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    Aarohan Subedi
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    This document discusses techniques for restricting and sorting data in SQL, including: - Using the WHERE clause to limit rows selected based on conditions - Comparison operators like =, <, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, IS NULL - Logical operators like AND, OR, and NOT - Rules of precedence for evaluating complex conditions - The ORDER BY clause for sorting result rows in ascending or descending order on one or more columns

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    This document discusses techniques for restricting and sorting data in SQL, including: - Using the WHERE clause to limit rows selected based on conditions - Comparison operators like =, <, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, IS NULL - Logical operators like AND, OR, and NOT - Rules of precedence for evaluating complex conditions - The ORDER BY clause for sorting result rows in ascending or descending order on one or more columns

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    9 views30 pages

    Les 02

    Uploaded by

    Aarohan Subedi
    This document discusses techniques for restricting and sorting data in SQL, including: - Using the WHERE clause to limit rows selected based on conditions - Comparison operators like =, <, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, IS NULL - Logical operators like AND, OR, and NOT - Rules of precedence for evaluating complex conditions - The ORDER BY clause for sorting result rows in ascending or descending order on one or more columns

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    of 30

    ADVANCED

    DATABASE
    SYSTEMS
    [CC6001]

    Week 01 Week 02 – Part 2


    Restricting and Sorting Data

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.


    Limiting Rows Using a Selection
    EMPLOYEES

    “retrieve all
    employees
    in department 90”

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-3


    Limiting the Rows Selected

    • Restrict the rows returned by using the WHERE


    clause.
    SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}
    FROM table
    [WHERE condition(s)];

    • The WHERE clause follows the FROM clause.

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-4


    Using the WHEREClause

    SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id


    FROM employees
    WHERE department_id = 90 ;

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-5


    Displaying limited data
    • For MariaDB: Limit
    • For SQL Server: Top
    • For Oracle: Rownum function
    Use of Rownum in where clause
    Use of Rownum in where clause contd.

    Data Are not displayed? Why?


    Lets Have a demonstration

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-9


    Character Strings and Dates

    • Character strings and date values are enclosed in


    single quotation marks.
    • Character values are case sensitive, and date
    values are format sensitive.
    • The default date format is DD-MON-RR.
    SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id
    FROM employees
    WHERE last_name = 'Whalen';

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-10


    Comparison Conditions

    Operator Meaning

    = Equal to

    > Greater than

    >= Greater than or equal to

    < Less than

    <= Less than or equal to

    <> Not equal to

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-11


    Using Comparison Conditions

    SELECT last_name, salary


    FROM employees
    WHERE salary <= 3000;

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-12


    Other Comparison Conditions

    Operator Meaning

    BETWEEN Between two values (inclusive),


    ...AND...

    IN(set) Match any of a list of values

    LIKE Match a character pattern

    IS NULL Is a null value

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-13


    Using the BETWEEN Condition

    Use the BETWEEN condition to display rows based on


    a range of values.
    SELECT last_name, salary
    FROM employees
    WHERE salary BETWEEN 2500 AND 3500;

    Lower limit Upper limit

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-14


    Using the INCondition

    Use the IN membership condition to test for values in


    a list.
    SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, manager_id
    FROM employees
    WHERE manager_id IN (100, 101, 201);

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-15


    Using the LIKE Condition

    • Use the LIKE condition to perform wildcard


    searches of valid search string values.
    • Search conditions can contain either literal
    characters or numbers:
    – % denotes zero or many characters.
    – _ denotes one character.

    SELECT first_name
    FROM employees
    WHERE first_name LIKE 'S%';

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-16


    Using the LIKECondition

    • You can combine pattern-matching characters.


    SELECT last_name
    FROM employees
    WHERE last_name LIKE '_o%';

    • You can use the ESCAPE identifier to search for the


    actual % and _ symbols.

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-17


    Using the NULLConditions

    Test for nulls with the IS NULL operator.

    SELECT last_name, manager_id


    FROM employees
    WHERE manager_id IS NULL;

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-18


    Logical Conditions

    Operator Meaning

    AND Returns TRUE if both component


    conditions are true
    OR Returns TRUE if either component
    condition is true

    NOT Returns TRUE if the following


    condition is false

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-19


    Using the ANDOperator

    AND requires both conditions to be true.


    SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary
    FROM employees
    WHERE salary >=10000
    AND job_id LIKE '%MAN%';

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-20


    Using the OROperator

    OR requires either condition to be true.


    SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary
    FROM employees
    WHERE salary >= 10000
    OR job_id LIKE '%MAN%';

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-21


    Using the NOTOperator

    SELECT last_name, job_id


    FROM employees
    WHERE job_id
    NOT IN ('IT_PROG', 'ST_CLERK', 'SA_REP');

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-22


    Rules of Precedence

    Order Evaluated Operator


    1 Arithmetic operators
    2 Concatenation operator
    3 Comparison conditions
    4 IS [NOT] NULL, LIKE, [NOT] IN
    5 [NOT] BETWEEN
    6 NOT logical condition
    7 AND logical condition
    8 OR logical condition

    Override rules of precedence by using parentheses.

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-23


    Rules of Precedence

    SELECT last_name, job_id, salary


    FROM employees
    WHERE job_id = 'SA_REP'
    OR job_id = 'AD_PRES'
    AND salary > 15000;

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-24


    Rules of Precedence

    Use parentheses to force priority.

    SELECT last_name, job_id, salary


    FROM employees
    WHERE (job_id = 'SA_REP'
    OR job_id = 'AD_PRES')
    AND salary > 15000;

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-25


    ORDER BYClause
    • Sort rows with the ORDER BY clause

    – ASC: ascending order, default


    – DESC: descending order
    • The ORDER BY clause comes last in the SELECT statement.
    SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date
    FROM employees
    ORDER BY hire_date ;

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-26


    Sorting in Descending Order

    SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date


    FROM employees
    ORDER BY hire_date DESC ;

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-27


    Sorting by Column Alias

    SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary*12 annsal


    FROM employees
    ORDER BY annsal;

    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-28


    Sorting by Multiple Columns

    • The order of ORDER BY list is the order of sort.


    SELECT last_name, department_id, salary
    FROM employees
    ORDER BY department_id, salary DESC;

    …
    • You can sort by a column that is not in the
    SELECT list.
    Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rightsreserved. 2-29
    End of Part 2

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