CT491 PPT - Insem 2

Block Diagram of a Transponder
Wideband a
Receiver 3 dB
Input Filter Coupler b
Demultiplexer
Multiplexer
a
Wideband b
Receiver
0 dB -1.5 30 50 48 104 102.5

Reference
Level
a : Attenuator (lower position)

b : Amplifier(TWTA/SSPA
30 30
Satellite Communication Transponder
– The information signals (Base band signals) are transmitted by the
earth stations from the ground.
– These signals experience the free space path loss of the order of
100 dB or more depending upon the frequency.
– When these signals are received by the Geosynchronous Satellite

(36000 kms away form the earth), become very weak.
– These weak signals are amplified by Receiver with minimum

insertion of noise.
– After necessary frequency conversion and channelization these

signals are further amplified by Power Amplifiers (PAs) with
minimum insertion of non-linearity to a level such that they can be
received by an earth station on ground.
31
Comparison between TWTA and SSPA
• TWTA Advantages
• Higher efficiency than SSPA

• Wider Bandwidth
•
• TWTA Problems
• a) Large RF power back off is required to reduce inter modulation

distortion in linear multitone service. This leads to a correspondingly
large reduction in efficiency TWTAs.
• b) Cathode wear-out
• c) High voltage break down
• d) High voltage power supply requirement
• (2500V compared to 9V for FETA)
• e) High non linearity
• f) Higher cost and weight
32
SSPA Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
a) Low voltage power supply (8 volts compared to 2500
volts required for TWTA operation)
b) Offer weight and size savings
c) Superior to TWTA both at saturation and power back off
d) Excellent limiting characteristics under overdrive
e) Lower Intermod products (13 dBc vs.10 dBc) and lower
Phase Shift (22º vs. 46º)
f) Lower cost
Disadvantages
a) Less broadband than TWTAs
b) Lower efficiency (35% against 55%)
33
Link Budget
• To determine the received signal strength at
the receiver, it is necessary to account for all
the gains and losses over the entire signal
path.
• Summing these values up (in dB form)

creates a “link budget” where the individual
gain and loss contributions can be seen, and
adjustments made to those under the control
of the designer.
34
Effective Radiated Isotropic
Power (EIRP)
• The equivalent power that would need
to be radiated by an isotropic antenna
to create the same power flux (field
strength) at the receiving location.
• EIRP = Pt x Gt
• [EIRP] = [Pt] + [Gt] - [losses in

transmitter feedline]
35
Free Space Loss
• Caused by the spreading of the transmitted
energy as it radiates through space.
[FSL] = 32.4 + 20 log r + 20 log f
Where r is in km and f in MHz.
Downlink Pt, Gt Uplink Pr, Gr LNA
r r
Pr, Gr LNA Pt, Gt
36
Free Space Loss
Example: r = 42,000 km, f = 6 GHz
[FSL]= 32.4 + 20 log(42,000) + 20 log (6000)
[FSL]= 32.4 + 92.46 + 75.56
[FSL]= 200.42 dB
37
Link Budget
[Pr] = [Pt] + [Gt] + [Gr] - [FSL] - [RFL] -
[AML] - [AA] - [Others]
[Pr] determined by the link budget must

exceed the minimum required signal
power at the receiver. This is
determined by the rain margin and
desired signal to noise ratio for the
receiver and modulation being used.
38
Satellite Antennas
• Low-gain antennas provide omnidirectional coverage
and are used for beacons and TTC operations, that way
if the satellite looses attitude control, there is still the
ability to send and receive signals from the Earth.
• High-gain antennas are used for transponder uplink and

downlink because higher data rates and better quality
performance are enhanced by the effect of the antenna
gain on the signal to noise ratio.
• High-gain antennas require that the spacecraft be able to

accurately aim the antenna beam at the desired point on
the Earth.
39
Satellite Antennas
• Antennas are needed at the satellite and the earth
station.
• Some satellites may use separate antennas for
uplink and downlink, while others may use RF
combining devices called diplexers to use the
same antenna for uplink and downlink.
• Earth stations typically use the same antenna for
both uplink and downlink, again using a diplexer.
• Satellites usually have a variety of antennas, with
separate antennas for beacon, C and Ku bands,
and telemetry and control.
40
Footprint
41
Andrew 6.5 – meter Diameter
E.S. antenna
• C-band Operation
– Rx: 3.400 - 4.200 GHz
– Tx: 5.850 - 6.725 GHz
• Gain:
– Rx: 46.5 dBi (midband)
– Tx: 51.0 dBi (midband)
• Beamwidth Rx (Tx) degrees:
– .68 (.42)
– 1.32 (.84)
• VSWR < 1.3:1
• Polarization Isolation: >35 dB
• Weight: 6400 lbs
42
LEO Services Providers
• Iridium – Claims to provide global
coverage with 66 Satellites.
• Globalstar – Covers majority of landmass

using 48 Satellites.
43
Basics of Satellite Phones
• Since Satellites are moving, signals are
Doppler Shifted.
• LEO are preferred because of low loss.
• Stationary Phone should be able to

handover from one Satellite to another.
• Major Systems are placed within Satellite

for rapid protocol exchange. 44

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Block Diagram of a Transponder

0 dB -1.5 30 50 48 104 102.5

a : Attenuator (lower position)

– When these signals are received by the Geosynchronous Satellite

– These weak signals are amplified by Receiver with minimum

– After necessary frequency conversion and channelization these

• Higher efficiency than SSPA

• a) Large RF power back off is required to reduce inter modulation

• Summing these values up (in dB form)

• [EIRP] = [Pt] + [Gt] - [losses in

Downlink Pt, Gt Uplink Pr, Gr LNA

Pr, Gr LNA Pt, Gt

[FSL]= 32.4 + 20 log(42,000) + 20 log (6000)

[FSL]= 32.4 + 92.46 + 75.56

[Pr] determined by the link budget must

• High-gain antennas are used for transponder uplink and

• High-gain antennas require that the spacecraft be able to

• Globalstar – Covers majority of landmass

• LEO are preferred because of low loss.

• Stationary Phone should be able to

• Major Systems are placed within Satellite

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