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Lecture 13 - Restricting Rows and Sorting

The document discusses restricting and sorting data in a database management system. It covers using the WHERE clause to limit rows selected using comparison, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE and NULL conditions. It also covers logical AND, OR and NOT operators and precedence rules. Additionally, it discusses using the ORDER BY clause to sort rows in ascending or descending order by one or multiple columns.

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GH Hussain
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Lecture 13 - Restricting Rows and Sorting

The document discusses restricting and sorting data in a database management system. It covers using the WHERE clause to limit rows selected using comparison, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE and NULL conditions. It also covers logical AND, OR and NOT operators and precedence rules. Additionally, it discusses using the ORDER BY clause to sort rows in ascending or descending order by one or multiple columns.

Uploaded by

GH Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Management

Systems
Subject Teacher: Zartasha Baloch
2

Restricting and sorting data


Lecture # 13 & 14

Disclaimer: The material used in this presentation to deliver the lecture i.e., definitions/text and pictures/graphs etc. does
not solely belong to the author/presenter. The presenter has gathered this lecture material from various sources on
web/textbooks. Following sources are especially acknowledged:
1. Connolly, Thomas M., and Carolyn E. Begg. Database systems: a practical approach to design, implementation, and management. Pearson
Education, 2005.

2. Gorman,Tim, Inger Jorgensen, Melanie Caffrey, and Lex deHaan. Beginning Oracle SQL: For Oracle Database 12c.Apress, 2014.

3. Greenberg, Nancy, and Instructor Guide PriyaNathan. "Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL." ORACLE, USA (2001).
Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following:


 Limit the rows retrieved by a query
 Sort the rows retrieved by a query
Limiting Rows Using a Selection

EMPLOYEES

“retrieve all
employees
in department 90”
Limiting the Rows Selected

 Restrict the rows returned by using the WHERE clause.

SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}


FROM table
[WHERE condition(s)];
 The WHERE clause follows the FROM clause.
Using the WHERE Clause

SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id


FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 90 ;
Character Strings and Dates

 Character strings and date values are enclosed in single


quotation marks.
 Character values are case sensitive, and date values are
format sensitive.
 The default date format is DD-MON-RR.

SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id


FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Whalen';
Comparison Conditions

Operator Meaning

= Equal to

> Greater than

>= Greater than or equal to

< Less than

<= Less than or equal to

<> Not equal to


Using Comparison Conditions

SELECT last_name, salary


FROM employees
WHERE salary <= 3000;
Other Comparison Conditions

Operator Meaning

BETWEEN Between two values (inclusive),


...AND...

IN(set) Match any of a list of values

LIKE Match a character pattern

IS NULL Is a null value


Using the BETWEEN Condition

Use the BETWEEN condition to display rows based on a range of


values.

SELECT last_name, salary


FROM employees
WHERE salary BETWEEN 2500 AND 3500;

Lower limit Upper limit


Using the IN Condition

Use the IN operator to test for values in a list.

SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, manager_id


FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN (100, 101, 201);
Using the LIKE Condition

 Use the LIKE condition to perform wildcard searches of valid


search string values.
 Search conditions can contain either literal characters or
numbers:
 % denotes zero or many characters.
 _ denotes one character.

SELECT first_name
FROM employees
WHERE first_name LIKE 'S%';
Using the LIKE Condition

 You can combine pattern-matching characters.

SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '_o%';

 You can use the ESCAPE identifier to search for the actual %
and _ symbols.
Using the NULL Conditions

Test for nulls with the IS NULL operator.

SELECT last_name, manager_id


FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NULL;
Logical Conditions

Operator Meaning

AND Returns TRUE if both component


conditions are true
OR Returns TRUE if either component
condition is true

NOT Returns TRUE if the following


condition is false
Using the AND Operator

AND requires both conditions to be true.

SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary


FROM employees
WHERE salary >=10000
AND job_id LIKE '%MAN%';
Using the OR Operator

OR requires either conditions to be true.

SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary


FROM employees
WHERE salary >= 10000
OR job_id LIKE '%MAN%';
Using the NOT Operator

SELECT last_name, job_id


FROM employees
WHERE job_id
NOT IN ('IT_PROG', 'ST_CLERK', 'SA_REP');
Rules of Precedence

Order Evaluated Operator


1 Arithmetic operators
2 Concatenation operator
3 Comparison conditions
4 IS [NOT] NULL, LIKE, [NOT] IN
5 [NOT] BETWEEN
6 NOT logical condition
7 AND logical condition
8 OR logical condition

Override rules of precedence by using parentheses.


Rules of Precedence

SELECT last_name, job_id, salary


FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'SA_REP'
OR job_id = 'AD_PRES'
AND salary > 15000;
Rules of Precedence

Use parenthesis to force priority.


SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE (job_id = 'SA_REP'
OR job_id = 'AD_PRES')
AND salary > 15000;
ORDER BY Clause

 Sort rows with the ORDER BY clause


 ASC: ascending order, default
 DESC: descending order
 The ORDER BY clause comes last in the SELECT statement.
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date
FROM employees
ORDER BY hire_date ;

…
Sorting in Descending Order

SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date


FROM employees
ORDER BY hire_date DESC ;

…
Sorting by Column Alias
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary*12 annsal
FROM employees
ORDER BY annsal;

…
Sorting by Multiple Columns
 The order of ORDER BY list is the order of sort.

SELECT last_name, department_id, salary


FROM employees
ORDER BY department_id, salary DESC;

…
 You can sort by a column that is not in the SELECT list.
Summary

In this lesson, you should have learned how to:


• Use the WHERE clause to restrict rows of output
– Use the comparison conditions
– Use the BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, and NULL conditions
– Apply the logical AND, OR, and NOT operators
• Use the ORDER BY clause to sort rows of output

SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}


FROM table
[WHERE condition(s)]
[ORDER BY {column, expr, alias} [ASC|DESC]];

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