Application of Derivatives

Previous Years' CBSE Board Questions

Based on Rate of Change of Quantities

1. For the curve y = 5x – 2x3, if x increases at the rate of 2 units/sec, then at x = 3 the slope
of the curve is changing at_________.
[CBSE SQP 2019-20]
Solution

Given curve is y = 5x – 2x3

𝑑𝑦
Slope of this curve is 𝑑𝑥 = 5 − 6𝑥 2 = 𝑚(𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
As given, = 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑥
𝑁𝑜𝑤, = −12. 𝑥.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑚
∴ ( ) = −12.3.2 = −72
𝑑𝑡 𝑥=3
∴ Slope of the curve is decreasing at the rate of 72 units/sec.

2. A particle moves along the curve x2 = 2y. At what point, ordinate increases at the same
rate as abscissa increases?
[CBSE SQP 2019-20]
Solution

We have, x2 = 2y … (i)

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 2𝑥 =2 (𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛, = )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 2𝑥 =2 ⇒𝑥=1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1
From (i), y = 2
1
So, point is (1, 2).

1
3. The radius of a circle is increasing at the uniform rate of 3 cm/sec. At the instant when
the radius of the circle is 2 cm, its area increases at the rate of_________ cm2/s.
[CBSE 2020]
Solution

𝑑𝑟
Let r be the radius and A be the area of circle. Given that 𝑑𝑡 = 3 cm/sec …(i)

We know that, area of circle A = πr2

𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
∴ = 2𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑟. 3 [Using (i)]
𝑑𝑡

= 6𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝐴
∴ ( 𝑑𝑡 ) = 12𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠
𝑟=2 𝑐𝑚

OR
𝑑𝑟
=3
𝑑𝑡
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟 2
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
= 2𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴
( ) = 2𝜋(2)(3) = (𝜕𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 (sec ).
𝑑𝑡 𝑟=𝜕

4. The amount of pollution content added in air in a city due to x-diesel vehicles is given by
P(x) = 0.005x3 + 0.02x2 + 30x. Find the marginal increase in pollution content when 3
diesel vehicles are added and write which value is indicated in the above question.
[CBSE 2013]
Solution

We have, P(x) = 0.005x3 + 0.02x2 + 30x

𝑑𝑃
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0.015𝑥 2 + 0.04𝑥 + 30
𝑑𝑃
Now, (𝑑𝑥 ) = 0.015 × 32 + 0.04 × 3 + 30
𝑥=3

= 30.255

2
 Value indicated in the question is that the increase in pollution is due to the increase in
use of diesel vehicles.

5. The money to be spent for the welfare of the employees of a firm is proportional to the
rate of change of its total revenue (marginal revenue). If the total revenue (in rupees)
received from the sale of x units of a product is given by R(x) = 3x2 + 36x + 5, find the
marginal revenue, when x = 5, and write which value does the question indicate.
[CBSE 2013]
Solution

Total revenue is given by

R(x) = 3x2 + 36x + 5

𝑑𝑅
∴ Marginal revenue = 𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑥 + 36
𝑑𝑅
Now, (𝑑𝑥 ) = 6 × 5 + 36 = 66
𝑥=5

Value indicated in the question is that more amount of money is spent for the welfare of
the employees with the increase in marginal revenue.

6. The total cost C(x) associated with provision of free mid-day meals to x students of a
school in primary classes is given by
C(x) = 0.005x3 – 0.02x2 + 30x + 50
𝑑𝐶
If the marginal cost is given by rate of change 𝑑𝑥 of total cost, write the marginal cost of

food for 300 students. What value is shown here?

[CBSE 2013C]
Solution

Given, C(x) = 0.005x3 – 0.02x2 + 30x + 50

𝑑𝐶
Marginal cost = 𝑑𝑥 = 0.015𝑥 2 − 0.04𝑥 + 30
𝑑𝐶
Now, (𝑑𝑥 ) = 0.015 × 3002 − 0.04 × 300 + 30
𝑥=300

= 1350- 12 + 30 = 1368.

3
 The value indicated here is that a kind of care and concern is shown towards the health of
students of primary classes by providing free mid-day meal to them.

7. The total expenditure (in Rs.) required for providing the cheap edition of a book for poor
and deserving students is given by R(x) = 3x2 + 36x, where x is the number of sets of
𝑑𝑅
books. If the marginal expenditure is defined as 𝑑𝑥 , write the marginal expenditure

required for 1200 such sets. What value is reflected in this question?
[CBSE 2013C]
Solution

Here, R(x) = 3x2 + 36x

𝑑𝑅
∴ Marginal expenditure = 𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑥 + 36
𝑑𝑅
( ) = 6 × 1200 + 36 = 7236
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=1200
The value indicated here is that a kind of help is provided to poor and deserving students
who want to study but they don’t have sources to purchases books.
8. The total cost C(x) associated with the production of x units of an item is given by C(x)
0.005x3 – 0.02x2 + 30x + 5000. Find the marginal cost when 3 units are produced, where
by marginal cost we mean the instantaneous rate of change of total cost at any level of
output.
[CBSE 2018]
Solution

We have, C(x) = 0.005x3 – 0.02x2 + 30x + 5000

𝑑𝐶
⇒ = 0.015𝑥 2 − 0.04𝑥 + 30
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐶
𝑁𝑜𝑤, ( ) = 0.015 × 32 − 0.04 × 3 + 30 = 30.015
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=3

4
9. The volume of a sphere is increasing at the rate of 3 cubic centimeter per second. Find the
rate of Increase of its surface area, when the radius is 2 cm.
[CBSE 2017]
Solution

Let r, S and V respectively be the radius, surface area and volume of sphere at any time t.

𝑑𝑉
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, = 3 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑡
4 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟
𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3 ⇒ = 4𝜋𝑟 2
3 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟 3
⇒ =
𝑑𝑡 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑟
𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜, 𝑆 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 ⇒ = 8𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆 6
⇒ =
𝑑𝑡 𝑟
𝑑𝑆 6
∴ ( ) = = 3 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑡 𝑟=2 2

10. The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 9 cm3/s. How fast is its surface area
increasing when the length of an edge is 10 cm?
[CBSE 2017]
Solution

𝑑𝑣
We have, 𝑑𝑡
= 9 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠 and I = 10 cm

Volume of cube (v) = I3

𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑𝑙
∴ = (𝐼)2 = 9 ⇒ 3𝐼 2 = 9
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑙 3
⇒ = 2 … (𝑖)
𝑑𝑡 𝐼
And, surface area of cube (A) = 6𝐼 2
𝑑𝐴 𝑑 𝑑𝐼 3
∴ = (6𝐼 2 ) = 12𝐼 = 12𝐼 × 2 (𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖))
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐼

5
 36
=
𝐼
𝑑𝐴 36
∴ ( ) = = 3.6 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠
𝑑𝑡 𝐼=10 10
11. A ladder 13 m long is leaning against a vertical wall. The bottom of the ladder is dragged
away from the wall along the ground at the rate of 2 cm/sec. How fast is the height on the
wall decreasing when the foot of the ladder is 5 m away from the wall?
[CBSE 2019]
Solution

Let foot of the ladder is at a distance x from the wall and height on the wall is y.

Here, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (13)2 [Using Pythagoras theorem]

Differentiating with respect to t, we get
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ =
𝑑𝑡 𝑦 𝑑𝑡
When x = 5 m, y2 = (13)2 = 169 – 25 = 144
∴ 𝑦 = 12 𝑚
𝑑𝑥
Also, = 2 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 [𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛]
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 −5 −5
∴ = ×2= 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑡 12 6

12. The side of an equilateral triangle is increasing at the rate of 2 cm/s. At what rate is its
area increasing when the side of the triangle is 20 cm?
[CBSE 2015]
Solution

Let ‘a’ be the side of an equilateral triangle.

𝑑𝑎
Then = 2𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑡

Let ‘A’ be the area of an equilateral triangle, then

6
 √3 2 𝑑𝐴 √3 𝑑𝑎 √3 𝑑𝑎
𝐴= 𝑎 ⇒ =2 × 𝑎 = 𝑎
4 𝑑𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴 √3
∴ ( 𝑑𝑡 ) = × 20 × 2 = 20√3 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑎=20 2

13. The sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec. Find the rate at
which the area increases, when the side is 10 cm.
[CBSE 2014C]
Solution

Let ‘a’ be the side of an equilateral triangle.

𝑑𝑎
Then = 2 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑡

Let ‘A’ be the area of an equilateral triangle, then

√3 2 𝑑𝐴 √3 𝑑𝑎 √3 𝑑𝑎
𝐴= 𝑎 ⇒ =2 × 𝑎 = 𝑎
4 𝑑𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴 √3
∴ ( ) = × 10 × 2 = 10√3 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐.
𝑑𝑡 𝑎=10 2

Based on Increasing and Decreasing Functions

14. The interval, in which function 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 6 is increasing, is
(a) (−∞, −4) ∪ (0, ∞) (b) (−∞, −4)
(c) (−4, 0) (d) (−∞, 0) ∪ (4, ∞)
[CBSE 2021-22]
Solution

𝑑𝑦
(a) : Given, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 6 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥

dy
For increasing, > 0 ⇒ 3x 2 + 12x > 0 ⇒ 3𝑥(x + 4) > 0
dx

So, y is strictly increasing in (−∞, −4), ∪ (0, ∞).

7
15. Find the intervals in which the function f given by
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥² − 4𝑥 + 6 is strictly increasing.
(a) (−∞, 2) ∪ (2, ∞) (b) (2, ∞) (c) (−∞, 2) (d) (−∞, 2] ∪ (2, ∞)
[CBSE SQP 2021-22]
Solution

(b): We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥² − 4𝑥 + 6

⇒ 𝑓′(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4
∵ 𝑓(𝑥) is strictly increasing.
∴ 𝑓′(𝑥) > 0
⇒ 2𝑥 − 4 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 > 2
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (2, ∞)
16. The real function f(x) = 2𝑥³ − 3𝑥² − 36𝑥 + 7 is
(a) Strictly increasing in (−∞, −2) and strictly decreasing in (−2, ∞)
(b) Strictly decreasing in (-2, 3)
(c) Strictly decreasing in (−∞, 3) and strictly increasing in (3, ∞)
(d) Strictly decreasing in (−∞, −2) ∪ (3, ∞)
[CBSE SQP 2021-22]
Solution

(b): We have, f(x) = 2𝑥³ − 3𝑥² − 36𝑥 + 7

⇒ 𝑓′(𝑥) = 6𝑥² − 6𝑥 − 36 − 6(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6)

= 6(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is strictly increasing in (−∞, −2) ∪ (3, ∞) and strictly decreasing in (−2, 3).

17. The value of b for which the function f(x) = x + cos x + b is strictly decreasing over R is
(a) b < 1 (b) No value of b exists
(c) b ≤ 1 (d) b ≥ 1
[CBSE SQP 2021-22]

8
 Solution

(b) : We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑏

⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 − sin 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≥ 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅

⇒ No such value of b exists
18. The function (x – sin x) decreases for
𝜋 𝜋
(a) all x (b) 𝑥 < (c) 0 < 𝑥 < (d) no value of x
2 4

[CBSE 2021-22]

Solution

(d) : Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − sin 𝑥

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 − cos 𝑥

For function to be decreasing, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0
⇒ 1 − cos 𝑥 < 0 ⇒ cos 𝑥 > 1,
Which is not possible, because maximum value of cos x is 1.
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − sin 𝑥) doesn’t decrease at any value of x.

𝜋
19. Find the intervals in which the function f given by f(x) = tan x – 4x, 𝑥 ∈ (0, 2 ) is

(a) strictly increasing (b) strictly decreasing

[CBSE SQP 2020-21]
Solution

We have, f(x) = tan x – 4x

⇒ 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐²𝑥 − 4
(a) For f(x) to be strictly increasing. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0
⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐²𝑥 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐²𝑥 > 4

2
1 2
1 2
⇒ cos 𝑥 < ⇒ cos 𝑥 < ( )
4 2
1 1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
⇒ − < cos 𝑥 < ⇒ < 𝑥 < (∵ 𝑥 ∈ (0, ))
2 2 3 2 2

9
 (b) For f(x) to be strictly decreasing, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0
⇒ sec 2 𝑥 − 4 < 0 ⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 < 4
1 1 2
⇒ cos 2 𝑥 > ⇒ cos 2 𝑥 > ( )
4 2
1 𝜋 𝜋
⇒ cos 𝑥 > [∵ 𝑥 ∈ (0, )] ⇒ 0 < 𝑥 <
2 2 3

20. Find the interval in which the function f given by 𝑓(𝑥) − 7 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 is strictly
increasing.
[CBSE 2020]

Solution

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 7 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦
∴ = −4 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
For strictly increasing, 𝑑𝑥 > 0

⇒ −4 − 2𝑥 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 < −2
∴ Required interval is (−∞, −2).
21. Show that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥³ − 18𝑥² + 27𝑥 − 7 is always increasing on R.
[CBSE 2017]
Solution

We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2 + 27𝑥 − 7

⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 27

9 9
= 12 (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + − ) + 27
4 4
3 2 3 2
= 12 (𝑥 − ) − 27 + 27 = 12 (𝑥 − ) ≥ 0 ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
2 2
Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is always increasing on R.

10
 𝑥4
22. Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 12 is
4

(a) strictly increasing (b) strictly decreasing

[CBSE 2018]
Solution

𝑥4
We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 12 …(i)
4

f(x) being polynomial function is continuous and derivable on R.

Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get
4𝑥 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 24
4
= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 24
= (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 12) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 3)
(a) For increasing, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 3) > 0
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (4, ∞) ∪ (−3, 2)
(b) For decreasing, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 3) < 0
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (2, 4) ∪ (−∞, −3)

23. Find the intervals in which the function

𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 5 is
(a) strictly increasing (b) strictly decreasing
[CBSE 2014]
Solution

We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 5

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 = 12𝑥(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2)

11
 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)
Now, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
⇒ 12𝑥(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2
Hence these points divide the whole real line into four disjoint open intervals namely
(−∞, −1), (−1, 0), (0, 2) and (2, ∞).
Interval Sing of 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) Nature of function
(−∞, −1) (−)(−)(−) < 0 Strictly decreasing
(−1, 0) (−)(+)(−) > 0 Strictly increasing
(0, 2) (+)(+)(−) < 0 Strictly decreasing
(2, ∞) (+)(+)(+) > 0 Strictly increasing

(a) f(x) is strictly increasing in (−1, 0) ∪ (2, ∞).

(b) f(x) is strictly decreasing in (−∞, −1) ∪ (0, 2).

24. Find the value(s) of x for which y = [x (x – 2)]2 is an increasing function.

[CBSE 2014]
Solution

Here, 𝑦 = [𝑥(𝑥 − 2)]2 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 2)2

𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 2𝑥(𝑥 − 2)2 + 2𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 2) = 2𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 2) = 4𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
For y to be an increasing function, 𝑑𝑥 > 0

⇒ 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) > 0

Case 1: When −∞ < 𝑥 < 0
𝑑𝑦
< 0 ⇒ y is an decresing function.
𝑑𝑥
Case 2 : When 0 < 𝑥 < 1
𝑑𝑦
> 0 ⇒ 𝑦 is an increasing function.
𝑑𝑥
Case 3: When 1 < 𝑥 < 2

12
 𝑑𝑦
< 0 ⇒ 𝑦 is a decreasing function.
𝑑𝑥
Case 4: When 2 < 𝑥 < ∞
𝑑𝑦
> 0 ⇒ 𝑦 is an increasing function.
𝑑𝑥
∴ y is an increasing function in [0, 1] ∪ [2, ∞)

3
25. Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥³ − 45𝑥² + 51 is

(i) strictly increasing (ii) strictly decreasing

[CBSE 2014]
Solution

3
We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 − 45𝑥 2 + 51

f(x) being a polynomial function is continuous and derivable on R.

Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get
3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = × 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 − 90𝑥
2
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 − 90𝑥 = 6𝑥(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 15)
= 6𝑥(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 3)
(i) for strictly increasing, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0
⇒ 6𝑥(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 3) > 0
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (−3, 0) ∪ (5, ∞)
(ii) for strictly decreasing, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0
⇒ 6𝑥(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 3) < 0
⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, −3) ∪ (0, 5)
26. Find the intervals in which 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋, is strictly increasing or
strictly decreasing.
[CBSE 2016]
Solution

13
 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 3𝑥 − cos 3𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3 cos 3𝑥 + 3 sin 3𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 3 cos 3𝑥 = −3 sin 3𝑥

⇒ cos 3𝑥 = − sin 3𝑥 ⇒ tan 3𝑥 = −1
3𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
which gives 3𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟
4 4 4
𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 [∵ 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋]
4 12 12
𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
Then points 𝑥 = , 𝑥 = and 𝑥 = divide the interval
4 12 12
(0, π)into four disjoint intervals,
𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 11𝜋
(0, ) , ( , ) , ( , ),( , 𝜋)
4 4 12 12 12 12
𝜋
Now, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 in (0, )
4
𝜋 7𝜋
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 in ( , )
4 12
π 7π
⇒ f is strictly decreasing in ( , )
4 12
7𝜋 11𝜋
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 in ( , )
12 12
7π 11π
⇒ f is striclty increasing in ( , )
12 12
11𝜋
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 in ( , 𝜋)
12
11π
⇒ f is strictly decreasing in ( , π)
12
Hence, f is strictly increasing in the intervals
𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
(0, ) ∪ ( , )
4 12 12
and f is strictly decreasing in the intervals
𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
( , ) ∪( , 𝜋)
4 12 12

14
27. Prove that the function f defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥² − 𝑥 + 1 is neither increasing nor
decreasing in (−1, 1). Hence, find the intervals in which 𝑓(𝑥) is (i) strictly increasing (ii)
strictly decreasing.
[CBSE 2014C]
Solution

Here, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1; 𝑥 ∈ (−1, 1)

⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1
1 1
Now, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2 (𝑥 − ) > 0 for < 𝑥 < 1
2 2
1
⇒ f is striclty increasing in ( , 1)
2
1 1
Also 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2 (𝑥 − ) < 0 for − 1 < 𝑥 <
2 2
1
⇒ f is strictly decreasing in (−1, ).
2
Thus f is neither increasing nor decreasing in (−1, 1).

Based on MAXIMA AND MINIMA

𝜋
28. The least value of the function f(x) = 2 cos x + x in the closed interval [0, 2 ] is
𝜋
(a) 2 (b) 6 + √3
𝜋
(c) 2 (d) The least value does not exist.

[CBSE SQP 2021-22]

Solution

(c) : We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑥

⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −2 sin 𝑥 + 1 ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −2 cos 𝑥

For critical points, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ −2 sin 𝑥 + 1 = 0
1 𝜋 𝜋
⇒ sin 𝑥 = = sin ( ) (∵ 𝑥 ∈ [0, ])
2 6 2

15
 𝜋
⇒𝑥=
6
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) (𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = ) = −2 cos = −√3 < 0
6 6
𝜋
So, 𝑥 = is the point of maxima.
6
𝜋 𝜋
𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝑓(0) = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ( ) = = 1.57
2 2
𝜋
⇒ Least value of 𝑓(𝑥) = 1.57 𝑖. 𝑒. , 2

29. The area of a trapezium is defined by function f and given by 𝑓(𝑥) = (10 +
𝑥)√100 − 𝑥 2 , then the area when it is maximised is
(a) 75 cm2 (b) 7√3 cm2 (c) 75√3 cm2 (d) 5 cm2
[CBSE SQP 2021-22]
Solution

(c) : We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = (10 + 𝑥)√100 − 𝑥 2

Which will give some real area if – 10 < x < 10

(10 + 𝑥) × (−2𝑥)
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = + √100 − 𝑥 2 × 1
2√100 − 𝑥 2
−2𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 100
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
√100 − 𝑥 2
For critical points, put
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 50 = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 10)(𝑥 − 5) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = −10 𝑜𝑟 5 ⇒ 𝑥 = 5 [∵ −10 < 𝑥 < 10]
Now, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥)
1 (−2𝑥)
(√100 − 𝑥 2 )(−4𝑥 − 10) + (2𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 100) × 2
√100 − 𝑥 2
=
(100 − 𝑥 2 )
2𝑥 3 − 300𝑥 − 1000 ′′ (5)
−30
= ⇒ 𝑓 = <0
(100 − 𝑥 2 )3/2 √75
∴ Maximum area of trapezium

16
 = (10 + 5)(√75) = 75√3 𝑐𝑚2

30. The maximum value of [𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 1]1/3 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 is

1 3 1
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) √3

[CBSE SQP 2021-22]

Solution

(c) : Let 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 1]1/3 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

2𝑥 − 1
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
3(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)2/3
For critical points, put 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
1
⇒ 𝑥= ∈ [0, 1]
2
1 3 1/3
Now, 𝑓(0) = 1, 𝑓 ( ) = )
( and 𝑓(1) = 1
2 4
∴ Maximum value of 𝑓(𝑥) is 1
31. The value of x for which (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) is maximum, is
(a) 3/4 (b) 1/2 (c) 1/3 (d) 1/4
[CBSE 2021-22]
Solution

(b) : Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2

∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 − 2𝑥
For critical point, let f(x) = 0
⇒ 1 − 2𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1/2
Now, at x = 1/2, f’’(x) = – 2 < 0
So, f(x) has maximum value at x = 1/2.
32. A wire of length 20 cm is bent in the form of a sector of a circle. The maximum area that
can be enclosed by the wire is
(a) 20 sq.cm (b) 25 sq.cm (c) 10 sq.cm (d) 30 sq.cm
[CBSE 2021-22]

17
 Solution

(b) : Let r be the radius, θ be the central angle and l be the length of the circular sector.

Given, I + 2r = 20
20 − 2𝑟
⇒ 𝑟𝜃 + 2𝑟 = 20 (∵ 𝐼 = 𝑟𝜃) ⇒ 𝜃 =
𝑟
Let A be the area of the circular sector.
𝜋𝑟 2 𝜃 𝑟 2 20 − 2𝑟
∴ 𝐴= = .( ) = 𝑟(10 − 𝑟)
2𝜋 2 𝑟
𝑑𝐴
⇒ = 10 − 2𝑟
𝑑𝑟
For maximum or minimum value of A, we have
𝑑𝐴 𝑑2𝐴
= 0 ⇒ 𝑟 = 5 and 2 = −2 < 0
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
∴ Area is maximum at r = 5
∴ Maximum area, A = 5(10 – 5) = 25 cm2
3𝜋
33. The absolute minimum value of f(x) = 2 sin x in [0, ] is_______.
2

[CBSE 2020]
Solution

Here, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥

⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2 cos 𝑥
Putting 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 2 cos 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ cos 𝑥 = 0
𝜋 3𝜋
⇒ 𝑥= ,
2 2
𝜋 3𝜋
∴ , are the crticial points
2 2
𝜋
At 𝑥 = , 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 × 1 = 2
2
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = , 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 sin (𝜋 + ) = −2 sin = −2
2 2 2
Hence, absolute minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥) is – 2.

18
 b
34. The least value of the function f(x) = ax + x (a > 0, b > 0, x > 0) is______.

[CBSE 2020]
Solution

𝑏
We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥

∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑎 − (𝑏/𝑥 2 )

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
Putting 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 − 2
= 0 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = √ (𝑎𝑠 𝑥 > 0)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑎

The least value of f(x) is

𝑏 𝑏 𝑎
𝑓 (√ ) = 𝑎 (√ ) + √ = √𝑎𝑏 + √𝑎𝑏 = 2√𝑎𝑏
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏

35. An open tank with a square base and vertical sides is to be constructed from a metal sheet
so as to hold a given quantity of water. Show that the cost of material will be least when
depth of the tank is half of its width. If the cost is to be borne by nearby settled lower
income families, for whom water will be provided, what kind of value is hidden in this
question?
[CBSE 2018]
Solution

Let x be the side of square base and y be the height of the open tank.

∴ 𝐼 = 𝑥, 𝑏 = 𝑥 and h = y
Where I, b and h be the length, breadth and height of tank respectively.
𝑉
Volume of tank V = 𝑥 2 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 =
𝑥2

The cost of the material will be least if the total surface area is least.
Total surface area of tank (S) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦
𝑉 𝑉
⇒ 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 ( 2 ) (∵ 𝑦 = )
𝑥 𝑥2
4𝑉 𝑑𝑆 4𝑉
⇒ 𝑆 = 𝑥2 + ⇒ = 2𝑥 − 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

19
 𝑑𝑆
For maxima or minima, 𝑑𝑥 = 0
4𝑉
⇒ 2𝑥 − = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 3 = 2𝑉 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝑦 (∵ 𝑉 = 𝑥 2 𝑦)
𝑥2
𝑑2𝑆 8𝑉
Also, 2
= 2+ 3 > 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
∴ Cost of material is least, when 𝑦 = 2

i.e., the depth of the tank is half of its width.

As the cost is borne by nearby settled lower income families it shows that they are
spending money on social welfare so that no body will face the water problem in future.
It shows social responsibility.

36. Show that the height of the right circular cylinder of greatest volume which can be
inscribed in a right circular cone of height h and radius r is one-third of the height of the
4
cone, and the greatest volume of the cylinder is 9 times the volume of the cone.

[CBSE 2020]
Solution

𝑟 𝑅
We have, tan 𝜃 = ℎ = ℎ−𝐻

𝐻
⇒ 𝑅 = 𝑟 (1 − )
ℎ
𝐻 2
Now, volume of cylinder (V) = πr2H = 𝜋𝑟 2 (1 − ℎ ) 𝐻
𝑑𝑉
For maximum volume, 𝑑𝐻 = 0

𝐻 1 𝐻 2
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 [𝐻 × 2 (1 − ) × − + (1 − ) ] = 0
ℎ ℎ ℎ
4𝐻 3𝐻 2
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 [− + 2 + 1] = 0
ℎ ℎ
𝐻 3𝐻
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 ( − 1) ( − 1) = 0
ℎ ℎ
ℎ
⇒ 𝐻= [∵ 𝐻 ≠ ℎ]
3
1
So, height of cylinder = 3 of height of cone

20
Also, maximum volume of cylinder
1 2 ℎ 1 4
= 𝜋𝑟 (1 − ) × = ( 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ) ×
2
3 3 3 9
4
= of volume of cone.
9
OR
Let the cone be represented by ABC and the cylinder have radius and height x and y
respectively.
∴ As ΔAEF and ΔAGC are
Similar
ℎ−𝑦 𝑥
= =
ℎ 𝑟
ℎ − 𝑥ℎ
𝑟ℎ − 𝑟𝑦 = 𝑥ℎ ⇒ =𝑦
𝑟
Volume of the cylinder 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜋𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑉= (𝑟ℎ − 𝑥ℎ)
𝑟
𝜋𝑥 3 ℎ
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑥 2 ℎ −
𝑟
Differentiating with respect to x
𝑑𝑉 8𝜋𝑥 2 ℎ
⇒ = 2𝜋𝑥ℎ − … (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑟
𝑑𝑉
for maximum volume =0
𝑑𝑥
8𝜋𝑥 2 ℎ
⇒ 2𝜋𝑥ℎ =
𝑟
2
⇒ 2𝑟 = 3𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑟
3
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x
𝑑2𝑦 6𝜋𝑥ℎ
⇒ 2 = 2𝜋ℎ −
𝑑𝑥 𝑟
𝑑2 𝑉 6𝜋2𝑟ℎ
( 2) = 2𝜋ℎ − = 2𝜋ℎ − 4𝜋ℎ = −2𝜋ℎ < 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=2𝑟 3𝑟
3
2r
for maximum volume x =
3
21
 2
𝑟ℎ − 𝑥ℎ 𝑟ℎ − 3 𝑟ℎ ℎ
𝑦= = =
𝑟 𝑟 3
1
∴ Height of the right cylinder with maximum volume is 3 𝑟𝑑 height of cone.

1𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 =
3
π4r 2 h 4πr 2 h 4 1 2
Maximum volume of the cylinder = πx 2 y = = = ( πr h)
9 3 27 9 3
4
= (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒)
9
Hence proved.

37. Find the minimum value of (ax + by), where xy = c2.

[CBSE 2020, 2015]
Solution

Let 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦, where 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2

𝑐2
⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 ( ) … (𝑖)
𝑥
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑𝑢 𝑏𝑐 2 𝑑2 𝑢 2𝑏𝑐 2
= 𝑎 − 2 and = 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
For critical points, 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑏𝑐 2 2
𝑏𝑐 2
⇒ = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 =
𝑥2 𝑎

𝑏
∴ 𝑥 = ±√ 𝑐
𝑎

3
𝑏 𝑑2 𝑢 𝑎 1
At 𝑥 = √ 𝑐, 2 = 2𝑏𝑐 2 (√ × )
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑐

2𝑏𝑐 2 𝑎√𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
= 3
( )=2 √ >0
𝑐 𝑏√𝑏 𝑐 𝑏

22
 b
⇒ u is minimum at x = c√
a

𝑏 𝑑2 𝑢 𝑎 1
At 𝑥 = − √ 𝑐, 2 = −2𝑏𝑐 2 (√ × ) < 0
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑐

𝑏
⇒ 𝑢 is maximum at 𝑥 = −√ 𝑐
𝑎

𝑏
The minimum value of u at 𝑥 = √ 𝑐 is
𝑎

𝑏 𝑎 1
𝑢 = 𝑎 (√ 𝑐) + 𝑏𝑐 2 (√ × )
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

= 𝑐√𝑎𝑏 + √𝑏𝑎𝑐 = 2𝑐√𝑎𝑏

38. A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides, open at the top is to be constructed so
that its depth is 2 m and volume is 8 m3. If building of tank costs Rs. 70 per square metre
for the base and Rs. 45 per square metre for the sides, what is the cost of least expensive
tank?
[CBSE 2019]
Solution

Let a m and b m be the length and breadth of rectangular tank respectively.

∴ Volume of tank = 2ab = 9 [Given]

4
⇒ 𝑎𝑏 = 4 ⇒ 𝑏 = … (𝑖)
𝑎
If C is the total cost in rupees, then
𝐶 = 70(𝑎𝑏) + 45(2𝑎 + 2𝑏) × 2
⇒ 𝐶 = 70𝑎𝑏 + 90(2𝑎 + 2𝑏)
4 4
⇒ 𝐶 = 70(𝑎) ( ) + 180 (𝑎 + ) [𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑖)]
𝑎 𝑎

23
 720
⇒ 𝐶 = 280 + 180𝑎 + … (𝑖𝑖)
𝑎
Differentiating (ii) w.r.t. ‘a’, we get
𝑑𝐶 720 𝑑2 𝐶 720 × 2
= 180 − 2 and 2 =
𝑑𝑎 𝑎 𝑑𝑎 𝑎3
For maximum or minimum cost,
𝑑𝐶 720
= 0 ⇒ 180 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2
𝑑𝑎 𝑎
𝑑2𝐶
For 𝑎 = 2, > 0 ⇒ 𝐶 is least
𝑑𝑎2
Using (i), 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑏 = 2
Hence, cost of least expensive tank is
C = 280 + 360 + 360 = Rs. 1000

𝑥2 𝑦2
39. Find the area of the greatest rectangle that can be inscribed in an ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1.

[CBSE 2019, 2013]

Solution

𝑥2 𝑦2
Let ABCD be a rectangle inscribed in the ellipse, 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1

Let AB = 2q, DA = 2p.

Then coordinates of A are (p, q).
As A lies on the ellipse so
𝑝2 𝑞 2 2 2
𝑝2
+ = 1 ⇒ 𝑞 = 𝑏 (1 − )
𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑎2
Now area A of the rectangle ABCD = 2p.2q = 4pq
⇒ 𝐴2 = 16𝑝2 𝑞 2

2 2
𝑝2 2 2
𝑝4
= 16𝑝 . 𝑏 (1 − 2 ) = 16𝑏 (𝑝 − 2 )
𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝐴2 2
4𝑝3 𝑑 2 𝐴2 2
12𝑝2
∴ = 16𝑏 (2𝑝 − 2 ) and = 16𝑏 (2 − 2 )
𝑑𝑝 𝑎 𝑑𝑝2 𝑎
For A to be max. or min. so is A2,

24
 𝑑𝐴2 4𝑝3 2
𝑎2
= 0 ⇒ 2𝑝 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑝 = (∵ 𝑝 ≠ 0)
𝑑𝑝 𝑎 2
For this value of p.
𝑑 2 𝐴2 2
1
= 16𝑏 (2 − 12 × ) = 16𝑏 2 (−4) < 0
𝑑𝑝2 2
Hence, A2 is max. ⇒ A is max.
⇒ The area of the greatest rectangle inscribed in the ellipse

𝑎2 1
= 4𝑝𝑞 = 4. √ . √𝑏 2 (1 − ) = 2𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2

40. If the sum of lengths of the hypotenuse and a side of a right angled triangle is given show
𝜋
that the area of the triangle is maximum when the angle between them is 3 .

[CBSE 2017, 2016, 2014]

Solution

Let ABC be a right angled triangle with BC = x, AC = y such that x + y = k, where k is any
constant.

Let θ be the angle between the base and the hypotenuse.

Let P be the area of the triangle.
1 1
𝑃 = 2 × 𝐵𝐶 × 𝐴𝐵 = 2 × 𝑥√𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2

𝑥2 2
⇒ 𝑃 = (𝑦 − 𝑥 2 )
2
4
𝑥2
⇒ 𝑃 = [(𝑘 − 𝑥)2 − 𝑥 2 ]
2
4
𝑘 2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑘𝑥 3
2
⇒𝑃 =
4
2
𝑘 2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑘𝑥 3
Let Q = P i. e. Q =
4
∴ P is maximum when Q is maximum. Differentiating Q w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑𝑄 2𝑘 2 𝑥 − 6𝑘𝑥 2
= … (𝑖)
𝑑𝑥 4
For maximum or minimum area,

25
 𝑑𝑄 𝑘
= 0 ⇒ 𝑘 2 𝑥 − 3𝑘𝑥 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 3
Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑2 𝑄 2𝑘 2 − 12𝑘𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 2 4
𝑑2𝑄 −𝑘 2
∴ [ ] = <0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥=𝑘 2
3
𝑘
Thus, Q is maximum when 𝑥 = 3
𝑘
⇒ P is maximum at 𝑥 = 3
𝑘 𝑘 2𝑘
Now, 𝑥= ⇒𝑦=𝑘− = [∵ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑘]
3 3 3
𝑥 𝑘/3 1 𝜋
∴ cos 𝜃 = = = ⇒𝜃=
𝑦 2𝑘/3 2 3

41. Show that the surface area of a closed cuboid with square base and given volume is
minimum, when it is a cube.
[CBSE 2017]
Solution

Let V and S be the volume and the surface area of a closed cuboid of length = x units,
breadth = x units and height = y units respectively.

𝑉
Then, V = 𝑥 2 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 = … (𝑖)
𝑥2
and S = 2(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦) = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 … (𝑖𝑖)
𝑉
⇒ 𝑆 = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 ( ) [𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖)]
𝑥2
4𝑉 𝑑𝑆 4𝑉
⇒ 𝑆 = 2𝑥 2 + ⇒ = 4𝑥 − 2 … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑆
For maximum or minimum of S, =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑆 4𝑉
∴ = 0 ⇒ 4𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑉 = 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
⇒ 𝑥2𝑦 = 𝑥3

26
 ⇒𝑥=𝑦 [∵ 𝑉 = 𝑥 2 𝑦]
Differentiating (iii) with respect to x, we get
𝑑2𝑆 8𝑉 8𝑥 2 𝑦 8𝑦
2
= 4 + 3
= 4 + 3
= 4+
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑2𝑆
⇒( ) = 12 > 0.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑦=𝑥

Thus, S is minimum when x = y.

42. Show that the altitude of the right circular cone of maximum volume that can be
4𝑟
inscribed in a sphere of radius r is . Also find maximum volume in terms of volume of
3

the sphere.
[CBSE 2016,2014]
OR
Prove that the altitude of the right circular cone of maximum volume that can be
4𝑟
inscribed in a sphere of radius r is .
3

[CBSE 2013C]

OR
Prove that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R, is
8
of the volume of the sphere.
27

[CBSE 2013C]

Solution

Let ABC be a cone of maximum volume inscribed in the sphere.

Let OD = x

∴ 𝐵𝐷 = √𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 and AD = AO + OD
= 𝑟 + 𝑥 = altitude of cone.
Let V be the volume of cone.
1 1
𝑉 = 𝜋(𝐵𝐷)2 (𝐴𝐷) = 𝜋(𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 )(𝑟 + 𝑥)
3 3
27
 𝑑𝑉 1
⇒ = 𝜋[(𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 ) + (𝑟 + 𝑥)(−2𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 3
𝜋 2 𝑑2𝑉 𝜋
= [𝑟 − 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑟𝑥] and 2 = [−6𝑥 − 2𝑟]
3 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑𝑉
For maximum or minimum value 𝑑𝑥 = 0

⇒ 𝑟 2 − 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑟𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟 2 − 3𝑟𝑥 + 𝑟𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 = 0
⇒ (𝑟 − 3𝑥)(𝑟 + 𝑥) = 0
⇒ 𝑟 = 3𝑥 [∵ 𝑟 + 𝑥 ≠ 0]
𝑟
⇒𝑥=
3
𝑑2𝑉 𝜋 𝑟
Also, ( 2 ) = [−6 ( ) − 2𝑟]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝑟 3 3
3
𝜋 −4
= [−2𝑟 − 2𝑟] = 𝑟𝜋 < 0
3 3
𝑟
⇒ V is maximum when 𝑥 = 3
𝑟 4𝑟
and altitude of cone = AD = r + x = r + 3 = 3
𝑟
Also, maximum volume of cone when 𝑥 =
3
2
1 𝑟 𝑟 𝜋 8 4
= 𝜋 (𝑟 2 − ) (𝑟 + ) = ( 𝑟 2 ) ( 𝑟)
3 9 3 3 9 3
8 4 3 8
= ( 𝜋𝑟 ) = (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒)
27 3 27

43. Prove that the least perimeter of an isosceles triangle in which a circle of radius r can be
inscribed is 6√3r.
[CBSE 2016]
Solution

Let ΔABC be the given triangle and AD is the altitude of the isosceles
triangle ABC.

Since, ‘r’ be the radius of the inscribed circle.

28
So, OD = OE = OF = r, where O is the centre of the inscribed circle.
AB and AC are the equal sides.
BD = DC …(i)
BD = BE and CD = CF …(ii)
From (i) and (ii), BD = BE = DC = CF …(iii)
Similarly, AE = AF …(iv)
Perimeter of the triangle ABC = AB + BC + AC
= AE + BE + BD + DC + CF + AF
= 2AE + 4 BD (Using (iii) and (iv))
𝑂𝐸 𝑟 𝑟
In right triangle OEA, AE = tan 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 and AO = sin 𝑥
𝑟
In right triangle ABD, BD = AD tan x = (AO + OD) tan 𝑥 = (sin 𝑥 + 𝑟) tan 𝑥

Let P be the perimeter of triangle ABC.

So perimeter, (P) = 2AE + 4BD
2𝑟 𝑟
= + 4( + 𝑟) tan 𝑥
tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥
⇒ P(x) = r(2 cot x + 4 sec x + 4 tan x)
𝑑𝑃(𝑥)
For maximum or minimum perimeter, =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑃(𝑥)
⇒ = 𝑟(−2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 4 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 4 sec 2 𝑥) = 0
𝑑𝑥
2 4 sin 𝑥 4
⇒ 𝑟 (− 2 + + )=0
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥
2

−2 cos 2 𝑥 + 4 sin3 𝑥 + 4 sin2 𝑥

⇒ 𝑟( )=0
sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥
⇒ −2(1 − sin2 𝑥) + 4 sin3 𝑥 + 4 sin2 𝑥 = 0
⇒ 2 sin3 𝑥 + 3 sin2 𝑥 − 1 = 0
⇒ (sin 𝑥 + 1)(2 sin2 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 − 1) = 0
sin x cannot be – 1 because ‘x’ cannot be more than 900.
So, 2 sin2 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 − 1 = 0
⇒ (2 sin 𝑥 − 1)(sin 𝑥 + 1) = 0
Again, sin x cannot be – 1.
1
So 2 sin 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ sin 𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 300

29
 𝑑 2 𝑃(𝑥)
= 𝑟[4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + 4 sec 𝑥 tan2 𝑥 + 4 sec 3 𝑥 + 8 sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑃
∴ [ 2] >0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=300
So it is a point of minima for P(x)
Hence, least perimeter = [𝑃(𝑥)]𝑥=300 = 𝑟(2 cot 300 + 4 sec 300 + 4 tan 300 )
2 1 18
= 𝑟 (2√3 + 4 × +4 × ) = 𝑟 ( ) = 6√3𝑟
√3 √3 √3

𝑥
44. The sum of the surface areas of a cuboid with sides x, 2x and 3 and a sphere is given to be

constant. Prove that the sum of their volumes is minimum, if x is equal to three times the
radius of sphere. Also find the minimum value of the sum of their volumes.
[CBSE 2016]
OR
𝑥
The sum of surface areas of a sphere and a cuboid with sides 3, x and 2x is constant.

Show that the sum of their volumes is minimum if x is equal to three times the radius of
sphere.
[CBSE 2015C]
Solution

Surface area of cuboid = 2(lb + bh + hl)

2
2𝑥 2 𝑥 2
= 2 (2𝑥 + + ) = 6𝑥 2
3 3
Let radius of the sphere be r
Surface area of sphere = 4πr2
Therefore, 6x2 + 4πr2 = k (constant) …(i)
Now, sum of volumes of cuboid and sphere is
2 3 4 3
𝑉= 𝑥 + 𝜋𝑟 … (𝑖𝑖)
3 3
Putting the value of r from (i) into (ii), we get

30
 3/2
2 4 𝑘 − 6𝑥 2
𝑉 = 𝑥3 + 𝜋 ( ) … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
3 3 4𝜋
Differentiating (iii) w.r.t.'x’, we get
𝑑𝑉 2
4 1 3/2 3
= 2𝑥 + 𝜋 ( ) (𝑘 − 6𝑥 2 )1/2 (−12𝑥) … (𝑖𝑣)
𝑑𝑥 3 4𝜋 2
𝑑𝑉
For minimum or maximum value, 𝑑𝑥 = 0
3
𝑑𝑉 4 1 2 3 1
⇒ = 2𝑥 2 + 𝜋 ( ) . (𝑘 − 6𝑥 2 )2 (−12𝑥) = 0
𝑑𝑥 3 4𝜋 2
1
1 2 1
⇒ 2𝑥 2 = ( ) (𝑘 − 6𝑥 2 )2 (6𝑥)
4𝜋
1
1 2 1
⇒ 2𝑥 2 = ( ) (4𝜋𝑟 2 )2 (6𝑥) [𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖)]
4𝜋
⇒ 𝑥 = 3𝑟
Differentiating (iv) w.r.t'x, we get
1
𝑑2𝑉 1 2 1 (−12𝑥)
2
= 4𝑥 − ( ) [(6)[𝑘 − 6𝑥 2 ]2 + 6(𝑥) ]
𝑑𝑥 4𝜋 2(𝑘 − 6𝑥 2 )1/2
𝑑2𝑉 24𝜋𝑟 2 + 324𝑟 2
Now, [ 2 ] = >0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=3𝑟 4𝜋𝑟
Thus, V is minimum at x = 3r.
Further, minimum value of sum of their volume
2 3 4 3 2 3 4 𝑥 3 𝑥
= 𝑥 + 𝜋𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝜋 ( ) [∵ 𝑟 = ]
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 3 4 𝑥3 2 3 2𝜋 2 44
= 𝑥 + 𝜋 = 𝑥 (1 + ) = 𝑥 3 (1 + )
3 3 27 3 27 3 189
2 233 466 3
= 𝑥3. = 𝑥
3 189 567

45. Find the local maxima and local minima of the function f(x) = sin x – cos x, 0 < x < 2π.
Also find the local maximum and local minimum values.
[CBSE 2015]
Solution

31
We have, f(x) = sin x – cos x

⇒ f’(x) = cos x + sin x

For maxima or minima, f'(x) = 0
⇒ cos x + sin x = 0 ⇒ tan x = −1
3𝜋 7𝜋
⇒𝑥= ,
4 4
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = − sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
3𝜋 ′′ 3𝜋 3𝜋 1 1 −2
At 𝑥 = , 𝑓 (𝑥) = − sin + cos =− − = = −√2
4 4 4 √2 √2 √2
7π ′′ 7π 7π 1 1 2
𝐴𝑡 x = , f (x) = − sin + cos = + = = √2
4 4 4 √2 √2 √2
3𝜋
Since (f’’(x)) < 0 when 𝑥 = 4
3𝜋
∴ f(x) has local maxima at 𝑥 = 4
7𝜋
Since (f’’(x)) > 0 when 𝑥 = 4
7𝜋
∴ f(x) has local minima at 𝑥 = 4
3𝜋
∴ Local maximum value at 𝑥 = is
4
3𝜋 3𝜋 1 1 2
𝑓(𝑥) = sin − cos = + = = √2
4 4 √2 √2 √2
7𝜋
Local minimum value at 𝑥 = is
4
7𝜋 7𝜋 1 1 −2
𝑓(𝑥) = sin − cos =− − = = −√2
4 4 √2 √2 √2
Concept Applied
⇒ If f’(c) = 0 and f’’(c) < 0, then x = c is a point of local maxima.

46. Find the coordinates of a point of the parabola y = x2 + 7x + 2 which is closest to the
straight line y = 3x – 3.
[CBSE 2015]
Solution

Let P (h, k) be the coordinates of the point on given parabola.

32
 ∴ 𝑘 = ℎ2 + 7ℎ + 2 … (𝑖)
The distance S of P from the straight line – 3x + y + 3 = 0 is
−3ℎ + 𝑘 + 3 −3ℎ + ℎ2 + 7ℎ + 2 + 3
𝑆=| |=| | [𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖)]
√10 √10
ℎ2 + 4ℎ + 5 𝑓(ℎ)
=| | ∴ 𝑆=
√10 √10
⇒ S will be maximum or minimum according as f(h) is maximum or minimum.
Since, f(h) = h2 + 4h + 5
f'(h) = 2h + 4
For maxima or minima, f’(h) = 0
⇒ 2ℎ + 4 = 0 ⇒ ℎ = −2
Also, f’’(h) = 2 > 0 when h = – 2
S is minimum at h = – 2
Putting this value in (i), we get
𝑘 = (−2)2 + 7(−2) + 2 = 4 − 14 + 2 = −8
∴ The required coordinates are (−2, −8)

47. A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides open at the top is to be constructed so
that its depth is 3 m and volume is 75 m3. If building of tank costs Rs. 100 per square
metre for the base and Rs. 50 per square metre for the sides, find the cost of least
expensive tank.
[CBSE 2015C]
Solution

Let a m and b m be the sides of the base of the tank.

∴ Volume of the tank 𝑎. 𝑏. 3 = 75 𝑚3 (𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)

25
⇒ 𝑎𝑏 = 25 ⇒ 𝑏 = … (𝑖)
𝑎
33
 If C is the total cost in rupees, then
𝐶 = 𝑎 × 𝑏 × 100 + 2 × 3 × 𝑎 × 50 + 2 × 3 × 𝑏 × 50
25
= 100 𝑎𝑏 + 300(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 100 × 25 + 300 (𝑎 + )
𝑎
25
⇒ 𝐶 = 2500 + 300 (𝑎 + )
𝑎
Differentiating w.r.t. a, we get
𝑑𝐶 25
= 300 (1 − 2 ) and
𝑑𝑎 𝑎
𝑑2𝐶 25 × 2 300 × 50
2
= 300 (0 + 3
)=
𝑑𝑎 𝑎 𝑎3
For maximum or minimum cost,
𝑑𝐶 25
= 0 ⇒ 1 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 = 5𝑚
𝑑𝑎 𝑎
and from (i) b = 5 m
𝑑2𝐶
𝐴𝑡 𝑎 = 5; > 0 ⇒ 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚.
𝑑𝑎2
Hence, the least cost of the tank is
25
𝐶 = [2500 + 300 (5 + )] = [2500 + 3000] = 5500.
5

48. A point on the hypotenuse of a right triangle is at distance 'a' and 'b' from the sides of the
triangle. Show that the minimum length of the hypotenuse is (a2/3 + b2/3)3/2
[CBSE 2015C]
Solution

Let P be any point on the hypotenuse of the given right triangle.

Let PL = a, PM = b and AM = x.
Clearly, ΔCPL and ΔPAM are similar
𝑃𝐿 𝐴𝑀 𝑃𝐿. 𝑃𝑀 𝑎. 𝑏
∴ = ⇒ 𝐶𝐿 = = .
𝐶𝐿 𝑃𝑀 𝐴𝑀 𝑥
𝑎𝑏
Now 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑏 + 𝐶𝐿 = 𝑏 +
𝑥
From right ΔABC, AC2 = AB2 + BC2

34
Taking I = AC2

2
𝑎𝑏 2
∴ 𝐼 = (𝑥 + 𝑎) + (𝑏 + )
𝑥
𝑎 2
= (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + 𝑏 2 (1 + )
𝑥
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑𝐼 𝑎 −𝑎
= 2(𝑥 + 𝑎) + 𝑏 2 2 (1 + ) . 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2𝑎𝑏 2 (𝑥 + 𝑎) 𝑎𝑏 2
= 2(𝑥 + 𝑎) − = 2(𝑥 + 𝑎) [1 − 3 ]
𝑥3 𝑥
𝑑2𝐼 𝑎𝑏 2 3𝑎𝑏 2
and = 2.1 [1 − ] + 2(𝑥 + 𝑎).
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥3 𝑥4
∴ For maximum and minimum value of I,
𝑑𝐼 𝑎𝑏 2
= 0 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0 𝑜𝑟 1 − 3 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
As 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑀 ≮ 0 ∴ Reject 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0
1 2
∴ 𝑥 3 = 𝑎𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎3 𝑏 3
𝑑2 𝐼
For this value of x, clearly 𝑑𝑥 2 > 0

∴ I and consequently the hypotenuse AC is minimum (least).

Hence, the least value of AC is given by

𝑎 2 1 2
𝐴𝐶 = √(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + 𝑏 2 (1 + ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑎3 𝑏 3
𝑥

𝑏2 𝑏2
= √(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + (𝑥 + 𝑎) 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)√1 +
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑥+𝑎
=( ) √𝑏 2 + 𝑥 2
𝑥
1 2 3
𝑎3 𝑏 3 + 𝑎 2 2 2 2 2 2
=( 1 2 ) . 𝑏 3 √𝑏 3 + 𝑎3 = (𝑎3 + 𝑏3)
𝑎3 𝑏 3

35
49. Of all the closed right circular cylindrical cans of volume 128 π cm3, find the dimensions
of the can which has minimum surface area.
[CBSE 2014]
Solution

Let r and h be the radius and height of the cylindrical can respectively.

Therefore, the total surface area of the closed cylinder is given by

𝑺 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒉 + 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓(𝒓 + 𝒉) …(i)
Given volume of the can = 128π cm3
Also volume (V) = πr2h …(ii)
128
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 128𝜋 ⇒ ℎ = … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑟2
Putting the value of h in equation (i), we get
128 2
256
𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟 (𝑟 + ) = 2𝜋𝑟 + 𝜋 … (𝑖𝑣)
𝑟2 𝑟
Differentiating (iv) w.r.t. r, we get
𝑑𝑆 256𝜋
= 4𝜋𝑟 − 2 … (𝑣)
𝑑𝑟 𝑟
𝑑𝑆
Substituting 𝑑𝑟 = 0 for critical points, we get
256𝜋
4𝜋𝑟 − = 0 ⇒ 𝑟 3 = 64 ⇒ 𝑟 = 4 𝑐𝑚
𝑟2
Differentiating (v) w.r.t. r, we get
𝑑2𝑆 512
2
= 4𝜋 − 256𝜋(−2𝑟 −3 ) = 4𝜋 + 3 𝜋
𝑑𝑟 𝑟
𝑑2𝑆
∴ [ ] >0
𝑑𝑟 2 𝑟=4
Thus the total surface area of the cylinder is minimum when r = 4.
128 128
From (iii), we have ℎ = = =8
𝑟2 16

Thus radius = 4 cm and height = 8 cm.

50. Show that the semi vertical angle of the cone of the maximum volume and of given slant
1
height is cos−1 .
√3

[CBSE 2014]

36
 Solution

Let θ be the semi-vertical angle of the cone, V its volume, h its height, r base radius and slant
height I.

Then from ΔOAP,

𝑟 = 𝐼 sin 𝜃 , ℎ = 𝐼 cos 𝜃
Now,
𝟏 𝟐 1
𝑽= 𝝅𝒓 𝒉 = 𝜋𝐼 2 sin2 𝜃 . 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝟑 3
1 2 2
= 𝜋𝐼 sin 𝜃 . cos 𝜃
3
𝑑𝑉 1 3
⇒ = 𝜋𝐼 (2 sin 𝜃 . cos 𝜃 . cos 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 . sin 𝜃)
𝑑𝜃 3
1
= 𝜋𝐼 3 sin 𝜃 (2 cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃)
3
𝑑2𝑉 1 3
and = 𝜋𝐼 [cos 𝜃 (2 cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃) + sin 𝜃 (−4 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃)]
𝑑𝜃 2 3
1 3
= 𝜋𝐼 [cos 𝜃 (2 cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃) − 6 sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃]
3
For maximum or minimum value of θ,
𝑑𝑉
= 0 ⇒ sin 𝜃 (2 cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃) = 0
𝑑𝜃
⇒ sin 𝜃 = 0 𝑜𝑟 2 cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 = 0
⇒ 2 cos2 𝜃 − (1 − cos2 𝜃) = 0 [𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 ∶ sin 𝜃 ≠ 0 𝑎𝑠 𝜃 ≠ 0]
1 1
⇒ cos 2 𝜃 = ⇒ cos 𝜃 =
3 √3
1
⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 ( )
√3
1 √2
For cos 𝜃 = ⇒ sin 𝜃 =
√3 √3
𝑑 2 𝑉 1 2 1 2.1 2 2 1
∴ 2
= 𝜋𝐼 [ ( − ) − 6. . ]
𝑑𝜃 3 √3 3 3 3 √3
1 4
= 𝜋𝐼 3 (− ) < 0
3 √3

37
 1
∴ V is maximum for 𝜃 = cos −1 ( ).
√3

51. Prove that the semi vertical angle of the right circular cone of given volume and least
curved surface area is cos−1 √2.
[CBSE 2014]
Solution

Let r, h, I, V and S be respectively the base radius, height slant height, volume and curved
surface area of the cone. Then,

𝟏 𝟐
𝑰𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒉𝟐 , 𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓 𝒉 … (𝑖)
𝟑
and 𝐒 = 𝛑𝐫𝐥 = 𝛑𝐫√𝐫 𝟐 + 𝐡𝟐
3𝑉 3𝑉
⇒ 𝑆 2 = 𝜋 2 𝑟 2 (𝑟 2 + ℎ2 ) = 𝜋 2 ( + ℎ2 ) [𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑖)]
𝜋ℎ 𝜋ℎ
3𝑉
= 3𝜋𝑉 (𝜋ℎ2 + ℎ)

For S to be least, S2 is also least.

𝑑𝑆 2 −6𝑉
∴ = 3𝜋𝑉. ( 3 + 1) and
𝑑ℎ 𝜋ℎ
𝑑2𝑆 2 −6𝑉 −3 54𝑉 2
= 3𝜋𝑉 ( ). 4 = 4
𝑑ℎ2 𝜋 ℎ ℎ
For maximum or minimum S ( and so S2),
𝑑𝑆 2
= 0 ⇒ 6𝑉 = 𝜋ℎ3
𝑑ℎ
6𝑉 1/3
⇒ ℎ=( ) … (𝑖𝑖)
𝜋
𝑑2 𝑆 2 54𝑉 2
For this value of h, = 4 >0
𝑑ℎ2 ℎ
⇒ 𝑆 2 and therefore S is least.
ℎ ℎ 𝜋 3
cot 𝜃 = = = √ . ℎ2 [𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖)]
𝑟 3𝑉
√3𝑉
𝜋ℎ

38
 𝜋 6𝑉
⇒ cot 𝜃 = √ √ = √2 [𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖𝑖)]
3𝑉 𝜋

⇒ The semi vertical angle, θ = cot −1 √2

52. Prove that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a
2𝑅
sphere of radius R is . Also find the maximum volume.
√3

[CBSE 2014, 2013]

Solution

Let r and h be the base radius and height of cylinder respectively.

ℎ 2
∴ ( ) + 𝑟 2 = 𝑅2 … (𝑖)
2
Now, V = Volume of the cylinder inscribed in a sphere
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

ℎ2
⇒ 𝑉 = 𝜋ℎ (𝑅 2 − ) [𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑖)]
4
ℎ3
2
⇒ 𝑉 = 𝜋 (𝑅 ℎ − )
4
Now differentiating w.r.t. h, we get
𝑑𝑉 2
3ℎ2 𝑑2𝑉 3
= 𝜋 (𝑅 − ) and 2 = 𝜋 (0 − . 2ℎ)
𝑑ℎ 4 𝑑ℎ 4
For maximum or minimum,
𝑑𝑉 3
= 0 ⇒ 𝑅 2 − ℎ2 = 0
𝑑ℎ 4
4 2𝑅
⇒ ℎ2 = 𝑅 2 ⇒ ℎ =
3 √3
𝑑2𝑉 3 2𝑅
For this value of h, 2 = − 𝜋. = −√3𝜋𝑅 < 0
𝑑ℎ 2 √3
⇒ V is maximum

39
 Also maximum value of V
2𝑅 1 4 2𝑅 2 2 4𝜋 3
= 𝜋. (𝑅 2 − . 𝑅 2 ) = 𝜋. . 𝑅 = 𝑅 cu. units
√3 4 3 √3 3 3√3

53. The sum of the perimeters of a circle and a square is k. where k is some constant. Prove
that the sum of their areas is least when the side of the square is equal to the diameter of
the circle.
[CBSE 2014, 2014C]
Solution

Let a be the side of the given square and r be the radius of the circle.

By hypothesis
4𝑎 + 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝑘
𝑘 − 2𝜋𝑟
⇒ 𝑎= … (𝑖)
4
Let A = Sum of areas of the circle and the square
1
⇒ 𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 = 𝜋𝑟 2 + (𝑘 − 2𝜋𝑟)2 [𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑖)]
16
𝑑𝐴 1
⇒ = 2𝜋𝑟 + . 2(𝑘 − 2𝜋𝑟). (−2𝜋)
𝑑𝑟 16
𝜋
= 2𝜋𝑟 = (𝑘 − 2𝜋𝑟)
4
𝑑2𝐴 𝜋
and = 2𝜋 − (0 − 2𝜋)
𝑑𝑟 2 4
For maxima or minima,
𝑑𝐴 𝜋
= 0 ⇒ 2𝜋𝑟 − (𝑘 − 2𝜋𝑟) = 0
𝑑𝑟 4
𝑘
⇒ 8𝑟 − 𝑘 + 2𝜋𝑟 = 0 ⇒ (8 + 2𝜋)𝑟 = 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑟 =
2𝜋 + 8
𝑑2𝐴 𝜋2
For this value of r, 2 = 2𝜋 + >0
𝑑𝑟 2
𝑘
∴ A is minimum (least), when 𝑟 =
2𝜋 + 8

40
 𝑘
𝑘 − 2𝜋. 2𝜋 + 8
From (i)𝑎 =
4
𝑘 2𝜋 + 8 − 2𝜋 2𝑘
= .( )= = 2𝑟
4 2𝜋 + 8 2𝜋 + 8
∴ Area is least, when 𝑎 = 2𝑟.
𝑘
∴ A is minimum (least), when 𝑟 =
2𝜋 + 8
𝑘
𝑘 − 2𝜋. 2𝜋 + 8 𝑘 2𝜋 + 8 − 2𝜋 2𝑘
From (i). 𝑎 = = .( )= = 2𝑟
4 4 2𝜋 + 8 2𝜋 + 8
∴ Area is least, when 𝑎 = 2𝑟.

54. Show that a cylinder of a given volume which is open at the top has minimum total
surface area, when its height is equal to the radius of its base.
[CBSE 2016]
Solution

Let r and h be the base radius and height of the cylinder respectively and volume of cylinder,
V = πr2h

𝑉
⇒ℎ=
𝜋𝑟 2
Total surface area of the cylinder, 𝑺 − 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒉 + 𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝑉
⇒ 𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟 ( 2 ) + 𝜋𝑟 2 [𝐵𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑖)]
𝜋𝑟
2𝑉
⇒ 𝑆= + 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑟
𝑑𝑆 2𝑉
On diff. w.r.t. r both sides, =− + 2𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑟 𝑟2
𝑑2 𝑆 4𝑉
Again diff. w.r.t.r both sides, 𝑑𝑟 2 = + 2𝜋
𝑟3
𝑑𝑆
For maxima or minima, 𝑑𝑟 = 0
2𝑉 2𝑉
⇒ − + 2𝜋𝑟 = 0 ⇒ 2𝜋𝑟 =
𝑟2 𝑟2

3
𝑉 1/3
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 = 𝑉 ⇒ 𝑟 = ( )
𝜋

41
 𝑑2𝑉 𝜋
∴ [ 2] = 4𝑉 ( ) + 2𝜋 > 0
𝑑ℎ 𝑟=(𝑉)1/3 𝑉
𝜋

𝑉 1/3
So, S is minimum at 𝑟 = ( )
𝜋
Now, 𝜋𝑟 3 = 𝑉 ⇒ 𝜋𝑟 3 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ ⇒ 𝑟 = ℎ
Hence, the cylinder of a given volume which is open at the top has minimum total surface
area, when its height is equal to the radius of its base.
55. Show that the triangle of maximum area that can be inscribed in a given circle is an
equilateral triangle.
[CBSE SQP 2019-20]
Solution

Let 2r be the base and h be the height of triangle PQR, which is inscribed in a circle of radius
R.

1
∴ Area of triangle PQR, A = 2 (2𝑟)(ℎ) = 𝑟ℎ …(i)

Area being positive quantity, A will be maximum or minimum if A2 is maximum or

minimum.
Let Z = A2 = r2h2 …(ii)
Now, in triangle OLQ, QL2 = OQ2 – OL2
⇒ 𝑟 2 = 𝑅 2 − (ℎ − 𝑅)2 ⇒ 𝑟 2 = 2ℎ𝑅 − ℎ2
From (ii) Z = ℎ2 (2ℎ𝑅 − ℎ2 ) ⇒ 𝑍 = (2ℎ3 𝑅 − ℎ4 )
𝑑𝑍
⇒ = 6ℎ2 𝑅 − 4ℎ3 … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑍
For maxima or minima, 𝑑ℎ = 0
3𝑅
⇒ 6ℎ2 𝑅 − 4ℎ3 = 0 ⇒ 6𝑅 = 4ℎ(ℎ ≠ 0) ⇒ ℎ =
2
Differentiating (iii) w.r.t. h, we get
𝑑2𝑍
= 12ℎ𝑅 − 12ℎ2
𝑑ℎ2

42
 𝑑2𝑍 3𝑅 3𝑅 2
⇒ [ 2] = 12 ( ) 𝑅 − 12 ( )
𝑑ℎ ℎ=3𝑅 2 2
2

= 18𝑅 2 − 27𝑅 2 = −9𝑅 2 < 0

3𝑅
So, Z = A2 is maximum when ℎ = 2
3𝑅
⇒ A is maximum when ℎ = 2
3𝑅
When ℎ = , 𝑟 2 = 2ℎ𝑅 − ℎ2
2

3𝑅 3𝑅 2 3𝑅 2 √3𝑅
= 2𝑅. −( ) = ⇒𝑟=
2 2 4 2
3𝑅
ℎ
Now, in ΔPQL, 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = = 2 = √3
𝑟 √3𝑅
2
𝜋 𝜋
= tan ⇒ 𝜃 =
3 3
π
Similarly, ∠P = ∠R =
3
∴ Triangle ABC is an equilateral triangle.
56. A window is of the form of a semi-circle with a rectangle on its diameter. The total
perimeter of the window is 10 m. Find the dimension of the window to admit maximum
light through the whole opening.
[CBSE 2014]
Solution

Let ABCD be a rectangle and let the semi-circle is described on the side AB as its diameter.

Let AB = 2x and AD = 2y. Let P = 10m be the given perimeter of window.

Therefore, 10 = 2x + 4y + πx
⇒ 4y = 10 – 2x – πx …(i)
Area of the window,
1
𝐴 = (2𝑥)(2𝑦) + 𝜋𝑥 2
2
1
⇒ 𝐴 = 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝜋𝑥 2
2

43
 1
⇒ 𝐴 = 10𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝜋𝑥 2 + 𝜋𝑥 2 [𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑖)]
2
1
⇒ 𝐴 = 10𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝜋𝑥 2
2
𝑑𝐴
On diff. w.r.t. x both sides, 𝑑𝑥 = 10 − 4𝑥 − 𝜋𝑥
𝑑2 𝐴
Again diff. w.r.t.x both sides, 𝑑𝑥 2 = −(4 + 𝜋)

For maxima or minima,

𝑑𝐴 10
= 0 ⇒ 10 − 4𝑥 − 𝜋𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 4+𝜋
𝑑2 𝐴
[ 2] = −(4 + 𝜋) < 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥= 10
4+𝜋
10
So, A is maximum at 𝑥 = (4+𝜋) 𝑚.
20 10
Now, length of the window is 2𝑥 = (4+𝜋) m and width is 2𝑦 = (4+𝜋) m.

57. AB is a diameter of a circle and C is any point on the circle. Show that the area of ΔABC
is maximum, when it is isosceles.
[CBSE 2014C]
Solution

Here BA is a diameter of the given circle, of radius = r.

Let ∠CAB = θ
𝜋
Also ∠ACB = 2

Now AC = AB cos θ = 2r cos θ

BC =AB sin θ = 2r sin θ
1
Let Area of ΔABC = 2.AC.BC
1
= 2.2r cos θ.2r sin θ = r2.sin 2θ

𝑑𝛥 𝑑2 𝛥
⇒ = 𝑟 2 . 2 cos 2𝜃 and = −𝑟 2 . 4 sin 2𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2
For maxima or minima,

44
 𝑑𝛥 𝜋 𝜋
= 0 ⇒ cos 2𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 2𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 =
𝑑𝜃 2 4
𝑑2𝛥 𝜋
and [ 2 ] = −4𝑟 2 sin = −4𝑟 2 < 0
𝑑𝜃 𝜃=𝜋 2
4

Hence, area of ΔABC is maximum when

𝜋 𝜋
∠𝐶𝐴𝐵 = 𝜃 = = ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 [∵ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = ]
4 2
⇒ 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 is isosceles.

58. Find the point P on the curve y2 = 4ax which is nearest to the point (11a, 0).
[CBSE 2014C]
Solution

The given parabola is

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 …(i)
Let Q(11a, 0).
Any point on (i) is P(at2, 2at)
∴ PQ2 = (at2 – 11a)2 + (2at – 0)2
Let I = PQ2 = a2t4 – 18a2t2 + 121a2
𝑑𝐼 𝑑2𝐼
⇒ = 4𝑎2 𝑡 3 − 36𝑎2 𝑡 and 2 = 12𝑎2 𝑡 2 − 36𝑎2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
For maximum or minimum value of I,
𝑑𝐼
= 0 ⇒ 4𝑎2 𝑡(𝑡 2 − 9) = 0𝑡 = 0, 3, −3
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝐼
For 𝑡 = 0, 2 = −36𝑎2 < 0
𝑑𝑡
This corresponds to a maximum value of I.
Both for t = 3 and – 3,
𝑑2𝐼
= 12𝑎2 . 9 − 36𝑎2 = 72𝑎2 > 0
𝑑𝑡 2
∴ This corresponds to a minimum value of I i.e., of PQ2 and therefore of PQ.
Thus, there are two such points P with coordinates, (9a, - 6a) nearest to the given point Q.

45
59. If the length of three sides of a trapezium other than base is 10 cm each, then find the area
of the trapezium when it is maximum.
[CBSE 2014C, 2013C]
Solution

Let ABCD be the given trapezium.

Then AD = DC = CB = 10 cm
In ΔAPD and ΔBQC
DP = CQ= h
AD = BC = 10 cm
∠DPA = ∠CQB = 90°
∴ ΔAPD ≅ ΔBQC (by R.H.S. congruency)
⇒ AP = QB = x cm (Say)
∴ AB = AP + PQ + QB
= x + 10 + x = (2x + 10)cm
Also from ΔAPD, AP2 + PD2 = AD2
⇒ x2 + h2 =102
⇒ ℎ = √100 − 𝑥 2 …(i)
Now, area A of this trapezium is given by
1 1
A = 2 (AB + DC).h = 2 (2x + 10 + 10)h

= (𝑥 + 10). √100 − 𝑥 2 ...(ii) (Using (i))

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
𝑑𝐴 1
= 1. √100 − 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 + 10). . (−2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2√100 − 𝑥 2
100 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 −2(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 50)
= =
√100 − 𝑥 2 √100 − 𝑥 2

46
 −2(𝑥 + 10)(𝑥 − 5)
=
√100 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝐴
For max. or min. value of A, 𝑑𝑥 = 0

⇒ (x + 10)(x – 5) = 0 ⇒ x = 5 (Reject x = -10 as ≮ 0)

𝑑𝐴
For this value of x, 𝑑𝑥 changes sign from positive to dx negative.

∴ A is maximum at x = 5,
From (ii), the max. value of A = (5 + 10).√100 − 52
= 15√75 = 75√3𝑠𝑞. 𝑐𝑚.

60. Prove that of all the rectangles inscribed in a given circle, the square has the maximum
area.
[CBSE 2013C]
Solution

Let the radius of given circle = r

Let 2a and 2b are the lengths of the sides of any inscribed rectangle in the given circle.
Then from ΔOPC,
OC2 = OP2 + PC2
⇒ r2 = a2 + b2
⇒ 𝑏 = √𝑟 2 − 𝑎2
…(i)
Now, A = Area of rectangle ABCD
= 2a.2b = 4ab = 4𝑎√𝑟 2 − 𝑎2
𝑑𝐴 1
∴ = 4 [1. √𝑟 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎. (𝑟 2 − 𝑎2 )−1/2 (−2𝑎)]
𝑑𝑎 2
𝑎2
= 4 [√𝑟 2 − 𝑎2 − ] … (𝑖𝑖)
√𝑟 2 − 𝑎2
For area A to be max. or min.
𝑑𝐴 𝑎2
√ 2 2
=0 ⇒ 𝑟 −𝑎 − =0
𝑑𝑎 √𝑟 2 − 𝑎2
⇒ 𝑟² − 𝑎2 − 𝑎² = 0 ⇒ 𝑟 = √2𝑎 (∵ 𝑟 > 0, 𝑎 > 0)

47
 𝑟
∴ 𝑎=
√2
𝑑𝐴 𝑟 2 −2𝑎2
From (ii), 𝑑𝑎 = 4. √𝑟 2
−𝑎2
−𝑎
2 √𝑟 2 − 𝑎2 . (−4𝑎) − (𝑟 2 − 2𝑎2 ).
𝑑 𝐴 √𝑟 2 − 𝑎2
⇒ = 4.
𝑑𝑎2 (𝑟 2 − 𝑎2 )
(𝑟 2 − 𝑎2 )4𝑎 − (𝑟 2 − 2𝑎2 )𝑎 3𝑟 2 − 2𝑎2
= −4. = −4𝑎.
(𝑟 2 − 𝑎2 )3/2 (𝑟 2 − 𝑎2 )3/2
𝑑2𝐴 𝑟 3𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2
Now, [ 2 ] = −4. . 3/2
<0
𝑑𝑎 𝑎= 𝑟 √2 𝑟2
2
(𝑟 − )
√2 2
𝑟
∴ The area A is max, when 𝑎 =
√2

𝑟2 𝑟
Also, from (i). 𝑏 = √𝑟 2 − 𝑎2 = √𝑟 2 − = =𝑎
2 √2

⇒ 2𝑎 = 2𝑏 = √2𝑟
∴ The rectangle of max. area inscribed in the circle is a square.

61. A given quantity of metal is to be cast into a solid half circular cylinder with a
rectangular base and semi- circular ends. Show that in order that total surface area is
minimum, the ratio of length of cylinder to the diameter of semi-circular ends is π : π + 2.
[CBSE SQP 2019-20]
Solution

Let r be the radius and h be the height of half cylinder.

1
Volume = 2 πr2h = V(constant) …(i)

Total surface area of half cylinder is

1
𝑆 = 2 ( 𝜋𝑟 2 ) + 𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2𝑟ℎ … (𝑖𝑖)
2
From (i) putting the value of h in (ii), we get
2𝑉 2𝑉
𝑆 = (𝜋𝑟 2 ) + 𝜋𝑟 ( 2 ) + 2𝑟 ( 2 )
𝜋𝑟 𝜋𝑟
1 4𝑉
⇒ 𝑆 = (𝜋𝑟 2 ) + ( ) [ + 2𝑉]
𝑟 𝜋

48
 𝑑𝑆 −1 4𝑉
∴ = (2𝜋𝑟) + ( 2 ) [ + 2𝑉] … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝜋
𝑑𝑆
For maxima or minima, 𝑑𝑟 = 0
−1 4𝑉
⇒ (2𝜋𝑟) + ( 2 ) [ + 2𝑉] = 0
𝑟 𝜋
1 4𝑉 + 2𝑉𝜋
⇒ (2𝜋𝑟) = ( 2 ) [ ]
𝑟 𝜋
2+𝜋
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 3 = 𝑉 [ ]
𝜋
𝜋2𝑟3
⇒ 𝑉=
𝜋+2
From (i) and (iv), we get
1 2 𝜋2𝑟3 ℎ 𝜋
𝜋𝑟 ℎ = ⇒ =
2 𝜋+2 2𝑟 𝜋 + 2
⇒ height : diameter = π : π + 2
Differentiating (iii) w.r.t., r we get
𝑑2𝑆 2 4𝑉
= (2𝜋) + ( ) [ + 2𝑉] , Which is positive (as all quantities are + ve)
𝑑𝑟 2 𝑟3 𝜋
So, S is minimum when
height : diameter = π : π + 2
62. Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of greatest curved surface area which
can be inscribed in a given cone, is half that of the cone.
[CBSE 2013C]
Solution

Let R and H be the base radius and height of the given cone and r, h be the same for the
inscribed cylinder.

Clearly, ΔVBC is similar to ΔVOA.

𝐵𝑉 𝑂𝑉 𝐻−ℎ 𝐻
∴ = ⇒ =
𝐵𝐶 𝑂𝐴 𝑟 𝑅
𝑟 𝑟
⇒𝐻−ℎ =𝐻 ⇒ℎ =𝐻−𝐻 .
𝑅 𝑅
Now the curved surface area, S of the inscribed cylinder is

49
 𝑟 2𝜋𝐻
𝑺 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒉 = 2𝜋𝑟 (𝐻 − 𝐻 ) = (𝑟𝑅 − 𝑟 2 )
𝑅 𝑅
𝑑𝑆 2𝜋𝐻
⇒ = (1. 𝑅 − 2𝑟)
𝑑𝑟 𝑅
For greatest (max.) or least surface area,
𝑑𝑆
= 0 ⇒ 𝑅 = 2𝑟
𝑑𝑟
𝑑2 𝑆 2𝜋𝐻
Also = . (−2) < 0
𝑑𝑟 2 𝑅
𝑅
Hence, S is greatest, when 𝑟 = .
2

63. Show that the right circular cone of least curved surface and given volume has an altitude
equal to √2 times the radius of the base.
[CBSE 2013C]
Solution

Let r be the base radius of the cone, I be the slant height and h be its
height. Let V be its volume and S be its curved surface.

1
Now V = πr 2 h
3
3𝑉
⇒ ℎ= 2
𝜋𝑟
We have, 𝐼 2 = ℎ2 + 𝑟 2
Now S = curved surface area of the cone = πrl = 𝜋𝑟√ℎ2 + 𝑟 2
S will be least ⇔ S2 will be least.
9𝑉 2
∴ 𝑆 2 = 𝜋 2 𝑟 2 (ℎ2 + 𝑟 2 ) = 𝜋 2 𝑟 2 ( 2 4 + 𝑟 2 )
𝜋 𝑟
9𝑉 2
⇒ 𝑆2 = + 𝜋2𝑟4
𝑟2
Differentiating w.r.t.r, we get
𝑑𝑆 2 18𝑉 2 𝑑2 𝑆 2 54𝑉 2
= − 3 + 4𝜋 2 𝑟 3 and = 4 + 12𝜋 2 𝑟 2
𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 2 𝑟
𝑑𝑆 2
For max. or min., =0
𝑑𝑟

50
 18𝑉 2 18 1 2 2
⇒ 4𝜋 𝑟 = 3 = 3 ( 𝜋𝑟 ℎ) = 2𝜋 2 𝑟ℎ2
2 3
𝑟 𝑟 3
⇒ ℎ2 = 2𝑟 2 ⇒ ℎ = √2𝑟 (∵ 𝑟 ≠ 0)
𝑑2 𝑆 2
For this value of r, >0
𝑑𝑟 2

∴ Curved surface area of the cone is least when ℎ = √2𝑟.

Case Based Question(Q 64 to 68)

Some young entrepreneur started as industry "young achievers” for casting metal into
various shapes. They put up an advertisement online stating the same and expecting order
to cast metal for toys, sculptures, decorative pieces and more.
A group of friends wanted to make innovative toys and hence contacted the "young
achievers to order them to cast metal into solid half cylinders with a rectangular base and
semi-circular ends.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions:

64. The volume (V) of the casted half cylinder will be
1 1
(a) 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ (b) 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ (c) 2 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ (d) 𝜋𝑟 2 (𝑟 + ℎ)

[CBSE 2021-22]
Solution
(c) : ∵ Volume of cylinder = πr2h
∴ V = Volume of casted half cylinder = (1/2)πr2h
65. The total surface area (S) of the casted half cylinder will be
(a) πrh + 2πr2 + rh (b) πrh + πr2 + 2rh
(c) 2πrh + πr2 + 2rh (d) πrh + πr2 + rh
[CBSE 2021-22]

51
 Solution

2𝜋𝑟(𝑟+ℎ)
(b) : Total surface area, S = + 2𝑟ℎ
2

= 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2𝑟ℎ
66. The total surface area S can be expressed in terms of V and r as
2𝑉(π+2) 2𝑉
(a) 2πr + (b) πr + πr
πr
2𝑉(𝜋+2) 2V(π+2)
(c) πr2 + (d) 2πr 2 +
πr πr

[CBSE 2021-22]

2𝑉(𝜋+2) 1 2𝑉
(c): Here, S = 𝜋𝑟 2 + [∵ 𝑉 = 2 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ ⇒ 𝜋𝑟 = 𝑟ℎ]
𝜋𝑟

67. For the given half-cylinder of volume V, the total surface area S is minimum, when
(a) (π + 2) V = π2r3 (b) (π + 2) V = π2r2
(c) 2(π + 2) V = π2r3 (d) (π + 2) V = π2 r
[CBSE 2021-22]

2𝑉(𝜋+2)
(a) : ∵ S = 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟

𝑑𝑆 2𝑉(𝜋 + 2) 1
⇒ = 2𝜋𝑟 − × 2
𝑑𝑟 𝜋 𝑟
𝑑𝑆
For S to be minimum, 𝑑𝑟 = 0
2𝑉(𝜋 + 2)
⇒ 2𝜋𝑟 = ⇒ 𝜋 2 𝑟 3 = 𝑉(𝜋 + 2)
𝜋𝑟 2
68. The ratio h : 2r for which S to be minimum will be equal to
(a) 2π : π + 2 (b) 2π : π + 1 (c) π : π + 1 (d) π : π +2
[CBSE 2021-22]
Solution

1
(d) : ∵ V = 2 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ …(i)

and S will be minimum, when (𝜋 + 2)𝑉 = 𝜋 2 𝑟 3

𝜋2𝑟3
⇒𝑉= … (𝑖𝑖)
𝜋+2
52
 From (i) and (ii), we get
1 2
𝜋2𝑟3
⇒ 𝜋𝑟 ℎ = ⇒ 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ(𝜋 + 2) = 2𝜋 2 𝑟 3
2 𝜋+2
ℎ 𝜋
⇒ ℎ(𝜋 + 2) = 2𝜋𝑟 ⇒ =
2𝑟 𝜋 + 2
Thus, required ratio i.e., h : 2r is π : π + 2.

Case study-based questions

69. An architect designs a building for a multi-national company. The floor consists of a
rectangular region with semicircular ends having a perimeter of 200 m as shown below:

Based on the above information answer the following:

(i) If x and y represents the length and breadth of the rectangular region, then the
relation between the variables is
(a) 𝑥 + 𝜋𝑦 = 100 (b) 2𝑥 + 𝜋𝑦 = 200
(c) 𝜋𝑥 + 𝑦 = 50 (d) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 100
(ii) The area of the rectangular region A expressed as a function of x is
2 1
(a) 𝜋 (100𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) (b) 𝜋 (100𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑥 2
(c) 𝜋 (100 − 𝑥) (d) 𝜋𝑦 2 + 𝜋 (100𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )

(iii) The maximum value of area A is

𝜋 3200 5000 1000
(a) 3200 𝑚2 (b) 𝑚2 (c) 𝑚2 (d) 𝑚2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋

(iv) The CEO of the multi-national company is interested in maximizing the area of
the whole floor including the semi-circular ends. For this to happen the value of x
should be
(a) 0 m (b) 30 m (c) 50 m (d) 80 m

53
 (v) The extra area generated if the area of the whole floor is maximized is
3000 5000
(a) 𝑚2 (b) 𝑚2
𝜋 𝜋
7000
(c) 𝑚2 (d) No change, Both areas are equal
𝜋

[CBSE SQP 2020-21]

Solution

(i) (b) : We have, perimeter of floor = 200 m

𝑦
⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝜋 ( ) = 200 ⇒ 2𝑥 + 𝜋𝑦 = 200 … (𝑖 )
2
(ii) (a) : Area of rectangular region (A) = xy
200−2𝑥
= 𝑥( ) [𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑖)]
𝜋

2
= (100𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
𝜋
2
(iii) (c) : We have, A = 𝜋 (100𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝐴 2
⇒ = (100 − 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝜋
𝑑𝐴
For maximum or minimum, 𝑑𝑥 = 0

⇒ 100 − 2𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 50
𝑑2 𝐴 4
Now, [ 2] =− <0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=50 𝜋
Thus, A is maximum at x = 50.
2
Thus, maximum value of 𝐴 = 𝜋 (5000 − 2500)
5000
= 𝑚2
𝜋

(iv) (a) : Let P be the area of the whole floor.

𝑦 2 𝜋 𝜋
Then, 𝑃 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝜋 ( ) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
2 4 4
200 − 2𝑥 200 + 2𝑥
=( )( ) [𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑖)]
𝜋 4
40000 − 4𝑥 2 10000 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑃 2𝑥
= = ∴ =−
4𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑥 𝜋
𝑑𝑃
For maximum or minimum, 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0

54
 𝑑2 𝑝 −2
Now, 2 = <0
𝑑𝑥 𝜋
So, P is maximum at x = 0 m.
(v) (d)

Case Based Question(Q 70 TO 74)

The fuel cost per hour for running a train is proportional to the square of the speed it
generates in km per hour. If the fuel costs Rs. 48 per hour at speed 16 km per hour and
the fixed charges to run the train amount to Rs. 1200 per hour.

Assume the speed of the train as v km/h.

Based on the given information, answer the following questions.
70. Given that the fuel cost per hour is k times the square of the speed the train generates in
km/h, the value of k is
16 1 3
(a) (b) 3 (c) 3 (d) 16
3

[CBSE SQP 2021-22]

Solution

(d) : Let F be the fuel cost per hour and v be the speed of train in km/hr.

According to question we have,

F ∝ v2 ⇒ F = kv2, where k is proportionality constant
3
⇒ 48 = 𝑘(16)2 ⇒ 𝑘 =
16

55
71. If the train has travelled a distance of 500 km, then the total cost of running the train is
given by function
15 600000 375 600000 5 150000 3 6000
(a) 16 𝑣 + (b) 𝑣+ (c) 16 𝑣 2 + (d) 16 𝑣 +
𝑣 4 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣

[CBSE SQP 2021-22]

Solution

(b) : Let total cost of running the train be C.

3 2
Then, C = v t + 1200t
16
500
Now, distance covered = 500 km ⇒ Time = hrs
𝑣

∴ Total cost of running the train for 500 km

3 2 500 500
= 𝑣 ( ) + 1200 ( )
16 𝑣 𝑣
375 600000
⇒ 𝐶= +
4 𝑣
72. The most economical speed to run the train is
(a) 18 km/h (b) 5 km/h (c) 80 km/h (d) 40 km/h
[CBSE SQP 2021-22]
Solution

𝑑𝐶 375 600000
c): We have, 𝑑𝑣 = −
4 𝑣2

𝑑𝐶 600000 × 4
𝑃𝑢𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝑣2 = = 6400
𝑑𝑣 375
⇒ 𝑣 = 80 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
𝑑 2 𝐶 2 × 600000
= > 0, for v = 80
𝑑𝑣 2 𝑣3
∴ Most economical speed is 80 km/h.

73. The fuel cost for the train to travel 500 km at the most economical speed is
(a) Rs. 3750 (b) Rs. 750 (c) Rs. 7500 (d) Rs. 75000
[CBSE SQP 2021-22]

56
 Solution

(c) : Fuel cost for running the train for 500 km

3 2 500
− 𝑣 ( )
16 𝑣
375 375
= 𝑣= × 80 = 𝑅𝑠. 7500
4 4

74. The total cost of the train to travel 500 km at the most economical speed is
(a) Rs. 3750 (b) Rs. 75000 (c) Rs. 7500 (d) Rs. 15000
[CBSE SQP 2021-22]
Solution

(d) : Total cost for running the train for 500 km

375 600000
= 𝑣+
4 𝑣
375 × 80 600000
= + = 𝑅𝑠. 15000
4 80

*****

57