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Published by
School of International Studies (SoIS)
College of Law, Government and International Studies
06010 Sintok, Kedah, MALAYSIA
Tel: +6049288451
Fax: +6049288470
The Proceeding of THE FIRST SOIS CONFERENCE ON ARTS AND HUMANITIES

(SICAH) 2019 ‘Reshaping Sustainable Development Agenda Through Arts and Humanities’
18 – 19 December 2019 Sintok, Kedah.
ISBN (Printed):
Copyright © 2019, the authors
All rights are reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without mentioning both the author(s) and SoIS, UUM
ii
CONTENT
REMARKS BY ASSISSTANCE VICE CHANCELLOR VI

COLLEGE OF LAW, GOVERNMENT AND INTERNASIONAL STUDIES
(UUMCOLGIS)
UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA
Associate Professor Dr. Muhammad Fuad Othman
PART I: LAW
THE CHALLENGES OF OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES (OER) IN MALAYSIA HIGHER 2

INSTITUTION AS GIFT ECONOMY
Azlin Namili Bt. Mohd. Ali @ Ramli
THE ERA OF CRYPTOCURRENCIES: A STUDY ABOUT THE ADVANTAGES AND 10

DISADVANTAGES
Omar Farouk Al Mashhour, Ahmad Shamsul Abd Aziz
ISU-ISU PERUNDANGAN DALAM PROSEDUR TATATERTIB PERKHIDMATAN AWAM 22

Fariza Romli, Harlida Abdul Wahab
PERUNDANGAN BULISIBER DI MALAYSIA 33

Azlin Namili Bt. Mohd. Ali @ Ramli
DEMONSTRATING LEGAL REALISM IN THE CRIMINALISATION OF COMPUTER CRIMES 41

Ani Munirah Mohamad, Mohd Zakhiri Md Nor, Rafizah Abu Hassan
PART II: EDUCATION
NORMA DALAM PROFESION AKADEMIK: SATU PERBANDINGAN DI ANTARA PERSPEKTIF 43

PENSYARAH DAN PELAJAR
Muhammad Dzahir Kasa, Mua’azam Mohamad, Mohd.Sofian Omar Fauzee
PENDIDIKAN PENCEGAHAN DADAH DI MALAYSIA 48

Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi
PART III: POLITICAL SCIENCE
ATYPICAL PARLIAMENT: CASES ON VOTE OF CONFIDENCE 55

Nor Azura A Rahman, Rodziah Md Zain
TRADITIONAL ELEMENTS IN MALAYSIAN CONSTITUTION: ISSUES, CHALLENGES AND 62

PROSPECTS
Misrinah Misban, Mas Juliana Mukhtaruddin
PART IV: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ASESSMENT TOOL OF COUNTRY ONLINE SERVICE INDEX PERFORMANCE: HOW 73

COUNTRY CAN IMPROVE THE UN RANKING THROUGH THEIR MINISTRY WEBSITE
Mohd. Rushdi Bin Idrus, Nelwati Abidin, Mohd Adan Omar
PART V: GOVERNANCE
MEASURING GOVERNANCE ASPECT IN PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY SYSTEM IN LOCAL 85

GOVERNMENT
Rozita Abdul Mutalib, Ahmad Martadha Mohamed, Halimah Abdul Manaf, Zaheruddin Othman, Nur
Syakiran Akmal Ismail, Solahuddin Ismail
THE 20th CENTURY DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY IN ALOR SETAR, KEDAH 86

Mohd Firdaus Bin Abdullah, Arba’iyah Mohd Noor
PART VI: COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA
TRAGEDI NATRAH BERDASARKAN THE STRAITS TIMES, 1950 88

Mohd Firdaus Bin Abdullah, Arba’iyah Mohd Noor, Mohd Shahrul Azha Bin Mohd Sharif
PART VII: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
EXPLAINING THE MALAYSIAN PEACEKEEPING ACTIVISM IN THE POST-MAHATHIR ERA 90

Muhammad Afifi Abdul Razak, Rusdi Omar, Kamarul Azman Khamis, Mohd Shukri Shuib
ROYAL THAI CONSULATE GENERAL IN PENANG: ROLES AND FUNCTIONS IN MANAGING 106
BILATERAL RELATIONS MALAYSIA-THAILAND
Misrinah Misban
iv
OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0 AND MARITIME CYBERSECURITY THREATS 112
Nik Nor Suhaida Ali
MALAYSIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS ON BELT ROAD INITIATIVE (BRI) 117

Norafidah Ismail
FAKTOR IDIOSINKRITIK, FALSAFAH POLITIK DAN PRINSIP ISLAM HADHARI DALAM DASAR 118
LUAR MALAYSIA DI ZAMAN PENTADBIRAN ABDULLAH AHMAD BADAWI 2003-2009
Achmad Dzariean Mohd Nadzri
MAHATHIR’S LEADERSHIP AND MALAYSIA’S DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES: 119

LESSONS FOR DEVELOPING STATES
Nazariah Osman, Muhammad Muda, Isah Shehu Mohammed
THE FUTURE OF ASEAN 120

Siti Darwinda Mohamed Pero
PART VIII: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
TANGIBLE ASSETS AND PORT PERFORMANCE: A CASE OF PENANG PORT 122

Alisha Ismail, Nur Syarah Adibah A Rahim
UNDERSTANDING WOMEN’S CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR IN MILLENNIAL WORLD 123

Wan-Nurisma Ayu Wan-Ismail
EXTENT OF CONTROL AND INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURE PERFORMANCE: AN 124

EXAMINATION OF INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURE FIRMS IN MALAYSIA
Mohd Sobri Don
v
ASSISTANT VICE CHANCELLOR AND DEAN’S REMARKS
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim
Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh and Greetings.
I am delighted that The School of International Studies (SOIS), Universiti Utara

Malaysia (UUM), Malaysia, managed to organise the 1st SOIS Conference on Arts &
Humanities (SICAH 2019).
Every great thing begins with the first step, and for that, I would like to congratulate
SOIS for initiating this conference for the first time, with the hope that it will continue
for years to come.
This sort of conference is good in giving us the opportunity to exchange our ideas not
just with fellow academicians but also with established and renowned practitioners in
their respective fields. The future collaborations that we have in organising SICAH,
potentially with other higher academic institutions in Malaysia and in Southeast Asia,
will enable SOIS to make its mark in the region.
I would like to state here my gratefulness to all of you who have worked hard to make
sure that SICAH 2019 will succeed, especially to the organising committee members
and the paper presenters.
It is hoped that all participants of this conference will deliberate deeply on SICAH
2019’s theme, which is ‘Reshaping Sustainable Development Agenda Through
Arts and Humanities’. This is undoubtedly a very pertinent theme, judging from the
shape of the nation and the region these days, and hopefully with this theme
something significant will come out of SICAH 2019.
Associate Professor Dr. Muhammad Fuad Othman

Assistance Vice Chancellor and Dean, School of International Studies,
Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM)
vi
SOIS CONFERENCE ON ARTS AND HUMANITIES (SICAH) 2019
December 18-19, 2019, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia
PART I: LAW
1
THE CHALLENGES OF OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES (OER)

IN MALAYSIA HIGHER INSTITUTION AS GIFT ECONOMY
Azlin Namili bt. Mohd. Ali @ Ramli

College of Law, Government and International Studies,
azlin@uum.edu.my
ABSTRACT
"Not all economies are based on maximizing personal gain - some are founded on
giving. Pinchot, G. (1995). Gift economy is an exchange based on giving things,
information or services in the context of relationship, not because of profit or personal
material gain. The objective is to achieve wealth through contribution and to benefit
the community and society in general. Zakat, one of the Five Pillars of Islam, is a gift
economy where the rich have to give a small portion of wealth to charity, generally to
the poor and needy every year. Open Educational Resources (OER) is also a gift
economy because it provides free use of educational resources such as textbooks,
modules and ecetera for students and educators to use, share and redistribute. It
improved education globally through high-quality academic materials that are freely
acessible on the Internet. Eventhough OER provides numerous benefits as gift
economy but there are many challenges that need to be embark upon. Some of the
opportunities of OER are effective learning process, access to learning has been
expanded and increased of class materials. However, there are challenges of OER as
a gift economy in Malaysia which includes lack of interaction between teacher and
student, copyright issues, culture and language barrier and the quality of e-contents.
Keywords: Gift economy, Open educational resources, Opportunities, Challenges
INTRODUCTION
Looking back at history, people depend for their life's necessities and pleasures on
other people they knew personally. People had no money, and trade by using barter
system occurred only between members of different tribes. For people in simple
societies, the community was basically like a family. A father provides necessities such
as food, shelter, education out of love to his family and he enjoys psychological
rewards. This is gift economy where a society within which people share their skills,
time, knowledge, information or material goods with each other without any formal,
explicit, or precise exchange. When societies grown more large, complex, and diverse,
the tribe-based economy base on giving become less importance, while the trade
economy that is based on exchange has dominate nearly every aspect of people’s
lives. The invention of money to facilitate trade now functions as a measure and store
of value. Today we take money for granted. Historian Fernand Braudel in his book,
The Structures of Everyday Life: Civilization & Capitalism 15th-18th Century, wrote
2
the effects of the money economy into the lives of medieval peasants: “What did it
actually bring? Sharp variations in prices of essential foodstuffs; incomprehensible
relationships in which man no longer recognized either himself, his customs or his
ancient values. His work became a commodity, himself a ‘thing’(Richard Heinberg,
2010).
This create a social distance particularly in large cities. However, we are still concern
with the welfare of society through government programs and private charities. But
gradually, the market controls our lives where everything is for sale, and all human
activities are measured by and for their monetary value. There have been numerous
efforts throughout history to try to return back to gift economy. Communism has tried
to institutionalize a gift economy at the scale of the nation state but it ends up with
many problems.
Computer programmer, (Raymond, E.S., nd) pointed out that free and open source
software developers are a 'gift culture'. It improved education globally by making high-
quality academic materials openly available on the Internet.
OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES (OER)
According to Atkins, Brown, & Hammond, (2007), OER are any "teaching, learning,
and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under
an intellectual property license that permits their free use or re-purposing by others
which include “full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos,
tests, software, and any other tools, materials, or techniques used to support access
to knowledge”.
OER is started by a global movement of educators. It is funded by grants and private

donations such as William and Flora Hewlett Foundation (Joseph Rawson, 2008). Its
goal is to make education reachable to everybody on earth particularly those in the
developing world who could not afford an education as well as self-learners.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a pioneer as an institution in OER.
MIT's Open Course Ware site as of November 2007, contained material for more than
18 classes in 33 academic disciplines consist course materials which include complete
course lectures online(MIT.edu.). Other prominent learning institutions like Harvard,
Stanford, Yale, U.C. Berkeley, Carnegie and Mellon have begun to put some of their
educational content online. However, OERs available online from institutions such as
MIT do not confer degrees, certificates, or course credit, but they do provide
accessibility to educational material for those who have interests in particular subjects
and want to learn on their own. Educational community from all over the world has met
in September 2007 South Africa, and produced the Cape Town Open Education
Declaration, a document which aim to increased efforts to promote open resources,
3
technology and teaching practices of worldwide education, particularly in developing

countries (Capetown Declaration, 2010).
The adoption of OER by institution of higher learning in their teaching and

administrative methods is due to the increased number of student, the changing needs
and benefits of using new technologies in teaching and learning and the emergence
of new virtual universities with the task of providing electronic distance education
(Bates, T. 2000) and provides for more effective delivery of education and training
(McCann,Christmass & Nicholson, 1998).
The development of e-learning in Malaysia started when lecturers used any form of
electronic gadgets such as OHP (overhead projector), direct projector, slide projector,
video, cassette player/recorder, radio and TV broadcasting, electronic books, and CD-
ROM as teaching aids to facilitate the teaching and learning process (Mohd. Fuad
Salleh, 2008). In early 1990s, with the used of internet technology, e-learning
development education moves at tremendous speed. UNITAR (Universiti Tun Abdul
Razak) and MMU (Multimedia University) offered courses are online with very minimal
face-to-face meetings in the classrooms. In early 2000, OUM (Open University
Malaysia) was set up to run academic programs online using ICT facilities.
E-learning is one of 23 Critical Agenda Projects (CAPS) under the National Higher
Education Strategic Plan of Malaysia. The Higher Education Ministry expects all
institutions of higher learning in Malaysia to optimise e-learning by 2015 while
strengthening the concept of life-long learning (Nasir, A.G., 2011).
There are currently more than 300 institutions in over 30 countries all over the world
that are creating or using OERs, and OER material is available in more than 10
languages.
OPPORTUNITIES OF OER IN MALAYSIA

OER is adopted by many universities in Malaysia now as it is effective as an alternative
approach to the traditional classroom method of spreading information widely. Large
numbers of lecturers (88.5%) is of the opinion that using e-learning have given positive
impact over the achievement of their students (Jabatan Pengajian Tinggi,
Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia, 2010).
Access to learning has been expanded. OERs can be accessed by learners anywhere
in the world at any time and repetitively. Further, they are easy to disseminate widely
with little or no cost. The information can be distributes rapidly compared to information
published in textbooks or journals. This quick circulation can increase the relevance
of the material presented. It will also help to reduce learners’ costs. The use of OERs
in replacement of traditional textbooks can substantially lower the cost of course
materials for students.
4
OERs also increase class materials as they can supplement textbooks, lectures and
etcetera where inadequacies of information exist. They can also give enrichment to
regular course content as some of the OERs present information in multiple formats,
for example multimedia are added to text. This also might help students to more easily
learn the material being taught. OERs will not completely replace textbooks, lectures,
or other traditional classroom materials but it will complement them. The role played
by OERs in enhancing the online learning environment by collaborate in new ways
and expanding access to educational materials to people worldwide will ensure the
growth and bode well for the future of online education.
OERs are continually improved resources because they can be improved and
developed quickly by users direct editing or through solicitation and incorporation of
users feedback compared to textbooks and other static sources of information.
Creators can take an existing OER, adapt it for a class, updated it and make the
modified OER available for others to use.
Not only students but anybody who is interested in learning can access OERs. So, it
is sort of a program of lifelong learning and as for an institution, it is an excellent way
for alumni to stay connected to their institution.
CHALLENGES
Interaction between lecturer and student: There will be lack of human interaction
between teachers and students because self-learning users may access the material
outside classroom environment. They might miss out on the useful and valuable
discussion and teachers’ feedback since OER material is created to stand by itself.
Quality: Many OER repositories allow any user to create an account and e-contents,
some resources may not be relevant and/or accurate. So there is an issue regarding
the quality of the e-contents. There is no standard checklist that has been developed
to evaluate the quality of OERs. Study done by Ministry of Higher Learning of Malaysia
showed that the quality assurance aspect is given less emphasis in implementation of
e-learning in Malaysia (Jabatan Pengajian Tinggi, Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi
Malaysia, 2010). It is recommended that the standard of e-content developed jointly
by CEMCA (Commonwealth of Educational Media Centre for Asia) and Ministry of
Higher Learning of Malaysia shall be circulated and adopted by all educational
institutions in Malaysia to control all the e-learning materials at tertiary levels.
University of Maryland University College (UMUC) has produces some guidelines to
evaluate OER (UMUC library website, 2019). Among the criterias are regarding the
author's background and credentials, the accuracy of OERs if compared to books and
articles on the subject matters, whether the resource is up-to-date and it address the
topic at hand sufficiently to add value to the class. Among the challenges faced by
lecturers in Malaysia higher learning institution is lack of motivation (65.4%), shortage
of expertise (53.80%), no specialised group to develop e-content (53.8%), lack of
commitment (46.2%) and the fund is not enough (46.2%).Pg129. The students faced
5
the problems of lack of e-content (32.7%), it takes time to access the e-content
(32.4%) and content is less or not interesting (31.3%).
Lack of infrastructure: Some students may have trouble using some OERs if they
have a slow or erratic Internet connection. Other OERs may require software that
students do not have and that they may not be able to afford. In Malaysia, a survey
revealed that more than 70% of students of higher learning institutions access courses
from their dorm and more than 90% use laptop with WIFI facilities provided by their
institutions respectively (Evaluating Web Resources, UMUC library website). While
major challenges faced by more than half of the students (53.4%), in a virtual
environment is the lack of access. This finding implies that each higher learning
institution must establish digital infrastructure throughout the institutions. Broadband
facilities should be increased, and ICT services must be improved.
Culture barrier: Eventhough OERs is educational, but they are done in another
country by the creator of that country which might have different culture. The OER is
created according to the specific culture and educational norm of the creator.
Therefore, OER need to be localised according to one’s own culture because not all
OERs are culturally appropriate for all audiences.
Language barrier: Language is also a barrier because many OER are available
only in English although efforts are being made to make OERs available in multiple
languages which will limit their usefulness to non-English speakers.
Copyright issue: The main cause of slow development in OER is the intellectual
property or copyright issue. Study in Malaysia showed 80% of the higher learning
institution faced problem regarding the development of e-content due to copyright
issue (Jabatan Pengajian Tinggi, Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia, 2010).
Before anyone can publish educational resources that use third-party materials on the
Internet, the author or the publisher must ensure they have the right to use these
materials and ownership of material. Since OERs are meant to be shared openly, To
help address this issue, Creative Commons (OECD, 2007) licences granted the right
to copy, distribute, display, digitally perform and make verbatim copies of the work into
the same or another format. The licences have worldwide application for the entire
duration of copyright and are irrevocable. Creative Commons has launched a new
division - Learning Commons, which focuses specifically on education. The mission of
Learning Commons is to break down the legal, technical, and cultural barriers to a
global educational common. Learning Commons will provide advice and expertise to
OER community to overcome technical and cultural obstacles and identify lessons
learned. Institutions also should be encouraged to develop policies which encourage
their staff and students to make their teaching and learning content discoverable,
sharable, portable and reusable. The "fair use" exemption from the U.S. Copyright Act
ceases to apply; all content put online must be checked to ensure that it does not
violate copyright law.
6
Sustainability: Another major challenge for OER is the sustainability issues. OER
creators usually do not receive any payment for their OER which might lead them to
stop updating their OER or ensure that it will remain available online. To overcome
these, encouragement and incentives should be given to institutions, rather than
individual, into OER movement so that institutional resources will be committed to
sustain it. Apart from that, students should be given roles in creating, enhancing and
adopting OER. To make OER plan work and keep them sustain, it is vital to gain and
preserve critical mass of active, engaged users, increase utilization and improve
quality of the resources created. The user offers possibilities for rapid dissemination
and a strong community of users can influence user behaviour and increase the
possibility that users will come back to the repository.
Attitude:
Participation of higher learning institutions and their staff and students are not
encouraging. Even though there exist e-learning policy in higher learning institution
but only few of them follow the policy. Study done by Ministry of Higher Education
shows that 80% of academic staff from 20 public universities, 7 private universities
and 3 polytechnics are aware of the policy but only 30.6% follow the overall policy,
while 58.7% follow half of the policy. Implementation of e-learning policy among higher
institution is only 38% and support by academic staff regarding implementation of e-
learning policy is between 25%-50%. As for students, 84.7% preferred to read offline
rather than online. Among the problems faced by students are lenghty period of
feedback from lecturers (42.8%). It is suggested that for future plan of e-learning,
academic staff and students should be involved in order to gain their support. In this
study, for example, the planned application used by IPT apparently not preferred by
lecturers and students (Jabatan Pengajian Tinggi, Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi
Malaysia,2010).
CONCLUSION
Today's students send and receive text messages, play video games, surf the Web,
and post comments in online classroom. Students will not be satisfied by online
content that is text-heavy and instruction that relies simply on students reading the
class material. They want to interact online, experiment with information provided in
classrooms in a hands-on way and add their own content to the learning environment.
OERs can make education more convenient since many contain content that is
accessible nearly anywhere and that can be used "on the go". This aspect of OERs
will help to ensure their popularity and continued use and growth. Students will still
need instructions, guidance, and feedback, regardless of how learning material is
made available. Interaction with faculty and other students is part of the learning
process, and while the OERs may enhance the learning process, they are not
substitutes for human interaction. Also, faculty are still the subject experts in the
7
classroom, and their expertise is warranted in the selection and proper use of
OERs. For these and other reasons, faculty presence will still be needed in online
classrooms in the future.
Although there are a lot of opportunities about OERs such as in terms of improving
and developing resources, expand access to learning and increase class materials,
nevertheless there are also a lot of challenges need to be faced. Among the
challenges are the quality, the interaction of lecturer and student, culture and language
barrier, issues on copyright, lack of infrastructure, attitude of user and sustainability of
OER.
REFERENCES
Atkins, Brown, & Hammond, 2007, A Review of the Open Educational Resources
(OER) Movement: Achievements, Challenges, and New Opportunities, p. 4,
http://www.hewlett.org/uploads/files/Hewlett_OER_report.pdf.
Bates, T. (2000). Managing Technological Change: Strategies fo r College

and University Leaders. San Francisco: Jossey -Bass Publishers.
Capetown Declaration (2010)

https://www.open.uwi.edu/sites/default/files/docs/P11Capetown.pdf
Evaluating Web Resources, UMUC library website,

http://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/webresources.cfm#Evaluate
Jabatan Pengajian Tinggi, Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia, 2010, Amalan,

Keberkesanan & Cabaran Pelaksanaan e-Pembelajaran di IPT Malaysia,
http://www.scribd.com/doc/53499516/Amalan-Keberkesanan-amp-Cabaran-Pelaksanaan-
E-Pembelajaran-Di-IPT-Malaysia
Joseph Rawson, Open Educational Resources, http://deoracle.org/online-

pedagogy/emerging-technologies/open-educational
resources.html?PHPSESSID=5b3ef7afd2e48fc9dd1678b6b83a693a
McCann, D., Christmass, J. & Nicholson, P. (1998). Educational Technology in

Higher Education Department of Employment, Education, Training and
Youth Affairs
MIT, http://ocw.mit.edu/index.htm
8
Nasir, A.G. e-Learning to be Optimised by 2015, (2011),

http://www.ukm.my/news/index.php/en/extras/678-e-learning-to-be-optimised-
by-2015-.html
OECD, (2007) Giving Knowledge for Free: The Emergence Of Open Educational
Resources, pg 17, ,http://www.oecd.org/edu/ceri/38654317.pdf
Pinchot, G. (1995). The Gift Economy. In Context: Business On A Small Planet, 41,
49. Retrieved July 25, 2010
from http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC41/PinchotG.htm
Rawson, J. (2008), Open Educational Resources,

file:///C:/Users/StafUUM_PC/Downloads/p16240coll5_0.pdf
Raymond, E.S., http://wiki.mises.org/wiki/Gift_economy
Richard Heinberg, (2010) http://richardheinberg.com/215-economic-history-in-10-

minutes
Salleh, M.F., The issues of e-learning in Malaysia Higher Education, 2008,

www.penerbit.utm.my, http://www.academia.edu/815965/E-
LEARNING_EDUCATION_IN_MALAYSIA
UMUC library website (2019) Evaluating Resources, https://www.umgc.edu/current-

students/learning-resources/writing-center/writing-resources/evaluating-
sources.cfm
Volery, T. and Lord, D. (2000). Critical Success Factors in OnlineEducation, The

International Journal of Education Management.14 (5): 216-223
9
THE ERA OF CRYPTOCURRENCIES:

A STUDY ABOUT THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Omar Farouk Al Mashhour

attorneyomarmash@gmail.com
Ahmad Shamsul Abd Aziz

School of Law, University Utara Malaysia
sham@uum.edu.my
ABSTRACT
The development of cryptocurrency has always been viewed as a novelty that goes
beyond expectation. It has shocked the entire world by presenting a new type of money
alongside a system that functions differently than the present transaction methods, with
less time, effort and money. Lately, the use of cryptocurrency has increased reaching
around US $203,340,823,572 billion, as a market cap and more than 4800
cryptocurrencies. Although the majority of people have heard about bitcoin at least once
in their lifetime, they still perhaps have a huge lack of knowledge as to the actual
meaning of cryptocurrency, its Advantages and drawbacks. Therefore, this study
focuses on removing the ambiguity surrounding cryptocurrency and raising people’s
awareness as an essential and indispensable requirement for achieving most optimal
use of this new technology while avoiding any negative harms and undesired
implications. This research adopts the doctrinal method aiming to highlight the
advantages and disadvantages of cryptocurrencies, in addition, to provide an
explanation of the principle and historical development of them. Finally, the research
found that it is essential to raise awareness among people about cryptocurrency as the
lack of knowledge represents a serious indicator. It was founded that cryptocurrencies
pose many questions as they are still new. These disadvantages must be acknowledged
and addressed in order to be widely implemented and build trust among people and
governments. The research provided suggestions that need to be taken into
consideration in the context of awareness-raising and avoiding any negative impacts as
much as possible.
Keywords: awareness, blockchain, cryptocurrency, cryptography, decentralized.
INTRODUCTION
Currently, there are more than 4,500 cryptocurrencies, around $200 billion dollars
market capital (Coin Marketcap, 2019), and more than a million transactions in the
third quarter of 2019 (Szmigiera, 2019). Cryptocurrencies have become something
that cannot be ignored. They have posed a big challenge to world financial system,
suggesting a new form of money and decentralised system that handles financial
transactions, stores them chronologically, issues the money, and provides security
through relying on the science of cryptography and the Consensus Mechanism. Since
10
its emergence, cryptocurrency has been a topic under study among researchers and
experts from different fields.
Historically, cryptocurrencies have passed through different stages that contributed to

its present form. The technological and industrial revolution has played a pivotal role
in improving people’s lives and devising new solutions to people’s problems. Fax
messaging and email services are an example of how technology has introduced
inexpensive and fast tools for exchanging messages, as compared to the previous
technology SMS or regular mail services. Nowadays, people can even use video calls
to contact with each other overseas.
The concept of currency has also been affected by the principle of globalization and
fast-going technologies, presenting a new type of money known as “cryptocurrency”,
exchanged through special ways of financial transaction via the internet. This creation
has suggested an easier way for people all over the world to engage in faster and
more direct transaction forms. In the era of digital currencies, there is still a huge
ambiguity among the majority of people on cryptocurrencies and its impact on their
life. This low-level of awareness consists of an issue that must be addressed by doing
more researches that aim to increase the knowledge of the general public in this
emerging type of money. Hence, this study is obligated to explain in brief the
advantages and the disadvantages of cryptocurrencies in an understandable way.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
In 2008, a pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto has published a paper called “Bitcoin: A

Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System” (Nakamoto, 2008). This paper created the first
cryptocurrency “bitcoin”. The paper was launched in a time where the world was facing
a financial crisis, causing people to lose jobs and businesses to go bankrupt. Bitcoin
offered a completely different alternative system that contains several features which
attract people’s attention, particularly those who lost their faith in governmental policies
and banks.
The paper introduced virtual currencies that rely strongly on cryptography to operate.
The cryptographical system is called “Blockchain”. Bitcoin’s Blockchain offered fast
and affordable peer-to-peer transactions that are transparent and decentralized in
which there is no need for a third party to facilitate the transaction (Dyntu & Dykyi,
2019). Satoshi identity has not been exposed until this moment. Several
cryptocurrencies followed bitcoin such as Ethereum, Ripple, XPR, and many others.
CRYPTOCURRENCY AND BLOCKCHAIN
Cryptocurrency is intangible money that exists only virtually. The word “crypto” refers
to the cryptography science which is considered a core element of cryptocurrency.
Nowadays, each Cryptocurrency is referred to it by their names such as bitcoin, ether
etc. Merriam-Webster defines cryptocurrency as “any form of currency that only exists
digitally, with no central issuing or regulating authority, but instead uses a
decentralized system to record transactions and manage the issuance of new units,
relying on cryptography to prevent counterfeiting and fraudulent transactions”
(Merriam Webster, 2019).
11
Cryptocurrencies operate through “Blockchain”, a decentralized and secure electronic

monetary platform that performs transactions, collects information, saves them and
provide them to everyone across the platform. Blockchain is defined in the Oxford
Legal Dictionary as “A system in which a record of transactions made in bitcoin or
another cryptocurrency is maintained across several computers that are linked in a
peer-to-peer network.” (Oxford, 2019). Blockchain is a shared, immutable ledger that
facilitates the process of recording transactions and tracking assets in a business
network.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CRYPTOCURRENCY
Cryptocurrency is a new promising technology that can change the entire financial
system. However, the majority of people in the world do not have enough knowledge
about cryptocurrency and its advantages and drawback on their life. Hence, it is
necessary to provide an overview of the Advantages and disadvantages of
cryptocurrency so as to have a more solid idea about the contribution of
cryptocurrency to the world in general.
Advantages
Time and Money Conserving
Cryptocurrency has the ability to send as many transactions as desired. There is also
no limit on the number of transactions and the amount of money that will be sent as
long as the wallet has enough balance in it (Blockchain Expert, 2018). Those features
are provided with a prompt transaction that is distinctly faster than the conventional
type of transactions.
Another important feature of cryptocurrency is that the cost of transferring the

cryptocurrency is considerably less than the commission or the fees provided by the
financial institutions such as banks in preforming transactions (Syed, Moge & Siddiqui,
2016).
Decentralized and Transparent
It is still a matter of dispute as to whether decentralization should be considered an

advantage or a disadvantage. However, one of the fundamental principles that have
been brought by cryptocurrency was the principle of decentralization in which there is
no central authority monitoring or controlling the transacted currency (Bank of
Canada, 2014). All the designated participants on the network manage the
cryptocurrency's network, which imparts authenticity, transparency and trust to
cryptocurrencies’ transactions, (Valdivia, Rodrigue, Soto & Alcaraz, 2019). All the
information regarding the transactions is being recorded in the network. An updated
copy of the ledger will be sent to all the nodes in the network to update their ledger.
Hence, everyone can check all the transactions on the network.
12
Easy to open a wallet
Opening an account in a bank requires several documents so that the relevant

application could be approved. Banks sometimes refuse to open an account for some
people with no criminal record, only based on the central bank guidelines.
Cryptocurrency, on the other hand, requires only a computer that has access to the
internet to open a wallet. Moreover, using the cryptocurrencies wallet is allowed to any
person with no time limitation and regardless of the user’s location.
Issuance Limitation
Fiat currency is open to inflation and deflation, whereas cryptocurrencies mostly do

not have the same problem. The majority of cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, have
set a limit for their currencies that when all currencies are mined, the process of issuing
and generating money is over. In case of bitcoin, for example, 21 million bitcoins were
fixed as a limit, hence, after reaching the 21 million the demand will increase, but no
supply will be available, therefore, the chance of inflation is limited in this case
(Ivashchenko, 2016).
Disadvantages
The Anonymity of Cryptocurrency
The fast-growing nature of cryptocurrencies and their anonymity created huge

regulatory and supervisory challenges for the governments (Foley, Karlsen & Putniņš,
2018). The anonymity provided by cryptocurrency has allowed people individually or
in a group to use cyberspace without being obligated to expose their identities to either
the government or any third party under the Anti-money laundering and Know Your
customer policies. This might encourage people with illegal agenda to use these
features for committing some serious criminal activities (Bray, 2016).
Strong Volatility and Large Risks
Cryptocurrencies are still in their early stages. The prices of cryptocurrencies are
fluctuating on a daily basis (Bansal, 2018). Every event or statement related to the use
of cryptocurrencies can have tremendous effects on the cryptocurrencies' market
demands, which might be reflected negatively later on their value on the market
(CINDX, 2018). Therefore, investing in cryptocurrencies carries a high level of risks,
especially in the medium and long-term investment.
13
Criminal Activity and Cybersecurity
The anonymity of the cryptocurrencies provides a way for criminals to commit various
types of criminal activities such as money laundering, tax evasion, drug sales and
many other illegal actions in which cryptocurrencies are used as a shield to hide their
real identity (Regional Organized Crime Information Center, 2018). Silk Road website
represents an example of using cryptocurrency to commit illegal activities (Janze,
2017).
In performing a transaction, cryptocurrency systems are unable to check or detect the

legality of the financial transactions or even the person performing a given transaction.
In addition, there are no pre-requisites for a person to have a wallet in case of
cryptocurrencies. That means that every person including criminals and terrorist
organizations can make use of the system to evade possible financial sanctions.
In a study made in January 2019, it was stated that the possibility for cryptocurrency
being used for criminal activities remains one of the main issues. It was also stated
that utilizing cryptocurrencies has become more complexed lately. The study indicated
that 2018 has seen one of the largest volumes of the dark-net transactions using
cryptocurrency amounting to around 600 million (Chainalysis, 2019). Another study
made in 2018, showed that 1 out of 4 bitcoin users and half of the bitcoin transactions
are linked with some kind of illegal activities (Foley, et al, 2018).
Lack of Regulations
Even though the cryptocurrencies market is growing significantly, the problem of

recognition and the absence of regulations for cryptocurrencies represent also a
significant drawback (Massad, 2019). Governments worldwide have different opinions,
definitions, and legal approaches to deal with cryptocurrencies. Some countries have
not even made any statement declaring their legal position yet. International bodies
also have different views regarding cryptocurrencies.
Several studies have indicated to many legal approaches followed by some countries
to regulate cryptocurrencies (finder.com, 2019), (Reese, 2019), and (Lansky, 2018).
Countries adopting legal approaches can be divided into several categories as follows:
1. Global leaders in the field of crypto regulations: countries that have already
taken some legal actions or have a legal framework for cryptocurrencies, wholly
or partially.
2. Emerging countries: Countries that are working with legislators and experts to
either introduce a strong and reliable framework or promulgate a law
recognizing cryptocurrencies.
3. Countries that took no action or have not released any statement.
14
4. Countries which preferred to restrict the use of cryptocurrencies by introducing

some regulations.
5. Countries that banned cryptocurrencies.
Inflation
Not all cryptocurrencies have a limitation of issuance; some of them such as Ethereum
did not state any limitation for issuance yet.
Figure 1.0 The growth of ether’s supply chart

Source: Https://Etherscan.Io/Chart/Ethersupplygrowth.
In this case, inflation is possible at some point where the supply and generating of
cryptocurrency becomes way more than the demand. The above figure is the “ether
supply rate” which increased significantly during the last three years.
The Possibility of Losing Cryptocurrencies
Due to the lack of any central authority, the responsibility of protecting

cryptocurrencies wallet lies solely on every person individually. Every wallet
(cryptocurrency account) is protected by public and private key, given to the owner of
this wallet (Crypto Wallet, 2019). Losing this private key will result in losing the
cryptocurrency in that wallet forever (Eskandari, Barrera, Stobert & Clark, 2015). There
is no central authority that can help to recover the money (Hinkes, 2019).
Digital Inheritance
The previous disadvantage has an impact on estate law, especially the issue of digital
inheritance. Considerations must also be given to the digital inheritance issue
especially in the field of cryptocurrencies. The issue of inheritance of crypto-assets is
15
one of the serious legal issues that caused many people to lose their deceased’s
money stored in his/her crypto-wallet. The intangible nature of these assets makes
their inheritance a highly complicated issue.
The only way to access the crypto-wallet is to know the private key of the relevant
person in order to be able to access the crypto-assets. Several examples can be
provided on this matter such as, the issue of Matthew Moody, a miner who had some
crypto-assets in his wallet and had passed away in a plane crash. however, his family
couldn’t recover the money back because they couldn’t obtain the private key (Lanxon,
2018).
Losing the Internet
Cryptocurrencies rely completely on the internet to perform transactions (Dyntu &

Dykyi, 2019). The internet plays a key role in its development. Losing connection to
the internet might cause your crypto-assets to be frozen and unusable, with the
ultimate result that their value might drop, causing a huge loss to the holder of such
assets.
No Way to Reverse the Payment
If a holder of a cryptocurrency account has mistakenly made a payment to a person,

this transaction will be irreversible. It is quite impossible to reverse the transaction
once the transaction has been confirmed and added to the blockchain and saved their
forever. In the banking sector, on the other hand, reversion of a transaction is possible
in several cases (Eskandari, Barrera, et al, 2015).
Taxability of Cryptocurrencies
During the past years, tax authorities worldwide have started to give attention and
issue guidance on the taxation of cryptocurrency as it was considered one of the major
concern for them. However, Countries have different legal approaches regarding
cryptocurrencies. While some of them have very robust tax regulations that have
specific provisions stating when using crypto-assets is subject to the tax Laws, other
have either imposed no taxation over crypto-asset or limited the taxing obligation on
only specific instances. Some countries have not made even one statement regarding
cryptocurrency. These differences in the taxing approaches could eventually allow tax
evaders to take advantage of the existing legal loopholes and divergent views on this
issue to ease their international cash flow.
16
In the United States, IRS has issued two guidance (IRS Notice 2014-21 and Revenue
Ruling 2019-24) characterizing the convertible virtual currency as a “property” and
explained what represents a taxing liability while using cryptocurrencies and the
calculating methods. Other countries such as Portugal, for example, has excluded
cryptocurrencies from the VAT and the Income Tax obligations for individuals while
Belarus has issued a Presidential Decree (Decree No. 8 of Dec. 21, 2017) legalizing
crypto-activities and excluding them from several tax obligations for a specific period
of time. Moreover, there are some countries with no legal framework or
characterization for cryptocurrencies, thus using cryptocurrencies in these countries
are not subject to any tax liability. Therefore, the difference between countries might
be used to evade fulfilling tax obligations.
Electricity Consumption
The process of verifying the unconfirmed transaction and adding them to a blockchain
ledger requires a high computing power, which consumes a huge amount of electricity.
According to a study made on the bitcoin electricity consumption, it was stated that the
entire bitcoin network consumes more electricity than Switzerland at the same time of
the study with more than 64 terawatt-hours of energy consumption (Vincent, 2019).
CONCLUSION
Throughout the years, social and technological development have contributed to the
expansion of the concept of money, introducing several types that have been created
to make people’s life easier. Cryptocurrency is one of the latest types of money that is
expected to be the world’s next currency. Cryptocurrencies remain to be considered
among the most debatable creations introduced in the last few years. It introduced a
new type of money that operates through a designated system made to facilitate the
use of money and ensure their protection and transparency.
Since their emergence, cryptocurrencies are still viewed by many people as a vogue
and complicated concept. In addition, some people have the wrong idea about
cryptocurrencies and their mechanism. It is therefore important to raise people’s
awareness about cryptocurrency in general, its emergence as well as its advantages
and disadvantages. Raising the awareness of the majority of people would reflect
more favourably on their decisions and spare them the risks of falling victims to fail
scams or wrong information that can cause them huge losses of time and cash.
Cryptocurrencies still hold many disadvantages that raise the question of whether this
technology can survive and continue to be implemented in this shape and the present
condition. Implementing it without proper legal, financial and technological preparation
is likely to cause huge risks to countries and their citizens, alike.
17
• Recommendation
Cryptocurrencies are nothing different from other technological creations that have
been introduced before, they will continue to face many issues until they reach a
time when they become widely used and trusted. In legal perspective, law plays a
key role in raising the awareness of people. Hence, Overcoming the issues that
face cryptocurrencies primarily requires a strong legal framework that regulates
their use, exchange, and crypto-assets transfer. This regulation must be
implemented within the existing laws by making amendments that help widen the
scope of the law and include new provisions that regulate cryptocurrencies in
specific legal domains such as estate law, cybersecurity law, AML regulations...etc.
One example is the taxation regulations which can be amended to have a grip on
and supervise such assets.
Achieving these amendments requires inter-agencies coordination and

cooperation toward developing a strong and trusted monitoring and control
mechanism. In addition to all these essential efforts, an awareness-raising
campaign must be implemented by all sectors. Governmental agencies, schools,
universities, and research centres must start giving some attention to
cryptocurrency and its technology in order to come up with a solution that
contributes to fill the gaps and achieve the hoped-for objectives.
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Bansal, S. (2018 ). Advantages and Disadvantages of Cryptocurrency. LawStreet

Journal.
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Cryptocurrencies. Retrieved from www.blockchainexpert.uk:
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cryptocurrencies
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Bray, J. D. (2016). Anonymity, Cybercrime, and the Connection to cryptocurrency.

Eastern Kentucky University.
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scams. New York: Chainalysis.
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news-on-cryptocurrency-prices-f42ff4b89fa5
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https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cryptocurrency
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LAUNDERING. Baltic Journal Of Economic Studies, 4(5), 75. doi:
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Management. Carleton University.
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Foley, Karlsen & Putniņš. (2018). Sex, Drugs, and Bitcoin: How Much Illegal Activity
Is Financed Through Cryptocurrencies? Review of Financial Studies,
Forthcoming, 63.
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Hinkes, A. M. (2019). Throw Away The Key, Or The Keyholder? Coercive Contempt
For Lost Or Forgottencryptocurrency Private Keys, Orobstinate Holders.
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old-problem-of-inheritance
Massad, T. G. (2019). It’s Time to Strengthen the Regulation of Crypto-Assets.

Cambridge: Economic Studies at Brookings, Harvard University.
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Law Enforcement Investigative Guide. Tennessee: Regional Organized Crime
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Syed, Moge & Siddiqui. (2016). Cryptocurrency: Next Level in the Evolution of Money.
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Vincent, J. (2019, July 4). Bitcoin consumes more energy than Switzerland, according
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annual-calculation-cambridge-index-cbeci-country-comparison
21
ISU-ISU PERUNDANGAN DALAM PROSEDUR TATATERTIB

PERKHIDMATAN AWAM
Fariza Romli1 & Harlida Abdul Wahab2

Pusat Pengajian Undang-Undang, Universiti Utara Malaysia
1arfariza@uum.edu.my, 2harlida@uum.edu.my
ABSTRAK
Disiplin sentiasa menjadi isu penting dalam mana-mana organisasi termasuklah

dalam Perkhidmatan Awam. Lembaga tatatertib dalam perkhidmatan awam
mempunyai tanggungjawab yang besar untuk mendukung dan menegakkan keadilan
kepada majikan dan juga pekerja dalam menangani kes –kes disiplin kerana sebarang
kesilapan atau kepincangan yang berlaku boleh menyebabkan imej Perkhidmatan
Awam dan juga imej kerajaan secara amnya akan tercalar. Menurut laporan yang
dikeluarkan oleh Institut Integriti Malaysia(IIM), antara indikator yang diambil kira
dalam menilai kualiti penyampaian Perkhidmatan Awam di Malaysia ialah aspek
tindakan tatatertib di setiap organisasi. Oleh kerana masih terdapat banyak kes-kes
yang di bawa ke mahkamah yang melibatkan disiplin atau tatatertib dalam
Perkhidmatan Awam, justeru kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji apakah isu-isu
perundangan yang dihadapi dalam prosedur tatatertib Perkhidmatan Awam.
Metodologi yang digunakan adalah berdasarkan kajian perpustakaan serta
berpandukan kepada analisa undang-undang terhadap akta-akta, peraturan-
peraturan dan kes undang-undang yang terpakai dalam Perkhidmatan Awam. Di
harap perbincangan dalam kertas kerja ini dapat membantu mencari solusi untuk
memantapkan lagi undang-undang mengenai pengurusan tatatertib yang terpakai
sekarang khususnya dalam Perkhidmatan Awam selain menjamin agar setiap
pegawai yang dituduh berpeluang mendapat satu perbicaraan yang adil dan saksama
selari dengan Matlamat Pembangunan Mampan 2030 dari aspek memberikan
capaian keadilan kepada semua, dan membina institusi yang berkesan, dipercayai
dan menyeluruh pada semua tahap.
Kata kunci: Perkhidmatan awam, disiplin, tatatertib.
PENGENALAN
Disiplin boleh diertikan sebagai ketaatan kepada peraturan di mana ia boleh mengajar
seseorang untuk bertindak dengan teliti dan bertanggungjawab. Disiplin sentiasa
menjadi isu penting dalam mana-mana organisasi termasuklah dalam Perkhidmatan
Awam. Sektor perkhidmatan awam adalah pemangkin kepada pembangunan negara.
Kebelakangan ini masyarakat menunjukkan kesedaran yang tinggi terhadap
22
keperluan untuk perkhidmatan awam yang cekap, berwibawa, memiliki disiplin serta
mempunyai nilai kebolehpercayaan yang tinggi. Oleh itu, peraturan tatatertib bagi
sektor perkhidmatan awam merupakan alat kawalan dalam memperoleh kepercayaan
dan keyakinan dari orang awam. Dalam kata lain, disiplin adalah aspek penting dan
diperlukan dalam sesebuah organisasi. Salah urus dan salah laku seharusnya
dielakkan malah perlu ditangani dengan berkesan demi memastikan kestabilan
organisasi di samping memperoleh keyakinan masyarakat awam terhadap
perkhidmatan awam.
Dari segi kecekapan dan keberkesanan perkhidmatan dan prestasi, sektor awam
sentiasa diteliti dan diberi perhatian oleh anggota awam terutamanya apabila ia
melibatkan akauntabiliti dan integriti. Dalam konteks pengkhidmat awam, integriti
"bukan sekadar menjauhkan diri daripada menerima rasuah dan memberi rasuah. Ia
juga tentang melakukan kerja dengan teliti, dengan ikhlas, adil dan dengan rasa
tanggungjawab dan cekap. Ia sebenarnya berkaitan dengan minda, sikap, tingkah
laku, kecekapan dan ketekunan seseorang dalam menjalankan tugas dan
tanggungjawab "(Ambrin Buang, 2015: 110). Apa yang dimaksudkan di sini ialah
akauntabiliti dan integriti sangat sinonim atau berkait rapat dengan disiplin.
Menurut Tan Sri Mohd Sidek bin Hasan (2011), bekas Ketua Setiausaha Negara,
penguatkuasaan peraturan dan disiplin merupakan salah satu aspek penting dalam
Pengurusan Sumber Manusia bagi sektor awam. Matlamat utama pengurusan
tatatertib bukanlah untuk menghukum (punitive) semata-mata tetapi sebagai panduan
dan pencegahan (deterrence) kepada pegawai awam agar dapat melaksanakan tugas
dengan cekap, amanah dan bertanggungjawab. Sebarang tindakan tatatertib yang di
ambil terhadap pegawai awam harus dilaksanakan dengan mematuhi prinsip,
prosedur dan peraturan yang digariskan di dalam undang-undang. Menurut Tan Sri
Mohd Sidek lagi(2009), setiap anggota Lembaga Tatatertib, urus setia tatatertib dan
Ketua Jabatan perlu mempunyai kefahaman yang mencukupi berhubung peruntukan
undang-undang, dasar dan peraturan-peraturan tatatertib yang berkuatkuasa. Ini
penting kerana jika sesuatu tindakan tatatertib diambil tanpa menggunakan prosedur
yang tepat sebagaimana yang diperuntukkan di bawah undang-undang, ia
berkemungkinan akan dicabar di Mahkamah yang akhirnya boleh membawa kerugian
kepada pihak Kerajaan sekiranya mahkamah memutuskan sebagai tidak sah dan
batal. Keputusan ini mengakibatkan tercabarnya kewibawaan pihak lembaga
tatatertib dan secara tidak langsung memperlihatkan kelemahan jentera pentadbiran
selain merugikan masa dan kos. (Ismail Adam,2009 & Abdul Aziz Hussin, 2002)
Sebagai contoh, dari tahun 1987 hingga 2004, daripada 2687 kes yang
dipertimbangkan dan diputuskan oleh Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Awam, 48 kes telah
dicabar di mahkamah dan 10 kes diputuskan oleh mahkamah sebagai tidak sah.
Walaupun hanya melibatkan sebilangan kecil, ia menunjukkan ketidakcekapan dan
kecuaian perkhidmatan awam dalam menangani kes tatatertib, apa lagi jika ia
melibatkan tuntutan wang ringgit dari pihak kerajaan.
23
Menurut Musa (2018), berdasarkan perangkaan yang dikemukakan berkaitan disiplin

anggota perkhidmatan awam, peratusannya amat kecil iaitu sekitar 2.5 peratus sahaja
berbanding jumlah keseluruhan anggota perkhidmatan awam yang mencecah 1.2 juta
orang. Namun begitu, ia bukanlah alasan untuk isu ini diketepikan, lebih-lebih lagi
apabila ia melibatkan penjawat awam yang sentiasa mendapat perhatian dari
masyarakat umum. Arifin dan Ahmad (2016) di dalam kajian mereka terhadap 760
anggota serta pegawai PDRM di negeri Perak mendapati bahawa majoriti responden
percaya bahawa integriti dan etika kerja amat penting diamalkan oleh semua pekerja
dan penjawat awam demi meningkatkan mutu perkhidmatan yang unggul dan
berkesan. Ini kerana sektor perkhidmatan awam ialah sektor yang berkait rapat
dengan pembentukan serta pelaksanaan dasar, penguatkuasaan prosedur,
kelestarian peraturan dan keutuhan undang-undang demi menentukan kestabilan
sistem serta kemantapan pengurusan pentadbiran negara (Musa, 2018).
Sehubungan itu, kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti isu-isu perundangan yang
dihadapi dalam prosedur tatatertib Perkhidmatan Awam khususnya perkara yang
melibatkan kesilapan lazim dalam urusan tindakan tatatertib.
METODOLOGI
Kajian yang dilaksanakan adalah merupakan kajian konseptual yang berasaskan

kepada perundaangan kualitatif. Maka kajian secara tradisi akan dibuat iaitu
melibatkan penyelidikan kepustakaan secara umumnya berpandukan kepada sumber
sekunder yang pelbagai seperti buku-buku ilmiah, artikel jurnal, kertas persidangan
dan prinsip perundangan dengan merujuk kepada penghakiman. Sehubungan itu,
kertas kerja ini adalah bersifat kajian perundangan yang mengandungi unsur
perundangan, kajian peraturan perundangan, prinsip, konsep, kes yang diputuskan,
institusi serta soalan perundangan (Yaqin, 2007). Secara khususnya, kajian dan
penulisan yang berkaitan dengan prosedur tatatertib dalam perkhidmatan awam turut
dirujuk dalam kertas kerja ini.
UNDANG-UNDANG TATATERTIB DALAM PERKHIDMATAN AWAM
Sumber kuasa primer atau induk yang memberikan kuasa mengadakan kawalan
tatatertib ke atas semua anggota perkhidmatan awam diperuntukkan di bawah
Perlembagaan Persekutuan Perkara 144;
Suruhanjaya perkhidmatan yang berkenaan yang bidang kuasanya meliputi
perkhidmatan yang pegawai tersebut ialah seorang anggota mengikut
peruntukan-peruntukan Bahagian X Perlembagaan Persekutuan, dan
termasuklah seorang pegawai atau sesuatu lembaga pegawai dalam
perkhidmatan awam yang boleh menjalankan fungsi Suruhanjaya
24
berhubungan dengan pengawalan tatatertib menurut fasal (5A), 5(B), (6) atau
(6A) Perkara 144 Perlembagaan Persekutuan.
Justeru, terdapat beberapa suruhanjaya perkhidmatan yang dibentuk di Malaysia

sejajar dengan peruntukan perkara 144. Antaranya, Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan
Awam(SPA), Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan pendidikan(SPP), Suruhanjaya
Perkhidmatan Kehakiman(SPK).
Manakala tugas atau kuasa suruhanjaya ini dijelaskan di dalam Perlembagaan

Persekutuan dalam perkara 144(1):
Tertakluk kepada peruntukan mana-mana undang-undang yang ada dan
kepada peruntukan Perlembagaan ini, maka adalah menjadi kewajipan
sesuatu Suruhanjaya yang dimaksudkan oleh bahagian ini melantik,
mengesahkan, memasukkan ke dalam perjawatan tetap atau perjawatan
berpencen, menaikkan pangkat, menukar dan menjalankan kawalan tatatertib
ke atas anggota-anggota bagi perkhidmatan atau perkhidmatan.
Terdapat pindaan pada tahun 1996 dengan memasukkan Fasal 5(B) dalam Perkara
144 Perlembagaan Persekutuan. Fasal tersebut membenarkan Yang di-Pertuan
Agong untuk memberi kuasa bagi menjalankan tugas-tugas mengenai tatatertib
pegawai-pegawai di bawah 132 Fasal 1(C) dan (f) Perlembagaan Persekutuan
kepada Lembaga Tatatertib di peringkat kementerian dan jabatan.
Pekerja dalam Perkhidmatan Awam mendapat perlindungan terhadap tindakan turun

pangkat dan buang kerja di bawah Perlembagaan Persekutuan yang merupakan
undang-undang tertinggi negara apabila Perkara 135 memberi perlindungan serta
kawalan kepada semua penjawat awam agar mereka tidak diturunkan pangkat atau
dibuang kerja tanpa terlebih dahulu diberi peluang yang munasabah untuk didengar
atau membela diri. Pemecatan dan penurunan pangkat ini juga tidak boleh dilakukan
oleh pihak berkuasa yang pangkatnya lebih rendah pegawai yang dituduh.
Berdasarkan peruntukan di atas, maka beberapa peraturan tatatertib khusus telah

dibuat oleh kerajaan Malaysia dan kerajaan negeri dalam aspek tatatertib. Bagi
penjawat awam, peruntukan tentang jenis kesalahan dan tindakan tatatertib terdapat
dalam Peraturan-Peraturan Pegawai Awam (Kelakuan dan tatatertib) 1993 dan
Peraturan-Peraturan Lembaga Tatatertib Perkhidmatan Awam 1993. Peraturan-
peraturan ini merupakan sumber perundangan utama yang mentadbir disiplin serta
menjadi rujukan agensi kerajaan untuk memastikan perlakuan tatatertib
kakitangannya terkawal. (Fariza, 2012). Perlanggaran ke atas sebarang peraturan
yang ditetapkan akan membolehkan tindakan tatatertib diambil.(JPA, 2007)
ISU-ISU PERUNDANGAN DALAM PROSEDUR TATATERTIB
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Hasil dari kajian dan penelitian yang dibuat mendapati terdapat beberapa isu
perundangan dalam prosedur tatatertib perkhidmatan awam seperti proses tatatertib
terlalu panjang, amalan yang tidak seragam, lembaga tatatertib gagal bersidang, tiada
garis panduan menghukum, silap prosedur, hukuman tidak setimpal dan berbeza dan
percanggahan peraturan.
Kajian oleh Samihah(2009) mendapati, proses dan prosedur tatatertib mengambil

masa yang agak panjang secara keseluruhan berdasarkan pengalaman SPA sekitar
purata antara 16-22 bulan untuk menyelesaikan sesuatu kes tatatertib. Punca
kelewatan boleh dibahagikan kepada 3 peringkat iaitu pertama, masalah di peringkat
ketua jabatan seperti tidak cukup masa, kurang kefahaman mengenai peraturan dan
prosedur sehingga lambat mangambil tindakan, kurang kemahiran dalam
megendalikan kes tatatertib serta faktor sikap ketua jabatan yang tidak bertegas
dalam mengambil tindakan disiplin atau pun dengan sengaja tidak mengambil
sebarang tindakan bagi menjaga reputasi jabatan. Kedua, masalah diperingkat urus
setia seperti kurang masa dan kakitangan, tatatertib bukan tugas utama serta kurang
kemahiran. Ketiga, masalah diperingkat lembaga atau jawatankuasa tatatertib sendiri
yang gagal bersidang kerana tidak cukup kuorom akibat sibuk dengan utamakan
tugas lain atau pun pertukaran ahli kerana menjadi ahli lembaga tatatertib bukan
jawatan hakiki mereka.
Sewaktu Persidangan kali ke tiga Pengerusi Lembaga Tatatertib Perkhidmatan Awam

yang di adakan dalam tahun 2006, persidangan mengambil maklum bahawa terdapat
beberapa aspek dalam keputusan Lembaga tatatertib yang perlu diberi perhatian
seperti memastikan semua peraturan dan prosedur dipatuhi dalam mengambil
sebarang tindakan agar tidak berlaku kesilapan yang boleh mengakibatkan tindakan
yang diambil boleh menjadi terbatal atau tidak sah oleh mahkamah. Persidangan juga
mengambil maklum agar setiap ahli lembaga tatatertib dan urus setia perlu memahami
apa yang terkandung dalam peraturan yang terpakai dalam perkhidmatan awam iaitu
Peraturan-Peraturan Pegawai Awam (Kelakuan dan Tatatertib) 1993 serta Peraturan-
Peraturan Lembaga Tatatertib Perkhidmatan Awam 1993.
Persidangan tersebut juga menyatakan beberapa isu atau faktor kelemahan dalam
pengurusan tatatertib seperti tugas pengurusan tatatertib yang tidak mendapat
keutamaan yang sewajarnya disebabkan kepelbagaian tugas pegawai terlibat, sikap
pegawai atau ketua jabatan yang tidak tegas dalam menguruskan hal-ehwal tatatertib
menyebabkan pegawai tidak dikenakan sebarang tindakan. Kewibawaan pegawai
yang mengendalikan urusan tatatertib juga dipersoalkan. Cadangan serta perhatian
yang diberikan dalam persidangan tersebut adalah sejajar dengan isu-isu yang
diperolehi dalam kajian oleh Samihah (2009) di atas, berkaitan dengan kelewatan atau
masa yang panjang dalam pengurusan sesuatu kes tatatertib.
26
Masa yang terlalu lama di ambil dalam sesuatu kes-kes tatatertib bukan hanya
merugikan organisasi atau kerajaan malahan ia juga memberi ketidak adilan kepada
pegawai yang di tuduh. Dalam kes Mohd Pilus Hj. Abdul Kadir lwn Suruhanjaya
Perkhidmatan Awam, pertuduhan yang dibuat terhadap pegawai mengambil masa
yang terlalu lama. Semasa perbicaraan pegawai tidak dapat mengingati segala fakta
dan memohon untuk menyemak dokumen dan permohonannya tidak dipenuhi.
Mahkamah mempersoalkan bagaimana tertuduh boleh didapati bersalah dalam
keadaan demikian. Pihak Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Awam didapati gagal
memberikan tertuduh peluang yang mencukupi baginya untuk membela diri dan ini
adalah perlanggaran terhadap hak beliau di bawah prinsip keadilan asasi. Begitu juga
dalam kes Azman bin Abdullah lwn Ketua Polis Negara [1997]1 AMR 3:181 di mana
dalam kes ini kelewatan pihak majikan mengambil tindakan tatatertib telah
menyebabkan tertuduh berjaya memenangi kes di mahkamah apabila mahkamah
membatalkan keputusan Lembaga Tatatertib untuk menurunkan pangkatnya.
Isu seterusnya adalah berkaitan dengan hukuman yang dijatuhkan oleh pihak
berkuasa tatatertib yang tidak setimpal dan berbeza-beza serta ketiadaan garis
panduan yg jelas untuk menghukum. Hukuman yang terlalu berat atau tidak setimpal
dengan kesalahan yang dilakukan boleh menyebabkan keputusan tersebut dibatalkan
atau diisytiharkan sebagai ultra virus (melampaaui bidang kuasa) oleh mahkamah.
Berdasarkan kepada prinsip proportionality, mahkamah boleh campur tangan dalam
keputusan yang diambil oleh pihak berkuasa tatatertib hanya disebabkan oleh isu
hukuman sahaja (Samihah,2009). Sebagai bukti, dalam kes Tan Tek Seng lwn
Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Pendidikan [1996] 1 MLJ 261 telah berlaku penjatuhan
hukuman yang tidak setimpal dengan kesalahan. Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri telah
mencadangkan kepada Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Pendidikan(SPP) untuk
menurunkan pangkat dan gaji Tan Tek Seng kepada guru biasa. Walau
bagaimanapun, SPP sebagai pihak berkuasa tatatertib tidak mempertimbangkan
cadangan tersebut sebaliknya terus menjatuhkan hukuman buang kerja. Kuasa budi
bicara yang diberikan kepada pihak berkuasa tatatertib untuk menjatuhkan hukuman
dalam kes ini perlulah dilaksanakandengan berhemah berdasarkan fakta yang relevan
serta mengenepikan fakta yang tidak relevan dalam membuat keputusan. Niat yang
tidak baik atau mala fide serta tujuan yang tidak betul (improper purpose) dalam
membuat keputusan harus diketepikan.
Kajian oleh Samihah (2009) juga mendapati selain proses yang panjang dalam
mengendalikan kes tatatertib, masalah kesilapan atau kegagalan mematuhi prosedur
oleh lembaga tatatertib dan urus setia juga menjadi isu utama. Perkara sebegini boleh
membawa kesan kepada semua pihak yang terlibat termasuk yang tertuduh,
sekretariat, jawatankuasa tatatertib, ketua jabatan dan lebih buruk lagi, ia
menjatuhkan reputasi perkhidmatan awam (Abdul Aziz Hussin, 1994; Intan, 1992).
Pihak berkuasa tatatertib mesti mematuhi prosedur sedia ada di samping akur kepada
prinsip keadilan semulajadi yang merupakan prinsip penting dalam undang-undang
pentadbiran (Fariza, 2013). Menurut De Smith (1985), prinsip keadilan semulajadi
27
adalah piawaian minimum yang ditetapkan dalam membuat keputusan secara adil. Ia
mesti mematuhi dua prinsip utama iaitu (1) "audi alteram partem" yang bermaksud,
orang yang dipertanggungkan harus diberikan kesempatan untuk membuat
pembelaan; dan (2) "nemo judex in causa sua potest " yang mencerminkan tiada
unsur-unsur berat sebelah atau “bias” (Jain, 1997). Pematuhan terhadap prinsip
keadilan asasi ini amat penting dan sebarang pelanggaran boleh menyebabkan kes-
kes tersebut boleh dirujuk di mahkamah untuk dibuat semakan semula atas keputusan
yang diambil (Romli, Md Dahlan & Ahmad, 2012).
Sebagai contoh, dalam kes Shamsiah bt Ahmad Sham lwn Suruhanjaya

Perkhidmatan Awam [1990] 3 MLJ 364, SC, berlaku perlanggaran prinsip keadilan
asasi kerana Lembaga tatatertib telah mengambil kira kesalahan lampaunya
(extraneous considerations) tanpa memberikannya peluang untuk membuat
penjelasan, membangkang atau mematahkan dengan hujahan. Kes ini jelas
menunjukkan berlaku perlanggaran undang-undang oleh Lembaga Tatatertib
termasuklah perlanggaran ke atas peruntukan dalam Perlembagaan Persekutuan di
bawah Perkara 135 (2) yang memberikan hak perlembagaan yang fundamental
kepada pegawai awam.
Seterusnya kes-kes lain yang melibatkan masalah kesilapan atau kegagalan

mematuhi prosedur oleh lembaga tatatertib dan urus setia antaranya adalah kes
Chong Kok Lin lwn Yong Su Hian [1979] 2 MLJ 11, kes ini melibatkan kekhilafan
procedure (procedural error) oleh urus setia tatatertib, seterusnya kes Raja Abdul
Malek Muzaffar Shah dan Raja Shahruzzaman lwn Setiausaha Suruhanjaya Pasukan
Polis & ors (1995) 1 MLJ 208 yang melibatkan isu tidak diberi peluang untuk membela
diri. Kes Nordin Hassan lwn Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Awam (1995)2 CLJ 128,
dalam kes ini tertuduh tidak diberikan peluang yang munasabah untuk
mengemukakan kes beliau (unfair and unreasonable hearing).
Sebenarnya banyak kes-kes yang dibawa ke mahkamah hingga kini yang melibatkan
isu kesilapan atau kegagalan mematuhi prosedur oleh lembaga atau pihak berkuasa
tatatertib. Isu ini harus dipandang dengan serius dan diberi perhatian yang lebih
kerana ia memberi kesan kepada banyak pihak termasuklah tertuduh sendiri di mana
haknya telah dinafikan dan perbicaraan yang adil tidak diberikan kepada beliau akibat
dari kekhilafan pihak berkuasa tatatertib dalam mengendalikan kes tersebut. Kerajaan
juga terpaksa membayar ganti rugi yang besar sekiranya mahkamah memutuskan
bahawa tertuduh yang dikenakan tindakan tatatertib didapati tidak bersalah
disebabkan kegagalan pihak berkuasa tatatertib mematuhi prosedur yang ditetapkan.
Sebagai contoh, kes terkini yang diputuskan oleh Mahkamah Persekutuan pada tahun
2018 iaitu kes Vijayarao Sepermaniam lwn Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Awam,
Malaysia [2018] 9 CLJ, dalam kes ini tertuduh seorang pegawai Suruhanjaya
Pencegah Rasuah telah dikenakan tindakan tatatertib. Dalam surat tunjuk sebab,
tertuduh menafikan semua tuduhan dan memohon agar dokumen-dokumen yang
relevan yang membentuk pertuduhan keatasnya dikemukan kepada beliau dan
28
tertuduh juga meminta perbicaraan lisan. Walau bagaimanapun permohonan tertuduh

tidak diendahkan dan dibalas dan tertuduh akhirnya didapati bersalah dan ditamatkan
perkhidmatan. Rayuan dibuat hingga ke Mahkamah Persekutuan dan mahkamah
memerintahkan bahawa penamatan perkhidmatan oleh Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan
Awam adalah tidak sah dan terbatal, seharusnya permohonan tertuduh untuk
dapatkan dokumen –dokumen berkaitan serta perbicaraan lisan diberikan. Tertuduh
juga telah mendapat jawatannya semula dan segala gaji, emolumen, elaun dan lain-
lain faedah yang terhutang padanya dibayar bermula dari tarikh penamatan
perkhidmatan sehingga penyelesaian penuh.
Selain dari isu yang diperolehi melalui faktor pelaksanaan yang dibincangkan di atas,
kelemahan undang-undang juga berkemungkinan menjadi faktor penyebab atau
mempunyai hubungkait dengan isu-isu yang timbul dalam prosedur tatatertib
perkhidmatan awam. Menurut Gan (1996), Peraturan-Peraturan Pegawai Awam
(Kelakuan dan tatatertib) 1993 dan Peraturan-Peraturan Lembaga Tatatertib
Perkhidmatan Awam 1993 yang terpakai kepada penjawat awam kurang penjelasan
dari aspek prosedur dan substantif. Sebagai contoh mengenai isu hukuman tidak
dinyatakan dengan lengkap di dalam akta serta tiada garis panduan yang jelas dalam
mengenakan hukuman, justeru ia membawa kepada isu hukuman yang tidak setimpal
dan berbeza-beza diberikan sewaktu memberi hukuman. Dalam kes Rohana & Anor
lwn USM [1989] 1 MLJ 487, mahkamah menyatakan hukuman boleh dibatalkan
sekiranya terlalu berat atau tidak setimpal. Begitu juga dalam isu perbicaraan secara
lisan atau bersemuka di mana tiada peruntukan yang jelas didalam Peraturan-
Peraturan Pegawai Awam (Kelakuan dan tatatertib) 1993 dan Peraturan-Peraturan
Lembaga Tatatertib Perkhidmatan Awam 1993, tetapi sekiranya kes dibawa ke
mahkamah, dalam situasi tertentu mahkamah memutuskan bahawa perbicaraan
secara lisan adalah perlu.
KESIMPULAN
Berdasarkan huraian mengenai isu-isu perundangan dalam pengendalian kes

tatatertib perkhidmatan awam di atas dan disokong oleh beberapa kes yang telah
dibawa ke mahkamah, jelas membuktikan kesan-kesan yang negatif dari isu-isu
tersebut terhadap semua pihak iaitu urus setia, lembaga atau pihak berkuasa tatatertib
termasuklah tertuduh sendiri yang tidak harus di ambil mudah dan perlu diberi
perhatian yang serius. Gabungan Kesatuan sekerja Dalam Perkhidmatan Awam
(Cuepacs) telah lama menggesa kerajaan untuk mengkaji semula pelaksanaan
hukuman dalam perintah Am Bab D Peraturan-Peraturan Pegawai Awam (Kelakuan
Dan tatatertib) 1993, khususnya berkaitan pemberhentian kerja penjawat
awam.(2010) Antara sebabnya jika pemberhentian dilakukan dengan cara tidak betul
dan tidak adil, penjawat tersebut akan mengalami kerugian besar kerana kehilangan
mutlak segala hak dan faedahnya sebagai anggota perkhidmatan awam termasuk
29
pencen, gratuiti, perubatan dan lain-lain. Kecuaian sebegini boleh dikategorikan

sebagai kes penganiayaan terhadap tertuduh.
Beberapa langkah boleh di ambil untuk memantapkan peranan anggota lembaga

tatatertib jabatan dalam pengurusan tatatertib seperti manambahbaik atau
mengemaskini semua peraturan termasuk Akta dan peraturan-peraturan yang
terpakai dalam Perkhidmatan Awam, memastikan pegawai atau urus setia yang
berwibawa dan mempunyai kemahiran (skills), pengetahuan (knowledge) dan sikap
(attitude) yang betul dalam mengendalikan urusan tatatertib. Seterusnya setiap urus
setia dan pihak berkuasa tatatertib perlu jalani latihan berkala yang dikendalikan oleh
pegawai yang ada latar belakang undang-undang, berdasarkan modul yang berkesan
yang mengandungi prinsip undang-undang seperti prinsip keadilan asasi, kuasa budi
bicara dan contoh-contoh kes mahkamah. Perjawatan yang khusus juga diperlukan
disetiap organisasi atau jabatan yang akan mengendalikan kes-kes tatatertib bagi
memastikan keutamaan diberikan dan kelewatan dapat dielakkan.
Di harap isu-isu perundangan yang dibincangan dalam kertas kerja ini dapat
membantu mencari solusi untuk memantapkan lagi undang-undang mengenai
pengurusan tatatertib yang terpakai sekarang khususnya dalam Perkhidmatan Awam
selain menjamin agar setiap pegawai yang dituduh berpeluang mendapat satu
perbicaraan yang adil dan saksama selari dengan Matlamat Pembangunan Mampan
2030 dari aspek memberikan capaian keadilan kepada semua, dan membina institusi
yang berkesan, dipercayai dan menyeluruh pada semua tahap.
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32
PERUNDANGAN BULISIBER DI MALAYSIA
Azlin Namili bt. Mohd. Ali @ Ramli

Pusat Pengajian Undang-undang
Kolej Undang-undang, Kerajaan & Pengajian Antarabangsa,
azlin@uum.edu.my
ABSTRAK
Dalam belanjawan 2012, kerajaan Malaysia telah memperuntukkan RM150 juta kepada
Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multi-media (SKMM) untuk menubuhkan 100 pusat
internet 1 Malaysia di kawasan perumahan rakyat antara tahun 2013 hingga 2015.
Dalam akhbar The Star Online 2012, dinyatakan kadar penggunaan internet isirumah
dijangka mencecah 75% di seluruh Malaysia pada 2015. Kanak-kanak dan remaja
adalah pengguna internet yang ramai berbanding dengan orang yang dewasa dan
mereka biasanya menggunakan laman sosial. Malangnya mereka hanya didedahkan
dengan penggunaan internet tanpa diberitahu etika dan undang-undang berkaitan
internet yang perlu dipatuhi untuk menjaga keamanan dunia internet. Antara akibatnya,
berlakulah bulisiber terhadap kanak-kanak dan remaja yang boleh membawa kesan
negative seperti kemurungan, pencapaian yang rendah dalam pelajaran dan ada yang
sampai keperingkat membunuh diri. Malaysia tidak mempunyai undang-undang yang
spesifik untuk mengatasi bulisiber tetapi boleh menggunakan peruntukan-peruntukan
dalam Akta Jenayah Komputer 1997 (AJK 1997), Akta Multimedia dan Komiunikasi
1998 (AMK 1998), Kanun Keseksaan dan Akta Juvenil. Malaysia boleh melihat kepada
negara lain seperti Norway yang mengaplikasikan undang-undang yang spesifik untuk
isu bulisiber.
Kata kunci: bulisiber; remaja; undang-undang bulisiber.
PENGENALAN
Perkembangan teknologi yang pantas dan sentiasa berubah terutamanya dalam

bidang komunikasi memberi cabaran yang baru terutamanya kepada remaja masa
kini. Menurut Heirman (2011), teknologi moden adalah ibarat pedang bermata dua,
kebaikannya ia memberi peluang komunikasi tetapi pada masa yang sama ia boleh
membawa kepada masalah sosial seperti buli siber. Komputer dan telefon bimbit
digunakan secara meluas sebagai alat komunikasi. Terdapat seramai 17,723,000
pengguna internet yang mewakili 60.7% populasi rakyat Malaysia pada 30 Jun
2012(Internet World Statistic, 2012). Pengunaan paling tinggi adalah pengguna
berumur antara 20-24 tahun yang menghabiskan purata masa 22.3 jam secara online
dalam satu minggu. 19% dari pengguna tersebut melayari internet melalui telefon
bimbit manakala 55% pengguna menggunakan komputer riba dan netbook. Laman
sesawang rangkaian sosial seperti Friendster, Myspace, Facebook dan Twitter telah
menjadi satu trend dalam kehidupan masyarakat masa kini. Rakyat Malaysia lebih
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mengutamakan penggunaan laman sesawang rangkaian sosial, kajian menunjukkan

71% berhubungan dengan kawan dan keluarga dan pemesejan segera (instant
messaging) adalah salah satu dari tiga aktiviti online yang teratas (Nielsen Company's
Mobile Insights Survey,2011). 32.1% masa pengguna internet dihabiskan pada
rangkaian sosial yang menjadikan ianya aktiviti paling tinggi di Malaysia pada Ogos
2011 dan laman mukabuku adalah yang kedua tertinggi dilawati dengan 9.9 juta
pelawat (comScore,2011).
Anker (2011) menyatakan penggunaan laman sesawang rangkaian sosial boleh

memudahkan berlakunya bulisiber. Seorang remaja yang aktif menyertai aktiviti laman
sesawang rangkaian 2
Komunikasi maya (online communication) adalah lebih berkemungkinan terdedah

untuk menjadi mangsa bulisiber (Mesch,2009). Kajian yang dibuat oleh Microsoft
berkaitan bulisiber terhadap kanak-kanak yang berumur 8-17 tahun di Malaysia
menunjukkan Malaysia berada ditangga ke tujuh belas daripada dua puluh lima
negara. Di Malaysia, 389 laporan bulisiber dibuat oleh pengguna internet kepada
Cyber999 Help Centre pada tahun 2013, iaitu 55.6% meningkat dari tahun 2012 (The
Star Online,2014).
Rajah 1: Pembulian siber di Malaysia
Rajah 1 menunjukkan statistik pembulian siber di Malaysia dari tahun 2012 hingga
2017. Walaupun berlaku pengurangan kes buli siber, namun pada suku tahun 2017
saja, ia telah mencecah 228 kes. Pembulian siber juga banyak berlaku pada umur 19
hingga 40 tahun (Ilah Hafiz Aziz dan Feride Hikmet Atak, 2018). Tabung Kanak-Kanak
Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (UNICEF) mendapati tiga daripada sepuluh
remaja di Malaysia iaitu 28 peratus menjadi mangsa keganasan dalam talian dengan
43 peratus menerimanya melalui aplikasi pesanan peribadi di Facebook dan
34
Instagram. Malah 63 peratus responden di Malaysia tidak menyedari wujudnya

perkhidmatan bantuan dalam talian bagi mangsa buli (Siti Zarinah Sahib, 2019).
DEFINISI BULISIBER
Hinduja & Patchin (2009) mendefinisikan bulisiber sebagai kemudaratan berulang

secara sengaja yang dikenakan melalui penggunaan komputer, telefon dan alatan
elektronik yang lain.1 Mengikut Parry Aftab, seorang peguam yang pakar dalam
keselamatan internet dan pengarah eksekutif kepada wiredsafety.net, buli siber hanya
berlaku dikalangan kanak-kanak, apabila melibatkan orang dewasa, ia dikatakan
sebagai gangguan siber (cyber harrasment) atau ugutan siber (cyber stalking).
(Kowalski, 2008). Mengikut Akta Kanak-kanak 2001, kanak-kanak adalah seseorang
di bawah umur lapan belas tahun. Oleh itu kertas kerja ini akan memfokuskan bulisiber
terhadap mereka yang dibawah umur lapan belas tahun.
KESAN BULISIBER
Banyak kajian menunjukkan kesan yang negatif akan dihadapi oleh mangsa bulisiber.
Antara kesan tersebut adalah kemurungan dan tekanan yang akan mengakibatkan
mangsa buli siber merasa rendah diri, prestasi akademik yang teruk, kekerapan
ketidakhadiran ke sekolah (Eum, Gabriel & Wong) kecewa, marah dan sedih (Patchin
& Hinduja,2006). Peringkat yang lebih teruk adalah apabila mangsa bulisiber
membunuh diri seperti yang berlaku pada pelajar berumur 13 tahun, Megan Meier
sehingga kerajaan Amerika mencadangkan draf Akta Megan Meier Cyberbullying
Prevention Act 2009. Ini diikuti oleh ramai remaja lain antaranya Gabrielle Molina, 12
tahun di New York, Amanda Todd, 15 tahun di Kanada, Jenna Bowers-Bryanton,15
tahun di Nova Scotia dan lain-lain.
Kajian oleh Le Blanc, (2012) menunjukkan 41 kes bunuh diri disebabkan bulisiber
telah berlaku di Kanada, Amerika, England dan Australia sejak tahun 2003.2 Kajian
menunjukkan 23 kes berlaku tahun 2003 hingga 2010 tetapi terdapat peningkatan
mendadak iaitu 18 kes pada tahun 2011 hingga empat bulan pertama 2012.
Peningkatan ini berkemungkinan disebabkan penggunaan yang meningkat dan
pendedahan yang berleluasa terhadap media sosial. Kesemua mangsa adalah remaja
berumur 13 hingga 18 tahun. 48 peratus kes menunjukkan rangkaian sosial
terutamanya laman muka buku digunakan dan 25 peratus menggunakan mesej dalam
bentuk teks, video dan gambar. Di Singapura, terdapat satu kes pelajar perempuan
berusia 16 tahun bernama Elysa Chen membunuh diri dengan terjun dari tempat tinggi
disebabkan oleh komen yang dibuat oleh bekas kekasihnya di laman muka buku.(The
New Paper,2011)
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Kajian oleh Qaryadi (2011) menunjukkan buli siber memberi kesan kepada akademik
dan emosi pelajar universiti di Malaysia di mana 95% menyatakan mereka takut dan
bimbang berkenaan buli siber di dalam kelas.
AKTA BULI SIBER
Di Amerika, Megan Meier Cyberbullying Prevention Act 2009 masih dalam bentuk draf
kerana terdapat banyak kritikan diterima antaranya adalah perkataan yang tidak jelas
dalam akta ini seperti “intimidate, harass, or cause substantial emotional distress”
kerana seseorang warganegara yang biasa (reasonable man) tidak dapat
membezakan garis pemisah yang menjadikan sesuatu perkataan itu adalah satu
kesalahan (Silverglate, H., 2009) Seseorang akan tertanya-tanya mengapa mereka
disiasat, dituduh dan disabitkan kesalahan sehingga masuk penjara bila berurusan
dalam keadaan biasa yang orang biasa tidak akan menyangka ianya termasuk dalam
lingkungan undang-undang jenayah. Walaubagaimanapun, banyak negeri di Amerika
mempunyai undang-undang berkaitan gangguan elektronik terutamanya polisi yang
dibuat terhadap sekolah-sekolah.(Hinduja & Patchin,2014).
Di Malaysia pula tiada satu akta khas berkaitan bulisiber. Walaubagaimanapun,

bulisiber boleh dituduh dibawah Akta Jenayah Komputer 1997 (AJK 1997), Akta
Multimedia dan Komiunikasi 1998 (AMK 1998), Kanun Keseksaan dan Akta Juvenil
bergantung kepada keseriusan kesalahan tersebut (Anandarajah,2004).
Seksyen 4 AJK 1997 menyatakan seseorang adalah melakukan kesalahan jika dia
melakukan capaian tanpa kuasa kepada komputer dengan niat untuk melakukan
kesalahan yang melibatkan frod, kecurangan atau kecederaan yang ditakrifkan dalam
Kanun Keseksaan atau memudahkan berlaku kesalahan olehnya atau mana-mana
orang lain dan jika sabit kesalahan boleh didenda tidak melebihi satu ratus lima puluh
ribu ringgit atau dipenjarakan tidak melebihi sepuluh tahun atau kedua-duanya sekali.
Seksyen 233 AMK 1998 memperuntukkan seseorang yang menggunakan

kemudahan rangkaian elektronik atau perkhidmatan rangkaian atau aplikasi
rangkaian secara sedar membuat atau meminta atau menghantar apa-apa komen,
permintaan atau cadangan komunikasi secara lucah, sumbang, palsu atau jelik
sifatnya dengan niat menyakitkan hati, menganiaya, mengugut atau mengganggu
orang lain secara berterusan, berulangkali dan lainnya, tidak kira komunikasi itu
mungkin atau tidak mungkin berlaku, dengan atau tanpa mendedahkan identiti boleh
disabitkan dengan denda tidak melebihi lima puluh ribu ringgit atau penjara tidak
melebihi satu tahun atau kedua-duanya sekali dan denda seribu ringgit setiap hari
bagi kesalahan yang diteruskan selepas pensabitan.
Seksyen 499 Kanun Keseksaan memperuntukkan barang siapa, sama ada dengan
perkataan yang dituturkan atau yang dimaksudkan untuk dibaca atau dengan isyarat,
36
atau dengan pernyataan zahir, membuat atau menyiarkan apa-apa tomahan

mengenai seseorang, dengan maksud hendak merosakkan, atau dengan mengetahui
atau dengan ada sebab mempercayai bahawa tomahan itu akan merosakkan nama
baik orang itu, adalah dikatakan, kecuali dalam hal-hal yang dikecualikan kemudian
daripada ini, memfitnahkan orang itu.
Peruntukan di AMK dan AJK di atas adalah untuk kesalahan umum yang berkaitan
dengan penyalahgunaan komputer manakala peruntukan di Kanun Keseksaan adalah
bagi kesalahan fitnah tanpa menspesifikasikannya kepada fitnah melalui elektronik.
Tiada polisi yang seragam berkaitan bulisiber di peringkat sekolah-sekolah, peraturan-
peraturan yang dibuat adalah berdasarkan budibicara sekolah masing-masing.
Parlimen Singapura telah meluluskan rang undang-undang Perlindungan Dari

Gangguan yang menjadikan gangguan siber, pembulian kanak-kanak dan ugutan
dalam talian sebagai kesalahan jenayah. Seseorang yang didapati bersalah membuat
ugutan dalam talian akan didenda S$5000 atau penjara selama 12 bulan bagi
kesalahan pertama dan mangsa boleh memohon Perintah perlindungan supaya
penganggu tidak meneruskan gangguan dan menghapuskan bahan yang
menyebabkan gangguan itu. Malah mangsa juga dibenarkan untuk memberiathau
pembaca bahawa berita yang dinyatakan berkenaan mangsa adalah palsu.
(Palatino,2014)
Nova Scotia juga telah menggubal Cyber-Safety Act pada tahun 2013 bagi mengatasi
bulisiber. Satu unit diujudkan di bawah akta ini yang dipanggil CyberScan untuk
menyiasat aduan bulisiber. Mahkamah boleh mengarahkan seseorang untuk
menghentikan komunikasi siber dan menyita alatan teknologi yang digunakan untuk
bulisiber. Mangsa bulisiber atau ibubapa atau polis boleh memohon untuk arahan
perlindungan dan sesiapa yang melanggar arahan tersebut dikenakan denda 5000.00
atau denda sehingga ebnam bulan atau kedua-duanya sekali bagi kesalahan
pertama. Mangsa atau ibubapa boleh menyaman pembuli siber di makhamah sivil dan
membuat tuntutan gantirugi. Akta Pelajaran juga dipinda dengan membenarkan
sekolah-sekolah bekerjasama dengan CyberScan dan pengetua sekolah berhak
menangani masalah bulisiber walaupun di luar kawasan sekolah atau di luar waktu
persekolahan (Cyber-Safety Act 2013).
Banyak negara telah memberi penekanan kepada kesalahan bulisiber terutamanya

bila ia membabitkan remaja dan cuba menggubal undang-undang yang lebih spesifik
yang berkaitan. Paling kurang pun akan ada polisi untuk digunapakai diperingkat
sekolah-sekolah untuk mengatasi masalah ini.
37
CADANGAN DAN KESIMPULAN
Perkembangan teknologi yang cepat dan sentiasa berubah dalam bidang komunikasi
memberi cabaran terutamanya kepada remaja yang banyak menggunakan
kemudahan tersebut untuk berkomunikasi masa kini. Malangnya kemudahan ini juga
membuka peluang dan menyebabkan bulisiber berlaku dengan berleluasa.
Memandangkan buli siber adalah sesuatu yang serius dan makin menular di kalangan
remaja, dicadangkan kerajaan Malaysia menggubal undang-undang yang lebih
spesifik berkaitan kesalahan ini, menyediakan polisi yang berkaitan di peringkat
persekolahan atau menyediakan peruntukan undang-undang yang lebih ketat dan
penalti yang lebih berat dikenakan terhadap kesalahan ini. Kerajaan boleh merujuk
kepada undang-undang dan polisi negara negara-negara lain untuk disesuaikan
dengan keadaan di Malaysia.
RUJUKAN
Anandarajah, A. (2004), The New Straits Times,

http://www.cybersecurity.my/en/knowledge_bank/news/2004/main/detail/904/in
dex.html
Anker. K.C., (2011) Bullying in the Age of Technology: A Literature Review of

Cyberbullying for School Counselors, University of Wisconsin-Stout. comScore,
(2011) comScore
Cyber Safety Act, (2013) http://antibullying.novascotia.ca/sites/default/files/Cyber-

Safety%20Act%20Fact%20Sheet%20EngWeb.pdf
Eum, Y.K., Gabriel, S. & Wong, G., A Case Study of Cyberbullying in a Private High
School in Metro Manila, Ateneo de Manila University.
Heirman, W.M., (2011). Cyber bullying: Predicting Victimisation and Perpetration,

Journal of Children & Society, v25
Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J.W., (2009) Bullying Beyond the Schoolyard: Preventing and
Responding to Cyberbullying, MySpace. Journal of Adolescence, 31(1)
Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J.W., (2014), State Cyberbully Laws,

http://www.cyberbullying.us/Bullying_and_Cyberbullying_Laws.pdf.
http://www.cato.org/publications/congressional-testimony/concerning-megan-
meier-cyberbullying-prevention-act-hr-1966-adolescent-web-awareness-
requires-education-act-hr-3630
38
Ilah Hafiz Aziz dan Feredie Hikmet Atak, (2018) Ancaman Siber, BH Online,
https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2018/01/370155/ancaman-buli-
siber
Internet World Statistic, Disember 2012,

http://www.newmediatrendwatch.com/markets-by-country/11-long-haul/55-
malaysia
Kowalski, R.M., Limber, S.P. & Agatston P.W., (2008), Cyber Bullying: Bullying in
The Digital Age, Oxford,UK: Blackwell Publisher.
LeBlanc, J.C. (2012), Dalhousie University in Halifax, Canada, Cyberbullying-linked

suicides rising, study says ,
http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2012/10/19/cyberbullying-suicide-
study.html
Mesch, G.S.(2009), Parental mediation, online activities and cyberbullying.

Cyberpsychology and Behavior, p.14,
http://soc.haifa.ac.il/~gustavo/manuscriptc&B.pdf
Microsoft, (2012), Online Bullying Among Youth 8-17 Years Old – Malaysia,
file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Azlin/My%20Documents/Downloads/
WW%20Online %20Bullying%20Survey%20-%20Executive%20Summary%20-
%20Malaysia_Final.pdf
Palatino, M., (2014), Will Singapore’s Anti-Harrasment Law Curtail Free Speech?,
http://advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org/2014/03/24/will-singapore-anti-
harassment-law-curtail-free-speech/
Patchin & Hinduja, (2006), Bullies move beyond the Schoolyard: A Preliminary Look
at Cyberbullying. Journal of Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2)
Qais Faryadi, (Disember, 2011), Cyber Bullying and Academic Performance,

International Journal of Computational Engineering Research, Vol1 (1)
Silverglate, H. (2009),Concerning The Megan Meier Cyberbullying Prevention Act

(H.R.1966); The Adolescent Web Awareness Requires Education Act (H.R.
3630),
Siti Zarinah Sahib. (2019), Cegah Buli Siber, MyMetro,

https://www.hmetro.com.my/hati/2019/09/495010/cegah-buli-siber
39
The New Paper (2011) Girl, 16, falls to death in cyber-bully tragedy , ,
http://www.edvantage.com.sg/edvantage/news/news/608218/Girl_16_falls_to_d
eath_in_cyber_bu lly_tragedy.html
The Nielsen Company's Mobile Insights Survey, April 2011, The Nielsen Company
The Star Online, (2014), Cyber-bullying reports up 55.6% in 2013,

http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/02/24/Cyber-bullying-up-55pc/
40
DEMONSTRATING LEGAL REALISM IN THE CRIMINALISATION OF

COMPUTER CRIMES
Ani Munirah Mohamad, Mohd Zakhiri Md Nor

School of Law, Universiti Utara Malaysia
Rafizah Abu Hassan

Faculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA
animunirah@uum.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Legal realism is a reaction movement against formalism in which the latter emphasizes
the application of legal provisions over the real problems in issue, and disregards other
values in the society. In contrast, realism puts emphasis on the extra-legal factors,
such as emotions, psychological values as well as the behaviour of the accused
persons in arriving at a conclusion. Scarcity of past research on the application of legal
realism in the context of criminalisation of computer crimes in Malaysia have motivated
this study. Engaging in library-based legal research, this study aims to demonstrate
the application of legal realism in the criminalisation of computer crimes within the
ambit of the Computer Crimes Act 1997. Past court decisions are analysed to illustrate
the criminalisation of computer crimes in view of legal realism. The study found that
computer crimes are criminalised ‘as they are’ as opposed to the actual legal
provisions ‘as how they are imagined’ or ‘prescribed’. Hopefully, this study would shed
light into the understanding of computer crimes, and how the cases are adjudged in
the courts of law.
Keywords: Legal realism, realism theory, computer crimes, computer misuse,

Computer Crimes Act 1997
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PART II: EDUCATION
42
NORMA DALAM PROFESION AKADEMIK: SATU PERBANDINGAN

DI ANTARA PERSPEKTIF PENSYARAH DAN PELAJAR
Muhammad Dzahir Kasa1, Mua’azam Mohamad2, Mohd.Sofian Omar Fauzee3

School of Education and Modern Languages, Universiti Utara Malaysia
1m.dzahir@uum.edu.my, 2muaazam@uum.edu.my, 3mohdsofian@uum.edu.my
ABSTRAK
Amalan etika akademik dalam kalangan pensyarah melahirkan norma dalam

profesion akademik. Pensyarah yang menyesuaikan diri dengan norma dalam
profesion akademik akan melahirkan keperibadian yang disenangi oleh pelajar dan
rakan sekerja sewaktu mengajar dan juga sewaktu menjalankan tugas lain-lain
sebagai ahli akademik. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenalpasti salah satu norma
dalam profesion akademik iaitu norma dalam pengajaran berdasarkan perspektif
pensyarah dan pelajar. Kajian ini melibatkan sampel seramai 200 orang pensyarah
dan seramai 200 orang pelajar di empat buah universiti awam yang menawarkan
program sarjana muda pendidikan di Semenanjung Malaysia. Dapatan kajian
menunjukkan norma dalam pengajaran yang dilanggar oleh pensyarah berdasarkan
perspektif pensyarah ialah menyampai kursus dalam kelas dengan tidak membuat
persediaan yang cukup, pensyarah mempamerkan tingkahlaku yang tidak bermoral
dan tidak menyampaikan maklumat pengajaran yang sempurna kepada pelajar.
Norma dalam pengajaran yang dilanggar oleh pensyarah dari perspektif pelajar ialah
pensyarah bersifat authoritarian dalam kelas, pensyarah memberi komen yang negatif
dalam kelas, pensyarah tidak melebarkan ilmu dalam pengajaran, menggunakan
markah untuk menghukum pelajar dan tidak menyampaikan kuliah dengan sempurna
kepada pelajar. Dapatan dari kajian ini membolehkan tindakan pembetulan oleh fakulti
untuk membetulkan amalan dalam pengajaran dengan memantapkan amalan etika
profesion akademik dalam kalangan pensyarah.
Kata Kunci: Etika Profesion Akademik, norma etika akademik, salah laku etika
akademik.
PENGENALAN
Kejadian salah laku etika akademik yang berlaku di universiti luar negara dan dalam
negara merupakan masalah sejagat di universiti awam. Kejadian salah laku etika
akademik di seluruh dunia menggambarkan nilai-nilai etika akademik tidak dapat
diamalkan oleh segelintir pensyarah di universiti awam. Sedangkan, etika akademik
berperanan sebagai garis panduan terhadap kewajipan, tugas dan perilaku
pensyarah di universiti. Pensyarah sepatutnya menjadikan etika akademik sebagai
43
panduan untuk bertingkahlaku secara bermoral dan pertimbangan untuk menilai

perlakuan yang betul atau salah sewaktu menghadapi dilema etika. Perkara ini banyak
ditekankan oleh universiti awam apabila menggariskan nilai etika akademik, sebagai
contoh, ianya tertera dalam Panduan Etika Profesion Staf Akademik, Universiti Utara
Malaysia (2005).
Secara khususnya etika akademik mengandungi peraturan dan ketetapan yang telah
dipersetujui oleh komuniti akademik (Shils, 1983, 2008). Peraturan dan ketetapan
ini mengandungi nilai-nilai etika akademik yang bersifat sebagai panduan arah kepada
pensyarah mengenai perlakuan yang bermoral terhadap pelajar, rakan sekerja dan
universiti. Etika akademik menjadi panduan kepada pensyarah untuk menyelesaikan
dilema etika dalam memilih perlakuan yang bermoral semasa menghadapi konflik
kepentingan peribadi dalam profesion. Situasi sedemikian memerlukan pensyarah
merujuk nilai-nilai etika akademik supaya perlakuan pensyarah tersebut tidak
bercanggah dengan nilai-nilai etika akademik (Haines, Street & Haines, 2007).
Keupayaan pensyarah mengamalkan nilai-nilai etika akademik dan berkelakuan
secara beretika bergantung kepada tahap kompetensi moral. Pensyarah yang
mempunyai tahap kompetensi moral yang tinggi juga mempunyai hubungan dengan
pematuhan terhadap nlai-nilai etika akademik (Haines, Street & Haines, 2007).
METODOLOGI KAJIAN
Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah tinjauan iaitu soal selidik dan temubual kumpulan
fokus untuk mengumpul maklumat. Populasi kajian ini terdiri daripada pensyarah yang
mengajar di institusi pengajian tinggi awam (IPTA) di Malaysia dalam bidang
pendidikan sahaja. Seramai 300 orang pensyarah bidang pendidikan dan 310 orang
pelajar dari universiti yang terpilih mejadi sampel kajian. Pelajar dan pensyarah akan
menjawab borang soal selidik tentang persepsi mereka terhadap amalan etika
akademik.
DAPATAN KAJIAN
Dapatan kajian menunjukkan perbandingan min amalan etika akademik berdasarkan

persepsi pensyarah terhadap amalan etika akademik yang dianggap oleh pensyarah
melanggar etika akademik dan persepsi pelajar terhadap amalan etika akademik yang
diamalkan oleh pensyarah berdasarkan Jadual 1 di bawah dan Rajah 1.
Dapatan kajian menunjukkan terdapat perbezaan min yang besar antara amalan
pengajaran yang melanggar etika berdasarkan persepsi pensyarah dan pelajar.
Komen negatif terhadap pelajar merupakan perlakuan yang salah daripada segi etika
akademik dan memerlukan tindakan pembetulan dari fakulti (perbezaan Min
pensyarah dan pelajar=0.35). Selain itu, amalan pensyarah mengelak dari
44
ketidakselesaan (perbezaan Min pensyarah dan pelajar=0.35), kursus kurang baik

(perbezaan Min pensyarah dan pelajar=0.65), komunikasi kurang baik (perbezaan Min
pensyarah dan pelajar=0.35), pengajaran yang sempit (perbezaan Min pensyarah dan
pelajar=0.29), pensyarah tidak membuat persediaan (perbezaan Min pensyarah dan
pelajar=0.37), sukatan kursus yang tidak sempurna(perbezaan Min pensyarah dan
pelajar=0.47), pensyarah tidak bermoral (perbezaan Min pensyarah dan pelajar
=0.50) dan markah menghukum (perbezaan Min pensyarah dan pelajar =0.43).
Jadual 1.
Perbezaan Min Persepsi Amalan Etika Akademik Berdasarkan Persepsi Pensyarah
Dan Pelajar
Dimensi Etika Min Pensyarah Min Pelajar Perbezaan Min

Autoritarian 3.85 3.60 0.25
Kelalaian 3.54 3.51 0.04
Komen negatif 4.21 3.86 0.35
Elak ketidakselesaan 4.02 3.67 0.35
Kursus kurang baik 4.08 3.43 0.65
Komunikasi kurang baik 3.79 3.44 0.35
Pengajaran sempit 3.93 3.64 0.29
Tiada persediaan 3.87 3.50 0.37
Sukatan tak sempurna 3.92 3.45 0.47
Tidak bermoral 4.39 3.89 0.50
Abai pelajar 3.49 3.49 0.00
Markah menghukum 3.97 3.54 0.43
Maklumat tidak lengkap 3.99 3.81 0.18
Perbezaan min skor amalan etika berdasarkan pensyarah dan pelajar yang besar
menunjukkan pelajar mempunyai persepsi bahawa amalan yang melanggar etika di
atas tidaklah serius yang memerlukan campur tangan fakulti untuk penambahbaikan.
Pada persepsi pelajar amalan yang melanggar etika akademik tersebut adalah tidak
wajar dilakukan oleh pensyarah dan salah laku etika akademik tersebut tersebut
selalunya diabaikan oleh pelajar. Amalan pensyarah yang melangar etika akademik
yang mempunyai perbandingan min yang rendah antara pensyarah dan pelajar ialah
pensyarah bersifat authoritarian dalam kelas (perbezaan Min pensyarah dan
pelajar=0.25), kelalaian dalam memberi penasihatan (perbezaan Min pensyarah dan
pelajar=0.04), mengabai pelajar (perbezaan Min pensyarah dan pelajar=0.00), dan
tidak menyediakan maklumat yang lengkap kepada pelajar (perbezaan Min pensyarah
dan pelajar=0.18). Perbezaan min yang rendah antara pelajar dan pensyarah
terhadap amalan yang melanggar etika menunjukkan dimensi- dimensi salah laku
etika akademik dalam pengajaran tersebut tidak dianggap serius oleh pensyarah dan
pelajar.
45
Pensyarah dan pelajar menyedari perlakuan tersebut adalah tidak wajar dan selalunya
diabaikan oleh pensyarah dan pelajar serta tidak memerlukan campur tangan fakulti
untuk tindakan penambahbaikan.
5.00
4.21 4.39
4.50
3.86 4.02 4.08 3.89 3.97 3.99
3.85 3.60 3.93 3.87 3.92
4.00 3.67 3.79 3.49 3.81
3.54 3.64 3.50 3.54
3.43 3.44 3.45 3.49
3.51
3.50
3.00
Min
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
Amalan etika akademik dalam pengajaran
Pensyarah Pelajar
Rajah 1: Perbandingan Min Amalan Etika Akademik Berdasarkan Persepsi

Pensyarah Dan Pelajar
KESIMPULAN
Pensyarah dan pelajar mempunyai persepsi yang berbeza terhadap amalan etika
akademik. Persepsi pensyarah adalah tinggi terhadap amalan etika akademik, yang
melanggar etika akademik iaitu komen negatif, mengelak dari ketidakselesaan,
pengendalian kursus yang kurang baik, komunikasi yang kurang baik, pengajaran
yang sempit, pensyarah tidak membuat persediaan, sukatan kursus yang tidak
sempurna, pensyarah tidak bermoral dan markah menghukum.
Pelajar mempunyai persepsi bahawa amalan yang melanggar etika di atas tidaklah
serius sehingga memerlukan campur tangan fakulti untuk penambahbaikan dan
selalunya diabaikan oleh pelajar. Dimensi amalan etika yang tidak dianggap serius
oleh pelajar dan pensyarah serta tidak memerlukan campur tangan fakulti ialah
pensyarah bersifat autorotarian dalam kelas, kelalaian dalam memberi penasihatan,
pengabaian terhadap pelajar serta tidak menyediakan maklumat yang lengkap
kepada pelajar.
.
46
RUJUKAN
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Abdul Rahman Md. Aroff. (1999). Pendidikan Moral: Teori etika dan amalan moral,
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Adams, J. S., Tashchian, A., & Shore, T. H. (2001). Codes of ethics as signals for
ethical behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 29(3), 199-211.
Ahmed, M. (2010). The role of individual variables, organizational variables, and

moral intensity dimensions in accountants’ ethical decision making: A study of
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Almond, M. A., & Syfert, S. D. (1996). Beyond Compliance: Corruption, Corporate

Responsibility and Ethical Standards in the New Global Economy. NCJ Int'l L.
& Com. Reg., 22, 389.
Amada, G. (1994). Coping with disruptive college student:a practical model.

Asheville, N.C: College Administration Publications.
Arnold, D., & Ponemon, L. (1991). Internal auditors' perceptions of whistle-blowing

and the influence of moral reasoning: An experiment. Auditing: A Journal of
Practice and Theory, 10(2), 1-15
Arlow,P., & Ulrich, T.A. (1988). A longitudinal survey of business school graduates'
assessments of business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics 7(4), 295 – 302.
Asma Abdullah. (1992). Going glocal: Cultural dimensions in Malaysian management

. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Institute of Management.
Asma, A. (1996). Going glocal-cultural dimensions in Malaysian management, Kuala

Lumpur: Malaysian Institute of Management.
Auerbach, J. A., & Welsh.J.C. (1994). Aging and competition: Rebuilding the U.S.
workforce. National Council on the Aging-National Planning Association
Symposium. Washington DC, ISBN: 0890681287
Audi, R. (1999). Self-evidence. Philos Perspect, 13,205–228.
Audi, R. (2004). The good in the right: A theory of intuition and intrinsic value.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
47
PENDIDIKAN PENCEGAHAN DADAH DI MALAYSIA
Laila Suriya Ahmad Apandi

Pusat Pengajian Antarabangsa, Universiti Utara Malaysia
laila@uum.edu.my
Suhaini Muda
Pusat Pengajian Komunikasi dan Teknologi Media, Universiti Utara Malaysia
suhaini@uum.edu.my
Mohd Dino Khairri Shariffuddin

Pusat Pengajian Antarabangsa, Universiti Utara Malaysia Email
dino@uum.edu.my
ABSTRAK
Dadah Musuh Negara dan Katakan Tidak Pada Dadah merupakan antara slogan
popular kempen memerangi dadah. Pelbagai aktiviti telah pun dijalankan dan
merangkumi pendidikan pencegahan dadah di Malaysia. Kertas kerja ini akan
mengupas pendidikan pencegahan dadah di Malaysia. Ia juga turut membincangkan
Aktiviti Program Pendidikan Pencegahan Dadah yang dijakankan oleh Agensi
AntiDadah Kebangsaan (AADK) dan Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (KPM). Ini
disusuli oleh perbincangan mengenai cabaran pendidikan pencegahan dadah di
Malaysia.
Kata Kunci : Dadah, Pendidikan Pencegahan Dadah, Malaysia
PENGENALAN
Dadah Musuh Negara dan Katakan Tidak Pada Dadah merupakan antara slogan
popular kempen Agensi AntiDadah Kebangsaan (AADK) dalam usahanya memerangi
dadah. Pelbagai aktiviti telah pun dijalankan oleh pihak AADK seperti yang telah
ditekankan dalam Dasar Dadah Negara (2017) dan Pelan Strategik AADK bagi tahun
2015-2020. Hasil gigih AADK selama ini dalam memerangi dadah akhirnya
membuahkan hasil berikutan penurunan bilangan orang kebergantungan dadah pada
tahun 2017 sebanyak 25,922 daripada 30,844 pada tahun 2016 dan 26,668 pada
2015 (ASEAN Drug Monitoring Report 2017, 2018: 30). Malah tahun 2017 turut
menunjukkan peratusan penurunan orang kebergantungan dadah di kalangan belia,
remaja dan dewasa bagi tempoh tahun 2016 dan 2017 sebanyak “-17.1%, -16.% dan
-12.4%” (ASEAN Drug Monitoring Report 2017, 2018: 30). Pada akhir 2018, AADK
48
telah melaporkan bahawa “semakan menyeluruh terhadap 178 kawasan berisiko

tinggi menunjukkan hasil yang positif walaupun masih terdapat 87 kawasan yang
masih merah, 86 kawasan telah bertukar menjadi kuning sementara 5 kawasan telah
bertukar menjadi kawasan hijau” (AADK, 28 Disember 2018). Statistik penurunan
tersebut turut menunjukkan keberkesanan strategi yang dijalankan oleh AADK dalam
memerangi dadah termasuk pendidikan pencegahan. Justeru itu, kertas kerja ini kan
membahaskan pendidikan pencegahan dadah di Malaysia.
AKTIVITI PROGRAM PENDIDIKAN PENCEGAHAN DADAH
Sememangnya pelbagai aktiviti telah djalankan dalam kerangka program pendidikan

pencegahan dadah di sekolah menengah oleh dua pihak; yakni, Kementerian
Pendidikan Malaysia (KPM) dan AADK. Dari aspek KPM, “Program Pendidikan
Pencegahan Dadah (PPDa) dilaksanakan di dalam dan luar kelas menerusi kurikulum,
kokurikulum serta pembangunan sahsiah” (Dewan Rakyat Parlimen Penggal Kelima
Mesyuarat Ketiga, 13 November 2017: 7). “Antara inisiatif jawatankuasa PPDa yang
dilaksanakan di sekolah-sekolah adalah seperti Mesej Lima Minit, sambutan minggu
antidadah, bilik ataupun laluan PPDa, pengajaran PPDa dalam subjek Kesihatan dan
Program Skim Lencana Antidadah” (Dewan Rakyat Parlimen Penggal Kelima
Mesyuarat Ketiga, 13 November 2017: 7). Namun begitu, keberkesanan program
yang dijalankan masih samar-samar berikutan tiada penyelidikan terkini yang
mengkaji aktiviti PPDa. Malah, Tan Sri Lee Lam Thye selaku Naib Pengerusi Yayasan
Pencegahan Jenayah Malaysia (MCF) turut mensarankan agar program pendidikan
pencegahan dadah di sekolah dikaji dan dinilai semula “bagi menentukan sejauh
mana objektif-objektif telah dibuat setakat ini dalam usaha membebaskan sekolah
daripada penyalahgunaan dadah” (Utusan Borneo Online, 2 September 2017).
Manakala, AADK pula telah pun menjalankan program ‘Sayangi Hidup Elak Derita’
(SHIELDS) yang bertujuan untuk “meningkatkan kesedaran dan mengupayakan
ketahanan diri pelajar dalam lingkungan umur 13 hingga 18 tahun yang dikenal pasti
berisiko tinggi dalam penyalahgunaan dadah” (Penyata Rasmi Parlimen Dewan
Rakyat: Parlimen Ketiga Belas Penggal Empat Mesyuarat Kedua, 25 Mei 2016: 2). Ini
bermakna penglibatan pelajar dalam program SHIELDS terhad kepada mereka yang
mempunyai keputusan positif dalam ujian saringan air kencing. Perkara ini menjadi
bertambah runcing memandangkan ujian saringan air kencing tidak dilakukan pada
semua pelajar berikutan kos yang tinggi. Sehubungan dengan itu, adalah wajar
pendidikan pencegahan dititikberatkan agar pelajar tidak terjerumus dengan
permasalahan berkaitan dengan dadah.
Satu contoh pendidikan pencegahan dadah adalah program Seni Jauhi Dadah
(SEJADAH). Wan Sulaiman, Wan Anor, Wan Othman, dan Fahrudin (2018) telah pun
menjalankan kajian mengenai pendidikan pencegahan penyalahgunaan dadah
menerusi program Seni Jauhi Dadah (SEJADAH) di kalangan pelajar sekolah-sekolah
49
menengah di Gabungan Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa

“program SEJADAH memberi kesan yang baik kerana majoriti pelajar memberi
maklum balas positif terhadap program tersebut” (Wan Sulaiman et al 2018: 41).
Manakala, Ismail, Ahmad, Ibrahim dan Nen (2017:15) mensarankan agar

“penggubalan modul intervensi pencegahan perlulah mengambilkira faktor
persekitaran sekolah dan komuniti setempat kerana dapatan kajian ini membuktikan
elemen [tersebut] menjadi penyumbang besar kepada masalah tingkah laku salah
guna bahan di kalangan pelajar”. Sehubungan dengan ini, penyelidik mengambil kira
saranan ini dengan mendapatkan input daripada pihak berkepentingan yang
merangkumi pihak pengurusan sekolah. Ini seterusnya dapat membantu penyelidik
dan pihak AADK dalam merangka intervensi yang praktikal dalam bentuk modul
latihan berdasarkan perspektif pihak berkepentingan terhadap program pendidikan
pencegahan dadah kepada pelajar sekolah menengah.
PENDIDIKAN PENCEGAHAN DADAH: CABARAN
Pindaan Undang-Undang Akta Dadah Thailand (1979)
Parlimen Negara Thai telah pun meluluskan pindaan undang-undang Akta Dadah
(1979) yang membenarkan penggunaan dadah berbentuk ganja (cannabis) dan
ketum (kratom) sebagai bahan perubatan pada akhir tahun 2018 (Sattaburuth, 2018).
Meskipun begitu, penggunaan dadah dalam perubatan diselia rapi dan dikawal ketat
oleh Jawatankuasa Kawalan Narkotik Thailand dan pemilikan yang dibenarkan bagi
tujuan perubatan terhad kepada 10 kg seperti yang dilaporkan oleh Bangkok Post
(Sattaburuth, 2018). Perkembangan ini seumpama peribahasa Melayu; ‘ku sangka
panas hingga ke petang, rupanya hujan di tengahari’. Ini adalah kerana
perkembangan ini sedikit sebanyak akan mengugatkan strategi AADK dan KPM
dalam memerangi dadah secara habis-habisan.
Belia sebagai golongan penagih dadah
Data profil penagih dadah yang dikesan oleh AADK bagi tempoh lima tahun (2014 –
2018 sehingga Oktober), terdapat 112,303 orang penagih yang dikesan (Zainudin
Zainul, 24 Januari 2019). Daripada jumlah tersebut, negeri Kedah menduduki tempat
yang tertinggi dengan jumlah 13, 296 (11.8%) orang penagih yang dikesan (Jadual
1).
Jadual 1:
Statistik Profil Penagih Dadah dikesan AADK Mengikut Negeri
(2014 – 2018 sehingga Oktober)
KATEGORI BILANGAN PERATUS (%)
Kedah 13, 296 11.8
50
Pulau Pinang 12, 981 11.6

Kelantan 11, 934 10.6
Selangor 11, 671 10.4
Perak 10, 693 9.5
Johor 10, 495 9.3
Pahang 8, 819 7.9
WPKL 6, 699 6.0
Terengganu 6, 538 5.8
Sabah 4, 830 4.3
N. Sembilan 4, 827 4.3
Melaka 3, 630 3.2
Sarawak 2, 902 2.6
Perlis 2, 553 2.3
WP Labuan 282 0.3
WP Putrajaya 153 0.1
JUMLAH 112, 303 100

Sumber : Agensi AntiDadah Kebangsaan (2019)
Keadaan ini menjadi lebih kritikal apabila sejumlah besar penagih dadah yang
dikesan adalah golongan belia yang berumur dalam lingkungan 19 – 39 tahun
(Jadual 2).
Jadual 2:
Statistik Profil Penagih Dadah dikesan AADK Mengikut Umur
Tahun Remaja Belia Dewasa

(13-18 tahun) (19-39 tahun) ( > 40 tahun)
2017 - 2018 3597 82671 26035

(sehingga Oktober)
Sumber : Agensi AntiDadah Kebangsaan (2019)
Kedudukan Geo-Strategik
Kedudukan geo-strategik berdekatan dengan Segitiga Emas Dadah di Asia Tenggara,
yang melibatkan Thailand, Myanmar dan Laos, turut menyebabkan Malaysia dijadikan
sebagai hub logistik dalam sistem pengedaran dadah. Tambahan lagi, sempadan
Bukit Kayu HItam, Malaysia dan Sadao, Thailand akan dibuka selama 24 jam
berkuatkuasa April 2019 (Mala, 20 Januari 2019). Seperkara lagi, terdapat risiko besar
di mana rakyat Malaysia dijadikan keldai dadah bagi tujuan pengedaran dadah. Ini
diakui oleh Timbalan Pengarah Jabatan Siasatan Jenayah Narkotik di Bukit Aman,
Timbalan Komisioner Zulkifli Ali: “Bilangan rakyat Malaysia menjadi keldai dadah
51
semakin membimbangkan apabila jumlah itu menunjukkan peningkatan dari tahun

lepas” (MStar, 3 Februari 2019).
KESIMPULAN
Kesimpulannya, pendidikan pencegahan dadah seharusnya dilakukan secara

berterusa. Aktiviti baru perlu dijalankan berteraskan media alaf Revolusi 4.0.
RUJUKAN
AADK dalam Taklimat Geran Penyelidikan Ilmiah Tahun 2019 Agensi Antidadah
Kebangsaan didokumentasi oleh Zainudin Zainul, S. dalam taklimat yang
disampaikan di Bilik Mesyuarat Hibiscus Ibu Pejabat AADK (24 Januari 2019).
AADK. 28 Disember 2018. ‘Pelancaran Hotline AADK dan Penilaian Semula 178
Kawasan Berisiko dibawah Program Perangi Dadah Habis-Habisan’. Dicapai
pada 4 Februari 2019 daripada https://www.adk.gov.my/en/pelancaran-
hotline-aadk-dan-penilaian-semula-178-kawasan-berisiko-dibawah-program-
perangi-dadah-habis-habisan/
Braun & Calrke (2018). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research
in Psychology. 3: 2, 77-101.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed

methods approaches (4th ed.). LA: Sage.
Freeman, R. E. (2010). Strategic management: a stakeholder approach. New York:

Cambridge University Press.
Ismail, R., Ahmad, N. A., Ibrahim, F. & Nen, S. (2017). ‘Pengaruh Faktor Individu,
Keluarga dan Persekitaran Sosial Terhadap Tingkah Laku Penyalahgunaan
Bahan dalam Kalangan Remaja’. Akademika. 87(1). 7-16.
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (10 Februari 2019). Sistem Pendidikan. Dicapai

daripada https://moe.gov.my/index.php/my/dasar/sistem-pendidikan
Mala, D. 20 Januari 2019. Sadao Checkpoint to open 24 hrs: Malaysia, Thai sides
keen to ease trade blockages. Bangkok Post. Dicapai pad a 4 Februari 2019
daripada https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1614254/sadao-
checkpoint-to-open-24-hrs
Mohd Razali, M. M. S., Mohamed Arip, M. A. S., Che Abdullah, C. A., Amat, M. I.,
Mohamad Japeri, M. F., Anuar, A. A. (n.d.). ‘Kajian Meta-Analisis
Keberkesanan Program Pendidikan Pencegahan di Agensi Antidadah
Kebangsaan’. Dicapai pada 4 Febuari 2019 daripada
52
https://www.adk.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/3-ARTIKEL-JURNAL-KAJIAN-
META-ANALISIS-PROGRAM-PENCEGAHAN.pdf
Morgan, D. L. (1998) The Focus Group Guidebook. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
MStar. 3 Februari 2019. ‘Rakyat Malaysia jadi keldai dadah meningkat’. Dicapai
pada 4 Februari 2019 daripada
https://www.mstar.com.my/lokal/semasa/2019/02/03/keldai-dadah/#2beJ25
Sq6wQPLc7M.99
53
PART III: POLITICAL SCIENCE
54
ATYPICAL PARLIAMENT: CASES ON VOTE OF CONFIDENCE
Nor Azura A Rahman1, Rodziah Md Zain2

School of International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia
1nrazura@uum.edu.my 2 rodzyah@uum.edu.my
ABSTRACT
This article reports the attempts to investigate on peculiar cases in parliament

during the practice of confidence vote. Confidence vote is one of mechanism for
members of parliament to convey message on disagreement towards an issue,
particularly if it is related to the inadequacy or unfit of position of the head of state.
Specifically, this article intended to highlight cases which involved confidence
vote and it consequences aftermath. Among the aspects that were examined was
the implementation process, acceptance of the result and impact to the structure.
Secondary data that were collected were analyzed and the results revealed that
the atypical parliament happened post confidence motion due to strong force and
participation of the opposition against the head of state and match their intended
purpose.
Keywords: confidence vote, parliament, head of state
INTRODUCTION
The aim of this paper is to analyse some unusual pattern use of the vote of
confidence in the parliamentarty democracy setting. Vote of confidence is never
used in the Malaysian parliament but well-known overseas like in the United
Kingdom and Ukraine. Richard Toye contends that confidence vote is “purely an
internal party leadership challenge. Even if May survived, she faced a possible
further threat: a parliamentary no confidence vote” (Mason, 2019). This remark
was made on the event when Theresa May was asked to step down as Prime
Minister which in the end she survived.
Vote of confidence is a vote in which members of a group are requested to

designate that they still support the person or group in power, usually the
government. In spite of examining and approving government taxes and
expenses, parliament makes laws and holds the government to account for its
policies and actions. Similarly, vote of confidence is two pronged; namely in party
leader and also parliamentary level.
This paper is divided into four parts. The first part compares the Malaysian
confidence vote procedure with Huber’s model to show how the Malaysian
version of this standard rational choice procedure exhibits peculiarities making it
55
difficult to be used as an instrument for governmental control of the legislative

agenda. The second part scuritinizes three cases on the use of vote of confidence
in other countries and its mechanisms to show how at times it could be misleading
and flawed. Part three briefly analyzes the difference and the abnormal and
deviating ways on the use of vote of confidence. Finally, this paper will conclude
on the practice of vote of confidence in Malaysia and its ‘never been implemented’
situation.
VOTE OF CONFIDENCE AS STIPULATED IN THE CONSTITUTION
Article 43(4) of the Constitution reads: “If the PM ceases to command the
confidence of the majority of the members of the House of Representatives, then,
unless at his request the Yang di-Pertuan Agong dissolves parliament, the PM
shall tender the resignation of the cabinet”
The Article 43(4) is the originally drafted by Reid Commission and maintained its
form which essentially codified from the British Constitution. As a commonwealth
country, Malaysia inherited the British Constitutional principle which awards the
Yang di-Pertuan Agong the exact same powers as the British monarch retains.
Under Article 43(4) the PM has two options once Parliament approves a motion
of no confidence against him. The PM can either step down or advise the Yang
di-Pertuan Agong fo a dissolution of the Dewan. Nevertheless, the YDPA can
also reject the dissolution of parliament under Article 40a (2)(b)1 which means the
PM has to step down.
From the Constitution, the vote of confidence is not the only way to oust the PM.
Other possible means which legal to use is through the supreme head or the
YDPA which stipulated under Article 43(2)(a) mentioned the on the discretion of
the YDPA on the appointment of a PM. As a cabinet member of the House of
Representatives deemed is likely to command the confidence of the majority in
the House. Under Article 40(1), the YDPA has to listen to the advises from the
PM. But as a ‘balance’ to that, Article 40(2) stated that it is under the discretion
of the YDPA to appoint the PM and to withhold the consent to a request for the
dissolution of parliament. In spite of that, there maybe occasions when the PM
does not enjoy the support of the majority, his advice may be self-serving. Thus,
the YDPA should be more careful to look above the advice and speak up for the
sake of the nation.
If there is no vote of confidence, the YDPA may exercise his discretion through a
written and signed declaration by the majority members of the lower House. This
is again depending on the YDPA discretion on the acceptance of the paper signed
as genuine from the majority on the ascertaining the losing of confidence towards
the PM.
1 Article 40a
(2) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may act in his discretion in the performance of the following functions, that is to say -(a)
the appointment of a Prime Minister; (b) the withholding of consent to a request for the dissolution of Parliament; (c) the
requisition of a meeting of the Conference of Rulers concerned solely with the privileges, position, honours and dignities
of Their Royal Highnesses, and any action at such a meeting and in any other case mentioned in this Constitution.
56
All in all, the provisions in the Constitution give broad discretion to the YDPA. Yet,
there is also provisions which restraints his absolute discretion i.e between Article
40(1) and 40(2) which balances between both. On the other hand, the YDPA also
can not appoint anyone on his preference as PM as the options only limited only
to 222 members of the lower House. The practice of vote of confidence in
Malaysia is accompanied with a strict ‘check and balance’. This warrants the
mechanism for not to be use as a tool against rival in the parliamentary setting
which in the end mark the history of no single vote of confidence was ever use
against the PM of Malaysia.
In contrast, other countries are enjoying the vote of confidence in their

parliamentary business. In the UK, there have been 11 successful votes of no
confidence against the PM since 1782 until 2015. Meanwhile in India, three PM
was forced to step out since 1991 until 1999. In the Ukraine, the vote of
confidence is popular among the members of parliament and use quite often
against either the President or the PM. In the next section, this paper will describe
on the use of vote of confidence through case studies happened in the UK,
America and Ukraine and show its difference on purpose.
CASE 1 PRIME MINISTER JOHN MAJOR ON ADOPTING MAASTRICT

TREATY
Huber (1996) analyzes on the prime minister’s control on the use on vote of
confidence and how it becomes an advantage for party incentives. On 22 July
1993, two major opposition parties (Liberal Democrats and Labour) opposed the
government’s motion on Maastrict Treaty1 because it affirmed Britain’s stand on
not supporting the treaty’s Social Chapter (which guaranteed certain rights to
European workers) (Bowcott, 2018). But, Prime Minister Major did not stop there.
Instead, he tabled a motion of confidence on his Maastrict policy, which he told
the floor, if he lost the vote of confidence, Parliament would be dissolved. Prime
Minister Major knew the political situation that if there would be a new election,
the Euro rebels will be affected due to recent polls which showed certain electoral
defeat. Hence, Prime Minister Major won the motion on adopting the Maastrict
Treaty.
The Maastricht Treaty was brough in the Congress for third reading on 20 th May
1993. The Bill survived the Third reading 292 Ayes and 112 Noes. The Treaty
was postpone until the government adopted the 27 th amendment on Social
Chapter and it received a tight 317-317 votes. Looking at the number, Speaker
of the House cast his vote, together with earlier members who had abstained on
the amendment with 324-316. On the next day, they found out that one of the MP
1Maastrich Treaty was signed by 12 countries on 7 th February 1992. The main objective is to form a
group of European Communities and integration. This treaty was only effective on 1 st November 1993.
The United Kingdom was not supporting on the Social Chapter of the Treaty and opt to not abide on it.
57
did not inform any notice of absent to the parliament. The Prime Minister tabled
a motion seeking for confidence of the House and ended up with 339-299 votes.
Hence, this action had helped the Prime Minister on maneuvering his preferences
and taking advantage through incentives from the votes.
CASE 2 EXTENSION OF THE US PERMANENT NORMAL TRADE

RELATIONS TO CHINA IN 2002
Bennedsen and Feldmann (2002) analyze on the vote of confidence in two

different settings namely Congressional and parliamentary system. Congress
system of government is more skillful in compiling information from wide range of
interests which allows interest groups to have assess on the policy debate. At this
level, the interest groups will have their ‘unofficial voice’ in the policy –making
process. In contra, the legislative process in parliamentary system is not as open
to a wide range of interest groups. According to Liebert (1995) and von Beyme
(1998), parliamentary debates are much scanter and do not receive much
attention from interest groups. Hence, the nature of parliamentary system will
lower the impact from interest groups.
During the second Clinton administration, there was an extension of permanent

normal trade relations (PNTR) to China. Even though the partisanship was
heightening at that time, the vote showed that there was some overlap among
them, namely three quarters from Republicans, and one-third from Democrats
member of the House. Each MP learnt about the values of PNTR for their
respective constituency. They also received certain details from interest groups
whom shared infromations which will win their personal interests.
CASE 3 PARTY FACTIONS IN THE UKRAINE AND INTERNATIONAL

PREROGATIVE
Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko was ousted from the Verkhovna Rada using
vote of confidence on 3 March 2010, alleged corruption in a gas deal with the
Russian (The Guradian 2010). Another case was upon the President Viktor
Yanukovych 22 February 2014 alleged corruption and cronysim. Prime Minister
Arseniy Yatsenyuk survived a vote of confidence on 16 February 2016 after he
was asked to step down by the President Petro Poroshenko (BBC News, 2016).
Yatsenyuk was criticized over the slow pace of reforms and faces allegations of
corruptions. The President also said that the PM had lost the support of the
coalition and the country’s trust. On 30 th May 2018 Prime Minister Volodymyr
Groysman survived the vote of confidence on his resignation letter. He handed a
resignation letter after Presidents Volodymyr Zelenskiy asked him to step down.
58
In the Ukraine, the government was in the midst of battling corruption and
cronyism throughout the administration. In order to restore stability especially in
economic, Ukraine needed foreign aisstance very much for funding the whole
state. Nevertheless, the instability of political faction in the parliament worsening
the situation and the use of vote of confidence was quite often as tool to oust any
of their least favourite member. Thus, the use of vote of confidence is not only
limited to policy preference of lobbyists but also towards political rivals.
ANALYSIS
Multi-purpose
In the UK, it was use not only to show no support to the PM, they also use it as
tool for ‘confirming agenda’ of the government. The PM knows he has authority
on changing the vote cast by members of parliament. He also took advantage on
the ‘political environment’ background in which if the parliament dissolves and
there will be re-election, many of the members will not be re-elected.
Meanwhile in America, it shows that the use of vote of confidence is not popular
enough among the MPs. This part of the business has been taken over by the
lobbyists and agenda setters. The lobbyists work closely with the MPs in the
Congress and ‘feed’ sufficient informations which might win support on certain
policies of their preference. Thus, the vote of confidence is use as a mechanism
to lower the lobbyists and agenda setters impact in the policy-making process.
In the Ukraine, the use of vote of confidence is very popular among the MPs and
part of a regular business in the Parliament. Almost every term of the government,
the MPs will have to cast vote of confidence. From the case studies, it can be
concluded that the government is under pressure to gain stability inside the
country (i.e fight corruption) by other entity such as the International Monetary
Fund. The suspicious among the coalitions in the government is also very high
as they have different background namely ethnicity and language.
Another indication determined from vote of confidence is ‘cycling’. ‘Cycling’ in

parliament is a situation when decision making process (voting) is unstable, and
policy changes are voted within a short time. ‘Cycling’ is also known as a peculiar
form of ‘collective irrationality’ (Andrews 2002: 2). The collective irrationality refers
to instant changes of opinions casted through vote. The consequence of cycling
is the opportunity for an individual who has control over the legislative agenda to
obtain his own most-preferred outcome, and this could be an implication of his
own ‘chaos’ (McKelvey in Andrews 2002). It is even worse when the person who
controls the ‘cycled’ outcomes can also control “in which order issues will come
59
before members to ensure the passage of his own most preferred outcome”
(Andrews 2002: 5).
CONCLUSION
Unlike in Malaysia, vote of confidence is widely use and popular among

parliamentary settings of government. The success is very high, and it received
robust support by the MPs. As a tool in parliamentary daily business, vote of
confidence has sprayed great purpose to the floor. As discussed, vote of
confidence could be a tool for varies purposes such as a control for lobbyist
influence in decision-making process, to put forward preferences in policy and
also preference of leadership. This scene is contradicted to Malaysia. In spite of
the Constitutional provision to use the vote of confidence, there are also other
means to exercise the motion. But it never happened. Is it because of the ‘check
and balance’ that made it difficult to be exercised? or is it because we have a
better way on understanding the ‘discretion’? or maybe simply because we are
mature enough to respect the Constitution as a supreme rule of law? In order to
answer these questions, future research needs to be done whereby in-depth
interviews among the MPs will assists on finding the conclusion of the practice of
vote of confidence in Malaysia.
REFERENCES
Andrews, J. T. (2002). When majority fail: The Russian Parliament, 1990-1993.

United Kingdom; Cambridge University Press.
‘Ukraine prime minister ousted in no-confidence vote’. The Guardian 3 March

2010. Retrieved at
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/03/ukraine-tymoshenko-
prime-minister-ousted
‘Ukraine crisis: PM Yatsenyuk survives no-confidence vote’. BBC News 16

February 2016. Retrieved at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-
35591605
Bennedsen, M. and Feldmann, S. E. (2002). Lobbying and legislative

organization: The effect of the vote of confidence procedure. Business
and Politics 4(2):6-6. Retrieved at
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46555445_Lobbying_and_Leg
islative_Organization_The_Effect_of_the_Vote_of_Confidence_Proced
ure
60
Bowcott, O. (2018, July 24). John Major had a ‘full gloat’ after defeating rebels
on Maastrict. The Guardian. Retrieved at
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/jul/24/john-major-full-gloat-
defeating-rebels-maastricht-european-union
Mason, M. (2019, September 24). Vote of no confidence: a brief history.

History Extra. Retrieved at
https://www.historyextra.com/period/modern/vote-no-confidence-
history-facts-explain-first-prime-minister/
61
TRADITIONAL ELEMENTS IN MALAYSIAN CONSTITUTION:

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
Misrinah Misban1 & Mas Juliana Mukhtaruddin2

Felo Institut Kajian Politik Malaysia (IKPM)
1misrinah@uum.edu.my, 2mas@uum.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Malaysian Constitution is a supreme law of Malaysia since 1957. By understanding

Malays State as an independent state from the British colonization, Federation of Malaya
needs a modern constitution that would be as safeguard to the people especially the
Malays and the Bumiputra. The objective if this paper is to discuss critically four traditional
elements in the Constitution. First; Sultanate or Rulership, second; Islamic Religion, third;
Malay Language and fourth; Malay Privilege. The analysis is about the issues, challenges
and prospects of traditional elements of Malaysian Constitution in the new era of
Malaysian administration. Issues such as disloyalty to the King, disrespect Islamic
religion, unwillingness to practicing national language (i.e Bahasa Melayu) among the
non-Malays and disagreements against Malays privilege are the fundamental issue in
Malaysian Constitution. Meanwhile, social contracts, multi-racial nation, multi-cultural
society, leadership and economic gap are the challenges to pursuing and maintaining the
power of traditional elements in Malaysian Constitution. New government (Malaysia Baru)
and the weakness of Malays leadership can be seen as possibility to bring down the
traditional elements in the Malaysian Constitution. This paper will try to study the
prospects of traditional elements in Malaysia Baru. Traditional elements in the Malaysian
Constitution should be left untouched to maintain harmony in the country. The elements
include the existence of the institution of the monarchy, the special position of the Malays,
Malays language and Islam as official religion must be remained as a pillar in the
Malaysian Constitution.
Keywords: The Sultanate, Islamic Religion, Malay Language, Malay Privilege, Malaysian
Constitution
INTRODUCTION
Malaysian Constitution is a supreme law of Malaysia since 1957. By understanding

Malays State as an independent state from the British colonization, Federation of Malaya
needs a modern constitution that would be as safeguard to the people especially the
Malays and the Bumiputra. The objective if this paper is to discuss critically four traditional
62
elements in the Constitution. First; Sultanate or Rulership, second; Islamic Religion, third;
Malay Language and fourth; Malay Privilege.
Malaysian constitution is the product of political, economic and social development. Thus,
it is remained crucial reference part in the evolution of Malaysian national heritage.
Traditional elements in the constitutions refer to the matters have been practicing long
before the British colonial administrative. As a product of three branches i.e political,
economic and social development, Malaysian Constitution have a duty to carry out its
mission and make three major groups of citizens living peacefully in harmonize
conditions.
In the new century when world is more globalize, these four traditional elements of
Malaysian Constitution having various challenges to maintain, preserve and
implementing on it. New era of Malaysia administration shown to us, there are always
debates about the several articles in the Constitution. For instance, Article 3 (Islam),
Article 32 (The Head of State), Article 152 (National Language), Article 153 (Special
Position of Bumiputra), Article 160 (Constitutional Definition of Malay) and Article 181
(Sovereignty of Malays Rulers) sometime call for controversial in the plural society like
Malaysia.
TRADITIONAL ELEMENTS IN MALAYSIAN CONSTITUTION
Constitutional Monarchy in Malaysia
Malaysia practices a system of government based on the constitutional monarchy and

parliamentary democracy. The constitutional monarchy in Malaysia consist the head of
the state i.e Yang Di-Pertuan Agong, six sultans and a raja, Yang di Pertuan Besar and
Yang di pertua Negeri. Six sultans are the sultan who rules six states i.e: Johor, Kedah,
Selangor, Perak, Terengganu and Pahang. Meanwhile Raja is title for sultan who is rules
Perlis. Besides Sultan and Raja, there are Yang di-Pertua Negeri for the states of Sabah,
Sarawak and Malacca, Yang di-Pertuan Besar for Negeri Sembilan, for four states do not
have Sultan.
Historically British wanted to abolish the Sultanate system in Malaya. British proposed
Malayan Union on the 1946. As the unique of the relation between King and Malays
people, British failed to implement Malayan Union. Malays people rejected the idea of
Malayan Union. Thus, Malaysian constitution states in Chapter I: The Supreme Head.
This is as a prove that how significant and importance of the Malay Sultan.
The Conference of Rulers.
63
By understanding the Constitution, like most other things, is a unique expression of the
country’s varied culture and history. The term constitution basically refers to a set of rules
which determine, the manners of the institutions are to be set up, the power to be
distributed and the justice to be administered. Thus, the unique Constitution in Malaysia
is referring to the Ruler ship. The Conference of Rulers or Council of Rulers or Durbar or
Majlis Raja-Raja written in jawi is ٢‫مجليس راج‬, is a strong body established last 7 decades
back to the year of 1948.
Majlis Raja-Raja is a council comprising the nine (9) rulers of the Malay states. Meeting
between Malay Rulers held at the Istana Negara in Kuala Kangsar, Perak in 1897. It is
known as Conference of Rulers in July 1897 with establishment of Federated Malay
States. The meeting was about the Malays issue, such as; religion, customs and
traditions. After the independence of Malaya, Melaka, Penang, Sabah and Sarawak join
Majlis Raja-raja. Conference of Rulers consists of the nine Malay Rulers and the four
Governors (Yang Dipertuan Negeri).
The rulers of the Malay states were, in the past, absolute monarchs. They ruled their
states according to their own policies, assisted by the various categories of officer. For
example, at the time of the Melaka Sultanate, these officials were headed by the
Bendahara. In the new contact of Malaysia, Bendahara is a position equivalent to a prime
minister. In the past era, absolute monarchs in the Malay states were governed by three
branches of legislative, executive and judicial powers as today.
There is separation of power between the executive, legislative and judicial arms of
Malaysian government. As a prove, it has been stated in the article 39 of the Constitution
that “the executive authority of the federation shall be vested in the YDPA and
exercisable, subject to the provisions of any federal laws and of the second schedule, by
him or by the Cabinet or any Minister authorized by the Cabinet, but Parliament may by
law confer executive functions on other persons.”
The Sultanate or Rulership
Malaysian Constitution states in Part IV: Chapter 1 about The Supreme Head. The
constitution establishes the Federation of Malaya as a constitutional monarchy while
Yang di-Pertuan Agong (YDPA) as the head of the state. Constitution states in Article
32(1) of the Constitution, there shall be a Supreme Head of the Federation of Malaysia to
be called the YDPA. Meanwhile, Article 32(3) of the Constitution states that the Yang di-
Pertuan Agong shall be elected by the Conference of Rulers for a term of five years.
64
Yang Di-Pertuan Agong (YDPA)
Yang Di-Pertuan Agong is a very important element in Malaysian Constitution. Loyalty of

Malay people to their King is undebatable. Part IV: Chapter 1, Article 32, Article 33, Article
33A, Article 34, Article 35, Article 36 and Article 37 broadly written on YDPA and his
functions. The King of Malaysia, called the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, is a ceremonial
position that is shared by nine different sultans who rotate the position every five years.
He is the nominal head of the government and armed forces. For ethnic Malay Muslims
the king is the supreme upholder of Malay tradition and the symbolic head of Islam.
Proceeding Against the YDPA and the Rulers (Part XV: Articles 182, 183)
Proceeding Against the YDPA and the Rulers stated in Part XV, Articles 182 and 183.
There is Special Court for Proceedings against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the
Rulers. The Special Court is the only place where both civil and criminal cases against
the YDPA and the Ruler of a State in his personal capacity may be heard. Such cases
can only proceed with the consent of the Attorney General. The five members of the
Special Court are (a) the Chief Justice of the Federal Court (who is the Chairperson), (b)
the two Chief Judges of the High Courts, and (c) two current or former judges to be
appointed by the Conference of Rulers. Unfortunately, constitutional position of state
Rulers has been in the news lately and there is bitter controversy over several issues.
What can be agreed is that historically, there were several sovereign Malay states on the
peninsula with absolute Rulers.
Islamic Religion
Religion of Federation clearly stated in Part I, Article 3 Malaysian Constitution. The fact
is Islam is the religion of the Federation. By mutual agreement that Islam as religion of
the Federation, other religions may be practicing in peace and harmony in any part of the
Malaysia. Since before independence and the formation of Malaya, everyone in this land,
are allowed to practice their religion. As it names “peace”, Islam and the followers are
never do harms to the citizen.
In every State other than States not having a Ruler the position of the Ruler as the Head
of the religion of Islam in his State in the manner and to the extent acknowledged and
declared by the Constitution, all rights, privileges, prerogatives and powers enjoyed by
him as Head of that religion, are unaffected and unimpaired; but in any acts, observance
65
or ceremonies with respect to which the Conference of Rulers has agreed that they should
extend to the Federation as a whole each of the other Rulers shall in his capacity of Head
of the religion of Islam authorize the YDPA to represent him.
The Constitution of the States of Malacca, Penang, Sabah and Sarawak shall each make
provision for conferring on the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be Head of the religion of
Islam in that State. Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the Yang di-Pertuan
Agong shall be the Head of the religion of Islam in the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur
and Labuan; and for this purpose Parliament may by law make provisions for regulating
Islamic religious affairs and for constituting a Council to advise the Yang di-Pertuan
Agong in matters relating to the religion of Islam.
Malay Language
Part XII: Article 152, clearly stated Malay language as national language. Language is a
system of communication used by a particular country or community Language of the
Malays (Bahasa Melayu), it is spoken by 330 million people. Bahasa Melayu is an
Austronesian language spoken in Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, Southern
Thailand and Myanmar. Modern Malay is written in two slightly differing forms of the Latin
alphabet, one used in Indonesia and one in Malaysia, as well as in a form of the Arabic
alphabet called Jawi, which is used in Malaya. There is a debate between either Bahasa
Melayu or Bahasa Malaysia.
Bahasa Melayu has special position in Constitution. The issue in Malaysia is non-Malays
reluctant to speak Malay language in their daily life. Some state such as Penang and
Melaka, where non-Malays people dominated the major cities, they have unwillingness
attitude to speak Malaysia national language.
Malay Privilege
The idea of Malaysian Bumiputera rights should be abolished is clearly was trying to
challenge the Malaysian Constitution. These strong ideas proposed by the Malaysian
citizen who do not understand and at the same time they do not respect the transitional
elements of the Malaysian Constitution. They want to abolish the Bumiputera privileges
because of some reason. They argue abolishment will further help the Bumiputera.
Constitutional Definitions of Malays (Part XII: Article 160) stated in the constitutions. The
first part of the definition of Malay in Article 160 of the Constitution reads: “Malay” means
66
a person who professes the religion of Islam, habitually speaks the Malay language, and
conforms to Malay custom.
Meanswhile, Special Position of Bumiputra stated in Part XII, Article 153 of the
Constitution grants the YDPA responsibility for "safeguarding the special position of the
Malays. This is also for natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak. These special
positions are such as establishing quotas for entry into the civil service, public
scholarships and public education. Article 153 is considering one of the most controversial
articles in the Constitution.
Critics create an unnecessary and racialist distinction between Malaysians of different

ethnic backgrounds. For example, quotas are implementation policies which benefit only
the Bumiputra. In fact, Malays and bumiputra are majority of the Malaysian population.
The article 153 is heatedly debated both privately and publicly among Malaysians. The
others race Chinese especially, against the implementation of the article although the
article are stated in the constitution since before the independent and as an important
element in the Malaysian Constitution.
Historically, the article 153 is primarily seen as a continuation of previous laws made by
the British. This article written in the constitution is to protect the indigenous peoples from
being overwhelmed by the immigration. British brought immigrations of Chinese and
Indian as workers into Malaya. In the years after independence in 1957, the Chinese and
Indians were generally rich urban dwellers. Meanwhile the Bumiputra were mostly poor
farmers or labourers and staying in the remote areas.
The Constitution was drafted on the basis of a report from the Reid Commission. The
commission had been formed to lay the groundwork for a Constitution in the run-up to
Malaysia's independence. In the report, the Reid Commission stated that "provision
should be made in the Constitution for the 'safeguarding of the special position of the
Malays and the legitimate interests of the other Communities'." However, the protection
of the special position of the Malays being controversial when non-Malays unhappy with
the special privileges benefited to the Malays.
TRADITIONAL ELEMENTS IN MALAYSIAN CONSTITUTIONS: ISSUES AND

CHALLENGES
Sovereignty of the Malay Rulers (Part XIV: Article 181)
67
Malaysia practices parliamentary democracy with constitutional monarchy in which His

Majesty the King is the Head of State. The Parliament of Malaysia consists of His Majesty
the King, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Article 181, is refer to
Sovereignty of the Malay Rulers. It guarantees the sovereignty, rights, powers and
jurisdictions of each Malay Ruler within their respective states. They also cannot be
charged in a court of law in their official capacities as a Ruler. There is exceptional, The
Malay Rulers could be charged on any personal wrongdoing, outside of their role and
duties as a Ruler. However, the charges cannot be carried out in a normal court of law,
but in a Special Court established under Article 182. There is Special Court for
Proceedings against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the Rulers.
The Malaysian Constitutional Crisis
Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad made a shocking statement in the year of 1983. Unfortunate
events that are now remembered as a 'constitutional crisis in 1993', due to the actions of
the government when it is wanted to abolish the immunity of the Malay Rulers, as referred
to in Article 181 (2): "No such talks can be brought in any court of the King of a state by
its very nature. ". The issue was taking place in 1992 when the coach of the Sultan Abu
Bakar Johor hockey team Douglas Gomez filed a police report on the alleged beating of
the then Sultan of Sultan Iskandar Sultan Ismail.
Started from that, the media campaign against the Malay rulers began. Various
allegations of misconduct and luxurious lifestyle of kings appear to win public support in
'state of war with the Rulers'. Finally, the government amended Article 66 of the Federal
Constitution which caused every bill to be gazetted as law after 30 days being presented
to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, even without his consent.
Religion and Malaysian
Islam is the state religion of Malaysia. Malays in Malaysia are by definition is Muslims.
They are not allowed to convert or change their religion into another religion according to
Shariah law (Islamic Law). Islam is the most widely practicing religion in Malaysia. The
proportion is about 61.3 per cent from the population. In plural society like Malaysia, multi-
racial nation is allowed to practicing their religions. Statistic shown that, 19.8 % is
Buddhism in Malaysia. Meanwhile, Christianity contributes 9.2% of the followers and
Hinduism, 6.3% of followers.
In general, 62 percent of all Malaysians are Muslims. In the context of Malaysia, 97

percent of Muslim is Malays. Other 3 percent are some Indians of Indian, Bangladeshi
and Pakistani people. Mostly Indians Hindus (mostly Indians), some Chinese are
Buddhists. Malaysia also has followers of Taoism and people from Borneo Island practice
local animist religions.
68
Malaysia is often held up as a model for other Islamic countries because of its economic
development, progressive society and generally peaceful coexistence between the Malay
majority and the ethnic Chinese and Indian minorities who are mostly Christians,
Buddhists and Hindus.
Three major different races in Malaysia do still not understand each other in term of
religion. Malaysian citizen still believes talking about religion is sensitive issues.
Malaysian living in peninsular Malaysia much more narrows minded compare to
Malaysian in Borneo (Sabah and Sarawak). Malaysian need one holistic mechanism to
be closer each other without using religions as stigma be separated.
Vernacular School And “Sekolah Kebangsaan”
The vernacular school system in Malaysia has long been controversial. Sekolah
Kebangsaan and Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (SKJ) have three differences languages as
medium language using at school. Bahasa Melayu as a medium language at Sekolah
Kebangsaan. Meanwhile, Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina and Tamil are practicing their
own native language.
Diversity in languages and cultures could give positive and negative impact in the society.
Unlike our neighboring country like Indonesia and Thailand, vernacular school in Malaysia
created the many issues including allocation of money from the government. The issue
was when non-Malays citizens want to remain their schools for various reasons,
especially preserve the culture.
CONCLUSION
Traditional elements in the Malaysian Constitution should be left untouched to maintain

harmony in the country. The elements include the existence of the institution of the
monarchy, the special position of the Malays, Malays language and Islam as official
religion must remain as a pillar in the Malaysian Constitution.
Historically, British attempted to remove the constitutional monarchy through Malayan

Union. People of Malay Land, devoted to the Rulers, especially the Malays itself. The
constitution establishes the Federation as a constitutional monarchy meanwhile the Yang
di-Pertuan Agong as the Head of State. Special connection between King and Malays is
not denied.
The constitutions insert the elements of Sultanate, Malays, Islamic religion and Malay
language as important elements in the constitutions. The efforts of Malays people to admit
Chinese and Indians as Malaysian citizen should be appreciated. All Malaysian citizens
must respect the Constitutions to avoid any social conflicts.
69
Strengthen, remain and preserve four traditional elements in the constitution as a pillar of
Malaysian supreme law is a duty of all citizens especially the government. YDPA as Head
of State is not only for symbol of Malays and Islam, His Majesty duty must be broadened
in term of economic and reducing the economic gap between Malays and Non-Malays.
For over 6 decades, four traditional elements of Malaysian constitution play major roles
to protect Malay privilege. Many more actions could be taken in the new century in order
to create new Malaysia as a strong nation without leave history behind.
REFERENCES
Aishah Bidin, “The historical and traditional features on the Malaysian Constitution”, Jebat
1993 pp: 3-20
A. Aziz Deraman, 2010, Wacana Peradaban Malaysia, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka,
Kuala Lumpur
Nizamuddin Alias& Farid Sufian Shuaib, “Position, Status and Role of Malay Language
in Malaysia”, Jurnal Perspektif, Bil. 1 pp: 1-11
Farid Sufian Shuaib “Understanding The Constitution: The Need For A Paradigm Shift”,
Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law, Vol 2/2010, pp: 50-61
Fatimah Zainab Dzulkifli & Nazrul Dadziruddin Mohd. Zameri, “The Functions of
Constitutional Monarchy in Malaysian Political System: The Perceptions of the
Malay Community”, Political Management and Policies in Malaysia, pp: 353-369
Najibah M. Zin “The Training, Appointment, and Supervision of Islamic Judges in

Malaysia”, Washington International Law Journal, Vol 21, 2012 pp:115-131
Othman Z, Aird Rosemary et al “Privacy, modesty, hospitality and the design of Muslim
homes: A literature review” frontier of architectural research vol 4 2015 page 12-23
Joseph M. Fernando Defending the monarchy: The Malay rulers and the making of the
Malayan constitution, 1956-1957 (Défendre la monarchie : les dirigeants malais et
l’élaboration de la constitution de la Malaya, 1956‑1957)
https://journals.openedition.org/archipel/528#tocto1n1
Roskin, M.G., Cord, R.L., et. Al., Political 2012 Science: An Introduction 12th ed., Pearson
Education, USA
Hutchan L, 2004, Politik Posmodernisme, Jendela, Yogjakarta
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Tun Mohd Salleh Abas, Traditional Elements of the Malaysian Constitution, retrieved
https://www.scribd.com/document/160830673/Traditional-Elements-of-the-
Malaysian-Constitution-by-Tun-Mohd-Salleh-Abas
Malaysia Kita, 2004, International Law Book Services, Petaling Jaya.
Syed Fadhil Hanafi Syed A. Rahman, “The Malaysian Federal Constitution: An Islamic or
Secular Constitution?”, Constitutional Review, Vol. 5, No. 1, May 2019,
https://doi.org/1078/
Wong Hoy-Kee, “The Development of a National Language in Indonesia and Malaysia”,

Comparative Education, Vol. 7, No. 2 (Nov 1971), pp: 73-80
71
PART IV: SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
72
ASESSMENT TOOL OF COUNTRY ONLINE SERVICE INDEX

PERFORMANCE: HOW COUNTRY CAN IMPROVE THE UN
RANKING THROUGH THEIR MINISTRY WEBSITE
Mohd Rushdi Idrus

School of Computing Universiti Utara Malaysia
rushdi@uum.edu.my
Nelwati Abidin
UUMIT Universiti Utara Malaysia
nelwati@uum.edu.my
Mohd Adan Omar

National Golf Academy Universiti Utara Malaysia
adan@uum.edu.my
ABSTRACT
The online services index is one of three components of the United Nations e-
government development index. It attempts to capture a country’s performance in a
single internationally-comparable value using a four-stage model of online service
maturity. The summary of selected countries over the past 10 years had been analyst.
These countries have the most drastic changes to their online services in the last 10
years. This study had found gaps and areas for improvement in four strategic area while
gaining insights from international best practices that have enabled other governments
to surge ahead. Adopting a methodology develop by Otniel & Claudiu, 2015. A simple
transformation from excel to csv files in the UN e-government by ranking the
performance of countries for each year of evaluation from 2005 till 2016 is done using
R programming languange. An online assessment tool aims at identifying the level of e-
Government digital services provided by the 5 critical agency in its implementation of
the agency's online services is develop. The tool can show analysis of the agency's
strengths and weaknesses viz-a-viz the UN e-Government Online Services Index and
can be use by the webmaster to improve their ministry website in term dealing with their
citizen while improving their country ranking.
Keywords: UNEGDI, OSI, ranking , prototype
INTRODUCTION
This paper presents countries’ analysis in Online Services Index (OSI) performance
ranking to improve Malaysia UN ranking. The online services index is one of three
components of the United Nations e-government development index. It attempts to
capture a country’s performance in a single internationally-comparable value using a
four-stage model of online service maturity. Malaysia's standing from the international
best practices in the online services in the last decade has not been encouraging. In
terms of the OSI, Malaysia was ranked 42 out of 193 federal governments surveyed
73
in the UN e-Government Development Index, 2016. Of particular concern was the

consecutive decline in the performance of the OSI since 2010 from 16th position in
2010, to 20th in 2012, 33rd in 2014, and the latest down to 42nd in 2016 (UN E-
Government Survey, 2016). Table 1 show Malaysia’s ranking positions since its
inception in 2005 as example for the reading understandingon the topic. Literature
review shows that there is not enough reference about developing assessment tool
focusing on how to improve a country OSI UN ranking. Therefore, this study proposed
different approach from previous study and contribute an innovative alternative using
mobile application as the tool to make e-government survey.
Table 1 Malaysia’s EGDI and OSI Ranking

Year EGDI_Rank EGDI OSI_Rank OSI
2005 43 0.57057 40 0.57692
2008 34 0.6063 18 0.67558
2010 32 0.61014 16 0.63174
2012 40 0.67031 20 0.79084
2014 52 0.61152 33 0.67716
2016 60 0.61749 42 0.71739
2014 52 0.61152 33 0.67716
2016 60 0.61749 42 0.71739
E-GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT INDEX (EGDI)
At regular intervals, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
(UNDESA) through its Division for Public Administration and Development
Management (DPADM) distribute the United Nations E-Government Survey. The
Survey furnishes a preview with relative rankings of e-government improvement of all
Member States of the United Nations. By positioning the execution of nations on a
relative scale, the Survey gives important data to help approach creators in moulding
their e-government programs for advancement. As a composite pointer, the e-
government advancement file (EGDI) is utilized to quantify the readiness and limit of
national organizations to utilize data and correspondence innovations to convey open
administrations. This measure of the record is valuable for government authorities,
strategy producers, analysts and delegates of common society and the private
segment to pick up a more profound comprehension of the similar benchmarking of
the relative position of a nation in using e-government for the conveyance of
comprehensive, responsible and native driven administrations (Jungtinių Tautų
Organizacija, 2014; MAMPU, 2017; UN E-Government Survey, 2016).
Scientifically, the EGDI is a weighted normal of three standardized scores on three

most essential measurements of e-government, to be specific: extension and nature
of online administrations (Online Service Index, OSI), improvement status of media
transmission foundation (Telecommunication Infrastructure Index, TII) and innate
74
human capital (Human Capital Index, HCI). Each of these arrangements of lists is in
itself a composite measure that can be removed and examined freely (Jungtinių Tautų
Organizacija, 2014).
EGDI = 1 / 3 (OSInormalized + TIInormalized + HCInormalized )

(Jungtinių Tautų Organizacija, 2014)
ONLINE SERVICE INDEX (OSI)
To arrive at a set of Online Service Index (OSI) values for 2016, a total of 111
researchers, including UN experts and online United Nations Volunteers (UNVs) from
over 60 countries with coverage of 66 languages assessed each country’s national
website in the native language, including the national portal, e-services portal and e-
participation portal, as well as the websites of the related ministries of education,
labour, social services, health, finance and environment as applicable. The UNVs
included qualified graduate students and volunteers from universities in the field of
public administration.
To ensure consistency of assessments, all the researchers were provided with a

rigorous training by e-government and online service delivery experts with years of
experience in conducting the assessments and were guided by Data Team
Coordinators who provided support and guidance throughout the assessment period.
Researchers were instructed and trained to assume the mind-set of an average citizen
user in assessing sites. Thus, responses were generally based on whether the
relevant features could be found and accessed easily, not whether they in fact exist
although hidden somewhere on the sites. The key point is that the average user needs
to find information and features quickly and intuitively for a site to be “usable” with
content readily discoverable by the intended beneficiaries.
The data collection and survey research ran from May 2015 until the end of July 2015.
Each country was assessed by at least two researchers who conducted the survey in
the country’s national language. After the initial assessment, the evaluations by the
two researchers on each country were compared and questions with discrepancies
were reviewed again by the researchers. The third phase, from July to August, was
the final review by the Data Team Coordinators who analyzed all the answers and,
where needed, carried out further review and verification processes using multiple
methods and sources. The scores were then sent for approval by a senior researcher.
Through this multilevel approach, all surveyed sites were thoroughly assessed by at
least three people, one of whom has years of experience in assessing public sector
online services and reviewed by one of the Data Team Coordinators.
75
Once the evaluation phase was completed, the statistics team produced the first draft
of the OSI ranking. The data was extracted from the platform and the raw OSI scores
were created. Rankings were compared with previous OSI scores, and any
discrepancies were reviewed thoroughly.
Each question calls for a binary response. Every positive answer generates a new
“more in depth question” inside and across the patterns. The outcome is an enhanced
quantitative Survey with a wider range of point distributions reflecting differences in
levels of e-government development among countries.
The total number of points scored by each country is normalised to the range of 0 to
1. The online index value for a given country is equal to the actual total score less the
lowest total score divided by the range of total score values for all countries. For
example, if country “x” has a score of 114, and the lowest score of any country is 0
and the highest equal to 153, then the online services value for country “x” would be:
Online Service Index (Country “x”) = (114–0) (153–0) = 0.7451
EVALUATING A NATION'S ONLINE NEARNESS SELECTING THE PROPER

WEBSITE/URL AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL
As improved the situation every version of the survey, the United Nations Member
States were asked for to give data in regard to their site addresses (URL) for various
government services and the national portal(s). Data was additionally asked for with
respect to open government information, e-interest and the assigned specialist
accountable for e-government approaches. Sixty-two (62) Member States restored
this data and every fitting site were then used amid the check procedure.
One of the fundamental choices for specialists when undertaking this Survey is to
recognize the particular site(s) to audit as the national government site for every
nation. Notwithstanding the refinement of e-government in a particular nation, the need
for clients is to locate a reasonable sign as to which of the numerous possibly
accessible government destinations could be esteemed as the "official" national
government site – it could be said, the door or beginning stage for national clients. Not
exclusively is this genuinely simple to do – a straightforward, clear explanation at the
picked site is adequate to begin—yet it is additionally an essential advance towards
giving government data and administrations to the general population in an
incorporated, usable and simple to-discover way. Numerous nations have in certainty
occupied with the strategy of really noticing on their national site that it is their "official"
Government site, or "Entryway to Government," or other such explanation.
However not all nations gave the suitable URLs. Accordingly, some carefulness is
applied when choosing whether to utilize just the nation gave sites. What is imperative
76
in this Survey is that the specialists checked on the national gateways as well as
attempted comprehensive research on e-cooperation and open government
information where material.
One issue confronting specialists is that various nations give more than one obviously
genuine national access point. While some have basically not yet solidified their
administration passage focuses into a solitary site or entryway that could be
unmistakably recognized, others have really adopted this strategy intentionally –
offering diverse access focuses to various groups of onlookers. Considering that the
utilization of incorporated entryways or multi-entries is rising as a pattern in e-
government techniques around the world, specialists would choose the coordinated
site as a National Portal or other gateway on the off chance that it was regarded to be
the official landing page of the legislature. In any case, more than one site could be
scored if the locales were plainly part of a firmly incorporated "system" of national
destinations. It ought to be noticed that for those nations for which more than one site
was surveyed, having more than one national passage is neither an inconvenience
nor an advantage.
A few nations don't offer certain open administrations at the government level, but
instead at the sub-national or nearby level. No nation is punished for offering an
administration at the sub-national level instead of the government level in essence.
Actually, when the issue emerges researcher have a tendency to be comprehensive
in evaluating the issue as long as the data or potentially administration can be found
from the national level.
A more troublesome issue emerges when not just a particular administration is

situated at the neighbourhood level however when the whole clerical capacities are
out and out missing at the national level. In the event that analysts can't find a service
according to the above portrayed strategy, at that point the following stage is to see if
the nation is being referred to really have such a service at the national level or whether
the capacities may be privately regulated. Integrated Portal and Multi-Portal
Approaches
A few nations have embraced an alternate way to deal with their online e-government
gateway, through using numerous sites for various themes. Thus, rather than bringing
together all the e-data, e-administrations, e-cooperation, open information and other
online highlights in a single entryway, they have been made accessible on
independent sites for a more group of onlookers focused on approach. Analysts made
a point to inspect every single conceivable site when making the appraisal, through
connections or web crawlers, to cover all administration sites where relative data can
be found.
Despite the fact that the standard has been to take after a one-stop-shop kind of
administration conveyance and a coordinated entry approach, nations who have
77
utilized a decentralized approach have not been punished in their score, and the
evaluation was directed just as for an incorporated approach.
For instance, Finland has a site www.valtioneuvosto.fi, which is the data entry of the
Finnish Government, while the site www.suomi.fi is the e-administration and open
administration data entryway and furthermore has open government information. Data
on e-support is incorporated on the sites www.kansalaisaloite.fi and www.otakantaa.fi.
This approach of having a few sites for various purposes (data, administrations,
cooperation and open government information) is run of the mill of a few European
nations.
ACCESSING IN NATIONAL OFFICIAL LANGUAGES
The examination group was completely prepared to deal with the six authority dialects
of the United Nations, to be specific Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and
Spanish. Be that as it may, as in past Survey cycles, the group went past this order
and tried to audit every site in the official dialect of the nation, or where that was
unrealistic, in one more of the dialects accessible on the site. Interpreters gave help
as fundamental with the goal that conceivable mistakes in light of dialect have been
lessened to a base.
DATA QUALITY CHECKS
With a specific end goal to guarantee information quality, UNDESA has put Survey
strategies under close checking including by building up an electronic application
stage for information gathering and capacity, setting up the methodological and
preparing rules for specialists, and initiating a preparation program for either aggregate
preparing or individual hands-on help for analysts to determine prickly issues.
Among different assignments, colleagues were solicited to legitimize the determination

from URLs and show whether the URLs had been looked into in past Surveys. Normal
talks were held to examine concerns and guarantee consistency of assessment
strategies.
UNDESA connected the Survey scores to create a requesting of online administration

nearness of every single United Nation Member States and contrasted them and the
verifiable outcomes in past Surveys in order to distinguish conceivable inadequacies
all the while. The new scores are then contrasted with scores from the past Surveys
by expelling the new inquiries and just considering the ones that stay unaltered. The
group was aided the exploration by United Nations understudies and volunteers with
dialect aptitudes not generally secured by the center gathering.
78
TOWARDS A MORE CITIZEN-CENTRIC APPROACH
In accordance with the worldwide pattern towards a more native driven approach and
the interest for more prominent productivity and cost-adequacy of people in general
division, the Survey poll has been intended to mirror this worldview of e-government.
As said above, client take-up has been incorporated as one exceptional subject in the
Survey, which urges governments to consider not just (Janowski, 2015; MAMPU,
2017; UN E-Government Survey, 2016).
THE FOUR STAGES OF ONLINE SERVICE DEVELOPMENT
From UN e-Government 2014 survey, Online Services were categorized into four
stages (Jungtinių Tautų Organizacija, 2014) (Figure 2.2).
Stage 1 Emerging information services

Government sites give data on open approach, administration, laws, directions,
applicable documentation and sorts of taxpayer driven organizations gave. They have
connections to services, divisions and different branches of government. Subjects can
acquire refreshed data in the national government and services and can take after
connections to filed data.
Stage 2 Enhanced information services

Government sites convey upgraded one-way or straightforward two-way e-
correspondence amongst government and native, for example, downloadable
structures for taxpayer driven organizations and applications. The destinations have
sound and video abilities and are multi-lingual. Some restricted e-administrations
empower residents to submit demands for non-electronic structures or individual data.
Stage 3 Transactional services

Government sites participate in two-path correspondence with their nationals,
including demand ing and accepting contributions on government approaches,
programs, controls, and so on. Some type of electronic validation of the subject's
personality is required to effectively total the ex-change. Government sites process
non-money related exchanges, e.g. recording charges on the web or applying for
authentications, licenses and allows. They likewise handle monetary exchanges, i.e.
where cash is exchanged on a protected system.
Stage 4 Connected services

Government sites have changed the way governments speak with their natives. They
are proactive in asking for data and conclusions from the natives utilizing Web 2.0 and
other intelligent devices. E-administrations and e-arrangements cut over the offices
and services in a crease less way, data, information and learning is exchanged from
government offices through incorporated applications. Governments have moved from
79
an administration driven to a resident driven approach, where e-administrations are

focused to natives through life cycle occasions and fragmented gatherings to give
tailor-made administrations. Governments make a situation that engages nationals to
be more required with government exercises to have a voice in basic leadership.
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
A programming language is a formal language, which comprises a set of instructions

that produce various kinds of output. Programming languages are used in computer
programming to implement algorithms. Most programming languages consist of
instructions for computers. A programming language is a vocabulary and set of
grammatical rules for instructing a computer or computing device to perform specific
tasks. The term programming language usually refers to high-level languages, such
as BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, Java, FORTRAN, Ada, and Pascal. Most modern
programming languages are object-oriented, or at least allow this style of
programming. Examples of this are Java, Python, Ruby, C++, C#, R and other C
languages.
R PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
R is a programming language and free software environment for statistical computing

and graphics supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. The R
language is widely used among statisticians and data miners for developing statistical
software and data analysis. As technology improves, the data companies or research
institutions collect has become more and more complex, and R has been adopted by
many as the language of choice to analyse data. R is great for machine learning, data
visualization and analysis, and some areas of scientific computing. Advantages of R
Programming is R an open-source programming language., support for data
wrangling, data wrangling, array of packages, quality plotting and graphing, support
independent platform, machine learning operation and statistics
Assessment tools are techniques used to measure one academic abilities, skills,
and/or fluency in a given subject or to measure one's progress toward academic
proficiency in a specific subject area. Both types of assessments are important;
however, only formal assessments are research, or evidence-based. There are three
types of assessment: diagnostic, formative, and summative.
METHODOLOGY
Adopted simple transformation from excel to csv files in the UN e-government by
ranking the performance of countries for each year of evaluation from 2005 till 2016
(Otniel & Claudiu, 2015).
80
Steps for website evaluation for this research was conducted as below:
I. The 5 countries were identified based on the assessment made by the UN in evaluating
the UN- EGDI.
II. The R codes used is just a simple transformation from excel to csv files for each year
of evaluation from 2005 till 2016.
III. Identified the 5 most significant positive change in their ranking.
By positioning the execution of nations on a relative scale, the examination gives

applicable data to help strategy creators in moulding their e-government programs for
advancement. As a composite pointer, the e-government advancement list (EGDI)
particularly OSI is utilized to gauge the eagerness and limit of national organizations
to utilize data and correspondence advances to convey open administrations (UN E-
Government Survey, 2016). This proportion of the list is valuable for government
authorities, strategy producers, analysts and agents of common society and the
private segment to pick up a more profound comprehension of the similar
benchmarking of the relative position of a nation in using e-government for the
conveyance of comprehensive, responsible and native driven administrations
(MAMPU, 2017; UN E-Government Survey, 2016).
The OSI evaluates national sites and how e-government arrangements and
methodologies are connected when all is said and done in particular divisions for
conveyance of fundamental administrations. The appraisal rates the e-government
execution of nations with respect to each other rather than being an outright estimation
(UN E-Government Survey, 2016). The outcomes are classified and joined with an
arrangement of markers checking a nation's ability to take an interest in the data
society, without which e-government improvement endeavours are of restricted
prompt utilize.
Assessment Tool for eGDS:

Assessment using mobile applications that will provide more data and wider
information for assessing e-government websites and could address the problems
related to the decline in the country’s online services ranking. It concerns four stages
of developing and providing online services stage 1 emerging information services,
stage 2 enhanced information services, stage 3 transactional services and stage 4
connected services (Figure 2). Figure 3 shows the examples of the developed mobile
application interface.
81
Figure 3: The mobile application interface for e-Government Assessment Question
VERIFICATION OF ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR EGDS
In November 2018 the research team and developer of the tool had been invited by
Malaysia Administration Modernization And Planning Unit (MAMPU) ICT consultation
unit to conduct a demonstration and presented to them and 20 other malaysian
ministry webmaster during Digital Government Penang 2018 Conference held at TH
Hotel Bayan Lepas. Key finding had been presented that concensus had been reach
that all government agency must standardise and focus on the four stages of
developing and providing online services stage which is 1 emerging information
services, stage 2 enhanced information services, stage 3 transactional services and
stage 4 connected services in their website when dealing with the Malaysian citizen.
CONCLUSION AND RESULT
In December 2018 the Malaysia Administration Modernization And Planning Unit

(MAMPU) Prime Minister department had use the assessment tool in their worshop
and taken the inputs given by and come out with Online service Index 2019-2020
Action Plan as a plan to be follow up by all the ministry. As of August 2019,
International Telecommunication Union and UNESCO put Malaysia eGDI rank for
2018 had improve to number 48 with no 27 on Online Service Index(OSI) and no 59
in telecommunication infrastructure index. Hopefully by 2020 Malaysia rank will
continue to improve onwards as the action plan is clear in what direction the
stakeholder should be doing and by what time need to be done.
82
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perspectives on BPM. Proceedings - 2013 IEEE International Conference on
Business Informatics, IEEE CBI 2013, 222–227.
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Alter, S. (2013b). Work System Theory : Overview of Core Concepts , Extensions ,

and Challenges for the Future Work System Theory : Overview of Core Concepts
, Extensions , and Challenges for the Future. Journal of the Association for
Information Systems, 14(February), 72. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.10.022
Janowski, T. (2015). Digital government evolution: From transformation to

contextualization. Government Information Quarterly, 32(3), 221–236.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.07.001
Jungtinių Tautų Organizacija. (2014). Annexes. UNITED NATIONS E-

GOVERNMENT SURVEY 2014: E-Government for the Future We Want, 179–
263. Retrieved from http://unpan3.un.org/egovkb
MAMPU, U. P. T. dan P. P. M. (2017). Pelan tindakan transformasi kerajaan

digital :Lonjakan antarabangsa.
UN E-Government Survey. (2016). Performance of PLC in 2015. Amman Stock

Exchange. Retrieved from http://www.ase.com.jo/ar/- ‫خالل‬-‫العامة‬-‫المساهمة‬-‫الشركات‬-‫أداء‬
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UN General Assembly. (2012). The Future we want (Resolution adopted by the

General Assembly on 27 July 2012). United Nations, (January), 53.
http://doi.org/A/RES/66/288*
83
PART V: GOVERNANCE
84
MEASURING GOVERNANCE ASPECT IN PUBLIC SERVICE

DELIVERY SYSTEM IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Rozita Abdul Mutalib

Ahmad Martadha Mohamed
Halimah Abdul Manaf
Zaheruddin Othman
Nur Syakiran Akmal Ismail
Solahuddin Ismail
School of Government, Universiti Utara Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Delivering efficient and effective services has always been the main responsibility of
local government. However, as local governments continuously face variety of
challenges, the services delivered are not always meeting the needs of clients. Thus,
local governments must always strive to improve the quality of service delivery to meet
the demand of the public. This paper, therefore, attempts to explore and measure the
practice of governance aspect in regard to service delivery in local governments in
Perak. Among areas of concern that were investigated are citizen awareness, citizen
involvement, communication and adequacy of infrastructure. This study use
questionnaire surveys and personnel interviews to gather initial information in four
local authorities in Perak. The quantitative findings indicate various responses among
respondents ranging from high to low level of satisfaction. In regard to qualitative
analysis, the findings indicate that the quality of services depend upon the revenues
generated by the local governments. Specifically, local governments that generate
higher revenues are able to deliver quality and better services to their customers.
Consequently, local governments that generate more revenues have a tendency to
get positive feedbacks in regard to quality of service delivery whereas local
governments that generate fewer revenues compared to their expenditures tend to get
negative complaints about the quality of services delivered to the citizens.
Keywords: Local Authorities, service delivery, governance
85
THE 20th CENTURY DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY

IN ALOR SETAR, KEDAH
Mohd Firdaus Bin Abdullah & Arba’iyah Mohd Noor

University of Malaya
ABSTRACT
Alor Setar was the earliest location in Kedah which received the implementation of the
domestic water supply plan by the British beginning in 1909. This initiative was due to
administrative, economic, health, population and other relevant factors. Thus, the
British built several water plants and the projects turned into a water supply module in
other locations in the Kedah state. This paper would like to see the role of the British
in developing the water supply system in Alor Setar from 1909 to 1957. This research
began in 1909 due to the introduction to British advisers in the state of Kedah and
ended in 1957 as the year was the final phase of the British domination in Kedah
before the independence of the Federation of Malaya on August 31, 1957. This
research employed materials and data from the National Archives of Kedah / Perlis,
National Archives of Malaysia, University of Malaya Main Library, the Kedah Public
Library, Tun Sri Lanang Library of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and Kedah Water
Company (SADA). The results of the study found that British advisers in Kedah
successfully abandoned the water supply module in Alor Setar and succeeded in
raising the standard of living of the residents at the stated locations.
Keywords: Alor Setar Kedah, British, Water Supply, Domestic, Development
86
PART VI: COMMUNICATION AND

MEDIA
87
TRAGEDI NATRAH BERDASARKAN THE STRAITS TIMES, 1950
Mohd Firdaus Bin Abdullah, Arba’iyah Mohd Noor & Mohd Shahrul Azha Bin Mohd
Sharif
University of Malaya
ABSTRAK
Peristiwa Natrah sememangnya telah mendapat liputan yang sangat meluas oleh
akhbar The Straits Times di Singapura pada tahun 1950. Berita mengenai asal usul
Natrah, perkahwinan, perbicaraan kes perebutan penjagaan terhadap Natrah dan
surat kiriman pembaca merupakan antara isu utama yang sering dilaporkan oleh The
Straits Times dalam tempoh yang dinyatakan. The Straits Times mempunyai peranan
yang tersendiri dalam hebahan laporan berita kepada dalam kalangan pembaca
mengenai Natrah. Maka dengan itu, makalah ini ingin melihat strategi yang digunakan
oleh The Straits Times dalam melaporkan berita mengenai peristiwa Natrah pada
tahun 1950. Penyelidikan ini bermula dan berakhir pada tahun 1950 ekoran peristiwa
Natrah sememangnya telah mendapat tempat dalam laporan berita oleh The Straits
Times ekoran pelbagai isu telah disajikan setiap hari. Penyelidikan ini menggunakan
bahan-bahan yang diperoleh dari Arkib Negara Malaysia, Perpustakaan Negara
Malaysia, Perpustakaan Utama Universiti Malaya, Perpustakaan Tun Sri Lanang
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia dan lain-lain lagi. Hasil penyelidikan mendapati
sememangnya laporan berita yang dikeluarkan oleh The Straits Times mengenai
Natrah adalah bertujuan untuk melahirkan persepsi yang tersendiri dalam kalangan
pembaca yang terdiri dalam kalangan pro-barat dan telah menyentuhi sensitiviti
agama Islam sehingga mendapat tentangan hebat dalam kalangan masyarakat Islam
di seluruh dunia. Namun begitu, tidak kesemua pembaca akhbar ini menyokong dan
menerima sepenuhnya laporan berita mengenai Natrah dalam tempoh yang
dinyatakan.
Kata Kunci: Natrah, The Straits Times, Akhbar, Tanah Melayu, Singapura, Belanda.
88
PART VII:
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
89
MALAYSIA’S APPROACH TO UN PEACEKEEPING, 1957-PRESENT
Muhammad Afifi Abdul Razak, Rusdi Omar, Kamarul Azman Khamis,

Mohd Ainuddin Lee, Mohd Shukri Shuib
afifirazak@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
As a long time member of the UN, Malaysia has been very supportive to the
organization, its Charter and also its peacekeeping initiative. Since 1960, the country
has been participating actively in numerous UN peacekeeping operations and
contributing thousands of troops to the UN missions worldwide. To this end, Malaysia
has been regarded as among the leading participant and troop contributor to UN
peacekeeping operations. Yet, despite of these remarkable contribution, nothing much
were known about Malaysian peacekeeping activism especially the approaches taken
by the government in responding to the issue. This paper aims to examine and explain
the Malaysia’s approach to UN peacekeeping operations since its early days to the
present time. It argues that the country’s approach to UN peacekeeping consists of
four types, namely, limited participation, limited contribution, active participation and
selective participation. In the coming years, Malaysia is expected to maintain its
support and participation in UN peacekeeping but in a very selective manner, parallel
with its aims to become as an emerging middle power country.
Keywords: Malaysia; United Nations; peacekeeping operations; peacekeeping

approach; middle power.
INTRODUCTION
Peacekeeping has been one of the primary activity of United Nations (UN). For many
years, it helps the organization in its effort to maintain international peace and security.
Since 1948 to the present time, the UN had been organizing more than 71
peacekeeping operations in various configuration in numerous conflicting areas
across the globe. Many UN member states had been participating and contributing
their troops for this cause including Malaysia.
As a UN member, Malaysia has been very supportive to the organization. It supported

the UN Charter especially and participated actively in many UN activities,
notwithstanding the peacekeeping operations. Malaysia’s early history in
peacekeeping began in 1960s through its participation in UN peacekeeping operation
in the Congo, ONUC. Between 1960s to the present time, Malaysia has been
participating in numerous UN peacekeeping operations and contributing thousands of
peacekeepers to UN peacekeeping forces.
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Yet, despite of these remarkable contribution, the topic of Malaysian peacekeeping

had so far remained unexplored. Nothing much were known about the country’s
participation and contribution in UN peacekeeping especially the approaches taken by
the Malaysian government in responding to the issue concern.
This paper aims to examine and explain the Malaysia’s approach to UN peacekeeping
operations since its early days to the present time. Hence, the discussion in this paper
will proceed as follows; to explain the background of UN peacekeeping and UN
member states responses; to explain the connection between Malaysia, the UN and
its peacekeeping initiative; to explain the Malaysia’s approach to UN peacekeeping
based on the era of premiership; and finally to explain background and future prospect
of Malaysian peacekeeping activism under the Pakatan Harapan-led (PH)
government.
UN PEACEKEEPING AND STATES RESPONSES
The term ‘UN peacekeeping’ here refer to a whole range of peacekeeping activities
(multidimensional, multifunctional and complex peace operations) authorized by the
UN which involved not only the military but also the police and the civilian components.
While former UN Secretary-General, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, officially defined ‘UN
peacekeeping’ as follows:
“Peacekeeping is the deployment of a United Nations presence in the

field, hitherto with the consent of all parties concerned, normally
United Nations military and/or police personnel and frequently civilians
as well. Peacekeeping is a technique that expands the possibilities for
both the prevention of conflict and the making of peace.”
(Boutros-Ghali, 1992)
The abovementioned definition of ‘UN peacekeeping’ shows that the UN is currently

engaging in four major activities such as preventive diplomacy, peacemaking,
peacekeeping, and peacebuilding. To certain extent, this definition also includes those
missions sanctioned by the UN and the UNSC, including the ‘Military Operation Other
Than Wat’ (MOOTW) 3 as well as other activities aimed at maintaining global peace
and stability.
3 The US Department of Army’s Joint Doctrine for MOOTW (Pub 3-07) refers MOOTW as a concept that
engages military capabilities across a range of operations that falls short of an outright war. Although the
resemblance of the actions may exist, MOOTW focuses on preventing war, resolve conflicts, promoting peace
and to support civil authorities in relations to an internal crisis. It may involve elements of both combat and non-
combat during peacetime or conflict. MOOTW conducted may be far and varied and would include military
support to the civil authorities in counter-insurgency situation. Peacekeeping operations is one of the MOOTW.
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In this modern era, peacekeeping are undertaken not only by the UN, but also by a
variety of other actors, including the coalitions of willing and able, such as security
alliances (for eg., NATO and OSCE), regional organizations (for eg., EU and AU), sub-
regional organizations (for eg., ECOWAS), and also lead states (for eg., Malaysia,
Australia, France and the USA).
The first UN peacekeeping operations, UNTSO, was launched in 1948 to monitor the
ceasefire agreement between Israel and its Arab neighbours in the wake of the Arab-
Israeli war which broke out in the same year. Between 1948 the 2018, the UN had
launched more than 71 peacekeeping operations in many critical places around the
world. Out of thus number, 14 of the are still in progress.
Figure 1: Global UN Peacekeeping Factsheet (as of 31 October 2019)
Peacekeeping operations since 1948: 71

Current peacekeeping operations: 13
Total number of personnel serving in 13 peacekeeping operations: 97,509
Contingent troops: 71,350
Experts on mission: 1,192
Police: 9,056
Staff officer: 2,071
Civilian personnel: 12,607
UN Volunteers: 1,233
Countries contributing uniformed personnel: 121
Fatalities
Total fatalities in current operations: 1,550
Total fatalities in all peacekeeping since 1948: 3,892
Financial aspects
Approved resources for the period from 1 July 2018 to 30 June 2019: approximately
USD6.69 billion
Source: UN DPKO, 2019.

(https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/data)
For their decisive contribution to the resolution of conflict worldwide, UN peacekeeping

forces were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988. Peacekeeping was then been
institutionalized with the UN with the establishment of the DPKO and DFSO in 1992,
although the UN had already established the Special Committee on Peacekeeping
Operations wayback in 1965.
UN peacekeeping traditionaly relied on a handful of countries (for eg. Medium-sized

developed countries – Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, New
Zealand, Norway and Sweden; larger developing countries – India and Pakistan;
smaller developing countries – Fiji, Ghana, Nepal and Senegal) to provide the bulk of
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the personnel required. However, beginning with the deployment of UN peacekeeping

operation in Namibia in 1989, UNTAG, there has been an enormous increase in the
number of countries involved in UN peacekeeping. In 1988, before UNTAG, only 26
countries were involved. But by November 1994 there were 76 altogether (Findlay,
1996: 2).
Towards the end of Cold War era, many UN peacekeeping operations, espacially
those consisted of small ceasefire monitoring operations, were dominated by
contingents from Europe. As peacekeeping operations surged at the end of the Cold
War era, member-states from the Western Europe amd Others Group (WEOG) were
still active but others were drawn in to fill the ranks of these new missions in the former
Yugoslavia, Sierra Leone, Cambodia, and East Timor.
But in the second wave of peacekeeping that started from 2005, participation from
troop contributing countries such as the WEOG, which includes Australia, Canada and
New Zealand, dropped off as missions shifted to Africa and contributors came from
either the continent itself or a few key Asian countries, such as Bangladesh, India,
Nepal and Pakistan. A year later, there were no longer any WEOG countries in the
top-20 contributors to UN peacekeeping.
Meanwhile, there are more interesting scenario to be seen with regards to states
response to UN peacekeeping, that is, the growing interest in peacekeeping among
countries of ASEAN. To date, despite of their diversity, ASEAN countries have
contributed to peacekeeping operations which include military troops and observers,
police personnel, experts on mission, and staff officers. As of March 2018, the number
of personnel deployed by ASEAN countries to UN peacekeeping account up to 4,419
personnel. In this regard, Indonesia, Malaysia and Cambodia are the largest troop
contributors among ASEAN countries (Kevin Iskandar Putra, 2018).
MALAYSIA, THE UN AND PEACEKEEPING
Malaysia has a very long history with the UN and peacekeeping. Upon achieving
independence from Britain in 1957, the country became a member of the UN. Since
then, it has consistently upheld three pillars of the organization namely, peace and
security, human rights, and development. Apart from fulfilling the international
commitments and responsibilities under the UN framework, Malaysia had also
participated in UN peacekeeping operations.
The country’s peaceful transition to independence in 1957 has instilled in it the

conviction in conducting conflict resolution through peaceful means. In fact, Malaysia’s
commitment to peacekeeping is premised on its own trust in collective security
arrangement and the principle of peaceful settlement of disputes (Ibrahim, 2016). In
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this regard, Malaysia has and will continue to support and actively participate in UN
peacekeeping. Furthermore, the decision to do so is in line with the country’s foreign
and defence policies and always been highlighted continuosly by Malaysia at the UN
level (For details on history and development of Malaysia in UN peacekeeping, see,
for example, Tan Siew Soo, 1989; Johari Ramzan Ahmad, 2001, 2003; Jastwan Singh
Sidhu, 1996; Naharuddin Shaari, 2006; Muhammad Afifi Abdul razak & Rusdi Omar,
2014).
Malaysia’s early involvement in UN peacekeeping began in 1960 when it deployed

3,500 of its troops, known as the Malayan Special Forces (MSF), to UN peacekeeping
operation in the Congo, ONUC, in African region (Soo, 1989). It was a part of its foreign
policy strategies to be recognized as a newly independent country and also to be
aligned with Western powers.
Furthermore, its foreign policy also centered on the idea to promote peace and stability
in the region through capacity building and conflict resolution measures which matches
well with its apparent active role in peacekeeping. And so as its national defence policy
which incorporated the concept of ‘Military Operation Other Than War’ (MOOTW)
aside from its traditional combat-ready role. The MOOTW concentrates on three major
activities such as local civil-military relations, humanitarian assistance and disaster
relief, and peacekeeping (Kamarulnizam Abdullah, 2014: 152-153).
Figure 2: Malaysian peacekeeping activism under the UN and non-UN command
Source: UN DPKO 2019; SIPRI 2019; MPTC 2019.
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Hence, since 1988, it can be observed that Malaysia has actively sent its
peacekeeping forces either as peacekeepers or observers to conflict areas in Europe,
Africa, Central Asia and Southeast Asia. Malaysia has also sent a small contingent of
observers to various conflict areas such as Liberia and Timor Leste (See Figure 2).
UN mission in Lebanon under UNIFIL is Malaysia’s largest troop contribution. A total

number of 850 military personnel including 38 women have been deployed there. The
Malaysian Battalion (MALBATT) is currently the most dominant force in Lebanese
Sector West of UNIFIL Area of Responsibilities. Their presence there is very important
to ensure the success of UN Resolution of 1701 – to cease hostilities between the
government of Lebanon and Israel Defence Forces (UN News, 21 March 2019).
At the same time, Malaysia has also been involved in peace support operations PSO)
under the auspices of NATO such as IFOR (1995-1996) and SFOR (1996-1997) in
Bosnia Herzegovina; KFOR in Kosovo, and deployed Malaysian Medical Team
MALMEDTIM to missions in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Western Sahara. Malaysia’s other
non-UN missions also include the IMT in Mindanano Island in the Southern Philippines
where it acted as a peace mediator (Kamarulnizam Abdullah, 2014: 157).
Malaysia’s participation in UN peacekeeping brings indirect benefits to the country.

Firstly, it helps to enhance the good image of Malaysia at the global level and
promoting Malaysia as a country that cares for peace beside making the country
respected by the global community. Secondly, it helps economically by attracting
foreign investors to Malaysia and also opened up business opportunities for Malaysian
companies to invest abroad in the host countries. And finally, it benefited the military
where they can gain a lot of expertise through training with foreign troops, learning
new war techniques, and exposed themselves to various doctrines and procedures of
war, which in turn help towards raising their level of professionalism (Utusan Malaysia,
March 2014).
MALAYSIA’S APPROACH TO UN PEACEKEEPING
Malaysia’s approach to UN peacekeeping since its early years to the present time can
be divided into four types of approaches, namely, limited participation, limited
cooperation, active participation, and selective participation. The details of these
approaches are as follows:
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i-Limited Participation
Limited participation approach means to participate in UN peacekeeping affairs, the

field operation, by playing a limited peacekeeping role due to its limitation and
constraints that it has during that particular time. It mostly visible during the early era
of Malaysian independence in 1957 under the leadership of the first prime minister,
Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra al-Haj (1957-1970). The era oversaw the following events
involving Malaysia:
• Becoming the 82nd member state of the UN in 17 September 1957.
• Participated actively in UN activities; using UN General Assembly (UNGA) and
forums as a platform to promote its foreign policy and national interest abroad
and also to strengthen its bilateral relations with the UN in particular and also
with other member states in general.
• Participated for the first time ever in UN peacekeeping operation in the Congo,
ONUC (1960-1964), in African region. Malaysia deployed more than 3,000
peacekeepers known as the ‘Malayan Special Forces’ (MSF) to serve as
military observer in the UN peacekeeping force in that African country (See
Figure 3).
Figure 3: Malaysia’s participation and contribution in UN peacekeeping operation in

the Congo (ONUC), 1960-1964
• Contributed approximately 3,000 military troops drawn from two of the finest units in
the Federation Army, namely, the 4 th Battalion, the Royal Malay Regiment (4 Royal
Malay), ‘C’ Squadron, 2 nd Reconnaissance Regiment (now 2 Armour), ‘D’ Company
and the ‘HQ’ Company.
• Appointed as a member of the UN Advisory Committee on Congo
• Contributed financially to UN peacekeeping as a collective paper
• Buying UN Peace Bonds worth USD340,000 to help financed the UN peacekeeping
operations
Source: Tan Siew Soo, The Malayan Special Forces in the Heart of Africa, 1989: 11;
Mohd Nor Harun, ‘Komitmen Malaysia terhadap PBB’, 2006: 1-24.
• Elected for the first time as the non-permanent member of the UN Security
Council (UNSC) in 1965, joined seated with Czechoslovakia.
• Participated as a troop contributor in the Special Committee on Peacekeeping
Operations of the UN (C34) which formed in 18 February 1965.
ii-Limited Cooperation
Limited cooperation approach means to limit Malaysia’s participation in the UN

peacekeeping affairs by focusing only on political and diplomatic contribution at the
UN level and not to engage in any UN field operations elsewhere. It mostly visible
during the era of second and third Malaysian prime ministers, Tun Abdul Razak (1970-
96
1976) and Tun Hussein Onn (1976-1981), and to certain extent, in the early era of
Malaysia’s fourth prime minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad (1981-1988). The
decision to adopt this approach is due to several critical problems (domestic –
confrontation with Indonesia 1963-1965 and problems and nation-building; and
regional – the fall of South Vietnam to Communism in 1975) faced by the country
throughout the period which required the militaries to be standby in the country
(Muhammad Afifi Abdul Razak & Rusdi Omar, 2014: 193).
Nevertheless, despite of this approach, Malaysia did maintained its support and
participated actively at the UN level including the UNGA and the UN C34 committee.
Despite of several peacekeeping operations been organized by the UN worldwide
between 1964 and 1988 – for example, UNFICYP (Cyprus), DOMREP (Dominican
Republic), UNIPOM (India/Pakistan), UNEF II (Middle East), UNDOF (Syria),
UNGOMAP (Afghanistan/Pakistan), Malaysia did not participate in any of those
missions (Ibid.).
iii-Active Participation
Active participation approach means that Malaysia to participate actively in UN

peacekeeping affairs by participating politically and diplomatically at the UN level and
at the same time to deploy Malaysian peacekeepers comprises of the military troops,
police personnel and civilian staff to all UN peacekeeping operations worldwide
especially those missions which supports its national interests. It mostly visible in the
second half of Malaysia’s fourth prime minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, that is, in
the early 1988 and onwards.
Figure 4: Malaysian participation in UN and non-UN peacekeeping operations in the

Mahathir era, 1981-2003.
UN Missions Non-UN Missions Military Operation Other

Than
War (MOOTW)
Peacekeeping Mission: NATO: NATO:
UNIIMOG, Iran/Iraq IFOR, Bosnia Operation Enduring Freedom,

UNTAG, Namibia SFOR, Kosovo Horn of Africa
MINURSO, Western Sahara KFOR, Kosovo
UNAVEM II, Angola ISAF, Afghanistan
UNAMIC, Cambodia
ONUMOZ, Mozambique Australia:
UNPROFOR, Bosnia
UNOSOM II, Somalia INTERFET, Timor Leste
UNOMIL, Liberia
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UNASOG, Aouzou strip/Chad

UNMOT, Tajikistan
UNAVEM III, Angola
UNMBIH, Bosnia
MONUA, Angola
UNOMSIL, Sierra Leone
UNMIK, Kosovo
UNAMSIL, Sierra Leone
UNTAET, Timor Leste
MONUC, DR Congo
UNMEE, Ethiopia/Eritrea
UNMISET, Timor Leste
UNMIL, Liberia
Special Political Mission:
UNOSGI, Iraq
UNMLOY, Bosnia
UNMLT, Cambodia
UNSMA, Afghanistan
UNOL, Liberia
UNAMET, Timor Leste
In the early era of Tun Mahathir’s administration, Malaysia still holds on to the old
peacekeeping approach, the limited participation and limited cooperation. In the early
1988, the old peacekeeping approach, the limited participation and limited
cooperation, undergone a significant change into active participation. This changes of
Malaysian peacekeeping approach led to the following events:
• Malaysia became an active member state in the UN; participated actively in
numerous UN activities and forums.
• Participate actively in numerous UN and non-UN peacekeeping operations
worldwide except in the American region (See Figure 4).
• Engaging in numerous peacekeeping related acivities with other troop
contributing states.
• Elected twice as the non-permanent of the UNSC, namely, 1989-1990 and
1999-2000.
• Maintain its participation in the UN C34 committee.
• Began to institutionalize its peacekeeping activities with the establishment of
the Malaysian Peacekeeping Training Centre (MPTC) in Port Dickson, Negeri
Sembilan, in 1996.
iv-Selective Participation
Finally, the selective participation approach means that Malaysia to be selective in the
decision to participate and contribute troops to UN peacekeeping operations. It mostly
98
visible in the era of Malaysia’s fifth and sixth prime ministers, Tun Abdullah Badawi
(2003-2009) and Datuk Seri Najib Razak (2009-2018). The era oversaw the critical
decreased of Malaysia’s participation and contribution in UN peacekeeping compared
to the previous era.
Yet, despite of this scenario, Malaysia maintains its support to the UN and also its
peacekeeping initiative. Malaysia’s peacekeeping approach throughout the period are
said to have been influence by the aims to become an emerging middle power country.
Hence, Malaysia took a bold step by adjusting its participation and contribution in UN
peacekeeping based on the selective approach which are was built on the basis of the
middle power perspective.
This term of ‘middle power’ is defined by Jordaan (2003) as “states that are neither
great nor small in terms of international power, capacity and influence, and
demonstrate a propensity to promote cohesion and stability in the world system.” In
the case of UN peacekeeping, middle power tend to be influential players, both in the
UN organization and also in regional contexts.
Selective approach is defined here as those peacekeeping operations suited for

Malaysia. In particuar, it refers to two things, (i) the participation in selected
peacekeeping operations by the Malaysian peacekeepers and (ii) the performance of
selected peacekeeping functions and roles by the Malaysia peacekeepers in the UN
peacekeeping operations where the major UN peacekeeping principles such as
impartiality; consent; and the non-use of force in self defence are fully observed. In
addition, it also has a niche areas (comparative advantage) to be observed in order to
maximized returns and to make a difference with its participation in peacekeeping.
Hence, between 2004 and 2018, the following events occurred:
• Malaysia continues to become an active member of the UN and strongly
support its peacekeeping initiative.
• Participate actively in UN and non-UN peacekeeping operations (See Figure
5).
• Engaging in numerous peacekeeping related activities with other troop
contributing states.
• Elected for the fourth time as non-permanent member of the UNSC, 2015-2016.
• Participate in the UN Peacekeeping Summit in New York in 2016 and pledged
to increase its troop participation in UN peacekeeping forces.
• In its capacity as a Chairman of ASEAN for 2015/2016 session, proposed to
establish ASEAN Militaries Ready Group on Humanitarian Assistance and
Disaster Relief (HADR).
• Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) collaborate with the UN DPKO and Japan to
jointly organize a course on ‘UN Protection of Civlians-Training of Trainers’ at
the MPTC in April 2016.
99
Figure 5: Malaysia’s participation in UN and non-UN peacekeeping operations in the

post-Mahathir era, 2004-present.
UN Missions Non-UN Missions Military Operation Other

Than
War (MOOTW)
Peacekeeping Mission: NATO: NATO:
MINURSO, Western Sahara KFOR, Kosovo Operation Enduring Freedom,

MONUSCO, DR Congo ISAF, Afghanistan Horn of Africa
UNAMID, Darfur region, Sudan ISF, Timor Leste Operation Ocean Shield, Indian
UNIFIL, Lebanon Ocean
UNISFA, Abyei region, Sudan Commonwealth:
UNMIL, Liberia Saudi Arabia:
UNMISS, South Sudan CPDTF, Sierra Leone
UNMIK, Kosovo Exercise North Thunder
UNAMSIL, Sierra Leone EU:
MONUC, DR Congo
UNMEE, Ethiopia/Eritrea AMM, Acheh, Indonesia
UNMIS, Sudan
UNMIT, Timor Leste Malaysia/OIC:
Special Political Mission: IMT, Southern Philippine
UNAMA, Afghanistan
UNAMI, Iraq
UNOTIL, Timor Leste
UNIOSIL, Sierra Leone
UNMIN, Nepal
UNMHA, Yemen
Sources: UN DPKO 2019; SIPRI 2019; MPTC 2019.
MALAYSIAN PEACEKEEPING ACTIVISM UNDER PAKATAN HARAPAN
The changing of government in Malaysia which occurred following the country’s

general election in May 2018 had no effect to its relation with the UN and also its
participation and contribution in peacekeeping operations. Throughout this era,
Malaysian peacekeepers were deployed to UN peacekeeping operations in six
different countries across the globe, namely, Western Sahara (MINURSO), DR Congo
(MONUSCO), Sudan (UNAMID and UNISFA), Lebanon (UNIFIL), South Sudan
(UNMISS), and Yemen (UNMHA). As of 30 September 2019, there are about 837
Malaysian peacekeepers been deployed overseas (See Figure 6).
UNMHA in Yemen is Malaysia’s latest peacekeeping contribution. Following the

Stockholm Agreement, reached in Sweden on 13 December 2018, between the
Government of Yemen and the Houthis under the auspices of the Special Envoy of
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the Secretary-General for Yemen, the UNSC in its resolution 2451 (2018) authorized
the establishment and deployment, for an initial period of 30 days, of an advance team
to begin monitoring and to support the immediate implementation of the ceasefire and
redeployment of forces from the city of Hudaydah and the ports of Hudaydah, Saleef
and Ras Isa. Malaysia is currently a part of the team.
Next year of 2020, Malaysia will be celebrating its 60 th anniversary of its participation
in UN peacekeeping. Looking on to the current development of Malaysia especially
with regards to this issue, it is believe that the future for Malaysian peacekeeping
activism in years to come will be very bright. The country’s new foreign policy
framework under the PH-led government for example has placed peacekeeping as
one of its primary elements as follows:
“As a member of the UN, Malaysia is fully committed to multilateralism

in advancing global peace, security and prosperity. Malaysia’s record
in peacekeeping operations under the UN is a testimony of its
dedication in carrying out the mandate of the international community
in advancing global peace and security. At the UN and other
international fora, Malaysia will continue to actively participate in the
deliberations and efforts toward finding solutions to various global
issues. Malaysia will continue with the principles of engagement and
cooperation rather than isolationism and unilateral action.”
(Ministry of Foreign Affairs Malaysia, 2019)
Figure 6: Malaysia’s current participation in UN peacekeeping operations under

Pakatan Harapan-led government as of September 2019.
UN Missions Location Types and Number Total Number of

of Troops Troops
Contribution Contribution
MINURSO Western Sahara Experts on mission 10

(10)
MONUSCO DR Congo Experts on mission 6

(4)
Staff officer (2)
UNAMID Darfur region, Experts on mission 5

Sudan (1)
Individual police (2)
Staff officer (2)
UNIFIL Lebanon Contingent troops 813

(805)
Staff officer (8)
101
UNISFA Abyei region, Experts on mission 2

Sudan (1)
Staff officer (1)
UNMHA Yemen Experts on mission 1

(1)
Total = 837
In addition, Malaysia’s national defence policy has placed peacekeeping under the UN
as a part of its fundamental principles of defence. Under the notion ‘Supporting the
United Nations efforts towards Global Peace’, it stated as follows:
“Malaysia fully supports the effort of the UN and the international

community to preserve universal peace and security. Malaysia has
adopted a proactive approach in addressing global issues in line with
its foreign policy. Malaysia’s involvement under the UN’s banners
started in 1960 in Congo. Now Malaysia is actively involved in UN
Peacekeeping operations as Military Observers, Battalion Group,
Headquarters Staff Group and UN Technical. MAF’s involvement in
UN missions is not restricted to peacekeeping only but also peace
enforcement and humanitarian assistance duties. Malaysia is a party
to the UN Standby Arrangements 1996 and as stipulated in the
arrangement, party shall have an infantry battalion on standby for
deployment under the UN if necessary. Up to now more than 25,000
MAF members have been involved in UN operations.”
(Malaysia National Defence Policy, 2019)
CONCLUSION
UN peacekeeping will continue to be one of the organization’s primary political tool in

managing global conflict. It also provides an opportunity for member-states to
participate in an effort to maintain international peace and security and also to play
their respective role in global affairs.
As a UN member, Malaysia has expressed its un-ending support to the UN and its
peacekeeping initiative. In fact, the country has placed peacekeeping as one of the
important element in its new foreign policy framework. In the meantime, Malaysia also
realized the importance of UN peacekeeping as a primary mechanism in conflict
resolution. Hence, the country has been engaging in many effort in order to maintain
peacekeeping as a part of the country’s foreign policy and defence priority. At the UN
Leader’s Summit on Peacekeeping 2015, Malaysian government under Barisan
Nasional had pledged to contribute infantry battalion, engineering company, 2 formed
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police units, 100 individual police officers, training at the MPTC (Providing for
Peacekeepers, 2019).
Numerous peacekeeping adjustment that the country has been doing so far since
1960s to the present time is meant to keep its performance parallel with the global
peacekeeping development. One of the niche area that Malaysia can improve in the
near future is to take a proactive role in facilitating peacebuilding or post-conflict
building in peacekeeping missions, using its experience in KESBAN (Security and
Development Programme) which is in line with the UN’s DDR concept (Disarmament,
Demobilization and Reintegration) (Nordin Yusof 1981; Ramli Haji Nik 2016).
In addition, Malaysia also may consider to engage in a more technical area of UN

peacekeeping such as ‘smart peacekeeping’. Singapore, for example, inked an
agreement with the UN to jointly develop an information management tool for UN
peacekeeping effort, the GIS (Geographic Information System) (Tan, Straitstimes:
2015).
In the coming years, Malaysia is expected to maintain its support and participation in
UN peacekeeping but in a very selective manner. This effort is parallel with its aims to
become as an emerging middle power country in the near future.
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Sejarah Malaysia Kedua, Jilid II, Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia,
1991, 403-415.
Soo, T.S., The Malayan Special Forces in the Heart of Africa. Pelanduk Publications:
Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 1989.
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Stockholm, Sweden,

2019.
104
Tan, A., ‘Singapore partnering the UN to develop tool for peacekeeping efforts,’
Straits Times, 11 December 2015.
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tool-for-peacekeeping-efforts)
United Nations, Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), 2019.

(http://www.un.org)
United Nations News, ‘Service and sacrifice: Malaysian peacekeepers in Lebanon

proud to serve their homeland and the United Nations,’ 21 March 2019.
(https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/03/1035131)
Utusan Malaysia, ‘Misi pengaman PBB beri imej positif kepada negara,’ March 2014.
US Department of Army, Joint Doctrine for Military Operation Other Than War
(MOOTW), Joint Pub 3-07, 16 June 1995.
105
ROYAL THAI CONSULATE GENERAL IN PENANG:

ROLES AND FUNCTIONS IN MANAGING BILATERAL RELATIONS
MALAYSIA-THAILAND
Misrinah Misban
Institute for Malaysian Political Analysis (MAPAN)
misrinah@uum.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Malaysia and Thailand has long history of relationship. It has started earlier than Anglo-
Siamese treaty. The present Malaysia-Thailand boundary was drawn in 1909. In present
time, under the administration of both countries Malaysia’s Prime Minister, Tun Mahathir
Mohamad and Thai Prime Minister’s General Prayut Chan-o-Cha, Kuala Lumpur and
Bangkok strengthen its bilateral relations to the highest level. Generally, Thailand
diplomatic mission priority is to enhance relations with neighboring countries including
Malaysia. Thailand and Malaysia suggested to work together to build stability and security
in its border areas especially southern border provinces. Border connectivity is important
to maintaining peace between two countries. Besides that, enhance and strengthen
economic cooperation and development are the main mission of Royal Thai Embassy.
Meanwhile, foster stronger partnership under the ASEAN framework is the methods of
the bilateral relations have been practicing by Bangkok and Kuala Lumpur. Thus, the
establishment Embassy of Thailand in Kuala Lumpur and two others Thailand’s General
Consulate in Penang, Pulau Pinang and Kota Bharu, Kelantan helping and maintaining
Malaysia-Thailand relationship in order to achieves both country’s national interest. This
paper is focus on the key roles play by Royal Thai Consulate General of in Penang in
managing bilateral relations between Malaysia and Thailand. Jurisdiction area of Royal
Thai Consulate-General in Penang including six states in Northern Peninsular Malaysia,
ie: Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan, Terengganu, Perak and Penang. Thailand international
contribution towards Malaysia and the improvement of benefits for Thai people are major
roles of Royal Thai General Consulate in Penang. In the cultural perspective, Thailand
custom is considered as significant in northern area of Peninsular Malaysia. There are
many Thai people who live in Malaysia Northern Region. Moreover, in the context of
economy, Thai people benefited the prosperity of Malaysia economic growth. Royal Thai
Consulate General in Penang has been helping maintaining Bangkok-Kuala Lumpur
bilateral relations.
Keywords: Royal Thai Consulate General, Thais, Bilateral Relations, Border, International
Relations
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INTRODUCTION
History of Malaya and Thai Kingdom
Malaysia and Thailand have long history of relationship. It has started earlier than Anglo-
Siamese treaty. The present Malaysia-Thailand boundary was drawn in 1909. In present
time, under the administration of both countries Malaysia’s Prime Minister, Tun Mahathir
Mohamad and Thai Prime Minister’s General Prayut Chan-o-Cha, Kuala Lumpur and
Bangkok strengthen its bilateral relations to the highest level. Generally, Thailand
diplomatic mission priority is to enhance relations with neighboring countries including
Malaysia.
History of Malaya and Thailand has started way back during the time British was
colonizing Malay Land. Early drawings of Penang Island were found in two Siamese maps
dated in 1810. Penang it could possibly give better defenses against Burmese threats.
During Siamese invasion in Kedah in 1821, the Sultan of Kedah has sought refuge in
Penang, Prai and Balik Pulau. British has signed the Burney Treaty with Siam in 1826 to
acknowledge Siam’s power over Kedah and other northern parts of Malay Land which
included Penang as well.
Since nineteenth century, Penang became an important gateway for Chinese migration
to the northern straits of Malacca. Many of Penang-based Chinese clans and families
provided the capital labour and entrepreneurship skills that benefit the Siamese
government, specifically the southern part of Siam. As a result, the early town centres of
Phuket, Trang, and Ranong, with their rows of shophouses, were largely developed by
Chinese traders and miners and bear great resemblance to the streetscapes of George
Town
History of Royal Thai Consulate in Penang
There are three (3) Thailand’s representatives in Malaysia. There are Royal Thai
Embassy in Kuala Lumpur, Royal Thai Consulate in Penang, Pulau Pinang and Kota
Bharu, Kelantan. These three offices are responsible to serve the Thai people who live
in Malaysia. Malaysia also has two representatives in Thailand. These representatives
including an embassy in Bangkok and a consulate general in Songkhla. The Thai
consulate general is one of 185 foreign representations in Malaysia and one of 20 foreign
representations in Penang. The Thai consulate general in Penang is one of 202 Thai
diplomatic and consular representations abroad
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Penang and Thailand Brief History
The four northern States of Malaysia i.e: Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu were
belonged to Siam until 1909. Thus, there were many royal visits to Penang during 1900s.
For example, King Chulalongkorn himself has visited a few of times and four other Kings
also made similar visits to both region, ie Penang Island and Siam. The most significant
was the State Visit in 1962 – the first such visit after Malaysia was formed. The Malaysian
Agongs also visited Thailand seven times, the first visit being in 1964. The administration
of the four northern States was under Siam up to 1909 and from 1943-44. During 1943
until 1944, the heads of Malaya coordinated with Bangkok and there was mutual
recognition of sovereignty and non-interference in internal affairs.
ROLE AND FUNCTIONS OF ROYAL THAI CONSULATE IN PENANG
Consular Services
The main services offer by the Royal Thai Consulate is to be safeguarded and preserve
rights of Thai citizen in the Northern region of Malaysia. Providing assistance to Thai
citizen who need helps also its priority. A Thai citizen may seek assistance from the Thai
Embassy or Consulate-General directly or through his or her close relatives while abroad,
faced with difficulties and unable to support himself or herself in particular in cases of
serious illness, serious living conditions or unable to return to Thailand.
Besides that, Royal Thai Consulate General in Penang held responsible in promotion and
protection of Thai workers in foreign land, i.e; Malaysia. In addition, that office providing
information and detailed research on labor market, government policy and patterns,
opportunities and demand related to the promotion of Thai workers abroad. In the context
of jobs opportunities, Royal Thai Consulate may provide protection of the rights and
interests of Thai workers when working abroad in compliance with local labor laws,
salaries and agreements with their employers.
There are other consular services that offer by Royal Thai Consulate in Penang, for
instance assisting Thai employees who have been cheated by fraudulent employment
agencies and left stranded abroad by ensuring their safe return home. Providing
assistance to Thai fishing or commercial vessels as well as their crews outside of Thailand
also one of the Royal Thai obligation to ensure the safety of its citizen who working at
foreign lands. The aid will generally involve situations in which Thai fishing vessels were
seized and their crews arrested or detained. The Embassy and Consulate General will
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cooperate with the international authorities concerned in order to ensure that Thai
fishermen are well and reasonably handled as well as their safe return to Thailand.
Assisting Thai women who are victim of illegal trafficking is one of the tasks of the consular
to give help. The Thai embassy and Consulate General will coordinate with local
authorities to help Thai women who have been lured into prostitution or other illegal work
and to ensure that they can return to Thailand quickly. Thai Embassy and Consulates
General shall also coordinate with local police authorities in the suppression of rings of
illegal traffickers.
Small office in Penang also has obligations to provide assistance in case of major natural
disaster, political turmoil or war. Embassy and Consulates General of Royal Thai must
draw up and revised the emergency and evacuation plan, which will be used to support
Thai nationals in each country in the event of political or natural emergencies. Full support
will be provided by the Thai Government to the Embassy and Consulates General for the
implementation of the program.
Other than that, roles of consular services are including cases that need assistance as if
Thai citizen arrested, put on trial or imprisoned, Case involving death of Thai citizen and
checking on living condition of a Thai National who lost contact with his or her family.
Malaysia-Thailand Bilateral Relations
Politics
Both Malaysia and Thailand are active members of ASEAN otherwise known as
Association of South East Asian Nations. They both relish diplomatic relations and have
strong bilateral ties in terms of investments and trade, security concerns, education and
TVET education, sports and youth development, tourism industry, connectivity and social-
economic developments in the areas where the two states border each other.
Based on the words of the Honarable Mr. Raschada Jiwailai, Malaysia is Thailand’s
number one trade partner. Both countries have agreed to enhance bilateral trade. They
have decided to conduct Joint Trade Committee meeting regularly at certain intervals. In
terms of that future investments to improve this would be the additional number of lanes
for shipping trucks near the border of Malaysia and Thailand to encourage further trade
relations between the two states.
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Economics
His Excellency Mr. Raschada also stated that Malaysia and Thailand would be putting
more emphasis on the tourism industry by exploiting the niche market of street food
tourism. Both countries are famously renowned for their booming night life of street food
markets which had attracted a lot of tourist from all over the world. Thailand does not take
Malaysia as a competitor in this issue but rather as an ally as both countries can profit
more if they cooperate by providing more options and attractions for tourist to come visit
the two countries.
Education
In terms of education however, Thailand seem to have slagged behind Malaysia in recent
years. Qualifications from undergraduate scholars are not given the priority over face
value as stated by the Consul General. Thailand in general is a faced based society,
whether you make it in Thailand has to do a lot with how an individual look. This however
is set to change as Thailand had opted to mirror Malaysia in terms of employment and
how society perceives an individual.
Thailand education has improved a lot these years. Thai government takes an important
initiative to improve education sector. Thailand is facing some problems in education
sector, for example Thailand birth rate is low. Thus, Thailand concern that even though
Thailand have many universities, but may lesser Thai students enrol in the universities.
Thus, Thailand welcomes foreign students to study in Thailand. Next, the government
realized that what we learned in universities is not relevant anymore when we enter the
job industry. So, Thailand Ministry of Education decided to emphasize the importance of
vocational school as skill is the most important aspect. Still, knowledge cannot be
neglected. I think that is what Thai government action in facing our current situation.
FUTURE PROSPECT OF MALAYSIA-THAILAND RELATIONS
The two Southeast Asian countries, Malaysia and Thailand are famous with sharing land
and maritime boundaries, have good defense relationship that developed through times.
Both countries have build a range of interactions on the defense side of ties, such as
exchange, exercises and joint patrol. These kinds of actions will result as closer relation
between both countries and manage to combat major issues such as drug trafficking,
people smuggling and deforestation.
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For decades, close defense and diplomatic relations were celebrated by Malaysia and
Thailand. The condition of the relations depends on the particular administration of both
country at any given time, but most of the time the tie of this both country are healthy and
rarely rise any issue. Speaking of trade, Malaysia’s National Bank which is Bank Negara
Malaysia (BNM) and Thailand’s National Bank which is Bank of Thailand (BOT) agrees
to promote greater use of their currencies to settle trade between them. On the first half
of 2018, the bilateral trade grew rapidly by 20%. The trade activities have been growing
steadily, increasing by some 8% from 2017 and 2016. Total trade record made was RM
98.69 billion.
CONCLUSION
Though not as culturally diverse as other Southeast Asian countries, such as Myanmar,
Laos, or Indonesia, Thailand has, nevertheless, considerable ethnic diversity. Thailand is
generally well-assimilated. Thailand believes that is better to propose a new idea that will
benefit both countries Thailand and Malaysia in various ways and avoid any potential
conflict especial border conflict. As Thailand is not a big country, not as powerful as China
and Russia, ambassadors in Royal Thai Consulate General office always take good
relationship with Malaysia. Therefore, it is important for Thailand to implement and
maintaining good relationship with all countries all over the world. That is very important
to have a good relation with neighboring country to protect national interests in the aspect
of economy, politics and social. Royal Thai Consulate General work hardest to protect
Thai citizen in northern region of Peninsular Malaysia. In general, no big issues related to
Malaysia and Thailand that could bring these two countries in dispute.
REFERENCES
Interview with Ambassador Mr. Rachada Jiwalai, Consul-General of Thailand on 14

November 2019 at his office (Royal Thai Consulate General, in Penang)
Interview with deputy consul general Mr. Vuthiroth Ratanasingh
http://www.thaiembassy.org/main/
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OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0 AND MARITIME

CYBERSECURITY THREATS
Nik Nor Suhaida Ali

School of International Studies
niksuhaida@uum.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Technologies are emerging and affecting our lives in terms of digitalization and global
connectivity in the Era of Fourth Industrial Revolution. This paper aims to highlights the
global threats of maritime cyber-attacks towards maritime industry. The reliance of
maritime industry to the world of digitization, automation and internet of things (IoT) has
exposed the industry in vulnerabilities and risks. Thus, the paper explores the threats and
vulnerabilities of maritime cyber-attacks. This study employs case-based analysis and the
findings put an emphasis of awareness of the emerging new threats to maritime industry,
which is significant to Malaysia as one of trading nations.
Keywords: Industrial Revolution 4.0, cyber-attacks, maritime industry, maritime security
INTRODUCTION
Industrial Revolution 4.0 is a buzzword. It is revolutionized industry from the third

Industrial Revolution of automated production to digital world. The world’s today is
connected by velocity, scope and system that is affect the entire system of production,
management and governance. The digital revolution, hence, potentially increases global
income levels and improve quality of life for the populations.
One of the important aspects of IR 4.0 is the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT is described as
anything that is connected to the internet, sensors and networks. The use of IoT is almost
endless, especially in business. The connectivity in business has reached 14.2 billion in
2019 and will estimate 25 billion by 2021 (Jordan, 2019). In fact, the IoT has boost the
efficiency, improve user’s experience and even saving life. However, the proliferation of
the dependency of internet-connected devices has posed to the risk and dangers not only
to individuals but to business and government industries.
112
Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to give an overview of threats of IR 4.0 towards
maritime industry. This paper, then, explore the maritime cyber-attacks through several
cases of maritime attacks and further discuss on the prospects of maritime cyber-attacks
towards maritime industry in Malaysia.
MARITIME INDUSTRY AND THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
There is no definite definition of maritime industry, but it is an industry related to maritime

trade, that are port and shipping industries. The global maritime trade in 2018 reached
about 11 billion tons of trade volumes or over 80% of global trade volume (UNCTAD,
2019). It made that the maritime industry is one of key global economy.
Today’s maritime industry has gone beyond the mechanized and automated production.
The IR 4.0 has driven the industry into connectivity, internet of things (IoT) and big data
that improves efficiency in maritime operations. This made that the maritime industry is
highly dependent on computerized systems and information and communication
technology. Similar to other industries, maritime industry also faces the same risks of
cyberattacks, such as hacking, malware, phishing, trojan horses, viruses, worms, denial
of service and etc (UNCTAD, 2017).
According to UNCTAD (2017) the maritime cyberattacks can have major repercussion to
the port operations and ship navigation system which are highly rely on computer network
system and global positioning system. In fact, the small cyberattack such as malware can
cause business losses of millions of dollars (Belmont, 2014).
MARITIME CYBERATTACKS
In June 2017, A. P. Moller-Maersk, one of the biggest shipping company had been hit by
the NotPetya malware on their computer system. The attack has caused 76 ports
terminals around the world halted the operation for 10 days and the damages the
customer’s information including email, invoicing, system for sharing shipping rates,
online track and trace and customer service phones (Thung, 2018). The NotPleya
cyberattack has cost the company lost about USD 300 million in revenue. According to
Jim Haggerman, Chairman of Maersk, they had to replace 45 000 new pcs, install 4000
new servers and 2500 application (Thung, 2018).
113
In July 2018, China’s Cosco shipping lines has been hit by a cyberattack affecting Cosco’s
email and telephone networks within its offices in the US. Although the attack was not the
same degree as Maersk’s incident, it put a precaution. The attack appeared after Cosco
took over the container terminal in Port of Long Beach, California from Orient Overseas
Container Lines (Paris, 2018). Despite that, Port of San Diago and Port of Barcelona have
been targeted by ransomware attacks. In Port of San Diego, the ransomware has
attacked computer systems, left a ransom note requested payment in Bitcoin. The attack
impacted the processing park permits and record requests and others operations.
Whereas in Port Barcelona, the ransomware has disrupted its IT systems such a
reception and delivery (Paganini, 2018). However, both incidents did not disrupt their
maritime operation at large scale.
MALAYSIA’S MARITIME CYBERATTACKS
The Llyod’s issued as a warning that a single cyber-attack has the potential to cost major
Asia-Pacific ports (Singapore, South Korea, China, Japan and Malaysia) lost about USD
110 billion in damage. The virus affecting the computer systems of cargo transport ships
would spread to the computer network system of these major ports and malware would
paralyse cargo database logs and cause all sorts of chaos (NST, 2019) .
Malaysian ports cannot escape from the risk of cyberattack. Located in strategic
chokepoint of trading hub, Malaysian ports are one of the busiest ports in the world. In
fact, Port Klang has ranked top 12th best container port and followed by Port of Tanjung
Pelepas at ranked 18th container port in the world. In terms of TEUs both ports have
handled about 12.32 million TEUs and 8.96 million TEUs (WSC, 2019). The operations
of the port, therefore, heavily rely on the computer network system. Although, there has
yet significant report on cyberattack on Malaysian ports and industry, we cannot neglect
it’s potential to halt the maritime operations and the lost of revenue at large scale.
Microsoft and Frost Sullivan (2018) revealed that Malaysia can possibly incur economic
loss if USD 22.8 million which us more than 4 percent of Malaysia’s GDP. Malaysia
Computer Emergency Response Team (MyCert) under Cyber Security Malaysia (CSM)
recorded over 10000 cyber security attacks on corporations and individuals nationwide.
Recent incidents reported such as the MOMO challenge hoax, ransomware, bank
account leaks and other data breaches (Joe, 2019). In October 2019, the UM E-Pay portal
has been hacked by the hackers in retaliation of the ongoing protest by a student group
against UM Vice-Chancellor (Yeoh, Chin, & Poon, 2019).
114
CONCLUSION
The vulnerability of cyber-attacks is unprecedented due to digital dependency of IR 4.0

technologies. Given the fact that maritime industry is one of the key economic growth, the
industry needs to be cautious and aware of the risk and threats pose by the cyberattacks.
The scale of loss to revenue is unpredicted and unprecedented that disrupt the maritime
operations.
REFERENCES
Joe, P. E. (2019, April 22). Learn to curb cyber security threats. The Star Online.
Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/education/2019/04/22/learn-to-
curb-cyber-security-threats
Jordan, A. (2019). Why securing the Internet of Things is crucial to the Fourth Industrial
Revolution. Retrieved December 16, 2019, from World Economic Forum website:
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/04/why-securing-the-internet-of-things-is-
crucial-to-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/
NST. (2019, November 29). Cybercrime to peak by 2021. New Straits Times. Retrieved
from https://www.nst.com.my/world/region/2019/11/543067/cybercrime-peak-2021
Paganini, P. (2018, September 28). Port of San Diego suffered a ransomware-based

attack, a few days after the Port of Barcelona was hit by a cyber attack that caused
several problems. Security Affairs. Retrieved from
https://securityaffairs.co/wordpress/76623/hacking/port-of-san-diego-attack.html
Paramasivam, S. (2018). Cybersecurity threats to cost organizations in Malaysia US$12.2

billion in economic losses. Microsoft News. Retrieved from
https://news.microsoft.com/en-my/2018/07/12/cybersecurity-threats-to-cost-
organizations-in-malaysia-us12-2-billion-in-economic-losses/
Paris, C. (2018, July 25). China’s Cosco Shipping Hit by Cyberattack in U.S. Wall Street
Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-cosco-shipping-hit-by-
cyberattack-in-u-s-1532548557
Thung, L. (2018, January 26). Maersk took just 10 days to replace 45,000 PCs wiped by
115
NotPetya attack. CSO. Retrieved from

https://www.cso.com.au/article/632622/maersk-took-just-10-days-install-4k-servers-
45k-pcs-after-notpetya-attack/
UNCTAD. (2017). Review of Maritime Transport 2017. Retrieved from

https://unctad.org/en/PublicationChapters/rmt2017ch5_en.pdf
WSC. (2019). Top 50 World Container Ports. Retrieved December 17, 2019, from World
Shipping Council website: http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-
trade/top-50-world-container-ports
Yeoh, A., Chin, C., & Poon, E. (2019, October 18). Universiti Malaya E-Pay portal is down
after being defaced. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-
news/2019/10/18/universiti-malaya-e-pay-portal-is-down-after-being-defaced
116
MALAYSIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS ON BELT ROAD INITIATIVE (BRI)
Norafidah Ismail
School of International Studies
norafidah@uum.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Belt Road Initiative (BRI), previously coined as One Belt One Road (OBOR), was
introduced in 2013. The brainchild of President Xi Jinping began to tap on the world map
with a massive investment and development opportunities. BRI entails with considerable
risks, yet it lures most of the countries along the BRI track. China’s self-imposed world
map is worrying and disconcerting for some quarters. The Former managing Director of
the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Largade called the BRI receiving
countries to be cautious on the international loan and foreign grants used for the
development of domestic infrastructure. Such deep concern is no exception to the
returning leader of Malaysia. Right after a few weeks doing the second stint of Prime
Minister job, Tun Mahathir started to confront the dark side of borrowing money from
China. He recognized China’s infrastructure projects in the country as one of the many
principal causes of mounting national debt. The bell rings out to some Malaysia’s
neighbours. The Supreme Justice of the Philippines sent out high alert on a possibility of
trading off the country’s oil field in South China Sea with China’s fund on Chico Dam. This
could happen if the Manila government default its debt with China. Unlike Malaysia and
the Philippines, Singapore opens its arms for BRI in a welcoming gesture. It serves as a
financing centre of BRI, especially for infrastructure projects in the region. The paper,
therefore, aims to address the following questions: where do Malaysia and its neighbours
go since the agreements on BRI were concluded? How do they contend with the issues
surrounding BRI?
Keywords: Belt Road Initiative (BRI), China, Xi Jinping, Internasional Monetary Fund
(IMF), South Chia Sea
117
FAKTOR IDIOSINKRITIK, FALSAFAH POLITIK DAN PRINSIP ISLAM

HADHARI DALAM DASAR LUAR MALAYSIA DI ZAMAN
PENTADBIRAN ABDULLAH AHMAD BADAWI 2003-2009
Achmad Dzariean Mohd Nadzri

School of Internasional Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia
achmad@uum.edu.my
ABSTRAK
Perkembangan dasar luar Malaysia di zaman pentadbiran Abdullah Ahmad Badawi

sesungguhnya adalah merupakan sesuatu yang menarik untuk dikaji. Selain itu,
perkembangan dasar luar ini juga adalah merupakan sambungan daripada dasar luar
sebelumnya tetapi mempunyai sedikit perbezaan dari sudut pendekatan yang telah
diambil oleh Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. Kertas kerja ini akan membincangkan tentang
faktor idiosinkritik, falsafah politik dan prinsip Islam Hadhari yang merupakan elemen
utama dalam pembentukan dasar luar Malaysia di zaman pentadbiran Abdullah Ahmad
Badawi. Latar belakang peribadi, ideologi politik dan gaya kepimpinannya yang tersendiri
adalah merupakan elemen utama yang akan dilihat dalam faktor idiosinkritik Abdullah.
Manakala ciri-ciri seperti partisipasi, akomodasi dan konsensus adalah merupakan
antara ciri-ciri utama yang terdapat dalam falsafah politik Abdullah dan elemen terakhir
yang ingin dilihat dalam kertas kerja ini ialah penerapan Prinsip Islam Hadhari yang
mempunyai 10 prinsip didalamnya telahpun dijadikan tunjang kepada pentadbiran
negara dan pembentukan dasar luar Malaysia di zaman Abdullah.
Kata Kunci: Abdullah Badawai, Dasar Luar Malaysia, Islam Hadhari
118
MAHATHIR’S LEADERSHIP AND MALAYSIA’S DOMESTIC AND

FOREIGN POLICIES: LESSONS FOR DEVELOPING STATES
Dr. Nazariah binti Osman1

nazariah@uum.edu.my
Dr. Muhammad Muda2

mmuda@uum.edu.my
Isah Shehu Mohammed3

zababa72@yahoo.com
1&2 School of International Studies, Universiti Utara, Malaysia.

3 General Studies Department, Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, Bauchi State – Nigeria
ABSTRACT
This paper explores the significant lessons from Mahathir’s domestic and foreign policy pursuit
for the developing states and their leaders. From 1979, every mention of Malaysia’s multi-faceted
development would remain synonymous with Mahathir. The two can hardly be historically
separated for they have so much bearings on each other, especially in terms of transformation
and development of Mahathir’s personal philosophy, political statecraft, thoughts, and ideals for
development, and Malaysia’s development and excelling not only among rivals and
contemporaries, but before the so-called advanced nations and states. The paper is conceptual
and used secondary sources of historical method of data collection and analysis. The paper is
significant at this material time when many developing states and nations/leaders have lost the
commitment, philosophy, practical statecraft, and inspiration, political maxims, and consistent and
sustained principles for development which Mahathir embodies, preaches and practices, and has
taken Malaysia where it is today with pride, dignity, development, prosperity and stability on both
domestic and foreign scenes.
Keywords: Mahathir, Malaysia, Developing states, Domestic and Foreign Policy, Leaders,
Leadership.
119
THE FUTURE OF ASEAN
Siti Darwinda Mohamed Pero

darwinda@uum.edu.my
ABSTRACT
This paper seeks to analyse the future of ASEAN with regards to its future direction, shape
and focus for community-building efforts. This paper argues that one could not anticipate
the future of ASEAN without reminiscing the past, embracing and appreciating its current
achievement and progress. This is because, as this paper also argues that the future
direction, form and focus of ASEAN would be very much determined by its historical roots,
its original aims and objectives as well as its capacity in present day. This paper also
argues that there are abundant of opportunities for ASEAN and its youth to venture in the
near future by utilising science and technology. Yet, the challenges remain to linger the
Association especially in the midst of the rising struggle major powers in the Indo-Pacific
region as. In addition, the socio-economies and political conditions of the individual
ASEAN member states also present one of the biggest challenges for ASEAN to be one
of the important global actors ahead.
Keywords: ASEAN, youth, regional organisation.
120
PART VIII:
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
121
TANGIBLE ASSETS AND PORT PERFORMANCE: A CASE OF

PENANG PORT
Alisha Ismail & Nur Syarah Adibah A Rahim,

alisha@uum.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Port is the sub-system of supply chain and it provides a crucial role to facilitate the flow
of cargo in logistics. The degree of ports’ users’ satisfaction will be reflected through the
level of port performance achieved. Therefore, it is important to identify and investigate
the factors that give the impact to the port performance. Inefficient port performance will
raise the cost of logistics and reduces the potential for both international and domestic
integration in the port. By using Resource Based View theory with the assumption that
every resource will become the key to superior firm performance. To identify the factors
that influence the performance of Penang port, a set of questionnaire survey have been
distributed to port users in the Northern region of Malaysia. Through the multiple
regression analysis, it is found that financial asset is the most significant factor that able
to contribute to the performance of port, in particular, in increasing the volume of
throughput of the Penang port. The other two factors viz. technological and physical
asstes did not have a significant contribution to the port performance. This indicates that
financial assets are the pre-requisite asset in assisting other types of assets such as
technology and physical in facilitating the performance of port. This is due to the fact that
in order to provide or install the technology and physical assets required a certain amount
of money.
Keywords: Port performance, Penang Port, Resource Based View Theory
122
UNDERSTANDING WOMEN’S CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR IN

MILLENNIAL WORLD
Wan-Nurisma Ayu Wan-Ismail

nurisma@uum.edu.my
ABSTRACT
New shopping patterns and emerging technology have created many opportunities for
the Islamic fashion industry. With an expanding global Islamic Fashion Industry, Islamic
fashion product such as Hijab and clothes has adopted many fashions, trends, labels,
brands, and styles. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between
brand name, religious, fashion-conscious, electronic word of mouth (EWOM) and
customer purchase intention toward Islamic fashion. The sample in this study is
postgraduate students in northern university (UUM, Uitm Perlis and UniMAP). The data
was collected using questionnaires. The research contributes to the literature in several
ways. Firstly, it enhances the understanding of customer purchase intention toward
Islamic fashion. Furthermore, this study enhances further understanding of the Theory
of Planned Behaviour (TPB). The results indicated that brand name, religious, and
electronic word of mouth (EWOM) is the important factors influencing customer
purchase intention toward Islamic fashion.
Keyword: Brand, Religiosity, Fashion Conscious, Electric Word of Mouth (EWOM),

Purchase Intention, and Islamic Fashion
123
EXTENT OF CONTROL AND INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURE

PERFORMANCE: AN EXAMINATION OF INTERNATIONAL JOINT
VENTURE FIRMS IN MALAYSIA
Mohd Sobri Don

bri1182@uum.edu.my
ABSTRACT
International joint ventures (IJVs) as a popular mode of entry into foreign markets,
involve exchange of information, share of knowledge and share of technology, all of
which provide the possibility for opportunism. Parent firms therefore exercise different
control over the IJVs to minimize the opportunistic behavior in the IJVs. Studies on
control IJV companies in the Asian economies are however still lacking. As such,
researchers as well as managers have limited knowledge on the extent of control
exercised by the parent firms on the IJV firms, which in turn influencing the performance
of the IJVs. This study therefore, attempts to investigate the extent of control in the IJVs
and its influence on the performance of IJV companies in Malaysia. The results show
that local parent and foreign parent firms exercise different types of control over
technology and operational matters.
Keywords: International joint ventures (IJVs); extent of control; performance
124
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SICAH AZURA RODZIAH PAGE 55 61

Conference Paper · December 2019

Nor Azura A Rahman

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

The Proceeding of THE FIRST SOIS CONFERENCE ON ARTS AND HUMANITIES

Copyright © 2019, the authors

All rights are reserved.

REMARKS BY ASSISSTANCE VICE CHANCELLOR VI

THE CHALLENGES OF OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES (OER) IN MALAYSIA HIGHER 2

THE ERA OF CRYPTOCURRENCIES: A STUDY ABOUT THE ADVANTAGES AND 10

ISU-ISU PERUNDANGAN DALAM PROSEDUR TATATERTIB PERKHIDMATAN AWAM 22

PERUNDANGAN BULISIBER DI MALAYSIA 33

DEMONSTRATING LEGAL REALISM IN THE CRIMINALISATION OF COMPUTER CRIMES 41

PART II: EDUCATION

NORMA DALAM PROFESION AKADEMIK: SATU PERBANDINGAN DI ANTARA PERSPEKTIF 43

PENDIDIKAN PENCEGAHAN DADAH DI MALAYSIA 48

ATYPICAL PARLIAMENT: CASES ON VOTE OF CONFIDENCE 55

TRADITIONAL ELEMENTS IN MALAYSIAN CONSTITUTION: ISSUES, CHALLENGES AND 62

PART IV: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ASESSMENT TOOL OF COUNTRY ONLINE SERVICE INDEX PERFORMANCE: HOW 73

MEASURING GOVERNANCE ASPECT IN PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY SYSTEM IN LOCAL 85

THE 20th CENTURY DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY IN ALOR SETAR, KEDAH 86

PART VI: COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA

TRAGEDI NATRAH BERDASARKAN THE STRAITS TIMES, 1950 88

PART VII: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

EXPLAINING THE MALAYSIAN PEACEKEEPING ACTIVISM IN THE POST-MAHATHIR ERA 90

MALAYSIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS ON BELT ROAD INITIATIVE (BRI) 117

MAHATHIR’S LEADERSHIP AND MALAYSIA’S DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICIES: 119

THE FUTURE OF ASEAN 120

PART VIII: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

TANGIBLE ASSETS AND PORT PERFORMANCE: A CASE OF PENANG PORT 122

UNDERSTANDING WOMEN’S CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR IN MILLENNIAL WORLD 123

EXTENT OF CONTROL AND INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURE PERFORMANCE: AN 124

Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh and Greetings.

I am delighted that The School of International Studies (SOIS), Universiti Utara

Associate Professor Dr. Muhammad Fuad Othman

THE CHALLENGES OF OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES (OER)

Azlin Namili bt. Mohd. Ali @ Ramli

Keywords: Gift economy, Open educational resources, Opportunities, Challenges

OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES (OER)

OER is started by a global movement of educators. It is funded by grants and private

technology and teaching practices of worldwide education, particularly in developing

The adoption of OER by institution of higher learning in their teaching and

OPPORTUNITIES OF OER IN MALAYSIA

Bates, T. (2000). Managing Technological Change: Strategies fo r College

Capetown Declaration (2010)

Evaluating Web Resources, UMUC library website,

Jabatan Pengajian Tinggi, Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia, 2010, Amalan,

Joseph Rawson, Open Educational Resources, http://deoracle.org/online-

McCann, D., Christmass, J. & Nicholson, P. (1998). Educational Technology in

Nasir, A.G. e-Learning to be Optimised by 2015, (2011),

Rawson, J. (2008), Open Educational Resources,

Raymond, E.S., http://wiki.mises.org/wiki/Gift_economy

Richard Heinberg, (2010) http://richardheinberg.com/215-economic-history-in-10-

Salleh, M.F., The issues of e-learning in Malaysia Higher Education, 2008,

UMUC library website (2019) Evaluating Resources, https://www.umgc.edu/current-

Volery, T. and Lord, D. (2000). Critical Success Factors in OnlineEducation, The

THE ERA OF CRYPTOCURRENCIES:

Omar Farouk Al Mashhour

Ahmad Shamsul Abd Aziz

Keywords: awareness, blockchain, cryptocurrency, cryptography, decentralized.