Animal Farm Chapter One Summary

Old Major’s Speech / Vision

After Mr. Jones, the owner of Manor Farm falls asleep drunk after locking the hen houses but
forgetting to lock the pop-holes [A fence which animals can pass, especially allowing poultry
access]. While being asleep in a stupor [State of unconsciousness] all his animals met in the barn
at the request of Old Major, a 12 [twelve] year old pig. Old Major delivered an inspiring political
speech about the evils inflicted upon them by their human keepers and their need to rebel against
the tyranny of man. After elaborating on the various ways that man had exploited [ use to good
advantage] and harmed the animals. Old Major mentions a strange dream of his in which he saw
a vision of the earth without humans. In which he talks about Freedom and Equality. After doing
so he then teaches them a song titled “Beasts of England”. They sing repeatedly until they
awaken Jones, who fires his gun from the bedroom window, thinking there is a Fox in the yard.
Frightened by the shot, the animals scatter and go to sleep.

Theme: Totalitarianism [ To-tal-it-tarn-ism] To-tal-ih-tay-ree-ah-nism)

In this chapter the sign of totalitarianism is evident in the behaviour of the pigs, who eventually
became the ruling class.

• The pigs did not actually work, but they directed and supervised the others- this reflects
the beginning of the pigs’ rise to power as they take on a supervisory rule, indicating their
authority and control over the other animals.
• The pigs had an even harder struggle to counteract the lies put about by Moses, the tamed
raven [Moses was considered the spy]. This shows the pigs' effort to control information
and manipulate the truth.
• The pigs had set aside the harness room as a headquarters for themselves. Here in the
evenings, they studied blacksmithing [someone who creates objects primarily from
wrought iron or steel], carpeting and other necessary arts from books which had been
brought out of the farmhouse- this demonstrates how the pigs are positioning themselves
as the intellectual and elite, reserving resources for their exclusive use and keeping
knowledge and skills from other animals.
• “All the pigs were in full agreement on this point, even Snowball and Napoleon. Squealer
was sent to make the necessary explanations to others” - This quote highlights the unity
 among the pigs and other role of Squealer as a protagonist [ A highly persuasive
advocate] explaining their decisions to the rest of the animals, thereby controlling and
shaping their perceptions.

Overall, the quotation from this chapter shows the early signs of totalitarianism as the pigs
gradually assume more power to manipulate information and establish themselves as privileged
class with class authority over the other animals.

Literary Devices:
1. Allegory: The entire novel is an “Allegory” (which means to reveal something that is
hidden) which represents or displays the Russian Revolution. In this chapter Old Major's
speech to the animals serves as a direct allegory to Karl Marx’s communist manifesto.
Old Major’s statement “Man is the old real enemy we have”.

2. Metaphor: Orwell uses metaphors to illustrate the suffering of the animals under human
rule for example “The life of animal is misery and slavery’ compares the animal's lives to
the enslaved individuals.

3. Personification: The animals on the farm are anthropomorphized [ they are given human
like qualities] for instance, the animals “laid down to sleep, the birds jumped onto their
perches, the animals settled down in the straw.” Which gave them similar human
characteristics. Personification and anthropomorphism are two different literary devices. Anthropomorphism is
used in "Animal Farm". When animals, specifically are given human qualities they are
anthropomorphised. For example, the ability to speak, think and make decisions. Personification
is used for inanimate objects.
4. Symbolism: The animals themselves can be seen as symbols. In this chapter, Old Major
represents the idea of a wise and just leader. The singing of The Beasts of England”
Symbolizes unity and hope for a better future.

5. Irony: Irony is shown as the readers know that Old Majors vision of equality will not
come to pass as he environs it. This sets up the conflict that unfolds throughout the story.
envisions

6. Foreshadowing: The description of Mr. Jones drunken neglect of the animals

foreshadows the eventual rebellion and the animals’ desire for change.
Notes:
Name of Dogs: Jesse, Bluebell, Pincher
Mare: Horse – Clover
Song they sang titled; “Beasts of England”
Old Major’s Stage name: “Willingdon Beauty”
Song Symbolization” “Beasts of England” symbolizes the initiala ideas and aspirations of the
revolution, serving as representation of the hope for a better and it is more just society. However,
the
it is eventual abandonment that reflects corruption and perversion (misrepresentation) of those
ideals as the pigs, representing the ruling class, prioritizing their own interests over the well-
being of the animals.

Animal Farm Chapter Two Summary

The Rebellion / Revolution

After the death of Old Major, the animals spent their day secretly planning the rebellion,
although they are unsure when it will occur. Because of their intelligence, the pigs are placed in
charge of educating the animals about animalism, the name they gave to the philosophy
expounded by Old Major in chapter one. Among the pigs, Snowball and Napoleon are the most
important to the revolution. Despite Mollies’ concern with ribbons and Moses’ tales of a place
called “Sugar candy Mountain”, the pigs were successful in conveying the principles of
animalism to other animals. The rebellion occurred when Jones again fell into a drunken sleep
and forgot to feed the animals, who then break into the store-shed in search of a meal. When
Jones and his men arrive, they began whipping the animals but soon found themselves being
chased off the forum. The triumphant animals then destroyed all traces of Jones, ate heartily and
celebrated their newfound freedom. After a tour of Jones’ house, they decide to leave it
unbothered, like a museum. Snowball changed the sign reading “Manor Farm” to “Animal
Farm” and painted the seven commandments of animalism on the wall., which stated “Whatever
goes upon two legs in an enemy”, “Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend”, “No
animal shall wear clothes", "No animal shall sleep in a bed” “No animal shall drink alcohol”,
“No aminal shall kill any other animal”, “All animals are equal”. After these commandments the
cows gave them five buckets of milk, which Napoleon stole. Animalism=Communism

Theme: Revolution & Corruption

In chapter two of “Animal Farm” there are several instances that demonstrate the emergence of
“Revolution & Corruption”. Within the revolutionary leadership. This chapter marks the early
stages of the corruption that will eventually lead to the downfall of the animal-led revolution.
1. Rations For the Leaders: The leaders, specifically the pigs, start receiving special
treatment, which is a clear sign of corruption “The pigs did not actually work, but
directed and supervised the others. With their superior knowledge it was natural that they
should assume the leadership”
• The pigs are already distinguishing themselves as the leaders, despite the initial principle
that “All animals are equal”. This special treatment is a form of corruption as they are
going against the original ideals of the revolution.

2. Appropriation Of Milk and Apples: The pigs take exclusive rights to the milk and apples,
which were supposed to be shared equally among all animals. “Milk and Apples contain
substances necessary to the well-being of a pig.

• This is another example from chapter 2 that highlights the pigs’ corruption. The pigs
manipulate scientific claims to justify their privileged access to resources, which
contradicts the initial principles of the revolution.

3. Changed Commandments: The Seven Commandments of Animalism being to change

subtly to accommodate the pigs’ privileges. “No Animals shall drink alcohol to excess”
 • This is a clear instance of corruption, as the pigs modify the commandments to their
advantage, showing how they’re gradually consolidating their power and bending the
rules in their favour.

4. Execution Of Disinters (Protestor/s): When the animals question the changes, they are
met with violence and suppression (defeat) “Napolean seized the dog in his teeth,
terrier
dog
whipped him with round and flung him onto the ground. The dg, a terroir was greatly
shocked, and it could be seen that he was puzzled and pained by the sudden attack”

• The violent act demonstrates the pigs’ willingness to use force to maintain their control
and silence any opposition, which is a corrupt abuse of power”

Literary Devices:
1. Allegory: In this chapter, the animals’ rebellion against Mr. Jones, represents the 1917-
1923 Russian Revolution

2. Irony: Throughout the chapter, there’s dramatic irony as readers understand the
implications if the animal's action better than the animals themselves. For instance, the
animals overthrow Mr. Jones, thinking it’s a victory for their freedom, but the reader can
see that they are merely replacing one oppressive regime (Authoritarian government)
with another.

3. Symbolism: Various symbols are used to represent ideas and concepts. “The Beasts of
England” song, for example, symbolizes the animals’ hope and vision of a better future.

4. Satire: Orwell uses Satire to mock and criticize the flaws and corruption of human
society. The animals’ enthusiasm for their new utopia is satirical (mocking) as it parallels
the naivety of the masses during political revolutions.
 5. Foreshadowing: The chapter includes elements that hint at the future corruption of the
pigs’ secrecy and hoarding of milk and apples, which foreshadows their eventual
corruption and abuse of power.

6. Paradox: The phrase “All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others. It is a
paradox that highlights the absurdity and hypocrisy of the pigs’ leadership.
7. Imagery: Orwell uses vivid descriptive language to create mental images for the readers.
For instance, the image of animals chasing Mr. Jones off the farm is memorable and a
vivid scene. Anthropomosphism
8. Personification: The animals are given human-like qualities and behaviours, allowing
readers to understand their struggles better. For example, the animals’ discussion and
debates mirror human political discourse.

Notes:
Old Major died three nights after giving his speech and speaking about his dream.
He was also buried at the foot of an orchard.
Also, he died in the month of March.
Animalism is giving behaviour that is characterized by animals being in physical human-like
form. The literary devices contribute to the depth and complexity of the novella.
Animal Farm Chapter Three Summary:
The Animals Work Hard To Reap
Harvest / Utopia

Despite the initial difficulties, inherent farming took designed for humans, the animals cooperate
to finish the harvest and do so in less time than it had taken. Jones and his men to do so in less
time than it had taken Jones and his men to do so in less time than it taken Jones and his men to
do the same. Boxer distinguishes himself as a strong tireless worker, admired by all animals. The
-
pigs become the supervisors and directors of the workers of the animal's workers. On Sunday’s,
the animals meet in the big barn to listen to Snowball and Napoleon debate a number of animal
committees, all of the which fail. However, he does prove successful at bringing a degree of
literacy to the animals, who learn to read according to their varied intelligences. To help the
animals understand the general perception of animalism, Snowball reduces the seven
commandments to a single slogan “Four legs good, two legs bad.” Napoleon, meanwhile,
focuses his energy on educating the youth and take the infant pups of Jessie and Bluebell away
from their mothers, presumably for educational purposes. The animals learn the cows’ milk and
windfallen apples are mixed everyday into the pigs’ mash. When the animals object, Squealer
explains that the pigs need the milk and apples to sustain themselves as they work for the benefit
of the other animals.

Theme: Class Warfare

In Chapter Three, the animals successfully rebel against Mr. Jones and take over the farm,
leading to a sense of liberation. However, the portrayal of happiness is complex and ultimately
ironic, as the pigs begin to exert control and manipulate the other animals. The portrayal of
liberation and happiness in this chapter is layered and serves as a commentary on the
complexities of power and leadership.

1. Liberation
• "They were always cold, and usually hungry as well. Only old Benjamin professed to
remember every detail of his long life and to know that things never had been, nor ever
could be much better or much worse hunger, hardship, and disappointment being, so he
said, the unalterable law of life.
• In the early stages of the rebellion, there is a sense of liberation as the animal's overthrow
Mr. Jones. However, this liberation is quickly tempered by the harsh realities of their new
circumstances.

2. Happiness

• The animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be.

• Every mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly their own
food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out to them by a grudging
master.

• The animals initially experience happiness when they believe they are in control of their
own destinies.

• The ownership of the means of production is a source of joy, as it seems to free them
from the oppression, they suffered under Mr. Jones.

3. Irony and Deception

• Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals
themselves any richer except, of course, for the pigs and the dogs.

• As the story progresses, the pigs, especially Napoleon, begin to enjoy the fruits of the
animals' labour more than the other animals.
 • The initial happiness and liberation become ironic as the pigs adopt human-like
behaviours and start exploiting their fellow animals.

Literary Devices:
1. Allegory: The Battle of the Cowshed, where the animals fight against the humans,
represents the Russian Civil War and the October Revolution in the context of the
allegory.

2. Symbolism: The windmill symbolizes progress and technological advancement. The pigs
convince the animals that building the windmill will make their lives better, mirroring the
Soviet Union's focus on industrialization.

3. Irony: Squealer's name is ironic because he is skilled at "squealing" or propagandizing on

behalf of the pigs. This is a commentary on the manipulation of language and information
in political contexts.

4. Foreshadowing: The pigs' increasing comfort in the farmhouse foreshadows their

eventual transformation into indistinguishable figures from the humans they initially
rebelled against.

5. Satire: The pigs' manipulation of the commandments and the principle of Animalism
satirizes the manipulation of political ideologies by those in power.

6. Personification: The commandments are personified as guiding principles for the

animals. As the pigs alter them, it reflects the manipulation of ideologies for political
purposes. This isn't really an example of personification.

7. Allusion: The Battle of the Cowshed alludes to historical events, specifically the Russian
Civil War, providing a deeper layer of meaning for those familiar with the context.

8. Parallelism: The pigs' adoption of human habits and practices parallels the corruption of
the revolutionary ideals, illustrating how power can corrupt even those who initially
opposed it.
 Notes:
Benjamin- Nothing truly new can happen/ excite him as he has seen everything happen already.
Animals were still dependant in terms of voting.
Blacksmithing- Someone who makes things by iron.
Animalism is a metaphor for communism
• Animalism was taught by Old Major
• No rich but no poor
• Better Life for workers
• All animals are equal
• Everyone owns the farm
Communism was invented by Karl Marx
• All people are equal
• Government owns everything
• People own the government
Animal Farm Chapter Four Summary
The Spread of Ideals, Fear and Rumours /
The Battle of The Cowshed
As summer ends and news of the rebellion spreads to other farms by way of pigeons released by
Snowball and Napoleon, Jones spends most of his time in a pub, complaining about his troubles
to two neighbouring farmers: Pilkington and Jones; Frederick. In October, Jones and a group of
men arrive at Animal Farm and attempt to seize control of it. Snowball turns out to be an
extraordinary tactician and, with the help of the other animals, drives Jones and his men away.
The animals then celebrate their victory in what they call "The Battle of the Cowshed."

Theme: Language As Power

From the beginning of the popular revolution on Manor Farm, language both spoken and written
is instrumental to the animals’ collective success, and later to the pigs’ consolidation of power.
Through animal farm illustrated how language is an influential tool that individuals can use to
seize power and manipulate others via propaganda, while also showing that education and one’s
corresponding grasp of language is what can turn someone into either a manipulative authority
figure or an unthinking, uneducated member of the working class. The use of language as a tool
of power becomes evident in this chapter as the pigs, particularly Squealer, manipulate and
control the narrative to suit their interests.
1. Manipulation of Language:
• Squealer, who happened to be passing at this moment, attended by two or three dogs,
was able to put the whole matter in its proper perspective.

• 'I trust that every animal here appreciates the sacrifice that Comrade Napoleon has made
in taking this extra labour upon himself. Do not imagine, comrades, that leadership is a
pleasure! On the contrary, it is a deep and heavy responsibility.'"
Squealer uses persuasive language to frame Napoleon's decision to take on extra rations as a
noble sacrifice for the benefit of all. This manipulation of language helps control the perception
of the animals and justifies the pigs' special privileges.
2. Distortion of Reality:
• "But it was noticed that these two were never in agreement: whatever suggestion either of
them made, the other could be counted on to oppose it."
This quote reflects the growing influence of the pigs, especially Napoleon and Snowball, in
shaping the direction of the farm. The disagreement between them is a subtle indication of power
struggles, and the eventual distortion of truth and history to favour the dominant group.

3. Use of Slogans:

• "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others."

This famous quote appears later in the novel but foreshadows the pigs' manipulation of the
commandments to justify their increasing privileges. The deliberate ambiguity and paradox in
this statement highlight the abuse of language to consolidate power.

4. Control Through Fear:

• "The pigs had an easy time of it from then onwards. Everyday Snowball and Napoleon
sent out flights of pigeons whose instructions were to mingle with the animals on
neighbouring farms, tell them the story of the Rebellion, and teach them the tune of
'Beasts of England.'"

The use of propaganda, facilitated by the pigeons, demonstrates how the pig's control not only the
present narrative on the farm but also the external perception of the farm. By shaping the story
told to other animals, they maintain their grip on power.

Literary Devices:
1. Irony: The pigs, who initially opposed the humans' drinking of alcohol, end up enjoying
the benefits of the windfall apples and alcohol, demonstrating the irony of their evolving
behaviour mirroring that of the humans.

2. Allegory: The Battle of the Cowshed represents the Russian Civil War, where the animals
(representing the proletariat) fight against the humans (representing the bourgeoisie) to
secure their freedom.

3. Satire: The pigs' manipulation of language and revision of the commandments reflect the
satirical commentary on the abuse of power and propaganda. For instance, changing "No
animal shall drink alcohol" to "No animal shall drink alcohol to excess" is a satirical take
on the gradual erosion of principles.

4. Symbolism: The windmill becomes a symbol of progress and the animals' hard work, but
it is later used by the pigs to consolidate their power. The windmill symbolizes the
manipulation of symbols for political gain.
 5. Foreshadowing: The growing tension between Napoleon and Snowball foreshadows the
power struggle that will escalate in later chapters, ultimately leading to Napoleon's
dominance.

6. Allusion: The increasing resemblance of the pigs to humans alludes to the corrupting
influence of power, drawing parallels to historical figures and political leaders who
betray the ideals they once fought for.

7. Satirical Dialogue: The interactions between the animals and the pigs reveal the satirical
nature of the power dynamics. For instance, the pigs justify their actions using clever
rhetoric, manipulating language to control and deceive the other animals.

Notes:
• The news as to the rebellion and progress being made on animal farm had been spread to
animals in different areas of the country.

• Frederick and Pilkington needed a new angle to discredit Animal Farm. So, they start
spreading even more exaggerated and sensational lies about the farm, suggesting that the
animals there are engaged in cannibalism, torture, and unconventional relationships.

• Cannibalism in animal farm is the eating of any animal by another member of the same
species.

• In hearing the news of the rebellion and progress that was being made on animal farm
when it had been heard by the “Bulls” they were no longer humbled they converted to
being savage.

• In hearing the news of the rebellion and progress that was being made on animal farm
when it had been heard by the “Sheep” they broke down their hedges and devoured their
clovers, which means they established order and a loss of the farm's productive capacity.

• After rebelling and causing chaos on the farm in whichever individual animal rebelled,
they would begin to sing the song titled “Beasts of England”.
 • Snowball studied the book of Julius Caesar’s campaigns which he found in the
farmhouse.

• A mass of thirty-five pigeons participated in the battle of the cowshed.

• In Snowball’s second line of attack Muriel, Benjamin and all the sheep accompanied
snowball in butting Jones and his men side by side but failed.

• After the final attack the animals displayed upon Jones and his men the animals
celebrated the “Beasts of England (which was basically their national anthem) had been
sung numerous times.

• The battle had been named “The Battle of The Cowshed” due to the it being the location
in where they were ambushed but still became the successors of the war.

• After finding Jones’ gun they concluded firing it twice a year which would represent the
historic successful events which took place such as “The Battle of The Cowshed (Dated
October 12th), The anniversary of the Rebellion (dated A midsummer day)”

Animal Farm Chapter Five Summary

The Principles of Animalism Shift to
Totalitarianism/ Napoleon Seizes Power

Winter comes and Mollie works less and less. Eventually, Clover discovers that Mollie is being
bribed off Animal Farm by one of Pilkington's men, who eventually wins her loyalties. Mollie
disappears, and the pigeons report seeing her standing outside a pub, sporting one of the ribbons
that she always coveted. The pigs increase their influence on the farm, deciding all questions of
policy and then offering their decisions to the animals, who must ratify them by a majority vote.
Snowball and Napoleon continue their fervent debates, the greatest of which occurs over the
building of a windmill on a knoll. Snowball argues in favour of the windmill, which he is certain
will eventually become a labour-saving device; Napoleon argues against it, saying that building
the windmill will take time and effort away from the more important task of producing food. The
two also disagree on whether they should as Napoleon thinks amass an armoury of guns or as
Snowball thinks send out more pigeons to neighbouring farms to spread news of the rebellion.
On the Sunday that the plan for the windmill is to be put to a vote, Napoleon calls out nine
ferocious dogs, who chase Snowball off the farm. Napoleon then announces that all debates will
stop and institutes a few other new rules for the farm. Three weeks after Snowball's escape,
Napoleon surprises everybody by announcing that the windmill will be built. He sends Squealer
to the animals to explain that the windmill was really Napoleon's idea all along and that the plans
for it were stolen from him by Snowball.

Theme: The Corruption of Ideals in The

Soviet Union
In Chapter Five of "Animal Farm," the corruption of ideals in the Soviet Union is exemplified
through the changes made to the Seven Commandments, which were originally established to
guide the animals in their pursuit of a utopian society. The pigs, representing the ruling class in
the Soviet Union, manipulate language and principles to justify their own privileges and control
over the other animals, illustrating the corruption of revolutionary ideals.

1. Original Commandment: “Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy, whatever goes
upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend and All animals are equal.
• Corrupted Version: "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others,
Four legs good, two legs bad."
This famous quote reflects a blatant contradiction and a complete corruption of the original ideal
of equality. It highlights the pigs' betrayal of the fundamental principle of the rebellion, exposing
the hypocrisy of those in power.

Literary Devices:
1. Allegory: The entire novel serves as an allegory for the Russian Revolution and the
subsequent development of the Soviet Union. The pigs' increasing power and adoption of
human behaviours represent the rise of the ruling class in the early Soviet Union.

2. Irony: There is situational irony when the pigs begin to resemble humans in their
behaviour, despite their initial promises not to. For instance, they move into the
 farmhouse and start sleeping in beds, a clear violation of the original commandment
against such human indulgences.

3. Symbolism: The windmill becomes a symbol of progress and industry in Chapter Five.
Although initially opposed by some animals, the pigs convince them of its importance.
The windmill comes to represent the false promises of a better future under the pigs' rule.

4. Foreshadowing: The growing tension between Napoleon and Snowball foreshadows the
power struggle that will intensify later in the story. This conflict eventually leads to
Snowball's expulsion from the farm.

5. Satire: Orwell uses satire to criticize various aspects of political systems and human
nature. The pigs' manipulation of language, exemplified by Squealer's elaborate
explanations, satirizes the propaganda techniques used by political leaders to control and
manipulate the masses.
6. Irony (Verbal): There is verbal irony in the pigs' use of the commandment "All animals
are equal" when they are becoming more unequal and adopting human privileges. The
animals are unaware of the irony, highlighting the manipulative power of language.

Animal Farm Chapter Six Summary

The Manipulation of History and
Memory/ Working Like Slaves

During the following year, the animals work harder than ever before. Building the windmill is a
laborious business and Boxer proves himself a model of physical strength and dedication.
Napoleon announces that Animal Farm will begin trading with neighbouring farms and hires Mr.
Whymper, a solicitor, to act as his agent. Other humans meet in pubs and discuss their theories
that the windmill will collapse, and that Animal Farm will go bankrupt. Jones gives up his
attempts at retaking his farm and moves to another part of the county. The pigs move into the
farmhouse and begin sleeping in beds, which Squealer excuses on the grounds that the pigs need
their rest after the daily strain of running the farm. That November, a storm topples the half-
finished windmill. Napoleon tells the animals that Snowball is responsible for its ruin and offers
a reward to any animal who kills Snowball or brings him back alive. Napoleon then declares that
they will begin rebuilding the windmill that very morning.

Theme: Tyranny
 • They built a tyrannical society through, first through telling lies, then through depriving
other animals of proper education and it made them unable to think clearly and critically.
After that the leaders made them fear to rebel against them. They gained total control
over their minds through altering the history. As power increases, so does tyranny! But
how? It is done due to the use of propaganda and fear.

1. Modification of the Commandments: The pigs start altering the commandments on the
barn wall, particularly the one stating that "No animal shall sleep in a bed." The
commandment is changed to allow the pigs to sleep in the farmhouse. This modification
reflects the pigs' willingness to distort the rules to suit their own desires while maintaining
an illusion of consistency.

2.Revision of the Battle of the Cowshed: Squealer revises the history of the Battle of the
Cowshed, portraying Snowball as a villain and Napoleon as a hero. This rewriting of history serves
to strengthen Napoleon's position and diminish any positive memory of Snowball's contributions
to the farm's defence.

3. Manipulation of Language: Squealer's persuasive use of language is a tool for

manipulation. He convinces the animals that the pigs' actions are in their best interest, even when
they directly contradict the original principles of Animalism. By manipulating language, the pigs’
control how events are perceived and remembered.

4. Symbolic Representation of Real-World Propaganda: The theme of manipulating history and

memory in Animal Farm reflects the manipulation of historical narratives in real-world political
propaganda. Orwell uses this theme to comment on the dangers of allowing those in power to
control the narrative and shape public perception.

5. Use of Fear and Intimidation: "Napoleon now called upon them to confess their crimes. The
tale of confessions and executions went on, until there was a pile of corpses lying before
Napoleon’s feet and the air was heavy with the smell of blood." The use of confessions and
executions illustrates how Napoleon instils fear in the animals to suppress dissent. This type of
control through fear is a characteristic of tyrannical regimes.

Literary Devices:

1. Allegory:The entire novel itself is an allegory for the Russian Revolution and the
subsequent development of the Soviet Union. In Chapter Six, we see the pigs
consolidating their power and manipulating the other animals, reflecting the rise of the
Soviet bureaucracy.
 2. Irony: The pigs' increasing resemblance to humans, despite their initial ideals of equality,
is ironic. The pigs, who were supposed to represent the oppressed, end up adopting the
vices of their former human oppressors.

3. Foreshadowing: The growing tension between Napoleon and Snowball foreshadows the
power struggle that will intensify later in the story, eventually leading to Snowball's
expulsion from the farm.

4. Symbolism: The windmill symbolizes progress and the ideals of Animalism. Despite the
setbacks and difficulties faced by the animals in building the windmill, it represents their
commitment to a better future.

5. Satire: The pigs' manipulation of language and the commandment for their own benefit is a
satirical commentary on the manipulation of rhetoric in political discourse. The alteration of the
commandments reflects the hypocrisy and corruption of those in power.

6. Allusion: The Battle of the Windmill alludes to the Battle of Stalingrad during World War II.
This historical reference adds depth to the story and helps readers draw parallels between the
events in the novel and real-world history.
Animal Farm Chapter Seven Summary
Terror
As the human world watches Animal Farm and waits for news of its failure, the animals struggle
against starvation. Napoleon uses Mr. Whymper to spread news of Animal Farm's sufficiency to
the human world. After learning that they must surrender their eggs, the hens stage a
demonstration that only ends when they can no longer live without the rations that Napoleon had
denied them. Nine hens die because of the protest.
The animals are led to believe that Snowball is visiting the farm at night and spitefully
subverting their labour. He becomes a constant (and imagined) threat to the animals' security,
and Squealer eventually tells the animals that Snowball has sold himself to Frederick and that he
was in league with Jones from the very beginning.
One day in spring, Napoleon calls a meeting of all the animals, during which he forces
confessions from all those who had questioned him (such as the four pigs in Chapters 5 and 6
and the three hens who lead the protest) and then has them murdered by the dogs. Numerous
animals also confess to crimes that they claim were instigated by Snowball. Eventually, the
singing of "Beasts of England" is outlawed and a new song by Miniums, Napoleon's pig-poet, is
instituted, although the animals do not find the song as meaningful as their previous anthem.
there are instances that reflect the use of terror to maintain control. The pigs, particularly
Napoleon, employ fear and intimidation as tools to keep the other animals in line.

Theme: Terror
1. Use of Force:
• "Napoleon ordered the hens' rations to be stopped and decreed that any animal giving so
much as a grain of corn to a hen should be punished by death."
Napoleon's use of the threat of death as a punishment illustrates the extreme measures taken to
instil fear among the animals. This tactic is a form of terror, creating a climate of intimidation.
 2. Violence and Repression: "They were not certain what the word meant, but old
Benjamin, who had devoted his life to reading the notice board, said he thought it meant
that the windmill was going to be built after all."

The uncertainty surrounding the changes and the lack of clarity contribute to a sense of fear
among the animals. The pigs' control over information and their ability to manipulate it create an
atmosphere of apprehension.

3. Manipulation of Fear:
• "All that year the animals worked like slaves. But they were happy in their work; they
grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything that they did was for the benefit
of themselves and those of their kind who would come after them, and not for a pack of
idle, thieving human beings."

Here, the pigs manipulate the fear of Mr. Jones's return to maintain control. By presenting the
humans as the ultimate enemy, the pigs keep the animals in a state of anxiety, making them more
willing to accept the pigs' leadership.

Literary Devices:

1. Irony: The pigs, who were supposed to represent the oppressed class, become
indistinguishable from the humans they overthrew, thus ironically replicating the same
oppressive structures.

2. Allegory: The windmill construction represents the false promises and the manipulation
of the working class by the ruling class. It symbolizes the supposed progress and benefits
for all animals but ultimately serves the interests of the pigs.

3. Foreshadowing: The increasing tension and disagreements among the animals

foreshadow the coming conflicts and betrayals. The reader can anticipate that the unity on
the farm is fragile and will likely lead to further problems.
4. Symbolism: The windmill symbolizes progress and economic development. It is initially
embraced by the animals as a means of making their lives better, but it later becomes a
symbol of false promises and manipulation by the ruling class.

5. Satire: The pig's gradual adoption of human habits and behaviours satirizes the corruption
of power. The very creatures who rebelled against human oppression end up mimicking
their oppressors.
 6. Allusion: The Battle of the Windmill can be seen as an allusion to historical events,
particularly the Russian Civil War and the challenges faced by the Soviet Union. Orwell
uses this historical parallel to comment on the corruption of the ideals of the Russian
Revolution.

7. Dramatic Irony: The animals believe in the pigs' leadership and the supposed benefits of
the windmill, while the readers, through dramatic irony, understand the pigs' true motives
and the eventual failure of their plans.

Animal Farm Chapter Eight Summary

Battle Of the Windmill
The following year brings more work on the windmill and less food for the workers, despite
Squealer's lists of figures supposedly proving that food production has increased dramatically
under Napoleon's rule. As Napoleon grows more powerful, he is seen in public less often. The
general opinion of him is expressed in a poem by Miniums that lists his merits and virtues. More
executions occur while Napoleon schemes to sell a pile of timber to Frederick — who is
alternately rumoured to be a sadistic torturer of animals and the victim of unfounded gossip.
After the completion of the new windmill in August, Napoleon sells the pile of timber to
Frederick, who tries to pay with a check. Napoleon, however, demands cash, which he receives.
Whymper then learns that Frederick's banknotes are forgeries, and Napoleon pronounces the
death sentence on the traitorous human.
The next morning, Frederick and 14 men arrive at Animal Farm and attempt to take it by force.
Although the humans are initially successful, after they blow up the windmill, the animals are
completely enraged and drive the men from the farm. Squealer explains to the bleeding animals
that, despite what they may think, they were victorious in what will hereafter be called "The
Battle of the Windmill."
Some days later, the pigs discover a case of whisky in Jones' cellar. After drinking too much of
it, Napoleon fears he is dying and decrees that the drinking of alcohol is punishable by death.
Two days later, however, Napoleon feels better and orders the small paddock (which was to have
been used as a retirement-home for old animals) to be ploughed and planted with barley. The
chapter ends with Muriel rereading the Seven Commandments and noticing, for the first time,
that the Fifth Commandment now reads, "No animal shall drink alcohol to excess."

Theme: Abuse Of Power

1. Purge of Dissent:
• "Napoleon now called upon them to confess their crimes. And so, the tale of confessions
and executions went on, until there was a pile of corpses lying before Napoleon's feet and
the air was heavy with the smell of blood, which had been unknown there since the
expulsion of Jones."

This quote illustrates how Napoleon, having consolidated power, starts to eliminate any
perceived threats to his authority. The purges and executions create an atmosphere of fear and
submission among the animals.
2. Manipulation of History:
 • "Napoleon was well aware of the bad results that might follow if the real facts of the food
situation were known, and he decided to make use of Mr. Whymper to spread a contrary
impression."
The manipulation of information is a powerful tool in maintaining control. Napoleon distorts the
reality of the food shortage, showing how those in power can shape public perception to justify
their actions.
3. Betrayal of Ideals:
• "The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man
again; but already it was impossible to say which was which."
This famous closing line of the chapter reflects the theme of the pigs becoming indistinguishable
from the humans. The initial ideals of the rebellion, cantered around equality and freedom, are
now completely betrayed as the pigs adopt the vices of the humans they once overthrew.

Literary Devices:
1. Irony: One example of irony in Chapter 8 is when the pigs, who initially rebelled
against humans to establish equality, start to adopt human-like behaviours and
luxuries. This is ironic because it contradicts the original ideals of the Animal Farm
revolution.

2. Foreshadowing: The growing tension between the pigs and other animals
foreshadows the future conflicts on the farm. As the pigs become more like
humans, it suggests that the farm might not be the utopia the animals hoped for.

3. Allegory: The entire story of "Animal Farm" is an allegory, representing the events
leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the early years of the Soviet
Union. In as the pigs become indistinguishable from the humans, it mirrors the
corruption and betrayal of the original revolutionary ideals.

4. Symbolism: The windmill symbolizes progress and the promise of a better future
for the animals. In Chapter 8, the destruction of the windmill by the humans
symbolizes the setbacks and challenges faced by the revolutionaries in their
pursuit of a better society.

5. Satire: Orwell uses satire to criticize political systems, particularly the hypocrisy of
those in power. The pigs, who were supposed to represent the oppressed, end up
behaving like the oppressors. This is evident in Chapter 8 as the pigs start to
enjoy the same privileges they condemned in humans.
 6. Allusion: Orwell alludes to historical events, such as the Battle of the Windmill,
which represents the Battle of Stalingrad during World War II. This historical
reference adds depth to the narrative and helps readers draw connections
between the events in the book and real-world history.

Animal Farm Chapter Nine Summary

Boxer Is Betrayed
After celebrating their so-called victory against Frederick, the animals begin building a new
windmill. Their efforts are again led by Boxer who, despite his split hoof, insists on working
harder and getting the windmill started before he retires.
Food supplies continue to diminish but Squealer explains that they have more food and better
lives than they have ever known. The four sows' litter 31 piglets; Napoleon, the father of all of
them, orders a schoolroom to be built for their education. Meanwhile, more and more of the
animals' rations are reduced while the pigs continue to grow fatter. Animal Farm is eventually
proclaimed a Republic, and Napoleon is elected President.
Once his hoof heals, Boxer works as hard as he can at building the windmill until the day, he
collapses because of a lung ailment. After he is helped back to his stall, Squealer informs them
that Napoleon has sent for the veterinarian at Willingdon to treat him. When the van arrives to
take Boxer to the hospital, however, Benjamin reads its side and learns that Boxer is being taken
to a knacker, or glue-boiler. Clover screams to Boxer to escape, but the old horse is too weak to
kick his way out of the van, which drives away. Boxer is never seen again. To placate the
animals, Squealer tells them that Boxer was not taken to a knacker but that the veterinarian had
bought the knacker's truck and had not yet repainted the words on its side. The animals are
relieved when they hear this. The chapter ends with a grocer's van delivering a crate of whisky to
the pigs, who drink it all and do not arise until after noon the following day.

Theme: Corruption Of the Ruling Class

1. Manipulation of the Commandments: "But it was noticed that these two were never in
agreement: whatever suggestion either of them made, the other could be counted on to
oppose it. Even when it was resolved a thing no one could object to in itself to exchange
work with Frederick and Pilkington, the pigs were mysteriously against it."
The pigs begin to manipulate the commandments to justify their actions. The original unity and
equality proclaimed in the Seven Commandments start to erode as the pigs prioritize their own
interests.

2. Collaboration with Humans: The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man
to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was
which."
This famous quote describes the scene where the pigs are indistinguishable from the humans,
symbolizing the pigs' complete transformation into the oppressive ruling class they initially
rebelled against.

3. Trade with Humans: The best way of all was to let the humans do it. This was of course
against the principles of Animalism; but now the pigs had fallen into the way of
habitually drinking beer and not a day went by when some of them did not get drunk."
The pigs, who once declared that humans were the enemy, start engaging in trade and deals with
them, compromising the original principles of the rebellion for their own comfort and benefit.

4. Betrayal of Comrades: At the last moment Muriel, the white goat, who drew her
inspiration from the general behaviour of the pigs and had managed to learn to read and
write in a very inferior way, put in her pennyworth:"
Even the animals that initially believed in the principles of Animalism start to question the pigs'
actions. Muriel's skepticism reflects the growing awareness among the animals about the
corruption of their leaders.
Literary Devices:
1. Allegory: The entire novel serves as an allegory for the Russian Revolution and the
subsequent development of the Soviet Union. In Chapter Nine, the parallels between the
events on Animal Farm and the historical events in Russia become more evident.

2. Irony: There is situational irony in the way the pigs, who initially opposed humans and
their vices, end up resembling them in behaviour for example, the pigs start walking on
two legs, just like humans, which was something they condemned at the beginning.

3. Satire: Orwell uses satire to criticize various aspects of human nature and political
ideologies. The portrayal of the pigs as corrupt leaders satirizes the hypocrisy and
corruption often associated with political power.

4. Symbolism: The windmill in Animal Farm is a symbol of the pigs' manipulation and
propaganda. It represents their ability to control the narrative and manipulate the other
animals' beliefs.
5. Foreshadowing: The events in Chapter Nine foreshadow the eventual deterioration of the
Animal Farm society. The pigs' increasing resemblance to humans and their abuse of
power hint at the tragic direction the farm is heading.

6. Allusion: Orwell alludes to historical events and figures, such as the Battle of the
Windmill, which mirrors the Battle of Stalingrad during World War II. These allusions
add depth to the story and connect it to real-world events.

7. Paradox: There's a paradoxical element in the idea that the animals on Animal Farm
fought for freedom and equality but end up being ruled by an elite class of pigs, mirroring
the ironic twists of political revolutions.
Animal Farm Chapter Ten Summary
Full Circle?
Years pass, and Animal Farm undergoes its final changes. Muriel, Bluebell, Jessie, and Pincher
are all dead, and Jones dies in an inebriates' home. Clover is now 14 years old (two years past the
retiring age) but has not retired. (No animal ever has.) There are more animals on the farm, and
the farm's boundaries have increased, thanks to the purchase of two of Pilkington's fields. The
second windmill has been completed and is used for milling corn. All the animals continue their
lives of hard work and little food except, of course, for the pigs. One evening, Clover sees a
shocking sight: Squealer walking on his hind legs. Other pigs follow, walking the same way, and
Napoleon also emerges from the farmhouse carrying a whip in his trotter. The sheep begin to
bleat a new version of their previous slogan: "Four legs good, two legs better!" Clover also
notices that the wall on which the Seven Commandments were written has been repainted: Now,
the wall simply reads, "ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL / BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE
EQUAL THAN OTHERS." Eventually, all the pigs begin carrying whips and wearing Jones'
clothes. In the novel's final scene, a deputation of neighbouring farmers is given a tour of the
farm, after which they meet in the dining-room of the farmhouse with Napoleon and the other
pigs. Mr. Pilkington makes a toast to Animal Farm and its efficiency. Napoleon then offers a
speech in which he outlines his new policies: The word "comrade" will be suppressed, there will
be no more Sunday meetings, the skull of old Major has been buried, and the farm flag will be
changed to a simple field of green. His greatest change in policy, however, is his announcement
that Animal Farm will again be called Manor Farm. Soon after Napoleon's speech, the men and
pigs begin playing cards, but a loud quarrel erupts when both Napoleon and Pilkington each try
to play the ace of spades. As Clover and the other animals watch the arguments through the
dining-room window, they are unable to discriminate between the humans and the pigs.
Theme: Oppression Through Corruption

1. Oppression: The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig,
and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was
which."

This quote reflects the final scene of the novel, where the pigs have become
indistinguishable from the humans they initially rebelled against. The oppression has
come full circle, and the animals realize that they are no better off under the pigs' rule.

2. Corruption of Principles: “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal
than others."
This famous quote is from the later part of the novel when the pigs have altered the
Seven Commandments to justify their own privileges. It succinctly captures the
corruption of the original principle of equality and highlights the pigs' hypocrisy.

3. Manipulation of Language: "The Commandment had not been violated; but it had
been altered."
This quote refers to the pigs' manipulation of the commandments to suit their changing
needs. The manipulation of language is a powerful tool for the pigs to control the
narrative and justify their oppressive actions.

4. Use of Fear and Force: "They were executed immediately, and fresh precautions
for Napoleon's safety were taken."
As Napoleon solidifies his power, he resorts to fear and force to maintain control. The
execution of animals who are perceived as threats showcases the oppressive tactics used
by the ruling class to suppress dissent.
 5. Exploitation of Labour: "It was given out that the animals there practiced
cannibalism, tortured one another with red-hot horseshoes, and had their
females in common."
The pigs exploit the animals' lack of education and use propaganda to create fear and
maintain control. This quote demonstrates how the ruling class spreads misinformation
to keep the other animals in line.

Literary Devices:
1. Allegory: The entire novel serves as an allegory for the Russian Revolution and
the subsequent development of the Soviet Union. In Chapter Nine, the parallels
between the events on Animal Farm and the historical events in Russia become
more evident.

2. Irony: There is situational irony in the way the pigs, who initially opposed humans
and their vices, end up resembling them in behaviour. For example, the pigs start
walking on two legs, just like humans, which was something they condemned at
the beginning.

3. Satire: Orwell uses satire to criticize various aspects of human nature and political
ideologies. The portrayal of the pigs as corrupt leaders satirizes the hypocrisy and
corruption often associated with political power.

4. Symbolism: The windmill in Animal Farm is a symbol of the pigs' manipulation

and propaganda. It represents their ability to control the narrative and
manipulate the other animals' beliefs.

5. Foreshadowing: The events in Chapter Nine foreshadow the eventual

deterioration of the Animal Farm society. The pigs' increasing resemblance to
humans and their abuse of power hint at the tragic direction the farm is heading.

6. Allusion: Orwell alludes to historical events and figures, such as the Battle of the
Windmill, which mirrors the Battle of Stalingrad during World War II. These
allusions add depth to the story and connect it to real-world events.
 7.Paradox: There's a paradoxical element in the idea that the animals on Animal
Farm fought for freedom and equality but end up being ruled by an elite class of pigs,
mirroring the ironic twists of political revolutions.