PRACTICUM REPORT FOTO

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY BERWARNA

TOPIC
3X4
INTRODUCTION TO LABORATORY TOOLS
AND OHS CULTURE
Compiled by:
Name : Gabriella Mahanaim Nababan

NIM : 225100907111062
Group : ME4
Assistants :

Abiyyu Rizky Adita Normalitasari

Alhamdra Andika S Alifia Rossa A
Aryanti Fitriyah Fadlilah Ayu Maharani
Fahildha Zulfa Galuh Egalita Adliya
Ian Damian S Kana Nawafila Rizki K
Khalista Nayla Muhamad Fakhri R
Nabila Al-Fathikasari Reyvanna Nadira
Tjokorda Istri Mahagita

WASTE TREATMENT LABORATORY

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY
BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY
MALANG
2023
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
The laboratory is a place for the development of knowledge through research and
experiments, which of course uses various types of tools and chemicals to support activities
and has the potential to cause an accident. According to the Labor Law, Occupational Safety
and Health is the need and instinct of every human being to prevent, mitigate and reduce the
occurrence of accidents and their impacts through steps to identify, analyze and control
hazards appropriately.
Occupational Health and Safety Culture in the laboratory is a shared responsibility, both
managers and users. Therefore everyone involved must have an awareness of managing,
maintaining and striving for work safety. Because laboratory safety is not only a matter of
materials and equipment but also processes and behavior.

1.2 Objectives
a. Students are able to identify several kinds of tools and know the functions and proper
use.
b. Students know the tools Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) and its application in
the
laboratory.
a. Students are able to knowing the symbols of hazard chemicals in the laboratory.
 CHAPTER 1
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introdustion Tools for all tools

2.1.1 Volumetric Pipette
The volume pipette is a quantitative measuring instrument with a high level of
accuracy, characterized by its slender shape on the volume pointer and there is only one
volume measurement. This pipette is made of clear soda-type glass, has a capacity of 0.5
– 100 mL. The working principle is to pipette or move the volume of liquid carefully or
carefully (Wardiah, 2016).

Figure 2.1 Volumetric pipette

Source : Setiawan, 2015

2.1.2 Graduated Pipette

Graduated pipettes function to move liquids or substances into containers
with various volumes There are various sizes of measuring pipette capacities, in
including pipettes measuring 1 ml, 5 ml, and 10 ml. The way to use it is that the liquid is
sucked in with the help of filler until it reaches the desired volume. The volume issued
follows the available scale, namely the meniscus scale (Setiawan, 2015).

Figure 2.2 Graduated pipette

Source: Widodo, 2017

2.1.3 Dropper Pipette

Dropper pipette is a type of pipette that is used to transfer solution from one
container to another with very small amounts and with very low volume measurement
accuracy. The working principle of the dropper pipette is the application of air pressure
in the tube, the amount of which is regulated by how hard we press the rubber part at
the tip of the pipette. Liquid can enter the dropper tube by reducing the pressure in the
pipe body (Setiawan, 2015).

Figure 2.3 Dropper pipette

Source: Widodo, 2017

2.1.4 Bulb
 Filler pipettes are used to transfer a certain volume of solution, which is usually called
an aliquot. Filler is a tool for sucking up solutions that can be attached to the base of a
measuring pipette. Rubber as a filler material is chemically resistant rubber. Filler pipettes
are used to take chemicals through measuring pipettes or volume pipettes. with rubber
material suitable for chemicals. and equipped with 3 knobs (Wardiah, 2016).

Figure 2.4 Bulb

Source: Widodo, 2017

2.1.5 Volumetric Flask

Volumetric Flask as one of the laboratory equipment used in the process of making
or diluting a solution. This tool is usually used to obtain a solution of certain substances
which will only be used in a limited size. The measuring flask has high accuracy so it is
often used to measure samples carefully (Widodo, 2017).

Figure 2.5 Volumetric Flask

Source: Setiawan, 2015

2.1.6 Graduated Cylinder

A cylindrical graduated cup is a laboratory equipment used to measure the volume
of liquids made of glass (polypropylene) or plastic, shaped like a pipe that has
legs/seats so that it can be enforced. Its function is to measure volumes from 10 to
2000 mL Graduated cylinders are generally more accurate and more precise than
laboratory flasks and beakers. in measuring using this measuring cup you should use
a concave meniscus scale (Setiawan, 2015).

Figure 2.6 Graduated Cylinder

Source: Widodo, 2017

2.1.7 Beaker Glass

The beaker glass is a place for reacting materials, a place for holding chemicals in
the form of solutions, solids, pastes or flour, a place for dissolving ingredients and a
place for heating materials. Has a volume size capacity of 5 – 6000 mL. The working
 principle is the solution container, the scale on the glass body is used to measure the
solution inaccurately (Setiawan, 2015).

Figure 2.7 Beaker glass

Source: Widodo, 2017

2.1.8 Burette and static

A burette is a laboratory tool commonly used in quantitative chemical analysis. The
function of the burette is to measure the volume of a liquid or gas. the stative itself is a
stand that can support the biuret and aims to uphold the burette. . The burette can be
used to carry out the titration process of a solution. This burette is commonly used for
alkaline solutions because alkaline solutions can react with glassware so that if you
use an ordinary burette, the faucet used will jam (Wardiah, 2016).

Figure 2.8 Burette and static

Source: Regina et al., 2018

2.1.9 Erlenmeyer Flask

The Erlenmeyer flask is one of the most widely used glassware in laboratory
analysis. The function of the Erlenmeyer flask is to be a container for liquid chemicals.
This glass is also often used for the titration process to accommodate the solution to
be used. The working principle of an Erlenmeyer flask with a whet lid is used for mixing
the reaction with vigorous shaking while the Erlenmeyer flask without a whet lid is
usually used to mix the reaction at a weak speed (Widodo, 2017).

Figure 2.9 Erlenmeyer flask

Source: Setiawan, 2015

2.1.10 Spektrofotometer
 A spectrophotometer is used to measure the transmittance or absorbance of a
sample as a function of wavelength, each medium will absorb light at a certain
wavelength depending on the compound or color formed. The working principle of
Spectrophotometry is that if light (monochromatic or mixed) falls on a homogeneous
medium, some of the incoming light will be reflected, some will be absorbed in that
medium and the rest will be transmitted. There are various types of spectrophotometers
namely UV, VIS, UV-Vis, and infrared spectrophotometers (Nurrahmawati et al., 2022).

Figure 2.10 Spektrofotometer

Source: Yohan et al., 2018

2.1.11 Cuvette
A cuvette is a tool used to measure the concentration of a reagent read on a
spectrophotometer. A parallelogram cuvette is more precise for measurement because
the light will fall at right angles to the surface of the cuvette. Cuvettes are made of
various materials such as glass, plastic, and quartz. Single-use plastic cuvettes are
often used in rapid spectroscopic assays, where speed is more important than high
accuracy. Glass cuvettes are typically used over a wide range of visible light
wavelengths and fused quartz tends to be used in the UV to near infrared range (Yohan
et al., 2018).

Figure 2.11 Cuvette

Source: Nurrahmawati et al., 2022

2.1.12 Test Tube

Test tubes are generally made of various types of glass, among others;
Boroxysilicate, Soda, Fiolax and Supermax. Test tubes made of Fiolax and Soda glass
generally have thin walls, while test tubes made of Boroxysilicate and Supermax are
heat resistant. The size of the test tube is determined based on the inner diameter of
the mouth of the tube and the length of the tube, the diameter is between 70 – 200 mm.
Working Principle As a solution container, some have a lid that is used to put the
sample (Wardiah, 2016).
 Figure 2.12 Test Tube
Source : Setiawan, 2015

2.1.13 Funnel
The funnel in the chemical sphere is usually made of a type of borosilicate or plastic.
As a tool to move or enter the solution into a container that has dimensions to enter
small material samples. In addition, as a filtering aid, namely as a place to put filter
paper. Funnels have a diameter of 35 – 300 mm and some have long, medium and
short funnel stalks. The working principle of this laboratory tool helps to put liquid into
a container with a small mouth size (Warrdiah, 2016).

Figure 2.13 Funnel

Source: Setiawan, 2015

2.1.14 Analytical Balance

Analytical balance is a tool that is often used in laboratories which functions to weigh
materials or substances to be used before carrying out an experiment that requires a
weighing. Analytical balance as a tool to weigh the mass of a chemical accurately
without the influence of free air (Wardiah, 2016).

Figure 2.14 Analytical balance

Source: Widodo, 2017

2.1.15 Watch glass

Watch glass a laboratory tool that has a shape like a small plate. As the name
implies, impermeable glass is made of glass and is included in the classification of
laboratory glassware.Watch glass is made of thin glass that breaks easily. This tool is
used to weigh chemicals in an analytical balance, cover beakers, material dryers, and
evaporate small amounts of liquids (Wardiah, 2016).
 Figure 2.15 Watch glass
Source: Setiawan, 2015

2.1.16 Stirrer
Stirrer is a laboratory equipment used to mix chemicals and liquids for laboratory
purposes. In addition to mixing the solution. the function of the stirring rod is also to
assist the decantation of the solution, induce crystallization and break the emulsion in
an extraction. the stirring rod cannot pick up the media (Setiawan, 2015).

Figure 2.16 Stirrer

Source: Wardiah, 2016

2.1.17 Scoopula
a spatula in the scope of chemistry is a tool for picking up objects. The spatula that
is often used in biology or chemistry laboratories is in the form of a small spoon, flat
and with a handle. Besides that, the spatula can also be used as a mixer or mixing
ingredients. The working principle of the spatula is to take substances in the form of
solids or liquids (Setiawan, 2015).

Figure 2.17 Scoopula

Source: Wardiah, 2016

2.1.18 Autoclave
Autoclave is a closed heating device that is used to sterilize an object using steam
at high temperature and pressure (1210C, 15 lbs) for approximately 15 minutes.
Lowering the pressure in the autoclave is not intended to kill microorganisms, but rather
increases the temperature in the autoclave. This high temperature will kill
microorganisms. Autoclaving is primarily intended to kill endospores, which are
resistant cells produced by bacteria, these cells are resistant to heat, drought, and
antibiotics. The principle is to take advantage of the lightness of the steam compared
to the air, so that the air is located below the steam, the way it works begins by entering
the steam through the top of the autoclave so that the air is pressed down (Widodo,
2017).
 Figure 2.18 Autoclave
Source: Wardiah, 2016

2.1.19 Desiccator
A desiccator is a pot/container made of glass/glass which is arranged to remove
water and crystals resulting from purification. The desiccator consists of two parts, at
the bottom there is silica gel which functions as an evaporating agent for water vapor
and at the top as a drying place for the material being evaporated. Desiccators are
used both for cooling heated items and for storing dry items that should not be exposed
to moisture normally present in the atmosphere (Widodo, 2017).

Figure 2.19 Desiccator

Source: Wardiah, 2016

2.1.20 Incubator
Laboratory Incubator is a microbiology laboratory tool used to incubate
microorganisms under certain conditions. This incubator is equipped with a
temperature controller and a timer. The working principle of a microbiology incubator
in general is that this tool converts electrical energy into heat energy. The presence of
nickel wires / resistors inhibits the flow of running electrons thereby increasing the heat
in the incubator chamber (Setiawan,, 2015).

Figure 2.20 Incubator

Source: Wardiah, 2016

2.1.21 Porcelain Cup

laboratory equipment shaped like a cup used to accommodate chemical compounds in
a heating process that uses very high temperatures. These cups are made of ceramic or
porcelain and are usually used in the process of separating mixtures or crystallization
(Setiawan, 2015).

Figure 2.21 Porcelain Cup

Source: Wardiah, 2016

2.1.22 Test Tube Clamp

The test tube repayment is a device that has a length of approximately 15 cm and
made of stainless steel or wood. This test tube clamp used to clamp the test tube. In
addition, it also functions as tools that are difficult or cannot be picked up by hand
(Setiawan, 2015).

Figure 2.22 Test tube clamp

Source: Wardiah, 2016

2.1.23 Conductivitimeter
Conductivity Meter is a tool used to measure the conductivity of a solution. In
addition, the conductivity meter is used to determine the conductivity of a solution and
measure the degree of ionization of an electrolyte solution in water by determining the
resistance of a liquid column. In addition, the conductivity meter has another use,
namely measuring electrical conductivity. This tool works using the detector/sensor
contained in the conductivity probe. The detector consists of two parts, namely the
anode and cathode, usually made of an inert (non-reacting) material such as graphite
(Zevilla et al., 2015).

Figure 2.23 Conductivitimeter

Source: Galyamova et al, 2019

2.1.24 Turbidimeter
Turbidimeter is a tool used to measure the turbidity of water or a solution. Turbidity
measurement is based on optical properties due to light dispersion and can be
expressed as the ratio of reflected light to incident light. The working principle of the
turbidimeter is to measure the scattering of light that hits the particles contained in the
 water by shining a light source from the lamp onto the cuvette. Then these particles will
absorb light energy and will reflect light in all directions (Wardiah, 2016).

Figure 2.24 Turbidimeter

Source: Susanto, 2018

2.1.25 Vacuum Filter

A vacuum filter is a tool for treating solid-liquids with the aim of speeding up the
particle collection process. It is commonly used in filtration equipment, which is
especially suitable for filtering various solutions and solvents in laboratories. Vacuum
filtration is carried out by means of a solid-liquid mixture poured through filter paper in
a Buchner funnel or Hirsch funnel then the solid will be trapped in the filter paper, while
the liquid is drawn by vacuum through the channel into the flask (Zevilla et al., 2015).

Figure 2.25 Vacuum filter

Source: Wardiah, 2016

2.1.26 Fume Hood

A fume hood is a local ventilation device designed to reduce exposure to hazardous
gases, toxic vapors or dust. Fume hoods are generally large laboratory equipment, with
a lower cabinet as a support/table. The acid chamber serves as a place to take,
manufacture, and react substances with high concentrations (Wardiah, 2016).

Figure 2.26 Fume hood

Source: Widodo, 2017

2.1.27 Coolbox
A cooler box, also known as a cooler box, is a place to store and cool cold food or
drinks. This tool works by using a Peltier Module cooler or a Thermoelectric Generator.
 The small box-shaped tool produces cold on one side and heat on the other. To
overcome the hot side, a water cooling system is used (Gianita, 2017).

Figure 2.27 Coolbox

Source: Naufal dan Amiruddin, 2019

2.1.28 Jar Tester

jar test is a laboratory scale experiment that functions to determine the optimum
dose of coagulant used in the clean water treatment process. The principle of testing
the jar test method is to add a coagulant with a certain dose accompanied by stirring
and evaluate the results by observing the coagulant or flocculant that is formed. The
purpose of stirring is to speed up the homogenization of the coagulant in the treated
sample (Wardiah, 2016).

Figure 2.28 Jar tester

Source: Susanto, 2018

2.1.29 DR900 Colorimeter

DR900 Colorimeter is a useful laboratory instrument for measuring the color intensity
of a sample. Color intensity measurements are useful in liquid sample analysis
applications, such as water quality and paint quality analysis. This tool has 90 different
parameters and can store and generate data quickly (Setiawan, 2015).

Figure 2.29 DR900 Colorimeter

Source: Widodo, 2017

2.2 Symbols of Hazardous Chemicals

2.2.1 Toxic
This chemical symbol indicates that the substance is a toxic substance. Poisoning
that can cause these chemicals can be acute and chronic, and can even cause death
 at high concentrations. Poisoning due to substances with the symbol above does not
only occur if the substance is entered through the mouth. It can also poison through
inhalation (inhalation) or through skin contact. Some examples of toxic chemicals are
arsenic trichloride and metal mercury. Working with these materials must pay attention
to personal safety. Avoid direct contact with skin, swallowing, and use a mask sheath
to prevent the vapor from entering through breathing. examples of chemicals bearing
this symbol are formalin, ammonia, sulfuric acid, and acetone (Subamia et al., 2019).

Figure 2.2.1 Toxic

Source: Lasia, 2013

2.2.2 Flammable
The fire symbol indicates that the chemical is flammable either in contact with air, or
spontaneously igniting. Materials labeled Extremely Flammable have a flash point at 0
degrees Celsius and a boiling point at 35 degrees Celsius. This material is generally a
gas at normal temperatures and stored in high pressure airtight tubes. Examples of
predictable materials are aluminum alkyl phosphorus, acetone and benzene (Subamia
et al., 2019).

Figure 2.2.2 Flammable

Source: Lasia, 2013

2.2.3 Korosif
The chemical symbol on the side indicates that the substance is corrosive and can
damage living tissue. The characteristics of materials with these properties can
generally be seen from their level of acidity. The pH of corrosive materials is usually in
the range < 2 or > 11.5. Some examples of materials with this symbol are sulfur oxides
and chlorine. Do not inhale vapors from this material, nor make it come in direct contact
with your eyes or skin. They can also cause irritation. Examples of materials bearing
this symbol are acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid (Subamia et al., 2019).

Figure 2.2.3 Corrosive

Source: Lasia, 2013

2.2.4 Explosive
Chemicals that are given the symbol like the picture beside are explosive materials.
Explosion of these materials can occur due to several causes, for example due to
impact, heating, blows, abrasions, reaction with other chemicals, or due to a source of
sparks. Explosions of chemicals with this symbol can sometimes occur even in the
 absence of oxygen. Some examples of chemicals with explosive properties are TNT,
ammonium nitrate, and nitrocellulose. Working with explosive chemicals requires
practical experience as well as knowledge. Avoiding things that can trigger an
explosion is very important to prevent fatal risks for personal safety (Subamia et al.,
2019).

Figure 2.2.4 Explosive

Source: Lasia, 2013

2.2.5 Pengoksidasi
The oxidizer symbol is a circle with fire above it. The oxidizing symbol indicates that
a chemical is an oxidizing agent in the form of a gas, liquid or solid. Chemicals with an
oxidizing symbol do not spontaneously cause explosion or fire. However, it can prolong
combustion and can also change its chemical and physical properties due to oxidation.
Examples of materials that are oxidizing are hydrogen peroxide and potassium
perchlorate (Subamia et al., 2019).

Figure 2.2.5 Oxidizer

Source: Lasia, 2013

2.2.6 Harmful
Chemicals bearing the symbol "Xn" have a formula that can damage health at a
moderate level if it enters the body through the mouth, inhalation system, and contact
with the skin. Avoid direct contact and do not let it be inhaled, swallowed or touched by
skin. Examples are sulfuric acid and methamine (Subamia et al., 2019).

Figure 2.2.6 Harmful

Source : Lasia, 2013
 CHAPTER III
RESULT AND DSICCUSION
 CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION

4.1 Conclusion
In this practicum, it can be concluded that in the laboratory there are a lot of dangerous
tools and materials. Tools in the laboratory are made of glass, plastic and so on. These tools
also have their own uses which are certainly very specific and useful to support work safety in
the laboratory. Apart from that, there are also symbols indicating that the materials in the
laboratory are dangerous, such as corrosive, flammable, harmful, toxic and many more. The
introduction of work tools and safety aims to enable the practitioner to be able to carry out
practicums with guaranteed security and safety in accordance with procedures.

4.2 Critism and Suggestion

In this practicum there are several obstacles such as the laboratory where the temperature
is very hot so that the practicum does not concentrate and is uncomfortable. Maybe it would
be better if the laboratory provides coolers to make the lab feel more comfortable.
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ATTACHMENTS