Week2 14to20october

COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
Presented by Pratik Nayak
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6
YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT

UNDERSTANDING THEMATICALLY
1192
Delhi Entry of Europeans

1526 Sultanate
Establishment of Empire
1707 Mughals
The rise of the Struggle for

Marathas European Feudal States
1761 (1628-58, 1707-1761) Supremacy
The British
Conquest of India
1857 Political Integration
Indian Response Age of

1900 Revolts & Enlightenment
1947 Freedom Struggle
2019 We the People of India Indian Nation

Entry of Europeans
I am the
Jahanpanah
1605 onwards Period of Mughal Consolidation & Conquest
Expansion of Mughal Empire
Mercantilism Phase
Submission of European
Regional States
जहााँपनाह
ऐसा कैसे तुसी ग्रेट
हो... Portuguese- 1498
Onwards
Dutch – 1605
English- 1608

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
Q. How the British conquest took place?
केक कटे गा सबमे ऐसा कैसे
बाटे गा
Europeans Princely states
Later Mughals Deccan Awadh Sikh Mysore Marathas

Others (Delhi)
Portuguese Dutch French
कभी नही ीं
1612 1759 1760

British Conquest
Q. How the rise of princely states took place?
- Mughal Empire – Weak by 1707

18th Century political fragmentation
- Later Mughals very weak

- Hence emergence of regional kingdoms
Successor Independent New states

states
- Marathas - Mysore
Originally part - Sikhs - Kerala
of Mughal - Afghans - Rajput
- Hyderabad
- Carnatic
- Bengal
- Awadh

British Conquest
British Conquest of India
Conspiracy or coincidence ?
Europeans Princely States

1. Bengal (1757-1764) – (Awadh)
2. Mysore (1766-1799)
3. Marathas (1775-1818)
4. Gurkha-Nepal (1816)
5. Assam-Burma (1824-26)
6. Sindh-Punjab (1844-48)
(1836-42)

British Conquest -Marathas
The Rise Of Marathas

Map
- Who were they?

- When they came to power?
- Factors for unification
- Phases of Growth
Mughals EIC
16th Century 17th Century 18th Century
Scattered Unification Conflict

Sardars

Post Panipat- The loss of Maratha Pride & Rise of the EIC

Post panipat – Struggle for Peshwaship

Balaji Vishvanath
(1761-1775)
Baji rao-I
Q. Situation leading to Anglo-Maratha war
Raghunath Balaji baji rao (Nana saheb)
Rao
- Very ambitious
- Wanted to become Peshwa Vishvas rao Madhav Rao Narayan Rao
- Becam Peshwa for a brief (Died @
period but Barbhai Conspiracy Panipat)1761 - Was made 5th
- Became 4th
took place Peshwa after Peshwa
- Hence Raghunath rao – death of Nana - Killed by
Revolted sahib Raghunath rao
- When the wasn’t given - 1772 – Death - His son whose
Peshwaship got killed by posthomouscy
- Went to Surat in search of help Raghunath was made
- Signed Treaty of Surat,1775 @ rao peshwa
EIC. - Name madhav
Narayan rao

By 1775
- The struggle for Peshwaship resulted into EIC intervention leading

to Anglo- Maratha wars – 3
1. 1775 – 1782
2. 1803 – 1806
3. 1817 – 1818
- What reasons were responsible behind Anglo- Maratha wars?
- Contemporary times
- Regulating Act(1773)
- Gov. general of Bengal
- Supervisory power
- st
1 Anglo-mysore war(1766-69)
- Anglo-Maratha alliance

1775-1782 1st Anglo-Maratha war
Why? Claim of Raghunath Rao

- For Peshawaship
- Maratha sardars naming Madhav Narayan rao as Peshwa.
- Raghunath Rao – Friendship with EIC @ Surat (Bombay Gout)
1775 - Treaty of Surat

- EIC to help Raghunath Rao – 2500 Soldiers
- Raghunath Rao Salsette & Bassin to
EIC (Also Surat & Bharuch)
Security Deposit (₹ 6 Lakhs)

- Marathas No raid in Bengal & Carnatic
But Problem,
- Regulating Act(1773)
- Warren Hastings disapproved this treaty
- Sent official Lt.Upton to Conlcude A new Treaty @ Purandhar

1st Anglo- Mysore war
1775 - Treaty of Surat - Rejected
1776 - Treaty of Purandhar – Done by Lt. Upton
- Peace Maintain
- Raghunath Rao – Surat
- Poone to give him pension
1779 - Treaty of Wadgaon

- Warren Hastings Not Liked it.
- Not Liked by Bombay & Poone
- Sent Officer Godard from Bengal
- Rejected by them
- In Between EIC Co. Defeated by Poone
- Hence New Treaty
Ahemdabad Bassein
1May 1782 Treaty of Salbai

Capt. Popham Attacked Gavalior
- Scindia got defeated
PRATIK NAYAK FOR- Acted as mediator
UNACADEMY
Treaty Of Salbai (1782)
Map
- Peace | Stability
- Returning of areas
- Salsette, Elephanta – EIC
- Raghunath Rao (Pensioned off)
- Focus on Common Enemy
- From 1782-1803 – 20 Years no war. But Weakening of internal
confederacy
- Nana Phadnis Controlled Madhav Narayan Rao (Peshawa)
(Ring Leader)
- Thought he will rule empire - Committed Suicide in 1795
- 1800 passed away - Baji Rao II Becomes peshwa
(1796-1818) Last one.
1780-84 - 1780-84 2nd Anglo Mysore war
- Joint alliance

By (Around) 1800-1803
1796 - Baji rao I becomes peshwa

- Wanted to regain power
- Struggle within Maratha sardars
- Baji rao –II + Daulat Rao scindia Vs. Yahwant rao Holkar
Lord Wellesley
- 1798 – Came to power
- Tipu defeated (1799)
- Killed Holkar’s Brother defeated - Subsidiary Alliance
Peshwa & scindia. Attacked Pune &
- Baji rao ran away to basin Captured it.
- Seeked help from EIC
- Subsidiary alliance
Dec. 1802 - Subsidiary Alliance Treaty of Bassein

Treaty of Bassein (Dec. 1802)
- Peshwa Help from EIC
Territories worth ₹ 26 Lakhs To be given to EIC (Gujarat, Tapi, Narmada, Tundbhadra)

- Surat given to EIC
- No Foreigners except English
- Dispute settlement with any state via EIC mediation
- Reaction from Maratha sardars

- Insulting & humiliating for them
- Daulat rao scindia + Raghuji Bhonsale
- War started – Lord Wellesley order
Arthur Wellsley (Deccan) Gener Calle (north)

- Defeat of Raghuji Bhonsale - Defeat of scindia
- Dec.1803 – Treaty of Deo - Dec. 1803 – Treaty
Gaon of Surji - Arjangaon
By Dec. 1805 - Holkar made treaty with EIC Treaty of Rajpurghat

- Signed during GeorgePRATIK
barlowNAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
3rd Anglo-Maratha War
Period between 1805-1818- Passive Period-
1805 - Lord Cornwallis
1805 - George Barlow
1808 - Lord Minto - Charter Act of 1813
1813 - Lord Hastings
- Wanted Annexations of Indian territories.

- Market, Raw materials
- Wanted to end Maratha Sardar
May 1816 - Bhonsale were pressurised to sign
subsidiary alliance
- Controlled Pindharis, Hence Maratha foot
soldiers were controlled.

Marathas
- From 1816 to 1818
- Maratha Confederacy
- Insulted, humiliated, defeated
weakened due to internal
- Peshwa Baji Rao – II – Thought of
conflicts
Getting powerful
- 3rd Anglo-Marath War
- Negotiate with Maratha sardars
- Baroda Minister killed by Peshwa minister
(Gangadhar shastri) (Trimbakji)
- British Resident Elphinstone intervened
- Peshwa revolted, Leading to 3rd Anglo-
Maratha war.
June 1817 Defeat of Peshwa Poona treaty
Nov. 1817 Defeat of Scindia @ Gwalior

treaty no more pindhari

Final Blow – January 1818
EIC
Peshwa Holkar
- Tried to reassert - 6 Jan. 1818

- 1 Jan. 1818, defeated - Treaty of Mandsaur
@ Bhima Koregaon - Last one to surrender
- Surrenders @ john
Malcom.
- No more Peshwaship & Confideracy abolished
EIC – Appoints Pratap singh @ small kingdom
By 1818 Except Punjab & Sindh All under British empire of satara
- Subsidiary alliance
- Satara 1848 Dalhousie will annex on the
pretext of Doctrine of lapse.
- Nana sahib dislodged
- Will revolt in 1857.
British Conquest
British Conquest of India
Conspiracy or coincidence ?
Europeans Princely States

1. Bengal (1757-1764) – (Awadh)
2. Mysore (1766-1799)
3. Marathas (1775-1818)
4. Gurkha-Nepal (1816)
5. Assam-Burma (1824-26)
6. Sindh-Punjab (1844-48)
(1836-42)

British Conquest
British conquest of India
Nepal(1816) - Beyond Indian frontiers

- North India & North West – Afghanistan(1836)
- Sindh(1843)
- Punjab
- North East:
- Assam & Burma (1824-26), (1852-53), (1885)
- How? - Process (Map)

British Conquest- Nepal
Phase I Nepal 1814-1816 Map
- Origin Gurkha State – People belonging to hill town Areas

- Expanded from hilly Areas – To plains
- Came in conflict with EIC (both expansionists)
1801 - Wellesley Intervention Hostility Increased
- Wanted to create Buffer state
By 1814 - Hostilities Increased - Gurkha Attack on EIC Police Stations

- Lord Hastings – Defeated Nepalese
1816 - Treaty of Sagauli – Kumaon, Garwhal Terai , Hill

station
- Neplese kings Given Autonomy, Recroitment in
army

British Conquest- Assam & Burma
Phase II (1824-26) Assam & Burma
- Lord Armhrest - Burmese Attack on Assam

- Burma Claimed Assam’s Areas. -
- EIC also wanted Assam Assam ruled by Ahom Dynasty
- 1st Anglo Burmese war
- Treaty of Yandaboo – British control over Assam, Manipur, Arakhan, EIC.
- Installing Purndhar Singh as king of Ahom State
- Ahom Revolt will take place
- Later on Annexed by the year 1838
- By 1874 made the chief commissioners province
- Burma was fully annexed later on- 1852 (Dalhousie), 1882(Lytton)
- Between 1825 to 1840 – Many states were Annexed.

British Conquest-North West
Phase III North west India – understanding Geopolitics
(1839-42) (1843) 1844-48

Afghanistan Sindh Punjab
- All 3 went
Why? - Indus river - Ruled by simultaneously
- Part of Great - Arabian sea - Maharaja
Game access Ranjit singh
- Russian - Enclosing
Threat Punjab
- Can be
useful for
future
- No future
EIC realised the significance
invasions
Lord Minto(1807-09)
Tehrran Kabul Lahore Sindh

(Malcom) (ElphinStone) (Metlacfe) (Seton)
Phase III North west India –

understanding Geopolitics
(1839-42) Why?
Afghanistan - Part of Great Game
- Russian Threat
- Can be useful for future
- No future invasions

War with Afghanistan(1839-42)

Forward Policy
- Who? Russia
Masterly inactivity
How to counter
1806-13 - Lord Minto sent diplomatic Mission to Afghanistan
Elphinstone (Kabul)
1837 - Burnes mission sent by EIC (lord Auckland)

- Not Liked by Afghan ruler (Dost Mohammed)
- Resulting into war – 1st Afghan war
(Army of Tripartite Alliance Vs. Dost Mohammed

Indus)
Lost.
EIC Shuja Ranjit Singh
1839 (Ex Afghan)

(Army of Tripartite Alliance Vs. Dost Mohammed
Indus)
Lost.
EIC Shuja Ranjit Singh
1839 (Ex Afghan)
By 1840
- Shuja placed as ruler not acceptable

by the people.
- Revolt by Afghans
- British Humiliated, Slaughtered
official mcnaughten killed
- Elphinstone died
- Afghan Disaster, prestige down
1842
- Auckland called back Replaced by

Ellenborough.

British Conquest of Sindh (1843)
- Origin – 7th century mohammed bin Qasim ruled by amir’s

1780 Ruler Mir Fatah Ali Khan
Char Yaar
1 2 3 4
- Came to power
- Char yaar called Them selves as “AMIRS.”
- Captured Amarkot, Jodhpur, Karachi, Shikharpur
1809 - Diplomatic mission – Seton sent to Sindh by lord Minto

- Treaty of perpetual friendship
- Amirs Not allowing French
1820 - Exclude Americans
1832 - Colonel Pottinger sent by Bentinck

- Indus navigation allowed
- Free passage Given to EIC
- From 1835 onwards Wanted to control Sindh @ Any cost.
1839 onwards - 1st Afghan war

- Control of Sindh necessity
- Russia, Afghan threat
- Hence 1839, Amirs were forced for subsidiary
alliance Major Outram stationed @ sindh
- Amir's – Financially made to pay – Help from EIC…
- By 1842 1st Afghan war ended – British humiliated
- So, Thought of Capturing Sindh instead
- Maharaja Ranjit Singh passed away
By 1842 - Lord Ellenenborough Replaces Auckland (GGI)

- Outram – Replaced by Charles Napier
- Charles Napier – 1843 Annexed Sindh
- Tail of the Afghan war battle of Miani & Dabo
- Napier Apointed as chief commissioner by
Dalhousie.

British Conquest-Punjab
British Conquest of Punjab (1844-48) - Why Punjab?
Origin Punjab: - Sikh State

- Established during Sikh gurus
- Misls – 12 (Total)
- Unified by maharaja Ranjit Singh – Political Consolidation
1809 Metcalfe sent by Minto
1835 Treaty with William Bentinck- Perpetual Friendship
1839 Death of Ranjit Singh
Financial Crisis | Political Instability
Army(₹) Succession Wars
1. Khadak Singh 2. Nunihal Singh 3. Dalip Singh

- Gurdian Rani Sidan
British Conquest of Punjab (1844-48) - Why Punjab?
1836 Onwards EIC – Forward Policy
Origin Punjab: - Sikh State
- Established during Sikh gurus 1839 Afghan, Sindh war
- Misls – 12 (Total)
- Unified by maharaja Ranjit Singh – Political Consolidation 1843 - Sindh Annexation
- So, Route clear for EIC in
1809 Metcalfe sent by Minto Punjab.
- Came to power (Minor)
1835 Treaty with William Bentinck- Perpetual Friendship
1839 Death of Ranjit Singh
Punjab
Financial Crisis | Political Instability Internal Changes done by in 1843
Rani Jindan
Army(₹) Succession Wars
Lal Singh Teja Singh

2. Nunihal Singh (Lover of Jindan) (Army
1. Khadak Singh 3. Dalip Singh
- Became Waazir Commander)
- Gurdian Rani Sidan
British Conquest of Punjab - How ?
Anglo – Sikh wars
1. 1844-46 2. 1848-49
Period between | 1843 onwards Rani Jindan

made
1844 - Lord Hardinge comes to power
Dec. 1845 - Sir Hugh Gough vs. Lal Singh

- 1st war started.
- Treacherous Act by Lal singh & Teja singh Lal Singh Teja Singh
- British occupation of Lahore – Punjab Defeated Became Wazir (Army
Commander)
March 1846 - Treaty of lahore
Dec. 1846 - Treaty of Bhairoval

Q. Treaty of Lahore (March 1846)
- Giving up to territories (South of Sutlej)

- ₹ 1.5 crore war indemnity
- Kashmir sold to Gulabsingh by EIC
- Henry Lawrence Aptd. As British resident
- Dalip singh recognised (Guardian-rani Jindan) Lalsingh as Wazir.
- Q. DO you think that Kashmir given to Punjab will be accepted by

other Cheifs?
- Hence Revolt took place?
- One more Treaty

- Treaty of Bhairoval (Dec. 1846)
- Why?
- Kashmir given to Gulab Singh
- Not accepted by Sikhs
- Revolt by Lal Singh.
- Hence Treaty of Bhairoval
- EIC punishes Punjab – Ravi Jindan pensioned –

Revolted & Supressed
- 8 Sikh chief + British resident to given Punjab

Till
- British resident Dalip Singh turns major
Who?
Henry Lawrence
(King of Punjab)

Between 1846-1848
Punjab under control of Lenry Lawrence
1848 Lord Dalhousie Sent new official to Multan Got killed by Mulraj’s soldier
- Revolt by Mutlan Governor Mulraj Was to be replaced by kahan singh mann

- Result – 2nd Anglo Sikh war
3 Main Battle
Punjab - Governance
1. (Nov. 1848) 2. (Jan. 1849) 3. (Feb. 1849)

Board of commissioners
Ramnagar Chillian wala Gujarat (River chenab)
(3)
Indecisive British cross Charles napier given task
12 March 1849 - Sikh surrender @ Rawalpindi “Aaj Ranjitsingh Mar Gaya” Henry John Charles
Lawrence Mansel Mansel
28 March 1849 - Annexation of Punjab
- Dalipsingh sent to London| (pensioned off)
Political Revenue Judiciary
- Kohinoor
British- Smart Tools
Post 1848-1856 Conquest continued
How?
Subsidiary alliance Doctrine of 1848 Misgovernance

1798 Onwards Onwards - Awadh Annexation

British- Diplomacy
Annexation of Awadh
- Origin – Mughal Subah

- Later Mughals – Got Independent
1764 - Shuja ud daula – battle of buxar
- Got taste of British Medicine Allahabad

- War indemnity, Army Disbanded Treaty
By 1774 - Raised Army got French help – Attacked Rohilkhand & Etawah
- 1775 – Death of Shuja ud daula
1775 - New nawab – Asaf ud daula- EIC tried to Control - Wajid ali Shah
- Accused of mac-
By 1801 - Wellesley – Subsidiary alliance with saadat ali khan 1856 administration
- Sent to Calcutta
- Estates confiscated
1848 - Dalhousie Sent sleeman wrote @ misgovernance - State annexed
- Reaction? – 1857
- 1854 Sent Outram Report, Based on that Annexation Revolt
THANK YOU

ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES &

ROLE OF GOVERNOR GENERALS (1757-1813)

ABOUT ME
YEARS
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES

Administrative Changes During The British Conquest & The Role Of Governor Generals
EIC – Origin – 1599 – The Merchant adventure

- The John Co.
- Private company consisting of Shareholders Court of Directors
Court of proprietors
- Main Decision taken by court of directors
- Went to the King James

- James gave them the permission to trade with India.

Monarch – James I
- Court of Directors (24)

1615
- Sends captain William Hawkins (1608), captain Thomas best (1612)(Swally)

- Sends Thomas roe (1615)
- Establishment
- Extension of charter after 1615
- East of cape of good hope
- EIC factories & bases were Established by Different officials 1615-1756
Called as Governors
- Role of Governors
- Plassey (1757) - Robert Clive
- Buxar (1764)

Post Buxar – 1765 to 1767

- Robert Clive made governor of Fort William
- Also Started with Dyarchy (Dual Government)
1767 - 1772
- Dual Govt. continued

- By 1772, warren Hastings appointed as Governor of Fort William
- During the same period the corruption in EIC Reached its peak
- EIC asking for 1 Million pound loan from parliament
- British Parliament went for shocked & surprised

Q. Eventually Passing of the Regulating Act of 1773 But, Why ?
- Reasons Dyarchy.
- Clive’s corruption
- People in England getting Jealous “The New Nabobs”
- EIC @ financial loss 6 Million Debt
- Went to Parliament For help
- Lord North select committee Recommended to help EIC
- But protest within parliament
- EIC Corruption in the parliament

Q. Regulating Act 1773 & its Application.
Britain India Centralisation Started
- Court of proprietors – Share Holder - The governor @ Fort William Upgraded

Governor general of Bengal
- Governor general of Bengal in Council
Court of directors (24) £ 100 Council Members To be sent from England
- 5 years term, decision in majority
- Full Corruption - £ 100 – Go into COD. - Given Military & civil powers over Bengal – Bihar –
- :. Increasing Qualification £ - COD 2000 Odissa
COP 1000 - EIC Servants Salary increased, no Immoral
- COD Documents to be laid in front of Revenue Secretary & activities allowed
Secretary of state - Establishment of supreme court All under its
jurisdiction territories & officials

- Warren Hastings made the Gov. general of Bengal in council

- Councilors – Barwell
- Philip Francis
- Clavering - Against Hastings
- Wheeler & Monson
- Conflict Started – With other presidencies

- Supreme courts vs. Company court
- Name was Regulating Act, But went Deregulated
- From 1773 certain events took place during the tenure of Hastings resulting into
passing of a new act in 1784

Q. Warren Hastings (1772-1785)
- Appointed as governor in1772

- Task to transform merchant Co. into Administration
- EIC Finances Management
- Develop Trade & Commerce
- Hence went for reforms. Conflict with council
Administrative revenue Judicial Commercial External Relations Social Reforms

Q. Warren Hastings 2. Revenue Reforms
1. Administrative Reforms. - 1772 Five year settlement to highest bidder

- Tax collectors
- End dual system/ Dyarchy - Collectors Corruption (Inside Job)
- Taking charge of entire admin. - 1773 – reforms
- Formation of board of revenue. - Committee of revenue @ Calcutta Under
- EIC appointing – Collectors warren Hastings
- Reduced pension of Shah Alam II

3. Judicial Reforms So, 1772 Hastings

- Initially Zamindars Judge
- Diwani Rights By Nawab
Collector
- Supreme court @ 1773 reculating Act.
- Jurisdiction clashed with Diwani Adalts
- Appointment of imphey as CJ by warren hastings Diwani Adalat Faujdari Adalat
- COD disallowed this Appointment
- Codification of Muslim & Hindu laws 1776 –”Cod of Gentoo Laws”
Civil law Mohd. Law
Calcutta Sadar Diwani Sadar Nizamat Adalat

Council Adalat Dy.Nazim

5. Social Reforms
4. Commercial Reforms
- Natives to be ruled by their own customs
- Suppression of Custom Houses. - No social reforms
- Duty cowered @ 2½%. - Sanskrit college @ Calcutta – Jonathan Duncan
- Checking of Dastak - Calcutta Madrasa
- Trade with Bhutan & Tibet - Royal Asiatic society of Bengal – William Jones

6. External Relations – Geopolitical Condition

- Conflict within the council
1. Emperor Shah Alam II - Members from England
- Pension reduced - Prejudice against warren Hastings
- Why? - Francis wanted to replace Hasting
2. Awadh – Treaty of Benares (1773) - Members demanded documents from Hastings
3. The Rohilla war – 1774 - New member wheler sent after monson
4. 1st Anglo – Maratha war (1775-82)
5. 2nd Anglo – Mysore war (1780-84)
Conflict within council
- Charges of corruption against Hastings, Bribes
- Cost of Establishment increased

- By 1780, House of commons
Resolution
To Recall Hasting
Bribes Why?
- Hastings COD
haha Pitt’s India Act (1784) Conflict with Hastings
- By 1785, Resigned from post & went back to England
- 1788 Impeachment Motion Started
1795 Came out from this process
Made member of Privy council.

Q. Pitt’s India (1784)
- Why passed – Removed Weakness of the regulating Act.

- New PM William Pitt – Passed the act India
Britain
- Governor generals council 3members
- COD Commercial Functions, But no political functions. - Madras & both Subordinated
- Board of control political functions - But 44B Subordinate to British Govt.
Members Appointed by the king Seek Permission for war, treaty
- Total Member 1+ 6 - Policy of non-intervention in princely states.
- Hence Dyarchy in London. - EIC territory under British Govt.

By 1785 – Hastings Designed
1786 – William Pitt introduced a new Act .
- Act of 1786
- Lord Cornwallis made the governor general & commander in chief.
- Over riding power in council Cornwallis will stay till 1793.
Charter Act of 1793
- Charter for 20 years

- Rule of law (Why BCZ Cornwallis code)
- Salary of home gout from Indian revenues.

Q. Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793)
- Lost in USA.
- Foundation of administration in India.
- Reforms
Administrative Judicial Revenue Commercial Legal Princely states
Defeated Tipu in the 3rd anglo-Mysore war

1. Administrative Reforms: 2. Judicial Reforms:
- Forbade private trade

- Code of conflict for officials - Reorganising Judiciary
- Increased salaries - Abolishing faujdari adalats
- Supressed bribery - Establishing provincial court of appeals
- Europeanisation of Administration - Highest court @ Calcutta, governor generals
- Covenented services not for Indians Racial profile - New official district judge
- No promotion for Indians in army - All officials to be accountable
- Governor General Power to pardon & Commute
- Initially District collector made magistrate of Diwani Adalat - Indians appointed as Munsiff in lower judiciary
(1787) - Writing of Cornwallis Code with the help of George
- But by Cornwallis code (1793) Barlow
- Separation of power , DC ≠ DM (1793)

3. Police Reforms
- Zamindars deprived of police powers

- New set up, SP
Co
Chowki/ Station
All were made accountable to District Judge

5. Revenue Reforms
- Reorganisation
- Division of areas & putting them under collector
- Zamindars were recognised as owners of land (1790)
10 Years settlement
- 1793 Permanent settlement
2 persons – John shore – Give them perm settlement
Vs.
James grant – Against that.
Q. Advantages & Disadvantages?

Will be covered under Land revenue topic
4. Commercial Reforms
- Board of trade (1774) Changed its structure

- Supplies @ cheaper rate

- By 1793 – Cornwallis left.

- Passing of charter Act of 1793.
3. John Shore made the governor general (1793 - 1798)
Non- interface policy
Permanent settlement implementation
Marathas Nana Phadnis Conspiracy suicide by Madhav Narayan Rao.

By 1798 Geopolitics – Napoleon’s rise and princely state hostilities
- Hence Wellesley sent to India.

4. Lord Wellesley (1798-1805) - Fort William College @ Calcutta

- John Gilchrists role
- Richard Colley Wellesley - Infanticide regulation
Marques aka Wellesley - Empire Expansion
- Bengal Tiger - Expansion of Direct routes 3 presidencies
- Transformed EIC empire in India. connected
- Subsidiary Alliance
Nizam Mysore Awadh Peshwa Bhonsale Scindia

(1798-1800) (1799) (1801) (1802) (1803) (1804)
- Annexations of Rajput states

- Second Anglo Maratha war
- 4th Anglo Mysore war

SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE
Q. What is it?
This treaty was signed by the British with almost every native state of India
A device for establishing Indirect Control & British hegemony on Indian states
Governor General Lord Wellesley (1798-1805) gave final shape to it.
Q. Why it was introduced?
In context of the eminent dangers from France because of Napoleonic wars & increasing hostility of
Indian states towards EIC
Under this system a treaty was signed between the native states & EIC.
SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE
Q. What is it?
According to this treaty, EIC would assume responsibility of native states from Internal & External Dangers
The native states also agreed to give up their claim on:
Defence External Affairs (Diplomacy)

SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE
1.Surrender their foreign affairs & all claims on other Indian powers.
They had to accept the intermediation of East India Co.
2. All foreigners are to be removed

From the services of the state
3. A contingent of British troops is to be stationed in the

capital of the native states @ the cost of native
state themselves
This troops will be under command
of the EIC
Native troops were disbanded

SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE
What is it?
Q. How to meet up the expenses?
To meet this cost of maintaining troops,

native states were to surrender
a territory yielding an Income equal to
the cost borne by the troops
Q. What if the states don’t have money to pay?
Smaller states were given an option Cash/Kind
4. A British resident is to be appointed in the native state’s court, who

was not to interfere in the internal matters of the native states

SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE
Q. How did the company benefitted from the Subsidiary Alliance?
EIC was relived from the possible threat of the French as the Indian
states which accepted the Subsidiary Alliance would not at least employ
European or enemy of the Company
Losing of Sovereignty of Indian States. Not allowed to establish

Diplomatic ties
Expansion of company's military empire Army Stations set up in every

Corner of the country that too at the cost of host princely state
Q. How did this treaty was proposed stages of development

SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE
Stages of Development
Stage 1 EIC lends troop to the friendly Indian State
Stage 2 EIC +friendly Indian State will fight for a common cause
In return the native state will provide them with money
Stage 3 EIC asks no to supply of manpower from native states

Now, only money is given to EIC. The soldiers of the EIC will fight
Stage 4 On the pretext of defending Indian ally Stationing of

Subsidiary force
No money required. Land/Territory should be given for maintenance of
troops.

5. Lord Cornwallis (1805)

Passed away
:. George Barlow sent as governor general (1805-1807)
- Vellore mutiny (1806)
- Ending of second Anglo Maratha war (Treaty of Rajpurghat -
Scindia)
6. Lord Minto – I (1807-1813) By the year 1813, 20 years completed from 1793
- Charter Act of 1613.
- Passive phase
- Sending & Missions
Tehran Kabul Sindh Lahore
- Treaty of Amritsar with maharaja Ranjit Singh

THANK YOU

ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES &

ROLE OF GOVERNOR GENERALS (1757-1813)

ABOUT ME
YEARS
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES

EIC – Origin – 1599 – The Merchant adventure

- The John Co.
- Private company consisting of Shareholders Court of Directors
Court of proprietors
- Main Decision taken by court of directors
- Went to the King James

- James gave them the permission to trade with India.

Monarch – James I
- Court of Directors (24)

1615
- Sends captain William Hawkins (1608), captain Thomas best (1612)(Swally)

- Sends Thomas roe (1615)
- Establishment
- Extension of charter after 1615
- East of cape of good hope
- EIC factories & bases were Established by Different officials 1615-1756
Called as Governors
- Role of Governors
- Plassey (1757) - Robert Clive
- Buxar (1764)

Post Buxar – 1765 to 1767

- Robert Clive made governor of Fort William
- Also Started with Dyarchy (Dual Goverment)
1773- Regulating Act
- Warrant Hastings becoming GGB
- 1784 Pitt‟s India Act

- Warren Hastings resignation
- Act of 1786
- Cornwallis becoming the GGB & Commander in Chief
- Stays in power till 1793
- Charter Act of 1793

- Rule of law established
- John Shore becoming GGB- Non Interventionist Policy
- By 1798- Lord Wellesley was appointed as GGB

4. Lord Wellesley (1798-1805) - Fort William College @ Calcutta

- John Gilchristic role
- Richard Colley Wellesley - Infanticide regulation
Marques aka Wellesley - Empire Expansion
- Bengal Tiger - Expansion of Direct routes 3 presidencies
- Transformed EIC empire in India. connected
- Subsidiary Alliance
Nizam Mysore Awadh Peshwa Bhonsale Scindia

(1798-1800) (1799) (1801) (1802) (1803) (1804)
- Annexations of Rajput states

- Second Anglo Maratha war
- 4th Anglo Mysore war

SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE
Q. What is it?
This treaty was signed by the British with almost every native state of India
A device for establishing Indirect Control & British hegemony on Indian states
Governor General Lord Wellesley (1798-1805) gave final shape to it.
Q. Why it was introduced?
In context of the eminent dangers from France because of Napoleonic wars & increasing hostility of
Indian states towards EIC
Under this system a treaty was signed between the native states & EIC.
SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE
Q. What is it?
According to this treaty, EIC would assume responsibility of native states from Internal & External Dangers
The native states also agreed to give up their claim on:
Defence External Affairs (Diplomacy)

SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE
1.Surrender their foreign affairs & all claims on other Indian powers.
They had to accept the intermediation of East India Co.
2. All foreigners are to be removed

From the services of the state
3. A contingent of British troops is to be stationed in the

capital of the native states @ the cost of native
state themselves
This troops will be under command
of the EIC
Native troops were disbanded

SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE
What is it?
Q. How to meet up the expenses?
To meet this cost of maintaining troops,

native states were to surrender
a territory yielding an Income equal to
the cost borne by the troops
Q. What if the states don‟t have money to pay?
Smaller states were given an option Cash/Kind
4. A British resident is to be appointed in the native state‟s court, who

was not to interfere in the internal matters of the native states

SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE
Q. How did the company benefitted from the Subsidiary Alliance?
EIC was relived from the possible threat of the French as the Indian
states which accepted the Subsidiary Alliance would not at least employ
European or enemy of the Company
Losing of Sovereignty of Indian States. Not allowed to establish

Diplomatic ties
Expansion of company's military empire Army Stations set up in every

Corner of the country that too at the cost of host princely state
Q. How did this treaty was proposed stages of development

SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE
Stages of Development
Stage 1 EIC lends troop to the friendly Indian State
Stage 2 EIC +friendly Indian State will fight for a common cause
In return the native state will provide them with money
Stage 3 EIC asks no to supply of manpower from native states

Now, only money is given to EIC. The soldiers of the EIC will fight
Stage 4 On the pretext of defending Indian ally Stationing of

Subsidiary force
No money required. Land/Territory should be given for maintenance of
troops.

5. Lord Cornwallis (1805)

Passed away
:. George Barlow sent as governor general (1805-1807)
- Vellore mutiny (1806)
- Ending of second Anglo Maratha war (Treaty of Rajpurghat -
Scindia)
6. Lord Minto – I (1807-1813) By the year 1813, 20 years completed from 1793
- Charter Act of 1613.
- Passive phase
- Sending & Missions
Tehran Kabul Sindh Lahore
- Treaty of Amritsar with maharaja Ranjit Singh

Background- 1808 Committee appointed by House of Commons
Changes in England
Ideological Influences
1.„Free Traders‟- Believed against Monopoly

Adam Smith- Wealth of Nations
2. Utilitarian's- Maximum Happiness to Maximum no. Of people
Supported Direct rule by the British Crown, also supported free trade
3.Liberals Liberalism
British administrations task was to civilise rather than
conquer
4. Evangelicals- Christian Missionaries

Changes in India
1.EIC monopoly abolished
Except „tea‟ and

trade with china
2.Diluted monopoly extended to 20 years
3.British subjects allowed to come and settle in India
4.Christian Missionaries were allowed to propagate, profess

Christianity in India
5.A sum of Rs.1 Lakh was set aside for promotion of education

Administrative Changes & Role Of Governor Generals
7. Lord Hastings (1813-22)

(Establishment of British Paramountcy)
- Served in American revolution.
- Aggressive policy
Reforms
Expansion Administration Revenue Socio- Cultural
- Nepal(1814-16)
- Marathas(1816)
Pindaris
- Anglo-Maratha war (1817-18)
- Rajputs
- Mughals.

1) Expansion & Paramountcy
1. Anglo – Nepal war (1814-16)

- Treaty of Sagauli (1816)
- Surrender of Gurkhas
- Kumaon, Garhwal, Terai
- Gurkha with Qrawar from Sikkim
- Summer capitals, Simla, Mussourie, Nainital, Ranikhet.
2. Crushing of Pindaris – Leaders – Chitu, Wasil Muhammad & Karim khan

- Pindari Marathi word
- Consumer of Pinda
- Served different Sardars Number grew during Wellesley because
got unemployed due to subsidiary alliance.
Scindia Holkar Nizam

3. The Defeat of the Marathas 5. Mughal Emperor

The treaty of Poona - Before Hastings, Other governor general used address
Mughal emporer as arzdasht (Petition)
4. Rajput States “Servant of the emporer”
Lord Hastings Akbar II
1805 – Treaty with Rajput States by Wellesley & Barlow. - No more special treatment EIC = Mughals
Later on cancelled. - Till 1835, EIC coins had stamp of Mughals
Hastings plan Use them as Vassals
Rajput vs. Maratha conflict
Negotiated
Charles Metcalfe Udaipur
Jaipur
Jodhpur
Independce swept away

2) Administrative Reforms
Role of different administrators
Thomas Munro Elphinstone John Malcom Charles Metcalfe
Governor of Madras (1820) - Bombay Governor (1820) Defeated Marathas - Resident @ Delhi
- Treaty with Rajput states
Ryotwari Settlement 1st Implemented Ryotwari

introduce
- Revenue Reforms North-West Provinces(UP)

Mahalwari System
- Reversed separation of power DC≠DM (By Cornwallis)
Now DC=DM

3. Socio-Cultural
- Enlightenment in the society Rajaram Mohan Roy
- 1813 Charter Act Education - ₹ 1 lakh Atmiya Sabha
- Establishment of 2 colleges.
Calcutta Agra
- Patronised Hindu college, which was formed during 1817, by David hare.
- Relaxed press restrictions abolished pre-censorship rule

QUESTION UPSC PRE 2010
Q. Who among the following governor generals created the
covenanted civil service of India which later came to be
known as the Indian Civil Service?
a. Warren Hastings
b. Wellesley
c. Cornwallis
d. William Bentinck

Q. At a time when empires in Europe were crumbling before
the might of Napoleon, which one of the following Governor-
General kept the British Flag flying high in India?
a. Warren Hastings
b. Lord Cornwallis
c. Lord Wellesley
d. Lord Hastings

By a regulation in 1793, the District Collector was deprived of his judicial powers and made the collecting agent
only. What was the reason behind such regulation?
a. Lord Cornwallis felt that the district collector‟s efficiency of revenue collection would enormously increase
without the burden of other work
b. Lord Cornwallis felt that Judicial power should compulsorily be in the hands of Europeans, while Indians, can be
given the job of revenue collection in the districts
c. Lord Cornwallis was alarmed at the extent of power concentrated in the District Collector and felt that such
absolute power was undesirable in one person
d. The judicial work demanded a deep knowledge of India and a good training in law and Lord Cornwallis felt that
District collector should be only a revenue collector

QUESTION UPSC PRE-2011
Q. The tendency for increased litigation was visible after the
introduction of the land settlement system of Lord Cornwallis in
1793. The reason for this is normally traced to which of the
following provisions ?
(a) Making Zamindar‟s position stronger Vis-Vis the Ryot

(b) Making East India Company an overlord of Zamindars
(c) Making judicial system more efficient
(d) None of the (a), (b) and (c) above

Q. Which one of the following statements does not apply to the system of
Subsidiary Alliance introduced by Lord Wellesley?
(a) To maintain a large standing army at other's expense

(b) To keep India safe from Napoleonic danger
(c) To secure a fixed income for the Company
(d) To establish British paramountcy over the Indian States

Q. With reference to educational institutes during colonial rule in

India, consider the following pairs of Institution vs Founder:
1. Sanskrit College William at Benaras: William Jones
2. Calcutta Madarsa: Warren Hastings
3. Fort William Arthur College: Arthur Wellesley
Which of the pairs given above is/are correct ?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 (d) 3 only

Q. Consider the following statements about ‘the Charter Act of
1813’ :
1. It ended the trade monopoly of the East India Company in India
except for trade in tea and trade with China.
2. It asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian
territories held by the Company.
3. The revenues of India were now controlled by the British
Parliament.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1,2 and 3

MOCK QUESTION
Q. Which one of the following acts provided the setting up of
a Board of Control in Britain, through which the British
government could fully control the British East India
Company‟s civil, military and revenue affairs in India?
a. Regulating Act of 1773
b. Pitt‟s India Act of 1784
c. Charter Act of 1833
d. Government of India Act 1858

THANK YOU

ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGES & GOVERNOR GENERALS
(1813 – 1856)

ABOUT ME
YEARS
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES

1773 - Governor general of Bengal

- Regulating Act
1784 - Pitt‟s India Act
1786 - Act of 1786
1793 - Charter Act, 1793
1813 - Charter Act, 1813

7. Lord Hastings (1813-22)

(Establishment of British Paramountcy)
- Served in American revolution.
- Aggressive policy
Reforms
Expansion Administration Revenue Socio- Cultural
- Nepal(1814-16)
- Marathas(1816)
Pindaris
- Anglo-Maratha war (1817-18)
- Rajputs
- Mughals.

1) Expansion & Paramountcy
1. Anglo – Nepal war (1814-16)

- Treaty of Sagauli (1816)
- Surrender of Gurkhas
- Kumaon, Garhwal, Terai
- Gurkha with Qrawar from Sikkim
- Summer capitals, Simla, Mussourie, Nainital, Ranikhet.
2. Crushing of Pindaris – Leaders – Chitu, Wasil Muhammad & Karim khan

- Pindari Marathi word
- Consumer of Pinda
- Served different Sardars Number grew during Wellesley because
got unemployed due to subsidiary alliance.
Scindia Holkar Nizam

3. The Defeat of the Marathas 5. Mughal Emperor

The treaty of Poona - Before Hastings, Other governor general used address
Mughal emporer as arzdasht (Petition)
4. Rajput States “Servant of the emporer”
Lord Hastings Akbar II
1805 – Treaty with Rajput States by Wellesley & Barlow. - No more special treatment EIC = Mughals
Later on cancelled. - Till 1835, EIC coins had stamp of Mughals
Hastings plan Use them as Vassals
Rajput vs. Maratha conflict
Negotiated
Charles Metcalfe Udaipur
Jaipur
Jodhpur
Independent swept away

2) Administrative Reforms
Role of different administrators
Thomas Munro Elphinstone John Malcom Charles Metcalfe
Governor of Madras (1820) - Bombay Governor (1820) Defeated Marathas - Resident @ Delhi
- Treaty with Rajput states
Ryotwari Settlement 1st Implemented Ryotwari

introduce
- Revenue Reforms North-West Provinces(UP)

Mahalwari System
- Reversed separation of power DC≠DM (By Cornwallis)
Now DC=DM

3. Socio-Cultural
- Enlightenment in the society Rajaram Mohan Roy
- 1813 Charter Act Education - ₹ 1 lakh Atmiya Sabha
- Establishment of 2 colleges.
Calcutta Agra
- Patronised Hindu college, which was formed during 1817, by David hare.
- Relaxed press restrictions abolished pre-censorship rule

Post 1823 Lord Armhrest came as governor general
Period 1823-1828
- Fought 1st Anglo-Burmese war

- Treaty of Yandaboo(1826)
- Press suppression stated. Mirat-Ul-Akhbar had to be closed down
1828 William bentinck sent to India

1828-1835 William Bentinck
- Was in Army
- 1796 became MP
- 1803 – Appointed Madras Governor
- 1806 – Vellore mutiny
- Called Back.
- 1812 – Went to Italy – Sicilly
- 1828 – Sent to India
Reforms
Social Reforms Administrative Educational Financial Judicial Towards Princely States

Q. Social Reforms By Bentinck?
1. Abolition of Sati & cruel rites
- Previous efforts – Akbar

- Marathas (Some)
- French Chandranagore
- Portuguese (Goa)
- Dec, 1829 – Sati Prohibited in Bengal by 1830 – Extended to
Bombay & Madras
2. Infanticide – Child Sacrifice – Came to know from his visit at

saugar island @ Bengal
- Dudhpiti – Earlier Prohibited in 1795 & 1805

- But once again prohibition
- Announced
- Enlightenment in Indian Society

- Ram Mohan Roy
- Debendranath Tagore
3. Supreme of Thugi
Thugs aka phawsigar
Role of colonel William sleeman
4. Racial Policy Abolished

- Lord Cornwallis Europeanisation of services
- 1833 Charter Act Merit only for public services
No Racial Discrimination
Charter Act of 1833 was also passed during this period
5. Liberal Phase for the press

Large socio-cultural changes taking place

7. Financial Reforms
6. Educational Reforms
- Heavy Expenditure due Burmese war.
- 1825 lord Elphinstone‟s Note - Committees formed to reduce expenses
- Committee on public Instruction - Reduced salary & Bhattas
Macualay - Replaced highly paid Europeans with Indians @ lower
administration
- Opium trade regularised & Licensed
- Export only through Bombay.
Orientalists Anglicists
- By 1835, ₹ 2 crore Profit.
- Princep brothers. - Charles Trevelyn
- Plantation, Irrigation focussed.
- Hayman Wilson
- 7 March, 1835 English as official language

- 1835, medical college @ Calcutta.

8. Judicial Reforms
Cornwallis Gov. General
- Abolished court of appeal
- Cumber some procedure
- Delay & Uncertainity
- Persian as lower court language
Provincial Court of Appeal
- English in higher courts
- Qualified Indians @ munsiff position
Diwali Adalats
9. Princely states
- Generally non interference policy

- Some states annexed
- Treaty with Ranjit Singh (1835)
Because of Russian Advance
- Treaty with Sindh
Mysore Coorg Chacar - Recognising Shuja as ruler of
(1831) (1834) (1834) Afghanistan.

Q. Charter Act of 1833 India – Governor General of India.

- EIC Commercial functions ended no more trading
- Reasons – 1813 Charter Act (20 Years) - President of board of control named Minister for Indian
- By 1830 Liberal party came to power Affairs.
- Reform in England, new liberal thinkers entered parliament - Europeans entry – Barriers lifted
- James Stuart mill, Macaulay role - Law commission Formed
- Already too much Expansion Done by Hastings – Wellesley - GG in Council Law member added(+1)
- Demand in England, too much power in hands of company Lord Macaulay
- The Govt. should take over hence charter Act of 1883. - Section 87
- Abolition of Slavery
- New Presidency @ Agra.
- Legislative Rights to GG in Council all over India.
- Governor General‟s Government came to be known as
„Government of India‟

- By 1835 – Bentinck Became the last governor general of By 1836 - Lord Auckland came to power
Bengal the 1st governor general of India
- In the year 1835, Due to ill health Bentinck Resigned & his - Lord Auckland (1836-42)
lieutenant Charles Metcalfe came to power 1st Afghan war – Defeated
1835-36 Charles Metcalfe 1839 - Sindh became Subsidiary Alliance

- Death of Ranjit Singh
- Sent to Punjab in 1809 - Called back in the year 1842.
- Resident @ Delhi during Hastings period
- Served under Bentinck
- Gave Liberty to press

Period From (1842 - 1848)
1842 - 44 Lord Ellen Borough
- End of Afghan War

- Annexation of Sindh by Charles Napier
- Abolition of slavery
1844 - 48 Lord Hardinge
- 1st anglo Sikh war
- Treaty of Lahore Gulab Singh

- Female Infanticide Prohibited
- Human Sacrifice
- By 1848, Lord Dalhousie came to power

1848 - 56 Lord Dalhousie

- Charter Act of 1853
- Princely States Education Society Post & PWD Ports

- Doctrine Telegraph Act Modernisation
Through wars (1854)
- Annexation Wood‟s Dispatch Widow remarriage Act
Consolidation (1856)
- Abolishing
Titles
1856-57
- Universities @ Bombay, Madras & Calcutta.

- Revolt 10, May 1857.
- Post Revolt – Govt. of India Act 1858 Became 1st Viceroy

Q. Dalhousie is known as the maker of the modern India. Explain (10m, 2013)
Lord Dalhousie – 1848-1856
Youngest Governor General
Was Determined to extend ‘Direct British Rule’ as large as an area as

possible
Q. Why?
British Exports were suffering due to mal administration by native rulers
Hence, Annex/Control that state so that British exports can get good market
So, came up with Policy of Annexation
By this, Completed the map of British Empire
But, Problem How to annex the states War, Doctrine of

Lapse, Misgovernance


Doctrine of Lapse
Tradition of Adoption Very Ancient
Adopted Son Inherited all rights/properties from his patron Father
1825, EIC Every Ruler under Hindu

laws, is free to nominate his Successor
real or adopted son
1831 They government may accept or reject, according to the

Situation, the application of Indian rulers to nominate his adopted son
as his heir

Doctrine of Lapse
Tradition of Adoption Very Ancient
Started annexing the states which were dependant on the British in

the absence of real heir the state would be merged into British India
Application
Satara (1848)
Jaitpur & Sambhapur (1849)
Bhagat (1850)
Udaipur (1852)
Jhansi (1854)
Nagpur (1854)

1. Administrative Reforms
2. Military Reforms
Bengal Placed under charge of Lieutenant Governor
Increase in strength of European soldiers in the Indian Army

Centralised control of newly acquired territory
Inclusion of Martial Tribes and their regiments
Governor General
Commissioners
Territory

3. Educational Reforms 4. Railway Reforms
1854 Charles Wood‟s Despatch Mumbai - Thane
Foundation of Modern Education in India Planning of Strategic lines to facilitate east movement
of goods and troops
Anglo-Vernacular Schooling
Used for Defense Purpose
They make India as a Nation.

Establishment of Universities @ 3 Presidencies Presidency
College
Following Model of London University 5. Electric Telegraph
Engineering College @ Roorkee Known as Father of Electric Telegraph in India
4000 Miles Telegraph lines joining

Social Reforms- Widow Remarriage Act 1856
Calcutta-Peshawar
Bombay-Madras
6. Postal Reforms 8. Commercial Reforms

Modern Postal system Introduced
Following Free trade Principles
Post office Act 1854-
Uniform Rate Opening of Indian ports for the world trade & commerce
Introduction of Postage Stamps Harbours of Karachi, Bombay and Calcutta were developed
and light houses were also constructed
7. Public Works Department (PWD)

Indian economy got Globalised
Setting up of Separate PWD
Large funds to be spent on Public Works
Construction of Ganges Canal Agriculture
Bridges, Roads etc.

Q. Charter Act of 1853.
- No more 20 years Renewal

- Pleasure of the Crown
- GG Council – Separation of functions
- Handle formation of center Legislature
- Executive council had Veto power
- Number of COD reduced
Executive Legislative - Earlier 24 18 (6) to be appointed via crown
- Law member - Additional - Appointments of civil servants via Competitive exams
full time member - COD empowered to create new presidencies
appointed
- GG‟s Executive council when worked as leg body
- Addition of six members

- 2 Judges
- 4 Representatives – Bombay, Madras,Bengal, NWFP
Civil Servants
(10 Years exp.)

THANK YOU

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COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

Presented by Pratik Nayak

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Delhi Entry of Europeans

The rise of the Struggle for

Indian Response Age of

1947 Freedom Struggle

2019 We the People of India Indian Nation

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

1605 onwards Period of Mughal Consolidation & Conquest

Expansion of Mughal Empire

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Europeans Princely states

Later Mughals Deccan Awadh Sikh Mysore Marathas

1612 1759 1760

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Q. How the rise of princely states took place?

- Mughal Empire – Weak by 1707

- Later Mughals very weak

Successor Independent New states

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

British Conquest of India

Europeans Princely States

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

The Rise Of Marathas

- Who were they?

16th Century 17th Century 18th Century

Scattered Unification Conflict

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Post panipat – Struggle for Peshwaship

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

- The struggle for Peshwaship resulted into EIC intervention leading

- What reasons were responsible behind Anglo- Maratha wars?

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

1775-1782 1st Anglo-Maratha war

Why? Claim of Raghunath Rao

1775 - Treaty of Surat

Security Deposit (₹ 6 Lakhs)

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

1st Anglo- Mysore war

1775 - Treaty of Surat - Rejected

1776 - Treaty of Purandhar – Done by Lt. Upton

1779 - Treaty of Wadgaon

1May 1782 Treaty of Salbai

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

1796 - Baji rao I becomes peshwa

Dec. 1802 - Subsidiary Alliance Treaty of Bassein

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

- Peshwa Help from EIC

Territories worth ₹ 26 Lakhs To be given to EIC (Gujarat, Tapi, Narmada, Tundbhadra)

- Reaction from Maratha sardars

Arthur Wellsley (Deccan) Gener Calle (north)

By Dec. 1805 - Holkar made treaty with EIC Treaty of Rajpurghat

Period between 1805-1818- Passive Period-

1805 - Lord Cornwallis

1805 - George Barlow