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  • Restricting and Sorting Data

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    Fer Rodriguez López
    22 views38 pages
    This document discusses restricting and sorting data in SQL queries. It covers: - Using the WHERE clause to limit rows returned by specifying conditions like column comparisons and logical operators - Sorting rows using the ORDER BY clause to sequence results in ascending or descending order - Using substitution variables with ampersands to prompt for values at runtime for flexible querying

    Original Description:

    Oracle

    Original Title

    Les02

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    This document discusses restricting and sorting data in SQL queries. It covers: - Using the WHERE clause to limit rows returned by specifying conditions like column comparisons and logical operators - Sorting rows using the ORDER BY clause to sequence results in ascending or descending order - Using substitution variables with ampersands to prompt for values at runtime for flexible querying

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    22 views38 pages

    Restricting and Sorting Data

    Uploaded by

    Fer Rodriguez López
    This document discusses restricting and sorting data in SQL queries. It covers: - Using the WHERE clause to limit rows returned by specifying conditions like column comparisons and logical operators - Sorting rows using the ORDER BY clause to sequence results in ascending or descending order - Using substitution variables with ampersands to prompt for values at runtime for flexible querying

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 38

    Restricting and Sorting Data

    Objectives
    After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
    Limit the rows that are retrieved by a query
    Sort the rows that are retrieved by a query
    Use ampersand substitution to restrict and sort output at run time

    2-2

    Lesson Agenda
    Limiting rows with:
    The WHERE clause
    The comparison conditions using =, <=, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, and
    NULL conditions
    Logical conditions using AND, OR, and NOT operators

    Rules of precedence for operators in an expression


    Sorting rows using the ORDER BY clause
    Substitution variables
    DEFINE and VERIFY commands

    2-3

    Limiting Rows Using a Selection

    EMPLOYEES

    retrieve all
    employees in
    department 90

    2-4

    Limiting the Rows that Are Selected


    Restrict the rows that are returned by using the WHERE clause:
    SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}
    FROM
    table
    [WHERE condition(s)];

    The WHERE clause follows the FROM clause.

    2-5

    Using the WHERE Clause

    SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id


    FROM
    employees
    WHERE department_id = 90 ;

    2-6

    Character Strings and Dates


    Character strings and date values are enclosed with single
    quotation marks.
    Character values are case-sensitive and date values are formatsensitive.
    The default date display format is DD-MON-RR.
    SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id
    FROM
    employees
    WHERE last_name = 'Whalen' ;
    SELECT last_name
    FROM
    employees
    WHERE hire_date = '17-FEB-96' ;

    2-7

    Comparison Operators

    Operator

    Meaning

    Equal to

    >

    Greater than

    >=

    Greater than or equal to

    <

    Less than

    <=

    Less than or equal to

    <>

    Not equal to

    BETWEEN
    ...AND...

    Between two values (inclusive)

    IN(set)

    Match any of a list of values

    LIKE

    Match a character pattern

    IS NULL

    Is a null value

    2-8

    Using Comparison Operators

    SELECT last_name, salary


    FROM
    employees
    WHERE salary <= 3000 ;

    2-9

    Range Conditions Using the BETWEEN Operator


    Use the BETWEEN operator to display rows based on a range of
    values:
    SELECT last_name, salary
    FROM
    employees
    WHERE salary BETWEEN 2500 AND 3500 ;
    Lower limit

    Upper limit

    2 - 10

    Membership Condition Using the IN Operator


    Use the IN operator to test for values in a list:
    SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, manager_id
    FROM
    employees
    WHERE manager_id IN (100, 101, 201) ;

    2 - 11

    Pattern Matching Using the LIKE Operator


    Use the LIKE operator to perform wildcard searches of valid
    search string values.
    Search conditions can contain either literal characters or numbers:
    % denotes zero or many characters.
    _ denotes one character.

    SELECT
    FROM
    WHERE

    first_name
    employees
    first_name LIKE 'S%' ;

    2 - 12

    Combining Wildcard Characters


    You can combine the two wildcard characters (%, _) with literal
    characters for pattern matching:
    SELECT last_name
    FROM
    employees
    WHERE last_name LIKE '_o%' ;

    You can use the ESCAPE identifier to search for the actual % and
    _ symbols.

    2 - 13

    Using the NULL Conditions


    Test for nulls with the IS NULL operator.
    SELECT last_name, manager_id
    FROM
    employees
    WHERE manager_id IS NULL ;

    2 - 14

    Defining Conditions Using the Logical Operators

    Operator

    Meaning

    AND

    Returns TRUE if both component conditions


    are true

    OR

    Returns TRUE if either component condition


    is true

    NOT

    Returns TRUE if the condition is false

    2 - 15

    Using the AND Operator


    AND requires both the component conditions to be true:
    SELECT
    FROM
    WHERE
    AND

    employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary


    employees
    salary >= 10000
    job_id LIKE '%MAN%' ;

    2 - 16

    Using the OR Operator


    OR requires either component condition to be true:
    SELECT
    FROM
    WHERE
    OR

    employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary


    employees
    salary >= 10000
    job_id LIKE '%MAN%' ;

    2 - 17

    Using the NOT Operator

    SELECT last_name, job_id


    FROM
    employees
    WHERE job_id
    NOT IN ('IT_PROG', 'ST_CLERK', 'SA_REP') ;

    2 - 18

    Lesson Agenda
    Limiting rows with:
    The WHERE clause
    The comparison conditions using =, <=, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, and
    NULL operators
    Logical conditions using AND, OR, and NOT operators

    Rules of precedence for operators in an expression


    Sorting rows using the ORDER BY clause
    Substitution variables
    DEFINE and VERIFY commands

    2 - 19

    Rules of Precedence

    Operator

    Meaning

    Arithmetic operators

    Concatenation operator

    Comparison conditions

    IS [NOT] NULL, LIKE, [NOT] IN

    [NOT] BETWEEN

    Not equal to

    NOT logical condition

    AND logical condition

    OR logical condition

    You can use parentheses to override rules of precedence.

    2 - 20

    Rules of Precedence
    SELECT
    FROM
    WHERE
    OR
    AND

    last_name, job_id, salary


    employees
    job_id = 'SA_REP'
    job_id = 'AD_PRES'
    salary > 15000;

    SELECT
    FROM
    WHERE
    OR
    AND

    last_name, job_id, salary


    employees
    (job_id = 'SA_REP'
    job_id = 'AD_PRES')
    salary > 15000;

    2 - 21

    Lesson Agenda
    Limiting rows with:
    The WHERE clause
    The comparison conditions using =, <=, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, and
    NULL operators
    Logical conditions using AND, OR, and NOT operators

    Rules of precedence for operators in an expression


    Sorting rows using the ORDER BY clause
    Substitution variables
    DEFINE and VERIFY commands

    2 - 22

    Using the ORDER BY Clause


    Sort retrieved rows with the ORDER BY clause:
    ASC: Ascending order, default
    DESC: Descending order

    The ORDER BY clause comes last in the SELECT statement:


    SELECT
    last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date
    FROM
    employees
    ORDER BY hire_date ;

    2 - 23

    Sorting
    Sorting in descending order:
    SELECT
    last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date
    FROM
    employees
    1
    ORDER BY hire_date DESC ;

    Sorting by column alias:


    SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary*12 annsal
    FROM
    employees
    ORDER BY annsal ;

    2 - 24

    Sorting
    Sorting by using the columns numeric position:
    SELECT
    last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date
    FROM
    employees
    3
    ORDER BY 3;

    Sorting by multiple columns:


    SELECT last_name, department_id, salary
    FROM
    employees
    ORDER BY department_id, salary DESC;

    2 - 25

    Lesson Agenda
    Limiting rows with:
    The WHERE clause
    The comparison conditions using =, <=, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, and
    NULL operators
    Logical conditions using AND, OR, and NOT operators

    Rules of precedence for operators in an expression


    Sorting rows using the ORDER BY clause
    Substitution variables
    DEFINE and VERIFY commands

    2 - 26

    Substitution Variables

    ... salary = ?
    department_id = ?
    ... last_name = ? ...
    I want
    to query
    different
    values.

    2 - 27

    Substitution Variables
    Use substitution variables to:
    Temporarily store values with single-ampersand (&) and doubleampersand (&&) substitution

    Use substitution variables to supplement the following:

    WHERE conditions
    ORDER BY clauses
    Column expressions
    Table names
    Entire SELECT statements

    2 - 28

    Using the Single-Ampersand Substitution


    Variable
    Use a variable prefixed with an ampersand (&) to prompt the user for
    a value:
    SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, department_id
    FROM
    employees
    WHERE employee_id = &employee_num ;

    2 - 29

    Using the Single-Ampersand Substitution


    Variable

    2 - 30

    Character and Date Values with


    Substitution Variables
    Use single quotation marks for date and character values:
    SELECT last_name, department_id, salary*12
    FROM
    employees
    WHERE job_id = '&job_title' ;

    2 - 31

    Specifying Column Names,


    Expressions, and Text
    SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id,&column_name
    FROM
    employees
    WHERE &condition
    ORDER BY &order_column ;

    2 - 32

    Using the Double-Ampersand


    Substitution Variable
    Use double ampersand (&&) if you want to reuse the variable value
    without prompting the user each time:
    SELECT
    employee_id, last_name, job_id, &&column_name
    FROM
    employees
    ORDER BY &column_name ;

    2 - 33

    Lesson Agenda
    Limiting rows with:
    The WHERE clause
    The comparison conditions using =, <=, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, and
    NULL operators
    Logical conditions using AND, OR, and NOT operators

    Rules of precedence for operators in an expression


    Sorting rows using the ORDER BY clause
    Substitution variables
    DEFINE and VERIFY commands

    2 - 34

    Using the DEFINE Command


    Use the DEFINE command to create and assign a value to a
    variable.
    Use the UNDEFINE command to remove a variable.
    DEFINE employee_num = 200
    SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, department_id
    FROM
    employees
    WHERE employee_id = &employee_num ;
    UNDEFINE employee_num

    2 - 35

    Using the VERIFY Command


    Use the VERIFY command to toggle the display of the substitution
    variable, both before and after SQL Developer replaces substitution
    variables with values:
    SET VERIFY ON
    SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
    FROM
    employees
    WHERE employee_id = &employee_num;

    2 - 36

    Summary
    In this lesson, you should have learned how to:
    Use the WHERE clause to restrict rows of output:
    Use the comparison conditions
    Use the BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, and NULL operators
    Apply the logical AND, OR, and NOT operators

    Use the ORDER BY clause to sort rows of output:


    SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}
    FROM
    table
    [WHERE condition(s)]
    [ORDER BY {column, expr, alias} [ASC|DESC]] ;

    Use ampersand substitution to restrict and sort output at


    run time

    2 - 37

    Practice 2: Overview
    This practice covers the following topics:
    Selecting data and changing the order of the rows
    that are displayed
    Restricting rows by using the WHERE clause
    Sorting rows by using the ORDER BY clause
    Using substitution variables to add flexibility to your
    SQL SELECT statements

    2 - 38

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