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45 MCQ Question Answers with

Explanations

OSPF

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1. Which OSPF router type connects an OSPF area to networks outside the OSPF routing
domain?
A. Backbone router
B. Area border router (ABR)
C. Internal router
D. Autonomous system boundary router (ASBR)
Correct Answer: D. ASBR
Explanation: An ASBR connects OSPF to networks outside the OSPF routing domain.

2. What OSPF router type has all interfaces in the same OSPF area?
A. Backbone router
B. Area border router (ABR)
C. Internal router
D. Autonomous system boundary router (ASBR)
Correct Answer: C. Internal router
Explanation: Internal routers have all interfaces in the same OSPF area.

3. Which OSPF area must an area border router (ABR) always be connected to?
A. Area 0
B. Area 1
C. Area 2
D. Area 3
Correct Answer: A. Area 0
Explanation: ABRs must be connected to Area 0, the backbone area.

4. What OSPF area type allows for connections to multiple areas but must have an
interface in Area 0?
A. Stub area
B. Totally stubby area
C. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
D. Totally NSSA
Correct Answer: C. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Explanation: NSSAs allow connections to multiple areas but must have an interface in
Area 0.

5. What OSPF area type allows for connections to multiple areas but blocks external
routes from entering the area?
A. Stub area
B. Totally stubby area
C. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
D. Totally NSSA

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Correct Answer: B. Totally stubby area

Explanation: Totally stubby areas block external routes from entering the area.

6. What OSPF LSA type describes the router's links within its own area?
A. Type 1 Router LSA
B. Type 2 Network LSA
C. Type 3 Summary LSA
D. Type 4 ASBR Summary LSA
Correct Answer: A. Type 1 Router LSA
Explanation: Type 1 LSAs describe the router's links within its own area.

7. What OSPF LSA type describes the router's links to networks in other areas?
A. Type 1 Router LSA
B. Type 2 Network LSA
C. Type 3 Summary LSA
D. Type 4 ASBR Summary LSA
Correct Answer: C. Type 3 Summary LSA
Explanation: Type 3 LSAs describe the router's links to networks in other areas.

8. Which OSPF message type is used by OSPF routers to establish and maintain neighbor
relationships?
A. Hello
B. Link State Request
C. Link State Update
D. Link State Acknowledgment
Correct Answer: A. Hello
Explanation: Hello packets are used to establish and maintain neighbor relationships.

9. What is the default OSPF hello interval on broadcast and pointtopoint links?
A. 5 seconds
B. 10 seconds
C. 30 seconds
D. 60 seconds
Correct Answer: B. 10 seconds
Explanation: The default OSPF hello interval on broadcast and pointtopoint links is 10
seconds.

10. What OSPF interface state indicates that OSPF routers have established bidirectional
communication?
A. Down
B. Init

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C. 2Way
D. ExStart
Correct Answer: C. 2Way
Explanation: The 2Way state indicates that OSPF routers have established bidirectional
communication.

11. Which OSPF router role is responsible for originating network LSA (Type 2) for each
network to which it is connected?
A. Designated Router (DR)
B. Backup Designated Router (BDR)
C. Internal Router
D. Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR)
Correct Answer: A. Designated Router (DR)
Explanation: The DR is responsible for originating network LSAs for each network to which
it is connected.

12. In OSPF, what is the purpose of the OSPF area 0?

A. It is a transit area for all OSPF routes.
B. It is a stub area where external routes are not allowed.
C. It is a backbone area for all OSPF areas.
D. It is a totally stubby area with a default route to the ABR.
Correct Answer: C. It is a backbone area for all OSPF areas.
Explanation: Area 0 is the backbone area for all OSPF areas.

13. Which OSPF LSA type is flooded throughout the entire OSPF domain but not into other
routing domains?
A. Type 1 Router LSA
B. Type 2 Network LSA
C. Type 3 Summary LSA
D. Type 5 External LSA
Correct Answer: D. Type 5 External LSA
Explanation: Type 5 LSAs are flooded throughout the OSPF domain but not into other
routing domains.

14. In OSPF, what is the purpose of the DR and BDR election process?
A. To elect the routers with the highest OSPF priority as DR and BDR.
B. To elect the routers with the lowest OSPF priority as DR and BDR.
C. To ensure that OSPF routers have bidirectional communication before exchanging routing
information.
D. To reduce the number of adjacencies required on multiaccess networks.

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Correct Answer: D. To reduce the number of adjacencies required on multiaccess

networks.
Explanation: The DR and BDR election process reduces the number of adjacencies required
on multiaccess networks.

15. Which OSPF router type connects multiple OSPF areas together?
A. Backbone router
B. Area border router (ABR)
C. Internal router
D. Autonomous system boundary router (ASBR)
Correct Answer: B. Area border router (ABR)
Explanation: ABRs connect multiple OSPF areas together.

16. What is the OSPF router priority value used for in the DR/BDR election process?
A. It is used to elect the router with the highest OSPF priority as the DR.
B. It is used to elect the router with the highest OSPF priority as the BDR.
C. It is used to elect the router with the highest OSPF priority as either the DR or BDR.
D. It is used to elect the router with the lowest OSPF priority as the DR.
Correct Answer: C. It is used to elect the router with the highest OSPF priority as either the
DR or BDR.
Explanation: The OSPF router priority value is

interface in Area 0?
A. Backbone area
B. Stub area
C. Totally stubby area
D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Correct Answer: D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Explanation: NSSAs allow connections to multiple areas but must have an interface in
Area 0.

5. Which OSPF area type does not allow external routes (type 5 LSAs) but allows interarea
routes (type 3 LSAs)?
A. Backbone area
B. Stub area
C. Totally stubby area
D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Correct Answer: B. Stub area
Explanation: Stub areas do not allow type 5 LSAs but allow type 3 LSAs for interarea
routes.

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6. In OSPF, what is the purpose of the OSPF hello protocol?

A. To establish neighbor adjacencies
B. To flood linkstate advertisements (LSAs)
C. To calculate the shortest path tree (SPT)
D. To elect the designated router (DR) and backup designated router (BDR)
Correct Answer: A. To establish neighbor adjacencies
Explanation: The OSPF hello protocol is used to discover and maintain neighbor
adjacencies.

7. What is the default OSPF hello interval on broadcast and pointtopoint networks?
A. 5 seconds
B. 10 seconds
C. 30 seconds
D. 60 seconds
Correct Answer: B. 10 seconds
Explanation: The default hello interval on broadcast and pointtopoint networks is 10
seconds.

8. In OSPF, what is the purpose of the designated router (DR) and backup designated
router (BDR)?
A. To reduce the size of the linkstate database (LSDB)
B. To provide redundancy in case of the failure of the designated router
C. To calculate the shortest path tree (SPT)
D. To elect the OSPF area border router (ABR)
Correct Answer: B. To provide redundancy in case of the failure of the designated router
Explanation: The DR and BDR provide redundancy and reduce the number of adjacencies
on multiaccess networks.

9. What OSPF area type does not allow external routes (type 5 LSAs) or interarea routes
(type 3 LSAs)?
A. Backbone area
B. Stub area
C. Totally stubby area
D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Correct Answer: C. Totally stubby area
Explanation: Totally stubby areas do not allow type 3 or type 5 LSAs, reducing routing
table size.

10. What is the purpose of the OSPF linkstate advertisement (LSA) type 1?
A. Router LSA
B. Network LSA

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C. Summary LSA (interarea)

D. ASBR summary LSA
Correct Answer: A. Router LSA
Explanation: Type 1 LSAs advertise the router's directly connected links.

11. In OSPF, what is the purpose of the OSPF dead interval?

A. To establish neighbor adjacencies
B. To detect a loss of hello packets from a neighbor
C. To elect the designated router (DR) and backup designated router (BDR)
D. To calculate the shortest path tree (SPT)
Correct Answer: B. To detect a loss of hello packets from a neighbor
Explanation: The dead interval is the time a router waits to receive a hello packet before
declaring a neighbor down.

12. What OSPF area type allows external routes (type 5 LSAs) but does not allow interarea
routes (type 3 LSAs)?
A. Backbone area
B. Stub area
C. Totally stubby area
D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Correct Answer: D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Explanation: NSSAs allow external routes but do not allow type 3 LSAs for interarea
routes.

13. What OSPF area type allows external routes (type 5 LSAs) and interarea routes (type 3
LSAs) but does not allow external route summarization?
A. Backbone area
B. Stub area
C. Totally stubby area
D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Correct Answer: D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Explanation: NSSAs allow external and interarea routes but do not allow external route
summarization.

14. In OSPF, what is the purpose of the OSPF database description (DBD) packets?
A. To establish neighbor adjacencies
B. To flood linkstate advertisements (LSAs)
C. To calculate the shortest path tree (SPT)
D. To synchronize the linkstate databases (LSDBs) of neighboring routers
Correct Answer: D. To synchronize the linkstate databases (LSDBs) of neighboring routers

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Explanation: DBD packets are used during the OSPF neighbor establishment process to
synchronize LSDBs.

15. What is the OSPF router priority used for in the election of the designated router (DR)
and backup designated router (BDR)?
A. It is used to determine which router becomes the DR and BDR.
B. It is used as a tiebreaker in case of equal OSPF router IDs.
C. It is used to calculate the OSPF cost to reach the DR and BDR.
D. It is used to prioritize OSPF traffic over other routing protocols.
Correct Answer: A. It is used to determine which router becomes the DR and BDR.
Explanation: The router with the highest OSPF router priority becomes the DR, and the
second highest becomes the BDR.

16. In OSPF, what is the OSPF area ID 0.0.0.0 used for?

A. It is used to represent the backbone area (Area 0).
B. It is used to represent a stub area.
C. It is used to represent a totally stubby area.
D. It is used to represent an NSSA.
Correct Answer: A. It is used to represent the backbone area (Area 0).
Explanation: The area ID 0.0.0.0 is reserved for the backbone area.

17. What is the OSPF linkstate advertisement (LSA) type 2 used for?
A. Router LSA
B. Network LSA
C. Summary LSA (interarea)
D. ASBR summary LSA
Correct Answer: B. Network LSA
Explanation: Type 2 LSAs are generated by the DR to advertise the presence of a network
segment.

18. What OSPF area type allows external routes (type 5 LSAs) and interarea routes (type 3
LSAs) but does not allow external route summarization?
A. Backbone area
B. Stub area
C. Totally stubby area
D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Correct Answer: D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Explanation: NSSAs allow external and interarea routes but do not allow external route
summarization.

19. In OSPF, what is the purpose of the OSPF hello protocol?

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A. To establish neighbor adjacencies

B. To flood linkstate advertisements (LSAs)
C. To calculate the shortest path tree (SPT)
D. To elect the designated router (DR) and backup designated router (BDR)
Correct Answer: A. To establish neighbor adjacencies
Explanation: The OSPF hello protocol is used to discover and maintain neighbor
adjacencies.

20. What is the default OSPF hello interval on broadcast and pointtopoint networks?
A. 5 seconds
B. 10 seconds
C. 30 seconds
D. 60 seconds
Correct Answer: B. 10 seconds
Explanation: The default hello interval on broadcast and pointtopoint networks is 10
seconds.

21. In OSPF, what is the purpose of the designated router (DR) and backup designated
router (BDR)?
A. To reduce the size of the linkstate database (LSDB)
B. To provide redundancy in case of the failure of the designated router
C. To calculate the shortest path tree (SPT)
D. To elect the OSPF area border router (ABR)
Correct Answer: B. To provide redundancy in case of the failure of the designated router
Explanation: The DR and BDR provide redundancy and reduce the number of adjacencies
on multiaccess networks.

22. What OSPF area type does not allow external routes (type 5 LSAs) or interarea routes
(type 3 LSAs)?
A. Backbone area
B. Stub area
C. Totally stubby area
D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Correct Answer: C. Totally stubby area
Explanation: Totally stubby areas do not allow type 3 or type 5 LSAs, reducing routing
table size.

23. What is the purpose of the OSPF linkstate advertisement (LSA) type 1?
A. Router LSA
B. Network LSA
C. Summary LSA (interarea)

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D. ASBR summary LSA

Correct Answer: A. Router LSA
Explanation: Type 1 LSAs advertise the router's directly connected links.

24. In OSPF, what is the purpose of the OSPF dead interval?

A. To establish neighbor adjacencies
B. To detect a loss of hello packets from a neighbor
C. To elect the designated router (DR) and backup designated router (BDR)
D. To calculate the shortest path tree (SPT)
Correct Answer: B. To detect a loss of hello packets from a neighbor
Explanation: The dead interval is the time a router waits to receive a hello packet before
declaring a neighbor down.

25. What OSPF area type allows external routes (type 5 LSAs) but does not allow interarea
routes (type 3 LSAs)?
A. Backbone area
B. Stub area
C. Totally stubby area
D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Correct Answer: D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Explanation: NSSAs allow external routes but do not allow type 3 LSAs for interarea
routes.

26. What OSPF area type allows external routes (type 5 LSAs) and interarea routes (type 3
LSAs) but does not allow external route summarization?
A. Backbone area
B. Stub area
C. Totally stubby area
D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Correct Answer: D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Explanation: NSSAs allow external and interarea routes but do not allow external route
summarization.

27. In OSPF, what is the purpose of the OSPF database description (DBD) packets?
A. To establish neighbor adjacencies
B. To flood linkstate advertisements (LSAs)
C. To calculate the shortest path tree (SPT)
D. To synchronize the linkstate databases (LSDBs) of neighboring routers
Correct Answer: D. To synchronize the linkstate databases (LSDBs) of neighboring routers
Explanation: DBD packets are used during the OSPF neighbor establishment process to
synchronize LSDBs.

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28. What is the OSPF router priority used for in the election of the designated router (DR)
and backup designated router (BDR)?
A. It is used to determine which router becomes the DR and BDR.
B. It is used as a tiebreaker in case of equal OSPF router IDs.
C. It is used to calculate the OSPF cost to reach the DR and BDR.
D. It is used to prioritize OSPF traffic over other routing protocols.
Correct Answer: A. It is used to determine which router becomes the DR and BDR.
Explanation: The router with the highest OSPF router priority becomes the DR, and the
second highest becomes the BDR.

29. In OSPF, what is the OSPF area ID 0.0.0.0 used for?

A. It is used to represent the backbone area (Area 0).
B. It is used to represent a stub area.
C. It is used to represent a totally stubby area.
D. It is used to represent an NSSA.
Correct Answer: A. It is used to represent the backbone area (Area 0).
Explanation: The area ID 0.0.0.0 is reserved for the backbone area.

30. What is the OSPF linkstate advertisement (LSA) type 2 used for?
A. Router LSA
B. Network LSA
C. Summary LSA (interarea)
D. ASBR summary LSA
Correct Answer: B. Network LSA
Explanation: Type 2 LSAs are generated by the DR to advertise the presence of a network
segment.

31. What OSPF area type allows external routes (type 5 LSAs) and interarea routes (type 3
LSAs) but does not allow external route summarization?
A. Backbone area
B. Stub area
C. Totally stubby area
D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Correct Answer: D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Explanation: NSSAs allow external and interarea routes but do not allow external route
summarization.

32. In OSPF, what is the purpose of the OSPF hello protocol?

A. To establish neighbor adjacencies
B. To flood linkstate advertisements (LSAs)

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C. To calculate the shortest path tree (SPT)

D. To elect the designated router (DR) and backup designated router (BDR)
Correct Answer: A. To establish neighbor adjacencies
Explanation: The OSPF hello protocol is used to discover and maintain neighbor
adjacencies.

33. What is the default OSPF hello interval on broadcast and pointtopoint networks?
A. 5 seconds
B. 10 seconds
C. 30 seconds
D. 60 seconds
Correct Answer: B. 10 seconds
Explanation: The default hello interval on broadcast and pointtopoint networks is 10
seconds.

34. In OSPF, what is the purpose of the designated router (DR) and backup designated
router (BDR)?
A. To reduce the size of the linkstate database (LSDB)
B. To provide redundancy in case of the failure of the designated router
C. To calculate the shortest path tree (SPT)
D. To elect the OSPF area border router (ABR)
Correct Answer: B. To provide redundancy in case of the failure of the designated router
Explanation: The DR and BDR provide redundancy and reduce the number of adjacencies
on multiaccess networks.

35. What OSPF area type does not allow external routes (type 5 LSAs) or interarea routes
(type 3 LSAs)?
A. Backbone area
B. Stub area
C. Totally stubby area
D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Correct Answer: C. Totally stubby area
Explanation: Totally stubby areas do not allow type 3 or type 5 LSAs, reducing routing
table size.

36. What is the purpose of the OSPF linkstate advertisement (LSA) type 1?
A. Router LSA
B. Network LSA
C. Summary LSA (interarea)
D. ASBR summary LSA
Correct Answer: A. Router LSA

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Explanation: Type 1 LSAs advertise the router's directly connected links.

37. In OSPF, what is the purpose of the OSPF dead interval?

A. To establish neighbor adjacencies
B. To detect a loss of hello packets from a neighbor
C. To elect the designated router (DR) and backup designated router (BDR)
D. To calculate the shortest path tree (SPT)
Correct Answer: B. To detect a loss of hello packets from a neighbor
Explanation: The dead interval is the time a router waits to receive a hello packet before
declaring a neighbor down.

38. What OSPF area type allows external routes (type 5 LSAs) but does not allow interarea
routes (type 3 LSAs)?
A. Backbone area
B. Stub area
C. Totally stubby area
D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Correct Answer: D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Explanation: NSSAs allow external routes but do not allow type 3 LSAs for interarea
routes.

39. What OSPF area type allows external routes (type 5 LSAs) and interarea routes (type 3
LSAs) but does not allow external route summarization?
A. Backbone area
B. Stub area
C. Totally stubby area
D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Correct Answer: D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Explanation: NSSAs allow external and interarea routes but do not allow external route
summarization.

40. In OSPF, what is the purpose of the OSPF database description (DBD) packets?
A. To establish neighbor adjacencies
B. To flood linkstate advertisements (LSAs)
C. To calculate the shortest path tree (SPT)
D. To synchronize the linkstate databases (LSDBs) of neighboring routers
Correct Answer: D. To synchronize the linkstate databases (LSDBs) of neighboring routers
Explanation: DBD packets are used during the OSPF neighbor establishment process to
synchronize LSDBs.

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41. What is the OSPF router priority used for in the election of the designated router (DR)
and backup designated router (BDR)?
A. It is used to determine which router becomes the DR and BDR.
B. It is used as a tiebreaker in case of equal OSPF router IDs.
C. It is used to calculate the OSPF cost to reach the DR and BDR.
D. It is used to prioritize OSPF traffic over other routing protocols.
Correct Answer: A. It is used to determine which router becomes the DR and BDR.
Explanation: The router with the highest OSPF router priority becomes the DR, and the
second highest becomes the BDR.

42. In OSPF, what is the OSPF area ID 0.0.0.0 used for?

A. It is used to represent the backbone area (Area 0).
B. It is used to represent a stub area.
C. It is used to represent a totally stubby area.
D. It is used to represent an NSSA.
Correct Answer: A. It is used to represent the backbone area (Area 0).
Explanation: The area ID 0.0.0.0 is reserved for the backbone area.

43. What is the OSPF linkstate advertisement (LSA) type 2 used for?
A. Router LSA
B. Network LSA
C. Summary LSA (interarea)
D. ASBR summary LSA
Correct Answer: B. Network LSA
Explanation: Type 2 LSAs are generated by the DR to advertise the presence of a network
segment.

44. What OSPF area type allows external routes (type 5 LSAs) but does not allow interarea
routes (type 3 LSAs)?
A. Backbone area
B. Stub area
C. Totally stubby area
D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Correct Answer: D. Notsostubby area (NSSA)
Explanation: NSSAs allow external routes but do not allow type 3 LSAs for interarea
routes.

45. In OSPF, what is the purpose of the OSPF hello protocol?

A. To establish neighbor adjacencies
B. To flood linkstate advertisements (LSAs)
C. To calculate the shortest path tree (SPT)

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D. To elect the designated router (DR) and backup designated router (BDR)
Correct Answer: A. To establish neighbor adjacencies
Explanation: The OSPF hello protocol is used to discover and maintain neighbor
adjacencies.

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