COMPLETE AND RETURN IT ON THE DAY OF THE CHAPTER TEST

SPH4U 1.1
Motion and Motion Graphs
NAME: ___________________________________________

Vocabulary
Textbook pp. 8–16 S
kinematics displacement (D d ) tangent
S
dynamics average speed (vav) instantaneous velocity ( v )
S
scalar velocity ( v ) instantaneous speed (v )
S S
vector average velocity ( v av ) average acceleration ( a av )
S S
position ( d ) secant instantaneous acceleration ( a )

Dd
MAIN IDEA: The equation for average speed is vav 5 , and the equation for average
S Dt
S Dd
velocity is vav 5 .
Dt
Study Tip 1. Examine Figure 1 and Figure 2. One of the graphs shown represents speed
versus time for an object, while the other represents acceleration versus time
Use a Graphic Organizer for the same object. Which is which? Explain. K/U C
If you have difficulty with a concept,
try using a concept map or flow chart
to organize information. To show
the relationship between position,
velocity and acceleration, you could
use this flow chart.
t (s) t (s)
position Figure 1 Figure 2

slope

velocity
2. A light aircraft flies 120 km [E] in 0.80 h, then 40 km [W] in 0.20 h. K/U T/I A

(a) Calculate the average speed of the aircraft for the easterly portion
slope
of the flight.

acceleration

(b) Calculate the average velocity of the aircraft for the easterly portion
of the flight.

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 (c) Calculate the average speed of the aircraft for the total flight.

(d) Calculate the average velocity of the aircraft for the total flight.

(e) Is it possible for the aircraft to fly one more leg that results in an
average speed that is not zero, but an average velocity equal to zero?
If not, explain why. If so, determine the speed and direction for the
additional leg.

NEL 1.1 Motion and Motion Graphs   3

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 MAIN IDEA: The slope of the position–time graph for a moving object gives the velocity
of the object.
3. An object moves according to the position–time graph shown in Figure 3. T/I A

30

d (m [E])
20
10

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
t (s)
Figure 3

(a) Determine the average velocity of the object from t1 5 0 s to t2 5 0.8 s.

(b) Determine the instantaneous velocity at t 5 0.4 s.

4   Unit 1 • Dynamics NEL

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 MAIN IDEA: Acceleration describes how quickly an object’s velocity changes over time.
S
S Dv
The equation for average acceleration is a av 5 . The slope of the velocity–time graph
gives the object’s acceleration. Dt
4. Figure 4 shows the velocity–time graph for a cyclist. T/I C

Velocity v. Time
12
10
v (m/s [N])

8
6
4
2
0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0
t (s)
Figure 4

(a) Determine the average acceleration of the cyclist from t 5 0.0 s to t 5 6.0 s.

(b) Determine the instantaneous acceleration at t 5 5.0 s.

NEL 1.1 Motion and Motion Graphs   5

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 1.2
Equations of Motion
Vocabulary
Textbook pp. 17–21
free fall

MAIN IDEA: The five key equations for uniformly accelerated motion involve the vari-
ables: displacement, initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration, and time interval.
Study Tip 1. Figure 1 shows the velocity–time graph for a motorcyclist heading north.
Explain how you can determine the displacement of the motorcyclist from the
Develop an Equation Organizer velocity–time graph. Provide several methods. Use one method to determine
As you work through this course, the displacement. K/U T/I A
organize key equations on a separate
page. Be sure to include where the
equations apply. 20
v (m/s [N])

Equations for Uniformly

Accelerated Motion 10

Equation
S S
0 10
S v f 1 vi t (s)
1 Dd 5 a bDt
2 Figure 1
S S S
2 vf 5 vi 1 aav Dt

S S 1S
3 Dd 5 v i Dt 1 a Dt 2
2 av

4 v 2f 5 v 2i 1 2aavDd

S S 1S
5 Dd 5 v f Dt 2 a Dt 2
2 av
2. An oil tanker sailing west has an engine problem. It coasts to a stop in 0.50 h,
These equations only apply to a body moving 10 km in a straight line. What is the average acceleration of the ship?
T/I A
with a constant acceleration.

3. While driving on a slippery road at 15.0 m/s [E], the driver applies the brakes
to come to a stop. The braking system limits the acceleration to 0.200 m/s2 [W]
or causes a deceleration of 20.200 m/s2 [W]. Determine the stopping distance
for the car. T/I A

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 4. A toy car at the 0 cm mark on a metre stick moves toward the 100 cm mark
at a constant speed of 5.0 cm/s. Another toy car starts at the 100 cm mark
at the same time, accelerating toward the 0 cm mark at 1.0 m/s2. How long will
it take for the two cars to collide? K/U T/I

MAIN IDEA: Free fall is the motion of an object when it is moving only under the influence
of gravity. The acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the Earth is 9.8 m/s2 [down].
5. A ball launcher on the ground is aimed straight up, and it launches a baseball
with an initial velocity of 49.0 m/s [up]. The ball continues upward to a stop,
and then falls until caught by a player leaning out of a window 78.4 m above
the ground. How long is the ball in the air before the player catches it? K/U T/I

6. While flying her helicopter in a hovering position 40.0 m above the ground,
the pilot threw a rope with an initial velocity of 4.00 m/s [down]. What is the
speed of the rope at the instant that it hits the ground? K/U T/I

NEL 1.2 Equations of Motion   7

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 1.3
Displacement in Two Dimensions
Vocabulary
Textbook pp. 22–29
component of a vector

MAIN IDEA: To add displacement vectors, draw a scale diagram with the vectors tip to
tail on graph paper. Measure the length of the total displacement vector, and rescale to the
desired units. Instead of an accurate scale diagram, you can use a sketch, and then apply
the sine law or cosine law as appropriate.
Study Tip 1. Sunita started at City Hall, walked 3.0 km [N], then another 4.0 km [N]. Franz
walked with Sunita for the first leg of the trip, then turned and walked 4.0 km
Trigonometric Ratios [W]. Which statement is true? Provide support for your answer. K/U
Trigonometric ratios can be represented (a) Both experienced the same total displacement.
by the mnemonic SOH-CAH-TOA.
(b) Franz walked farther than Sunita.
(c) Sunita’s displacement had a magnitude larger than Franz’s displacement.
hypotenuse (d) Franz’s displacement had a magnitude larger than Sunita’s displacement.
opposite

adjacent
opposite 2. Is the following statement true or false? If you think the statement is false,
sin u 5
hypotenuse rewrite it to make it true: The magnitude of the total displacement is always
adjacent less than or equal to the total distance travelled. K/U
cos u 5
hypotenuse
opposite
tan u 5
adjacent
3. Tomas flew his airplane 80 km [W 308 N]. He then turned directly north, and
flew an additional 60 km. K/U T/I C
(a) Use a scale diagram to determine the total displacement.

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 (b) Use the sine law and/or cosine law to determine the total displacement.

(c) Compare your answers from parts (a) and (b). Comment on the accuracy
of each method used.

MAIN IDEA: Two-dimensional displacement vectors can be resolved into two perpen-
dicular component vectors, one parallel to the x-axis and one parallel to the y-axis. Use the
sine and cosine ratios to determine these perpendicular components. Add the x-components
to determine the x-component of the total displacement vector. Add the y-components to
determine the y-component of the total displacement vector. Use these components of the
S
total displacement vector to determine the total displacement vector Dd T.
4. A boat left harbour and proceeded 20 km 378 south of east. Without
making calculations, which of these could be the correct components of the
displacement vector? Explain your reasoning. K/U T/I
(a) Ddx 5 16 km 3 E 4 ; Ddy 5 12 km 3 S 4 (c) Ddx 5 16 km 3 S 4 ; Ddy 5 12 km 3 E 4
3 4
(b) Ddx 5 12 km E ; Ddy 5 16 km S 3 4 (d) Ddx 5 12 km 3 S 4 ; Ddy 5 16 km 3 E 4

5. Halmi rode his bicycle 5.0 km in a direction 308 north of east, and then an
additional 9.0 km in a direction 458 south of east. Use algebraic addition of
vector components to determine Halmi’s total displacement. K/U T/I

6. Kristen skateboarded 15.5 km in a direction 378 north of west, and then an

additional 15.0 km in a direction 648 south of west. Use algebraic addition of
vector components to determine Kristen’s total displacement. K/U T/I C

NEL 1.3 Displacement in Two Dimensions   9

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 1.4
Velocity and Acceleration
in Two Dimensions
Textbook pp. 30–35

MAIN IDEA: Average velocity in two dimensions is the total displacement in two dimen-
S
S Dd
sions divided by the time interval in which the displacement occurs: vav 5 .
Dt
Study Tip 1. A scuba diver swims 60 m [E] to a coral outcrop, and then 80 m [N] to a
sunken anchor. The total time for the trip is 200 s. Make only one simple
Using Geometry Software calculation, and decide which of these could be the average velocity for the
You can check your solutions to trip. Explain your reasoning. K/U T/I
vector problems using dynamic (a) 140 m/s [E 538 N] (c) 0.50 m/s [E 378 N]
geometry software.
(b) 0.70 m/s [E 538 N] (d) 0.50 m/s [E 538 N]

2. A hiker used a compass to orient himself as he walked 3.00 km in a direction

50.08 north of west, and then an additional 2.00 km in a direction 20.08 south
of west. The trip took 1.00 h. Determine the average velocity of the hiker. K/U T/I

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 S
MAIN IDEA: You can determine the change in velocity in two dimensions 1Dv 2 by
­separating the velocity vectors into components and subtracting the corresponding
­components. Alternatively, you can perform vector subtraction using the vector property
S S S S
vf 2 vi 5 vf 1 12vi 2 and following the procedure for vector addition.
S S
3. Vector A has a length of 10 units and points [north]. Vector B has a length of
24 units and points [east]. Without drawing a diagram, determine the
S S
direction of vector A 2 B. Explain your reasoning. K/U T/I C
(a) southwest (c) northwest
(b) southeast (d) northeast

4. Sally rode her motorcycle [E 408 S] at 60.0 km/h. She then turned to a
direction of [E 258 N] and increased her speed to 80.0 km/h. Determine her
change in velocity. K/U T/I

MAIN IDEA: Average acceleration in two dimensions is the change in velocity divided by
S S S
S Dv vf 2 v i
the time interval between the two velocities: a av 5 5
Dt Dt
5. Is the following statement true or false? If you think the statement is false,
rewrite it to make it true: A car heading north at 100 km/h is subjected to a
constant acceleration directed to the east. No matter how long the acceleration
persists, the velocity vector of the car will always point between north and east,
never reaching east. K/U T/I

6. A motorboat was moving [E 208 S] at 50.0 km/h. The operator then turned the
boat [E 208 N] and decreased the speed to 30.0 km/h over 5.0 min. Determine
the average acceleration of the boat. K/U T/I

NEL 1.4 Velocity and Acceleration in Two Dimensions   11

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 1.5
Projectile Motion
Vocabulary
Textbook pp. 36–43
projectile range (Ddx ) projectile motion

MAIN IDEA: A projectile is an object that moves along a trajectory with only the force
of gravity acting on it. An object moving with projectile motion has a constant horizontal
velocity and a constant vertical acceleration.

Kinematic Equations with Horizontal and Vertical Components

Direction of motion Description Equations of motion

Study Tip
horizontal motion (x ) constant-velocity equation for the v ix 5 v i cos u
Table of Equations x-component only v ix 5 constant
This is an excellent place to make Ddx 5 v ix Dt
Ddx 5 (v i cos u)Dt
use of your Equation Organizer.
You can use the opportunity to fine vertical motion ( y ) constant-acceleration equations vfy 5 v i sin u 2 gDt
tune how you have the equations for the y-component; constant Ddy 5 (v i sin u)Dt 2 12gDt 2
organized, and add notes on where acceleration has a magnitude of vfy2 5 (v i sin u)2 2 2gDdy
S
they apply. 0 g 0 5 g 5 9.8 m/s2

1. A red ball is launched horizontally at a speed of 5.0 m/s. A green ball is

dropped at the same time from the same point. If both balls land on the same
level floor, which statement is true? Explain your answer. K/U T/I C
(a) The red ball will hit the floor before the green ball.
(b) The green ball will hit the floor before the red ball.
(c) Both balls will hit the floor at the same time.
(d) There is not enough information to make the determination.

2. A golfer hits a ball, and it lands at the same vertical level it was launched.
The launch angle can be increased from 08 to 908. Which statement is true?
Explain why your choice is correct, and the other choices are not correct.
K/U T/I C A

(a) The time the ball spent in the air is the same for all launch angles.
(b) The range will increase as the launch angle is increased from 08 to 908.
(c) The maximum height reached is the same for all launch angles.
(d) The time spent in the air increases as the launch angle is increased
from 08 to 908.

MAIN IDEA: The horizontal and vertical motions of a projectile are independent. The time
that a projectile spends moving in the horizontal direction is the same time that it moves in
the vertical direction.
3. An archer released an arrow at a speed of 80.0 m/s at an angle of 408 above the
horizontal. 1.63 s later, the arrow struck the target at the same height above
ground as the launch point. How far was the target from the archer? T/I A

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 4. A punter kicks a football at an angle of 30.08 above the horizontal. The football
lands 86.9 m from the point it was kicked 3.20 s later. K/U T/I A
(a) What is the launch speed of the football?

(b) What is the maximum height reached by the football?

MAIN IDEA: To solve projectile motion problems, apply the constant-velocity equation
for the horizontal displacement, and apply the constant-acceleration equations for the
vertical motion.
5. A catapult constructed by a student can launch a bowling ball at a speed of
19.6 m/s. What is the expected maximum range of the catapult, assuming
that the ball lands at the same height from which it is launched? Explain your
reasoning. K/U T/I C A

6. A pumpkin farm holds an annual pumpkin launch. Visitors may guess the
distance a launched pumpkin will travel. The farm’s catapult launches the
pumpkin at a speed of 25.2 m/s. Assume that the pumpkin will land at
the same height from which it is launched. George guesses a range of 60.0 m.
Christy guesses a range of 65.0 m. Who guessed correctly? Explain your
answer. K/U T/I

7. Andrew is standing 10.0 m from Juliet’s house. Andrew tosses a ball to Juliet, and
the ball travels at 5.00 m/s at an angle of 50.08 above the ground. The ball passes
through Juliet’s window. How far above the ground is the window? K/U T/I

NEL 1.5 Projectile Motion   13

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 1.6
Relative Motion
Vocabulary
Textbook pp. 44–49
frame of reference relative velocity

MAIN IDEA: Relative motion is motion observed from a specific perspective or frame of
reference. Each frame of reference has its own coordinate system.
1. Albert is driving his car at 100 km/h, and Beata is driving her car at 95 km/h
on the same road. If they collide, would a head-on collision cause more
damage than a rear-end collision? Explain your answer using numbers to
support your statements. K/U C

2. Sandor is in the basket of a hot-air balloon that is drifting west with a wind
of 20 km/h. He takes out a Canadian flag and holds it up. Which statement is
correct? Explain your answer. K/U C
(a) The flag will flutter towards the east.
(b) The flag will flutter towards the west.
(c) The flag will droop as if there is no wind.
(d) There is not enough information to determine a correct answer.

MAIN IDEA: Relative velocity is the velocity of an object observed from a specific frame
S S S
of reference. The relative velocity equation is vAC 5 vAB 1 vBC where A is the object moving
relative to the frame of reference C, which is moving relative to the frame of reference B.
Study Tip
3. A plane is flying, moving relative to the air at 385.0 km/h [S], but the air
velocity relative to Earth is 56.0 km/h [N]. What is the velocity of the plane
Drawing Diagrams relative to Earth? K/U T/I A
Use diagrams to give you a picture of
the problem. Label the diagram with
as much of the given information
as possible.

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 4. Randall paddles his canoe at 2.0 m/s in still water. He drops the canoe into a
river which is flowing north at 1.5 m/s. T/I A
(a) If he paddles north, what is the velocity of the canoe relative to Earth?

(b) If he paddles south, what is the velocity of the canoe relative to Earth?

(c) If he paddles east, what is the velocity of the canoe relative to Earth?

5. Lindsay is planning a flight from St. Catharines to Hamilton, which lies due
west of St. Catharines. Her aircraft flies at a speed of 200 km/h in still air.
A wind of 50.0 km/h is blowing from [W 608 N]. In what direction must she
aim the airplane to fly directly to Hamilton? T/I A

6. A helicopter is flying from Belleville to Kingston, which lies due east of

Belleville. The helicopter flies at a speed of 160.0 km/h in still air. A wind of
45.0 km/h is blowing from [E 568 N]. In what direction must the pilot aim the
helicopter to fly directly to Kingston? T/I A

NEL 1.6 Relative Motion   15

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 CHAPTER 1 Questions

1. The position–time graph for an object is a horizontal straight line. K/U

Knowledge/Understanding
What conclusion(s) can be drawn? (1.1) K/U T/I
Thinking/Investigation
(a) The velocity of the object is zero. C
Communication
(b) The velocity of the object is either zero or has a constant magnitude.
A
Application

(c) The position of the object is zero.

(d) Both (a) and (c) are true.
2. The average velocity of an object over a time interval Dt is zero. What
conclusion is always true in this case? (1.4) K/U
(a) The object does not move from its starting position during Dt.
(b) The starting position and the final position are the same.
(c) The acceleration of the object during Dt is zero.
(d) The speed of the object is always zero during Dt.
3. Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If you think a statement is
false, rewrite it to make it true. K/U
(a) An object moved 10 cm and then 12 cm in the opposite direction, so the
total distance travelled is 22 cm. (1.3)

(b) A car is being driven around a circular track at a speed of 120 km/h, so its
velocity is constant. (1.4)

(c) Projectile motion occurs when horizontal acceleration is zero and vertical
acceleration is only due to gravity. (1.5)

(d) A frame of reference is a coordinate system relative to which motion is

observed. (1.6)

4. Refer to Figure 1. Determine the instantaneous velocity at t 5 0.40 s. (1.1)

T/I C

30
d (m [E])

20
10

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
t (s)
Figure 1

NEL Chapter 1 Questions   17

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 5. An airliner lands on runway 18, which points south. The pilot applies reverse
thrust, and brings the plane to a stop in 20.0 s, moving 1.20 km in a straight
line. What is the average acceleration of the airliner? (1.2) T/I A

6. During the swimming event at a triathlon, a swimmer swam 4.00 km in a

direction 50° north of east, and then an additional 6.00 km in a direction
40° south of east. Use algebraic addition of vector components to determine
the total displacement vector. (1.3) T/I A

7. An aerobatic pilot is flying his airplane at 250 km/h horizontally west when he
pulls it into a vertical climb [N]. After 3.0 s the airplane is flying straight up at
150 km/h. Determine the average acceleration of the airplane. (1.4) T/I A

8. Design a physics problem that you would solve using the projectile motion
equations. Provide a full worked solution to your problem. (1.5) T/I C A

9. Deepa has a boat with a motor that drives it at 4.5 km/h in still water. She
starts motoring downstream in a river at 9:00 a.m. The current in the river
moves at 2.5 km/h. At 9:30 a.m., one of the lifejackets fell overboard and
started drifting downstream on its own. At 10:00 a.m., Deepa noticed the
missing lifejacket. She turned the boat and motored upstream. At what time
did she recover the lifejacket? Explain your reasoning. (1.6) T/I A

18   Unit 1 • Dynamics NEL

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