Chapter 2: Work, Energy & Power Ch02CS01

WORK FACTORS AFFECTING WORK: Work is directly MEASUREMENT OF WORK DONE BY VARIABLE FORCE
Work is defined by the product of the force acting on a proportional to If the force applied varies according to the
body at a point and the displacement of the point of  Magnitude of force, 𝐹 displacement it produces, we plot a force-
application of the force, in the direction of force. It is a  Magnitude of displacement, 𝑆 displacement graph, and calculate the area enclosed
scalar quantity.  Cosine of angle θ between the direction of under the curve and X-axis to obtain the work done.
⃗ ⃗
FORMULA: W = 𝑭. 𝑺 cos θ force and displacement (i.e. cos θ)
where W is the work done, 𝐹 is the force applied and 𝑆 is WORK DONE BY GRAVITY: For a body of mass ‘m’;
WORK DONE IS ZERO / NO WORK IS DONE IF going up a height ‘h’ either directly or through an
the displacement produced by the force applied. θ is the
 No force is applied (𝐹 = 0) inclined path; work done by the force of gravity is given
angle between force applied and the displacement
 No displacement occurs (𝑆 = 0) as: W = F x S = mg x h = mgh
produced. Alternatively, 𝑆 cos θ can also be termed as the
component of displacement in the direction of the force  Force and displacement are perpendicular to  W = mgh
each other (𝐹 ⊥ 𝑆) i.e. θ = 90o  cos 90o = 0 NOTE: g is taken as positive for bodies coming towards
applied.
 For a non-rigid body, if the force applied does the surface of earth; while g is taken as negative for
not reshape / resize the body, then work done bodies going away from the earth’s surface; thus work
is zero. done is against the force of gravity in this case.

MEASUREMENT OF WORK DONE (Special Cases)

Case 1: θ = 0o E.g. coolie lifting a suitcase
Fig 1 : work done by a force when displacement is not along
When force and displacement are not zero, and are
direction of force applied collinear (i.e. displacement occurs in the direction of
UNITS OF WORK force); cos 0o = 1work done is maximum and positive;
S.I. unit: joule (J) CGS unit: erg and is given by the formula  W = 𝑭 ⃗ 𝑿𝑺 ⃗
Fig 2: Work done by gravity (positive)
1 J = 107 erg
Case 2: θ = 90o E.g. work done by centripetal force
One joule of work is said to be done when a force of 1 N
When force and displacement are not zero, and are
displaces a body through a distance of 1 m in its own
perpendicular to each other; i.e. cos 90o = 0  W = 0
direction.
One erg of work is said to be done when a force of 1 dyne Case 2: θ = 180o E.g. work done by friction
displaces a body through a distance of 1 cm in its own When force and displacement are not zero, and the
direction. displacement is in the opposite direction to the force
Other units: kilo-joule (kJ), mega-joule (MJ), giga-joule (GJ) applied, to each other; work done is maximum and
Where: 1 kJ = 103 J; 1 MJ = 106 J; and 1 GJ = 106 J negative; as cos 180o = -1  W = - ⃗𝑭 𝑿 ⃗𝑺 Fig 3: Work done against gravity (negative)
Chapter 2: Work, Energy & Power Ch02CS02

ENERGY: Capacity to do work. Energy is a scalar quantity. KINETIC ENERGY: Energy possessed by a body by virtue POTENTIAL ENERGY: Energy possessed by a body by
NOTE: when work is done on a body, it gets stored in form of its state of motion. Denoted by symbol K. virtue of its specific positions or changed configuration.
of energy in that body. Denoted by the symbol U.
KE FORMULA DERIVATION:
UNITS OF ENERGY: Kinetic Energy, K = Work done by retarding force to PE FORMULA DERIVATION:
S.I. unit: joule (J) CGS unit: erg stop motion  K = F x S Gravitational potential energy = work done in lifting
7
1 J = 10 erg Substituting F= ma, v2 = u2 + 2aS  S = (v2 – u2)/-2a body of mass ‘m’ by a height ‘h’ = Force x displacement
Multiple units: kilo-joule (kJ), mega-joule (MJ), giga-joule  K = ma x S = ma x (v2 – u2)/-2a = ½ mv2 U = W = F x S = force of gravity x displacement = mg x h
(GJ), calorie and kilo-calorie, watt-hour and kilowatt-hour. (∵ 𝑢 = 𝑣, v = 0 and a is negative as body is in retardation) Thus, U = mgh
Where: 1 kJ = 103 J; 1 MJ = 106 J; 1 GJ = 106 J Thus, K = ½ mv2
1 cal = 4.186 J or 1 J ~ 4.2 J  1 J = 0.24 cal FORMS OF POTENTIAL ENERGY: Potential energy is of
1 kcal = 1000 cal = 4186 J or 1 kcal ~ 4200 J RELATIONSHIP WITH MOMENTUM (p): two forms –
1 watt-hour = 1 Wh = 3600 J p = √𝟐𝒎𝑲  K = p2/2m
Forms of
1 kilowatt-hour = 1kWh = 3.6 x 106 J = 3.6 MJ
Potential energy
Sub multiple unit: electron-volt (eV)  1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J WORK ENERGY THEOREM: According to the work-
energy theorem, the work done by a force on a moving
DEFINITIONS OF UNITS body is equal to the increase in its kinetic energy.
Gravitational PE Elastic PE
 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) is defined as the energy i.e. W = K2 – K1 = ½ m (v2 – u2) Energy possessed by a body Energy possessed by a body
spent by a source of power 1 kW in one hour. due to its position relative to in its deformed state due to
the centre of Earth. a change in its configuration
 1 calorie (cal) is the energy required in raising FORMS OF KINETIC ENERGY: Kinetic energy has 3
NOTE: When an external force is applied on a body, its
temperature of 1 g of water from 14.5 oC to 15.5 mains forms depending on the body’s type of motion.
o
C (or through 1 oC). NOTE: For bodies exhibiting mixed motion; the body configuration or shape is changed. Elasticity is the
property by virtue of which a body regains its original
 1 electron-volt is the energy gained by an electron may possess one or more form of KE simultaneously.
configuration on removal of the external force.
when it is accelerated through a potential
difference of 1 volt. Forms of
Kinetic energy CONVERSION OF POTENTIAL TO KINETIC ENERGY: PE
changes to KE, whenever it is put to use.
FORMS OF ENERGY: Energy possessed due to a body’s
Translational KE Rotational KE Vibrational KE
state of rest or motion is called mechanical energy. It is
due to body's to & fro
due to body's motion due to body's motion
generally of two forms – potential energy (U) and kinetic along a straight line about a fixed axis.
motion about a mean
position
energy (K). The total mechanical energy of a body is equal
to the sum of its potential energy and kinetic energy.
Chapter 2: Work, Energy & Power Ch02CS03

POWER: Rate of doing work / rate of consumption of UNITS OF POWER DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POWER & WORK
energy is called power. Power is a scalar quantity. S.I. unit of power = watt (W)
S.I. unit of power = S.I. unit of work / S.I. unit of time POWER WORK
S.I. unit of power = J/s = J s-1 = W Rate of doing work Product of force and
Where, 1 W = 1 J ÷ 1 s = 1 J s-1 displacement in the
direction of force
One watt is defined as the power if one joule of work is S.I. unit: watt (W) S.I. unit: joule (J)
done in one second. Depends on time in Does not depend on
which work is done time
CGS unit: erg per second (erg s-1)

FORMULA: Power (P) = Work done (W)/ time (t)

Relationship between S.I. & CGS Units of Power: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POWER & ENERGY
P = W/t
1 W = 107 erg s-1
P = W/t = F x S / t = F x v
Thus, Power is also given by the equation, POWER ENERGY
Other units: kilowatt (kW), mega-watt (MW), Gigawatt Energy spent in one Capacity to do work
P = force (F) x avg. speed (v)
(GW), milliwatt (mW), microwatt (μW) second
P=Fxv
S.I. unit: watt (W) S.I. unit: joule (J)
Relationship between units of power: Depends on time in Does not depend on
If F and S are at an angle θ
1 kW = 103 W which work is done time
P = W/t = FS cos θ / t = F.cos θ. S/ t  P = F x v cos θ
1 MW = 106 W
P=𝑭 ⃗ x𝒗 ⃗
1 GW = 109 W

FACTORS AFFECTING POWER DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WATT & WATT-HOUR

1 mW = 10-3 W
 Amount of work done by the source: Greater the
1 μW = 10-6 W WATT WATT-HOUR
amount of work done in a given time, greater the
power consumed. Thus, power is directly Unit of power Unit of energy
Horse power (HP) is another unit of power largely used
proportional to the work done (P ∝ W) 1 W = 1 J s-1 1 Wh = 3600 J
in mechanical engineering. It is related to the S.I. unit
 Time taken by the source to do work: Greater the as given –
time taken to do a given work, lesser the power
consumed. Thus, power is inversely proportional 1 HP = 746 W
𝟏
to the time taken. (P ∝ ) 1 HP = 0.746 kW
𝒕
Chapter 2: Work, Energy & Power Ch02CS04

DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY: There are several forms of EXAMPLES OF ENERGY CONVERSION CHART SHOWING ENERGY CONVERSIONS
energy in nature Energy conversion or transformation follows the law
of conservation of energy, where energy can neither
Solar Wind Geothermal be created nor destroyed but can change from one
Light Heat Sound form to another.
Hydro Chemical/fuel Magnetic
Nuclear Electrical Mechanical Examples
OBJECT NAME Input energy Output Energy
All energy forms are either kinetic energy or potential energy. Steam Engine Heat Mechanical
The stored forms of energy (magnetic, chemical, nuclear etc.) Crackers Chemical Heat
are types of potential energy; whereas the energy forms that Automobile Chemical Mechanical
can move from one point to another are classified as kinetic Electromagnet Electrical Magnetic
energy.
NOTE: Whenever mechanical energy changes to other
forms, it is always in the form of kinetic energy and
not in the form of potential energy. This implies that
the stored energy first changes to kinetic energy and
then the kinetic energy changes to the other form.

ENERGY DISSIPATION: Energy conversion is not

100%. There is always some part of the input energy
that converts to a non-useful form. This is known as
dissipation of energy. E.g. in a light bulb, electrical
energy is converted to light energy; but a small
portion of the input electric energy converts to
unwanted heat energy which is dissipated.
Another example of this is the table fan, where
electric energy is converted to mechanical energy but
a small portion of it is also converted to unwanted
sound energy.
Chapter 2: Work, Energy & Power Ch02CS05

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY THEORETICAL VERIFICATION For a pendulum:

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can change
from one form to another.

Conservation of mechanical energy: In the absence of friction,

the total mechanical energy (i.e. the sum of potential energy
and kinetic energy; K + U) remains constant.

For Vertical motion: According to the law of conservation of

mechanical energy, we understand that the potential energy
at the highest point (h) gets converted to the kinetic energy of
At position A:
the body just as it strikes the ground.
Initial velocity = 0 (body at rest)  K = 0
Similarly, the kinetic energy provided to the body at the Position A Position B & C
Potential energy, U = mgh
ground to launch / throw a body up to a height (h) is equal to K = ½ mv2 K = 0 (V = 0)
Total energy = U + K = mgh + 0 = mgh
the potential energy of the body at height h (=mgh) Velocity = √2𝑔ℎ Height = h
U = 0 (h = 0) U = mgh
At position B:
Velocity, v = v1, distance travelled, S = x, u = 0, a = g Total energy = ½ mv2 (at A) = mgh (At B & C)
Using eqn: v2 = u2 + 2aS and substituting above values
v12 = 0 + 2gx  v12 = 2gx ENERGY DEGRADATION: While transformation of
Kinetic energy, K = ½ mv2 = 1/2 m x (2gx) = mgx energy from one form to another, a part of it changes
Potential energy, U = mg(h-x) to an undesirable / non-useful form. This conversion to
Total energy = K + U = mgx + mg(h-x) = mg(x+h–x) = mgh a non-useful form of energy is called dissipation of
energy.
At position C: Since this part of energy is not available to us for
Velocity = v; u = 0; S = h; a = g productive work, the energy is in its degraded form.
Using eqn: v2 = u2 + 2aS and substituting above values With more and more use of energy, the degraded form
v2 = 02 + 2gh  v2 = 2gh increases.
Kinetic energy, K = ½ mv2 = ½ m (2gh) = mgh
Potential energy, U = 0 (h = 0) The gradual decrease of useful energy due to friction
Total energy = K + U = mgh + 0 = mgh etc. is called degradation of energy.