as fine aggregate in the present investigation. The
Fine aggregates used in this investigation are tested for various properties and are shown in
the table 4.2.
3.2.2.2 COARSE AGGREGATE
Aggregates which retain on 4.75mm sieve are termed as coarse aggregates. Coarse
aggregates are larger size materials which acts as inert filler material for concrete in
construction. Coarse aggregates like irregular broken stone or naturally-occurring rounded
gravel, Uncrushed gravel or stone which results from natural disintegration of rock, Crushed
gravel or stone when it results from crushing of gravel or hard stone and partially crushed
gravel or stone are usually used as coarse aggregates.
To determine the physical properties such as gradation, fineness modulus, specific
gravity and bulk density of the coarse aggregate used in this project are tested and results are
shown in table 4.3.
29
3.2.3 WATER
Potable Tap water available was used in this entire experimental investigation. Water
used for concrete mix should be clear and pH should be in range of 6 to 8.
3.2.4 NANO SILICA
Nano silica is one of the prominent nano materials which can be used as mineral
admixture. Addition of nano silica will enhance strength of the concrete because of its pore
filling effect.
The Nano silica used in this research is procured from Astrra chemicals suppliers in
Chennai, Tamilnadu.
Table 3.4 CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS ( Courtesy of Astrra Chemicals)
TEST ITEMS STANDARD TEST RESULTS

REQUIREMENTS
Specific Surface Area 200 ± 20 202
PH value 3.7-4.5 4.12
Loss on Drying @105 ≤ 1.5 0.47
Deg.c(%)
Loss on Ignition @1000 ≤ 2.0 0.66
Deg.c (%)
Sieve residue (%) ≤ 0.04 0.02
Tamped Density g/L 40-60 44
SiO2 Content (%) ≥ 99.8 99.88
Carbon Content (%) ≤ 0.15 0.06
Chloride Content (%) ≤ 0.0202 0.009
Al2 O3 ≤ 0.03 0.005
TiO2 ≤ 0.02 0.004
Fe2O3 ≤ 0.003 0.001
Specific Gravity 2.28 2.2 - 2.4
Particle size 17 Nano 17 Nano
30
3.2.5 ALCCOFINE 1203
ALCCOFINE 1203 is a specially processed product based on slag of high glass
content with high reactivity obtained through the process of controlled granulation. In this
project, Alccofine 1203 used in this research is manufactured by Counto Microfine Products
Pvt. Ltd. Which is a joint venture enterprise of Ambuja Cements Ltd
The physical and chemical properties of alccofine are shown in table below.
Table 3.5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCCOFINE

(Courtesy of Ambuja cement)
Physical Properties
Specific Gravity 2.86±0.02
Bulk density (Kg/m3) 680 ± 20
Particle D10 < 2.5 micron

Size distribution D50 < 5 micron
D90 < 10 micron
D95 < 12 micron
Table 3.6 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCCOFINES

(Courtesy of Ambuja cement)
Chemical Properties
CaO 32-34 %
SiO2 33-35 %
Al2O3 18-20 %
Fe2O3 1.8-2 %
MgO 8-10 %
SO3 0.3-0.7 %
Mean particle size 4-6µm
31
3.2.6 CONPLAST SP430 DIS
The super plasticizing admixture used for this experimental investigation is

CONPLAST SP430 DIS. Use of this plasticizer produces better pumpable concrete and
results in low permeability and high early strength due to water reduction.
Properties
Specific Gravity 1.2±0.02
Chloride content Nil (As per BS 5075 part I)
Air entrainment As per IS 9103
3.3 MIX DESIGN
The concrete mix with 15% Alccofine and 3% Nano silica is referred as AFNS mix.
The mix proportions which are adopted to conduct this experimental study designed as per IS
10262:2019 guidelines.
TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS
Cement used : OPC 53 grade confirming to IS 12269

Specific gravity of cement : 3.15
Chemical admixture : Super plasticizer conforming to IS 9103
Conplast SP430 DIS
Specific gravity (at SSD condition) of
Coarse aggregate : 2.79
Specific gravity (at SSD condition) of Fine
aggregate : 2.65
Specific gravity of Chemical admixture : 1.2
Workability : 125 mm (Slump)
32
3.3.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR M40 CONCRETE
STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING
Grade designation: M40
TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING:
f’ck = fck+1.65 S
or f’ck = fck + X whichever is higher.
where f’ck = Target average compressive strength at 28 days,
fck = Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days,
S = Standard deviation (taken from table 1 of IS 10262: 2019)
X = factor based on grade of concrete. (taken from table 2 of IS 10262: 2019)
Target strength is calculated as follows
f’ck = fck+1.65 S or f’ck = fck + 6.5

= 40+1.65 × 5 = 40 + 6.5
= 48.25 N/mm2 = 46.5 N/mm2
48.25 N/mm2 is adopted as target strength as it is highest.
APPROXIMATE AIR CONTENT:
From table 3 of IS 10262: 2019, For 20 mm nominal maximum size of aggregate, the
amount of entrapped air to be expected in normal concrete is 1.0 percent
SELECTION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO:
The free water-cement ratio required for the target strength of 48.25 N/mm 2 is 0.4 for
OPC 53 grade curve. This is lower than the maximum value prescribed for ‘Moderate’
exposure for reinforced concrete as per Table 5 of IS 456.
SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT:
From Table 4,
water content = 186 kg (for 50 mm slump) for 20 mm aggregate.
33
Estimated water content for 125 mm slump (increasing at the rate of 3 percent for every 25
mm slump)
Water content = 186+ 9 x (186/100) = 202.74 kg
Due to use of superplasticizer, the water content will be reduced.
23 percent of water content is reduced considering use of superplasticizer at the rate 0.45
percent by weight of cement.
The arrived water content = 160 kg.
CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT
Water-cement ratio = 0.4

Cement content = 160/0.4
= 400 kg.
PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE

AGGRAGETE CONTENT
From Table 5 of IS 10262: 2019, For 20 mm coarse aggregates and fine aggregate
(Zone II), volume of coarse aggregate for water-cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.62.
And for every ± 0.05 change in water cement ratio, the proportion volume of coarse
aggregate changes at rate of ∓0.01.
For water cement ratio of 0.4, the proportion volume of coarse aggregate should be 0.64.
Volume of fine aggregate content = 1 – 0.64 = 0.36 m3
MIX CALCULATIONS
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:

a) Total volume = 1 m3
b) Volume of entrapped air in wet concrete = 0.01 m3
c) Volume of cement = (Mass of cement /Specific gravity of cement) × 1/1000
= 400/3.15 ×1/1000
= 0.127 m3
d) Volume of water = (Mass of water/Specific gravity of water) ×1/1000
= 160/1 ×1/1000
= 0.16 m3
34
e) Volume of chemical admixture (superplasticizer)
(@ 0.45 percent by mass of cementitious material)
= (Mass of chemical admixture/Specific gravity of admixture) × 1/1000
= 1.8/1.2 ×1/1000 = 0.0015 m3
f) Volume of all in aggregate = 1- (Volume of cement + Volume of water + Volume of
Admixture) - Volume of Entrapped air
= 1- (0.127+0.160+0.0015)-0.01
= 0.70
g) Mass of coarse aggregate = g × volume of coarse aggregate × Specific gravity of
coarse aggregate × 1 000 = 0.70 × 0.64 × 2.79 × 1000 ≈1248 kg.
h) Mass of fine aggregate = g × Volume of fine aggregate × Specific gravity of fine
aggregate × 1 000 = 0.70 × 0.36 × 2.65 × 1000 = 667 kg.
MIX PROPORTIONS
 Cement = 400 kg/m3

 Water = 160 kg/m3
 Fine aggregate (SSD) = 667 kg/m3
 Coarse aggregate (SSD) = 1248 kg/m3
 Chemical admixture = 1.8 kg/m3


= 50+1.65 × 5 = 50 + 6.5
= 58.25 N/mm2 = 56.5 N/mm2
35
From table 3 of IS 10262: 2019, For 20 mm nominal maximum size of aggregate, the amount
of entrapped air to be expected in normal concrete is 1.0 percent.
The free water-cement ratio required for the target strength of 58.25 N/mm 2 is 0.36 for OPC
53 grade curve. This is lower than the maximum value prescribed for ‘Moderate’ exposure
for reinforced concrete as per Table 5 of IS 456.

Due to use of superplasticizer, the water content will be reduced.
Water content is reduced considering use of superplasticizer at the rate 0.5 percent by weight
of cement.
Hence the arrived water content = 159 kg.

≈ 440 kg.

AGGRAGETE CONTENT
From Table 5 of IS 10262: 2019, For 20 mm coarse aggregates and fine aggregate (Zone II),
volume of coarse aggregate for water-cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.62.
36
MIX CALCULATIONS

= 440/3.15 ×1/1000
= 0.139 m3
= 159/1 ×1/1000
= 0.159 m3
= 2.2/1.2 ×1/1000 = 0.0018 m3
= 1- (0.139+0.159+0.0018)-0.01
= 0.69
coarse aggregate × 1 000 = 0.69 × 0.648 × 2.79 × 1000 = 1246 kg.
aggregate × 1 000 = 0.69 × 0.352 × 2.65 × 1000 = 641 kg.
MIX PROPORTIONS

37

= 50+1.65 × 5 = 50 + 6.5
= 68.25 N/mm2 = 66.5 N/mm2
From table 3 of IS 10262: 2019, For 20 mm nominal maximum size of aggregate, the amount
of entrapped air to be expected in normal concrete is 1.0 percent.
The free water-cement ratio required for the target strength of 68.25 N/mm 2 is 0.3 for OPC 53
grade curve. This is lower than the maximum value prescribed for ‘Moderate’ exposure for
reinforced concrete as per Table 5 of IS 456.

Due to use of superplasticizer, the water content will be reduced. water content is reduced
considering use of superplasticizer at the rate 0.6 percent by weight of cement.
The arrived water content = 158 kg.

≈ 527 kg.
38
AGGRAGETE CONTENT
From Table 5 of IS 10262: 2019, For 20 mm coarse aggregates and fine aggregate (Zone II),
volume of coarse aggregate for water-cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.62.
MIX CALCULATIONS

= 527/3.15 ×1/1000
= 0.167 m3
= 158/1 ×1/1000
= 0.158 m3
= 3.16/1.2 ×1/1000 = 0.0026 m3
= 1- (0.169+0.158+0.0026)-0.01
= 0.66
coarse aggregate × 1 000 = 0.66 × 0.66 × 2.79 × 1000 ≈ 1218 kg.
aggregate × 1 000 = 0.66 × 0.34 × 2.65 × 1000 ≈ 596 kg.
39
MIX PROPORTIONS

3.3.4 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR CONCRETE WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT

OF CEMENT WITH ALCCOFINE AND NANO SILICA
The optimum percentages of alccofine and nano silica for replacement of cement to enhance
strength are to be considered for this experimental investigation. Based on experimental
investigations conducted by fellow researcher and from literature It was observed that
replacement of cement with 15% of alccofine, there is significant increase in compressive
strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength. Similarly based on studies conducted by
replacing cement with nano silica, it was observed that 3% is the optimum percentage of nano
silica that improve mechanical behavior of concrete.
Mix proportions are calculated for concrete by partial replacement of cement with 15%
of alccofine and 3% nano silica.
As there is replacement of cement with ultrafine and nano material, to attain workability,
the admixture percentage is increased to 2%.
Note : Concrete mix with 15% of alccofine and 3% nano silica as replacement of cement
is referred as AFNS concrete.
MIX PROPORTIONS FOR M40 WITH 15%AF AND 3%NS REPLACEMENT

 Alccofine = 60 kg/m3
 Nano Silica = 12 kg/m3
40
 Chemical admixture = 8 kg/m3

 Nano Silica = 13.2 kg/m3

 Nano Silica = 15.8 kg/m3
41
3.4 PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMENS
3.4.1 MIXING
Materials required are weighed according to the obtained proportions. Percentage of loss
should also be included in weighs. The mixing is performed in a rotating drum. In case of
control mix, initially coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, cement are added followed by
gradual addition of water with admixture. In case of AFNS mix, initially coarse aggregates,
fine aggregates, cement, alccofine and nano silica are added and mixed thoroughly with
gradual addition of water. Care should be taken while adding and mixing of nano silica as it
is nano material, it may be dispersed in air.
Immediately after mix the workability tests should be conducted on all concrete mixes.
3.4.2 WORKABILITY TEST
Abram’s slump cone test is conducted on all concrete mixes to determine consistency of
the mixes. The slump of upper diameter 100 mm, lower diameter of 100 mm and height of
300 mm is used for this workability test. This test must be conducted immediately after mix
is done. The apparatus especially the internal surface of the cone should be cleaned
thoroughly and should be free from moisture. oil should be applied on internal surface for
smooth movement of mix.
The cone should be held rigidly on a level surface and concrete should be added in four
layers followed by twenty-five strokes of tamping rod. After filling of cone, the top surface
should be levelled and cone should be lifted vertically. The slump of the mix is then
determined by difference of height of mould and height of concrete.
The slump obtained for control mix is around 100-125mm. The slump obtained for mix
with Nano silica and Alccofine was around 0-10mm. Trails were done by increasing dosage
of admixture from 0.5% to 2%. Even though the admixture dosage was 2% of cement
content, the slump obtained was still same. This is due to presence of Nano silica. Nano silica
and Alccofine have a large specific surface area which promote them to absorb water
molecules and make the mix dry. Further increase in admixture leads to overdose of
admixture which results in significant increase of setting time, however strength will not be
impaired.
This indicates that the addition of Alccofine and nano silica greatly increases the water
demand of concrete mixes.
42
3.4.3 CASTING OF SPECIMEN
Concrete specimen required for compressive strength, flexural strength and split
tensile strength are to be casted. The dimensions specimen casted are as follows:
 Cubes of dimension 150 x 150 x 150 mm
 Beams of dimension 100 x 100 x 500 mm
 Cylinders of dimension 150 Ø x 300 mm
Number of specimen casted are as follows:
Cubes Beams Cylinders

Grade M40 M50 M60 M40 M50 M60 M40 M50 M60
CC MIX 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
AFNS MIX 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Before casting, the internal surface of the mould should be cleaned and rinsed with
oil. The mix is added into moulds in three layer and is compacted with needle vibrator. AFNS
mix should be compacted properly and longer when compared with that of control mix as it is
zero mix. After filling the moulds the top should be levelled with a trowel. The filling should
be done on a levelled surface. The moulds should be kept undisturbed for 24 hrs and then
demoulding can be done.
3.4.4 CURING OF THE SPECIMENS
In this project, tests are to be conducted after 28,90 and 180 days of curing. After
demoulding the specimen should be marked with date and grade and immersed in curing tank
with fresh water for 28,90 and 180 days.
3.4.5 TESTING OF SPECIMEN
Tests must be done at scheduled time. The specimen taken from curing taken should
be dried and cleaned in such a way that there should be no moisture on surface of specimen
while testing.
43
3.5 EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED
3.5.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
Compressive strength of a concrete specimen is the resistance of the specimen against

the compressive forces acting on that specimen. In this project, the compressive strength is
conducted at 28,90 and 180 days based on IS 516-1969. The test is done on a compression
testing machine of capacity 2000 KN and rate of loading can be altered.
After the cubes are taken out from curing tank, they are dried and cleaned. Then the
cubes must be placed in compression testing machine in such a way that the bearing plates
are in contact with the surface of the cube and load is applied at rate of 140 kg/cm2/min. The
load applied can be read directly from a ideal gauge present on the machine. Load at failure is
recorded and strength is calculated. Similarly, load at failure is noted by testing other
specimen and average compressive strength is calculated.
Compressive strength is calculated as follows
F = P/A.
Where F is compressive strength.
P is load applied on specimen.
A is cross sectional area of specimen.
3.5.2 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST
To measure tensile strength, Flexural strength test is conducted on concrete specimen

of control mix and of AFNS mix cured for 28 days, 90 days and 180 days. The flexural
strength is the measure of highest stress experienced within the material at its moment of
yield. The beams are taken out of curing tank and dried until there is no moisture on the
surface. The test is conducted on a load frame of 20KN which consists of two rollers 400mm
apart. The required markings are made on the beam and is placed on testing apparatus
accordingly. The load is applied at rate of 4000N/min.
The testing apparatus is equipped with a gauge to mounted on top of the rollers. The
load applied when first crack shows up is noted and distance between nearest support and
crack is determined. Flexural strength of concrete is calculated as follows
44
F = PL/bD² for a > 133mm
F = 3Pa/bD² for 133mm > a > 110mm
Where F= Flexural strength of concrete

P = Applied Load
L = Effective Span of the Beam
b = Breadth of the Beam
D = Depth of the Beam
a = Distance between line of fracture and nearer support
3.5.3 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
Spilt tensile strength test is the most commonly used test to determine tensile strength
of concrete specimen. The test is conducted on compression testing machine of capacity
2000KN after 28,90 and 180 days of curing period. The cylinders taken out from curing are
dried and cleaned and tested as per Indian standards. The specimens are placed in
compression testing machine and the plywood strip is placed above the specimen and is
arranged in such a way that the upper plate of CTM is in touch with the plywood strip.
Load is applied gradually without any shock and load at fracture is noted. This
procedure is repeated for other two samples. Split tensile strength of concrete is calculated as
follows
T = 2P/(πDL)
Where T = Split tensile strength of concrete
P = Failure load
D = Diameter of the cylinder
L = Length of Cylinder.
45
CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
4.1 CEMENT
Table 4.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT
S. No Property Results
1 Normal consistency 31%
2 Initial Setting time 60 min
3 Soundness 1mm
4 Specific gravity 3.15
5 Compressive Strength 3 days 24.60

(MPa) 7 days 32.50
28 days 49.80
4.2 PROPERTIES OF FINE AGGREGATES
Table 4.2 PROPERTIES OF FINE AGGREGATE
S.No Properties Experimental results

1. Specific Gravity 2.65
2. Fineness modulus 3.1
3. Bulk Density Bulk Density
Loose condition 1520 Kg/m3
Dense condition 1642 Kg/m3
46
4.3 PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATES
Table 4.3 PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATE
S.No Properties Experimental results

1. Specific Gravity 2.79
2. Fineness modulus 7.6
3. Bulk Density
Loose condition 1415 Kg/m3
Dense condition 1532 Kg/m3
4.4 MIX DESIGN

Table 4.4.1 QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR 1m3 of AFNS
CONCRETE
(15% AF AND 3% NS)
Grade W/C Cement Alccofine Nano Fine Coarse Water Admixture
ratio (kg) (kg) Silic Aggregates aggregates (kg) (kg)
a (kg) (kg)
(kg)
M40 0.4 328 60 12 667 1248 160 8
M50 0.36 361 66 13.2 641 1246 159 8.8
M60 0.3 432 79 15.8 596 1218 158 10.5
Table 4.4.2 QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR 1m3 of CONTROL

CONCRETE
Grade W/C Cement(kg) Fine Coarse Water Admixture
ratio Aggregates aggregates (kg) (kg)
(kg) (kg)
M40 0.4 400 667 1248 160 1.8
M50 0.36 440 641 1246 159 2.2
M60 0.3 527 596 1218 158 3.16
47
Table 4.4.3 MIX PROPORTIONS OF AFNS CONCRETE (15% AF AND 3% NS)
Grade W/CM Cement AF NS F.A. C.A.

ratio
M40 0.4 1 0.15 0.03 2.03 3.8
M50 0.36 1 0.15 0.03 1.77 3.45
M60 0.3 1 0.15 0.03 1.38 2.82
Table 4.4.4 MIX PROPORTIONS OF CONTROL CONCRETE
Grade W/C ratio Cement F.A. C.A
M40 0.4 1 1.67 3.12

M50 0.36 1 1.46 2.82
M60 0.3 1 1.13 2.31
4.5 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF AFNS CONCRETE AND CONTROL

CONCRETE
Table 4.5 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF AFNS CONCRETE AND CONTROL
CONCRETE
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)
Grade Mix
28 days 90 days 180days
CC 51.2 57.1 61.67
M40
AFNS 66.0 69.80 73.80
CC 58.7 64.8 70.82
M50
AFNS 70.70 74.60 80.42
CC 68.5 75.3 78.60
M60
AFNS 82.69 85.50 88.25
48
4.6 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF AFNS CONCRETE AND CONTROL
CONCRETE
Table 4.6 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF AFNS CONCRETE AND CONTROL

CONCRETE
Flexural Strength(N/mm2)
Grade Mix
CC 4.56 5.18 5.76
M40
AFNS 6.30 6.60 7.01
CC 5.13 5.67 6.20
M50
AFNS 6.91 7.29 7.58
CC 5.85 6.52 7.24
M60
AFNS 7.74 8.12 8.70
4.7 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF SPECIMEN AFNS CONCRETE AND

CONTROL CONCRETE
Table 4.7 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF AFNS CONCRETE AND CONTROL

CONCRETE
Split Strength (N/mm2)

Grade Mix
CC 4.18 4.80 5.21
M40
AFNS 5.65 5.96 6.25
CC 4.91 5.46 5.89
M50
AFNS 6.43 6.87 7.09
CC 5.61 6.28 6.73
M60
AFNS 7.08 7.57 8.01
49
4.8 PERCENTAGE INCREASE OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF AFNS
CONCRETE
Table 4.8.1 PERCENTAGE INCREASE OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF AFNS

CONCRETE OF GRADE M40
Age of concrete Compressive Compressive Percentage increase
strength for CC mix strength for AFNS in Compressive
(N/mm2) mix (N/mm2) strength (%)
28 days 51.2 66.0 28.9
90 days 57.1 69.80 22.2
180 days 61.67 73.80 19.67

28 days 58.7 70.70 20.4
90 days 64.8 74.60 15.1
180 days 70.82 80.42 13.56

28 days 68.5 82.69 20.7
90 days 75.3 85.50 13.5
180 days 78.60 88.25 12.28
50
4.9 PERCENTAGE INCREASE OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF AFNS
CONCRETE
Table 4.9.1 PERCENTAGE INCREASE OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF AFNS

Age of concrete Flexural strength for Flexural strength for Percentage increase
CC mix AFNS mix (N/mm2) in Flexural strength
(N/mm2) (%)
28 days 4.56 6.30 38.2
90 days 5.18 6.60 27.4
180 days 5.76 7.01 21.7

CC mix (N/mm2) AFNS mix (N/mm2) in Flexural strength
(%)
28 days 5.13 6.91 34.7
90 days 5.67 7.29 28.6
180 days 6.20 7.58 22.26

CC mix AFNS mix (N/mm2) in Flexural strength
(N/mm2) (%)
28 days 5.85 7.74 32.3
90 days 6.52 8.12 24.5
180 days 7.24 8.70 20.17
51
4.10 PERCENTAGE INCREASE OF SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF AFNS
CONCRETE
Table 4.10.1 PERCENTAGE INCREASE OF SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH AFNS

Age of concrete Split Tensile Split Tensile Percentage increase

strength for CC mix strength for AFNS in Split Tensile
28 days 4.18 5.65 35.2
90 days 4.80 5.96 24.2
180 days 5.21 6.25 19.96
Table 4.10.2 PERCENTAGE INCREASE OF SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF AFNS


28 days 4.91 6.43 31
90 days 5.46 6.87 25.8
180 days 5.89 7.09 20.37
Table 4.10.3 PERCENTAGE INCREASE OF SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF AFNS

28 days 5.61 7.08 26.2
90 days 6.28 7.57 20.5
180 days 6.73 8.01 19.02
52
4.11 GRAPHS
Variation of Compressive Strength

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
28 DAYS 90 DAYS 180 DAYS
M40 M50 M60
Graph 4.1 Shows Variation of Compressive strength of Control concrete of different

grades with respect to Age
Variation of Compressive strength

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
M40 M50 M60
Graph 4.2 Shows Variation of Compressive strength of AFNS concrete of different

grades with respect to Age
53
Variation of Flexural strength
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
M40 M50 M60
Graph 4.3 Shows Variation of Flexural strength of Control concrete of different grades
with respect to Age
Variation of Flexural strength

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
M40 M50 M60
Graph 4.4 Shows Variation of Flexural strength of AFNS concrete of different grades
with respect to Age
54
Variation of Split Tensile strength
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
M40 M50 M60
Graph 4.5 Shows Split tensile strength of Control concrete of different grades with
respect to Age
Variation of Split Tensile strength

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
M40 M50 M60
Graph 4.6 Shows Variation of Split tensile strength of AFNS concrete of

different grades with respect to Age
55
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
CC AFNS
Graph 4.7 Shows Variation of Compressive strength of AFNS concrete vs

Control concrete of grade M40 with respect to Age
Variation of Flexural Strength

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CC AFNS
Graph 4.8 Shows Variation of Flexural strength of AFNS concrete vs Control

concrete of grade M40 with respect to Age
56
Variation of Split tensile Strength
7
0
CC AFNS
Graph 4.9 Shows Variation of Split tensile strength of AFNS concrete vs Control

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
CC AFNS

57
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CC AFNS


8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CC AFNS
Graph 4.12 Shows Variation of Split tensile strength of AFNS concrete vs

58
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
CC AFNS


10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CC AFNS

59
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CC AFNS
Graph 4.15 Shows Variation of Split tensile strength of AFNS concrete vs

Percentage Increase in Compressive strength

35
30
25
20
15
10
0
M40 M50 M60
Graph 4.16 Shows variation of Percentage increase of compressive strength

AFNS concrete of different grades with respect to Age
60
Percentage Increase in Flexural strength
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
M40 M50 M60
Graph 4.17 Shows variation of Percentage increase of Flexural strength AFNS

concrete of different grades with respect to Age
Percentage Increase in Split tensile strength

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
M40 M50 M60
Graph 4.18 Shows variation of Percentage increase of Split tensile strength

AFNS concrete of different grades with respect to Age
61
CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSIONS
Strength parameters play a prominent role in performance of concrete. In this

experimental investigation Cement is partially replaced with alccofine and nano silica to
study compressive strength, Flexural strength and split tensile strength of different grades of
concrete for 28,90 and 180 days.
5.1 STUDIES ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH

ALCCOFINE AND NANO SILICA AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT:
Cubes of 150 x 150 x 150 mm are casted by replacing 15% of cement with Alccofine
and 3% with Nano silica. Three different grades of specimen were casted and cured for 28,90
and 180 days.
Table 4.5 shows compressive strength of concrete with alccofine and nano silica as
partial replacement of cement for M40, M50 and M60 grades of concrete for 28, 90 and 180
days.
Table 4.8.1 shows comparison of compressive strength of AFNS concrete and control
concrete of grade M40.
Table 4.8.1 shows increase in percentage of compressive strength of AFNS concrete
with respect to control concrete of grade M40 for 28,90 and 180 days as 28.9%, 22.2% and
19.67% respectively.
62
For three grades of concrete there is improvement in compressive strength upon replacement
of cement with Alccofine and Nano silica.
5.2 STUDIES ON FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH ALCCOFINE

AND NANO SILICA AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT:
Beams of 100 x 100 x 500 mm are casted by replacing 15% of cement with Alccofine
and 180 days.
Table 4.6 shows Flexural strength of concrete with alccofine and nano silica as partial
replacement of cement for M40, M50 and M60 grades of concrete for 28, 90 and 180 days.
Table 4.9.1 shows comparison of Flexural strength of AFNS concrete and control concrete of
grade M40.
Table 4.9.1 shows increase in percentage of Flexural strength of AFNS concrete with respect
to control concrete of grade M40 for 28,90 and 180 days as 38.2%, 27.4% and 21.7%
respectively.
grade M50.
to control concrete of grade M50 for 28,90 and 180 days as 34.7 %, 28.6% and 22.26%
respectively.
grade M60.
to control concrete of grade M60 for 28,90 and 180 days as 32.3%, 24.5% and 20.17%
respectively.
For three grades of concrete there is improvement in Flexural strength upon
replacement of cement with Alccofine and Nano silica.
63
5.3 STUDIES ON SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH
ALCCOFINE AND NANO SILICA AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT:
Cylinders of 150 Ø x 300 mm are casted by replacing 15% of cement with Alccofine
and 180 days.
Table 4.7 shows Split tensile strength of concrete with alccofine and nano silica as partial
replacement of cement for M40, M50 and M60 grades of concrete for 28, 90 and 180 days.
Table 4.10.1 shows comparison of Split tensile strength of AFNS concrete and control
Table 4.10.1 shows increase in percentage of Split tensile strength of AFNS concrete with
respect to control concrete of grade M40 for 28,90 and 180 days as 35.2%, 24.2% and
respect to control concrete of grade M50 for 28,90 and 180 days as 31 %, 25.8% and 20.37%
respectively.
respect to control concrete of grade M60 for 28,90 and 180 days as 26.2%, 20.5% and
For three grades of concrete there is improvement in split tensile strength upon replacement
of cement with Alccofine and Nano silica.
The combined action of nano silica and alccofine i.e. nucleation and pozzolanic
reaction of nano silica and alccofine results in development of dense microstructure and
increases compactness which enhances strength. The percentage increase in strength is
highest for 28 days. This is due to the pozzolanic reaction which occurs in initial seven days.
The further increase in strength after seven days is only due to filling action.
64
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the experimental investigation conducted and results obtained from tests conducted
in this project. The following conclusions can be drawn
1. Partial replacement of cement with Alccofine and Nano silica significantly improved
the mechanical properties of concrete.
2. The increase in percentage of compressive strength of concrete upon partial
replacement of concrete with 15% Alccofine and 3% Nano silica of grade M40
observed for 28,90 and 180 days are 28.9%, 22.2% and 19.67% respectively.
3. The increase in percentage of Flexural strength of concrete upon partial replacement
of concrete with 15% Alccofine and 3% Nano silica grade M40 observed for 28,90
and 180 days are 38.2%, 27.4% and 21.7% respectively
4. The increase in percentage of Split tensile strength of concrete upon partial
replacement of concrete with 15% Alccofine and 3% Nano silica grade M40 observed
for 28,90 and 180 days are 35.2%, 24.2% and 19.96% respectively.
5. The percentage increase of compressive strength of grade M50 upon replacement of
cement with 15% Alccofine and 3% nano silica was observed to be 20.4%, 15.1% and
13.56% for 28,90 and 180 days respectively.
6. The percentage increase of Flexural strength of grade M50 upon replacement of
cement with 15% Alccofine and 3% nano silica was observed to be 34.7 %, 28.6%
and 22.26% for 28,90 and 180 days respectively.
7. The percentage increase of Split tensile strength of grade M50 upon replacement of
cement with 15% Alccofine and 3% nano silica was observed to be 31 %, 25.8% and
20.37% for 28,90 and 180 days respectively.
8. For M60 grade, it is observed that there is 20.7%, 13.5% and 12.28% increase in
compressive strength on replacement of cement with 15% Alccofine and 3% Nano
silica for 28,90 and 180 days respectively.
9. For M60 grade, it is observed that there is 32.3%, 24.5% and 20.17% increase in
Flexural strength on replacement of cement with 15% Alccofine and 3% Nano silica
for 28,90 and 180 days respectively.
10. For M60 grade, it is observed that there is 26.2%, 20.5% and 19.02% increase in Split
tensile strength on replacement of cement with 15% Alccofine and 3% Nano silica for
28,90 and 180 days respectively.
65
11. The combined action of nano silica and alccofine i.e. nucleation and pozzolanic
reaction of nano silica and alccofine results in development of dense microstructure
and increases compactness which enhances strength.
66
CHAPTER 7
SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDIES
 Further study can be carried out on durability properties of concrete with alccofine and
Nano silica.
 Further study can be carried out on Concrete with Alccofine and Nano silica by varying
the type of admixtures and their composition to attain workability and strength.
 Further study can be carried out on temperature effects on alccofine nano silica concrete.
67
CHAPTER 8
PHOTOGRAPHS
Photograph 1 shows Nano silica
Photograph 2 shows Alccofine
68
Photograph 3 shows Mixing of materials in rotating drum of AFNS concrete Mix
Photograph 4 shows Slump of Control Concrete
69
Photograph 5 shows Slump of AFNS mix
Photograph 6 shows cube specimen of AFNS concrete of grade M50
70
Photograph 7 shows beam specimen of AFNS concrete of Grade M50
Photograph 8 shows cylinder specimen of AFNS concrete of grade M50
71
Photograph 9 shows Compressive strength specimen of AFNS Concrete
Photograph 10 shows Flexural strength specimen of AFNS Concrete
72
Photograph 11 shows Split tensile strength specimen of AFNS Concrete
73
CHAPTER 9
REFERENCES
1. Mohamed Amin, Khaled Abu el-hassan “Effect of using different types of nano
materials on mechanical properties of high strength concrete” Elsevier, Construction
and Building Materials.
2. Morteza Bastami, Mazyar Baghbadrani, Farhad Aslani “Performance of nano-

Silica modified high strength concrete at elevated Temperatures” Construction and
Building Materials 68 (2014) 402–408, ScienceDirect
3. Anwar m. Mohamed “Influence of nano materials on flexural behavior and

compressive strength of concrete” Science direct.
4. X.F. Wang, Y.J. Huang, G.Y. Wu, C. Fang, D.W. Li, N.X. Han, F. Xing “Effect of
nano-SiO2 on strength, shrinkage and cracking sensitivity of lightweight aggregate
concrete” Construction and Building Materials 175 (2018) 115–125 ScienceDirect.
5. Byung-wan jo, Chang-hyun kim, Ghi-ho tae, Jong-bin park“Characteristics of

cement mortar with nano-sio2 particles” science direct.
6. R. Yu , P. Spiesz, H.J.H. Brouwers “Effect of nano-silica on the hydration and

microstructure development of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) with a low
binder amount” Construction and Building Materials 65 (2014) 140–150, science
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effect of nanosilica addition on flowability, strength and transport properties of ultra
high performance concrete” Materials and Design 59 (2014) 1–9 ScienceDirect
8. M. Pradeep Kumar, K.M. Mini, Murali Rangarajan “Ultrafine GGBS and calcium
nitrate as concrete admixtures for improved mechanical properties and corrosion
resistance” Construction and Building Materials 182 (2018) 249–257, ScienceDirect.
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silica fume and ultrafine GGBS” Construction and Building Materials 171 (2018)
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Ternary Blended Concrete Incorporating Alccofine” ScienceDirect Materials Today
Proceedings 5 (2018) 11356–11363
11. Shamshad Ahmad, Mohammad Shakeel, Sirajuddin Ahmed “Use of Ultrafine

Slag in High Strength Concrete”International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
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ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor
(2015): 6.391 Volume 5 Issue 10.
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alccofine on strength of concrete” IRACST – engineering science and technology: an
international journal (ESTIJ).
13. Javed Ahmed Naqash, Panga Narasimha Reddy “Properties of Concrete Modified
with Ultra-Fine Slag” Karbala International journal of Modern Science.
14. Saurav, Ashok kumar gupta (2014) “Experimental study of strength relationship of
concrete cube and concrete cylinder using ultrafine slag alccofine” international
journal of scientific & engineering research, volume 5, issue 5.
15. Yatin H patel, P.J.Patel, prof. Jignesh M patel, Dr. H S patel “Study on durability
of high performance concrete with alccofine and fly ash” international journal of
advanced engineering research and studies.
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cementing efficiency of alccofine in concretes” International journal of engineering
research & technology (IJERT).
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“Durability and mechanical characterization of concrete using alccofines”
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strength concrete by partial replacement of cement by fly ash, metakaolin and
Alccofine” International research journal of engineering and technology (IRJET)
19. Siddharth P Upadhyay, Prof. M.A.Jamnu (2014) “Effect On Compressive Strength

Of High Performance Concrete Incorporating Alccofine And Fly Ash” Journal Of
International Academic Research For Multidisciplinary.
20. Luo Ting, Wang Qiang, Zhuang Shiyu “Effects of ultra-fine ground granulated
blast-furnace slag on initial setting time, fluidity and rheological properties of cement
pastes ” Powder Technology 345 (2019) Elsevier ScienceDirect Powder Technology
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the Durability of Concrete” Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 5, No. 6.
22. Susanto Teng, Tze Yang Darren Lim, Bahador Sabet Divsholi “Durability and
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881 ScienceDirect.
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23. Parveen, Dhirendra Singhal, M. Talha Junaid, Bharat Bhushan Jindal , Ankur
Mehta “Mechanical and microstructural properties of fly ash based geopolymer
concrete incorporating alccofine at ambient curing” Construction and Building
Materials 180 (2018) 298–307 ScienceDirect.
24. S.K. Saxena, Mukesh Kumar, N.B. Singh “Effect of Alccofine powder on the
properties of Pond fly ash based Geopolymer mortar under different conditions” s.
Environmental Technology & Innovation (2018).
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synergic influence of nano-silica and carbon nano tube on self-compacting concrete”
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on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete with and without silica fume and
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List of referred code books:
IS 12269-2013 : Specification for 53 grade ordinary Portland cement.

IS 383-1970 : Specification for coarse and fine aggregate.
IS 456-2000 : Indian standard plain reinforced concrete code of practice.
IS 10262-2019 : Used for concrete mix design.
List of referred books:
 M.S. Shetty. “Advanced concrete technology.” Third edition. S. Chand and

Co. Ltd.
 A.R. Santhakumar. “Concrete Technology.” Second edition.
77

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A STUDY ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF

CONCRETE WITH ALCCOFINE AND NANO SILICA AS

AAKARAPU SAI PRATHIK

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr. P. SRINIVASA RAO

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Project Guide: Head of the Department:

Place: Hyderabad. Signature of the student

I would like to thank JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

I feel a great pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude to my guide

I feel a great pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude to my advisor ASHWINI

I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. B. N. BHANDARI, Principal of JNTUH

(AAKARAPU SAI PRATHIK)

or by addition of mineral admixtures. In this research mechanical strength development of

LIST OF GRAPHS 6ii

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS xiv

1.3 Effects of Alccofine In Concrete 2

1.4 Advantages of Alccofine In Concrete 2

1.5 Applications of Alccofine In Concrete 3

1.6 Recent Application of Alccofine in India 3

1.7 Nano Technology in Concrete 3

1.8 Production of Nano materials 4

1.9 Nano Silica 5

1.10 Effects of Nano Silica in Concrete 5

1.11 Applications of Nano Silica in Concrete 6

1.12 Aim and Objectives of Present Study 6

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7-11

CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION 12-29

3.2 Materials Used 12

3.2.2.1 Fine Aggregates 13

3.2.2.2 Coarse Aggregates 13

3.2.4 Nano Silica 14

3.3 Mix design 16

3.3.1 Design procedure for M40 Concrete 17

3.3.2 Design procedure for M50 Concrete 19

3.3.3 Design procedure for M60 Concrete 22

3.3.4 Design procedure for Concrete with partial replacement

of cement with Alccofine and Nano Silica 24

3.4 Preparation of Test Specimens 26

3.4.2 Workability Test 26

3.4.3 Casting of Specimen 27

3.4.4 Curing of Specimens 27

3.4.5 Testing of Specimen 27

3.5 Experiments Conducted 28

3.5.1 Compressive Strength Test 28

3.5.2 Flexural Strength Test 28

3.5.3 Split Tensile Strength Test 29

CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 30-45

4.2 Properties of Fine Aggregates 30

4.3 Properties of Coarse Aggregates 31

4.4 Mix Design 31

4.5 Compressive Strength of AFNS concrete 32

4.7 Split Tensile Strength of AFNS concrete 33

4.8 Percentage increase of Compressive Strength of AFNS

4.9 Percentage increase of Flexural Strength of AFNS

4.10 Percentage increase of split Tensile Strength of AFNS

CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSIONS 46-48

5.1 Studies on Compressive Strength of Concrete with

5.3 Studies on Split Tensile Strength of Concrete with