ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Kufic Original Arabic script used at the time of the Prophet Mohammad. Linear and rigid style.

Variations of kufic calligraphy

 Floriated Kufic is a style of writing that originated in Egypt in the late tenth century and subsequently spread to the entire
Islamic world. Blending the geometric character forms of the Kufic script with curvilinear floral ornament, this script was
especially favored for its beauty and complexity.
 Knotted/pointed kufic
 New style script

Naskh Cursive style, which became the standard style for copying the Quran and other documents.

Variations of Naskh

 Thuluth Qurans, architecture, metal work

 Riqaʿ letters, edicts, manuscripts
 Tawqi Qurans, missives, edict
 Muhaqqaq qurans
 Rayhani chancellery script for letter

Basic forms of islamicarchitecture

Calligraphy = kallos (beauty) graphos (writing)

a) Angular kufic
b) Cultural kufic

Arabesque- pattern of different living things (floral, animals, fruit)

Geometric pattern- different shapes

Light- symbolizes divinity of God.

Water- symbolizes purity.

Arches

Parts of mosque

Minbar- imam (leader of the prayer)- stands to deliver sermons

Mihrab- a niche in the wall of a mosque or religious school (madrasa)

Ablution- Wudu (or Wudhu) is a cleansing ritual or ablution that is an important part of purity and cleanliness in Islam before
performing worship. It follows a process to wash hands, mouth, nostrils, arms, face, ears, hair and feet.

Minaret - a tall slender tower, typically part of a mosque, with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer.

Azaan – call to prayer

Sahn - Large prayer hall

Example

Dome of the rock

Jerusalem, Israel

Architect: Rasa Ibn Haywa and Yazid Ibn Salam

 According to the Islamic calendar (691-692 CE) the original Dome collapsed 1015 and was revealed in 1022 to 1023.
 this is where Mohamed stepped before siya umakyat.
 At the center of the Dome of the Rock sits a large rock, which is believed to be the location where Abraham was prepared to
sacrifice his son Ismail (Isaac in the Judeo/Christian tradition).

Taj mahal, 1632- 1648

Agra, India
Ar. Ustad – Ahmad Lahori

Shah Jahan- Emperor na nag-pagawa ng Taj mahal

Mumtaz mahal- emperors wife

Tas- crown

Mahal- palace

20,000 workers

It was built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
Architectural features:

Goth - barbarian

Apat - groin vault

Window tracery

 Pointed arches- A pointed arch, ogival arch, or gothic arch is an arch with a pointed
crown, which two curving sides meet at a relatively sharp angle at
the top of the arch.
 Ribbed vault- A skeleton of arches or ribs on which masonry can be
laid to form a ceiling or roof.
 Large window and stained glass
a) Heart of gothic architecture
b) It depicts biblical scenes for all to see.
 Rose window - Also called as the wheel window in gothic
architecture.
 Clustered columns
a) Another salient feature of gothic architecture church.
b) Resembling a group of thin pillars tied together to form bundle.
 Flying buttress
a) To help hold a heavy wall up by pushing form the outside.
b) It is a support.
c) For aesthetics purposes also
 Gargoyle- Carved formed grotesque with a spout design to convey water from roof away from a roof and away from the
sides of a building.
 Ornamentation- Inspired by nature.

Example:

Basilica Cathedral of Saint Denis 1135 - 1144

North Of Paris, France,

Ar. Suger, Pierre De Montreuil, François Debret, Jacques Moulin
1st gothic architecture in the history

Milan cathedral, 1386 - 1965

Ar. Nicolas de Bonaventure

Milan, Italy

Notre dame (our lady) Cathedral Paris, 1163 - 1345

Ar. Jean Baptiste Antoine Lassuss

Paris, France
 Renaissance Architecture
Rebirth- revival of the Roman & Greek architecture.
Features
Symmetry - A sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion and balance
- Orderly arrangement of columns, pilaster, and lintel
Arches - semi-circular segmental arches are used in renaissance architecture.
Domes -familiar architectural elements that are still widely used in contemporary buildings.
7 lanterns

Painted vibrant interior.

Michelangelo
- The creation of adam
- The last judgement
- Pieta (sculpture)
Leonardo da vinci
- Vitruvian man
- The last supper
- Monalisa
Titian
- Three ages of man

Example

Florence Cathedral, 1426 - 1436

Florence , Italy

Arnolfo Cambio

Filippo Brunelleschi (dome)

St. Peter Basilica

(Vatican City), Rome Italy

Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Beninili

1506-1615

Basilica Of Santa Maria Novella, 1246 - 1470

Florence, Italy

 Fra Sisto Fiorentino

 Fra Ristoro Da Campi.
 Leon Battista Alberti

Palazzo Medici, 1444 – 1484

Florence, Italy

Michelozzo Di Bartolomeo
 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

The word Romanesque means descended from Roman.

Architectural features

Groin vault- the creation two-barrel vaults that are crossed in the center at a right angle. They are made from stone or brick.

Thick walls - Romanesque churches were mainly built of stone, which is heavy, particularly in a big vaulted roof. You need thick
walls and broad columns to hold up that great stone roof.

Fewer and smaller windows – the massive size of the churches had to be supported architecturally, so along with the thick walls
were very few windows, since many windows would have weakened the strength of the walls.

Round arches- built with carefully dresses blocks of stone, such as are found in roman architectures, theatres, and aqueducts,
are Romanesque architectures most essential features.

West End Façade And The East End

Portal Parts In West End Facade

Example

Pisa Cathedral, 1063

Tuscany, Italy

Ar. Buscheto, Rainaldo

Leaning tower of Pisa

Ar. Giovanni di Simone

4° tilt

55-56 meters tall

1990- Italian government enlisted top engineer to stabilize Marshy Land- Pisa name
Pisa's famous leaning tower.
3meter foundation
1173- construction began on a free standing, or bell tower.
1272- construction began again Foundation slightly stable 1970- engineers examine again

1838- dug a walkway around the base to examine the sunken 1992- drilled diagonal tunnels to remove 38 cubic meters of
foundation. soil from the north end.

1935- injected mortar Temporarily balanced the structure with 600 tons of lead
ingots

ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE
 Derives from rocaille, which is French for rubble or rock

Architectural features

 Elaborate ornamentation- planned or executed with care and exactness: detailed.

 Pastel color palette- primary colors used in rococo art; gold, ivory/ ivory white, and pastel colors.
 Curve and serpentine lines- it has a frilly style replete with serpentine curves, spirals, and andulations.
 Asymmetrical- another key feature of the design is its curved asymmetric ornamentation, where it forms often resemble the
letter s and c.

Example

The Amalienburg Catherine palace

Munich, Germany, 1730 St. Petersburg, Russia, 1743-1756

Ar. Francos De Cuvillies Ar. Bartolomeo Rastrelli

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Barocco- irregular pearl or stone (Portuguese)Architectural features

 Classical architectural style- columns, and rectangular windows.

 Intricate details- having a lot of small parts that are arranged in a complicated or delicate way.
 Sculptures and paintings- full of life, emption, and movement.
 Twisting elements, curved/ sweeping form- type of line that is bent and not straight. It is continuous and smooth, without
any sharp turns.
Example

Santa Susana San Carlo Alle Quatro Fontane

Rome, Italy, 1585-1603 Rome, Italy 1638- 1641

Ar. Carlo Maderno Ar. Francesco Barromini

Trevi Fountain St. paul’s cathedral

Rome, Italy, 1732-62 London, UK, 1675-1710

Ar. Nicola Salvi And Giussepem Pannini Ar. Sir Christopher wren

Santa Maria della Salute (English: Saint Mary of Health) St. peter square (piazza san dictro)

Venice, Italy, 1631- 81 Vatican city, rome, 1586- 1675

Ar. Baldassare Longhena Gian Lorenzo Bernini (father of baroque)

284 columns, 88 pilasters, 140 statues

 NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
Features

 Simplicity of form -Purity of form (simple geometric shapes)

 Symmetry and proportion- Neoclassical architecture uses symmetry and proportion to create a balanced exterior and
interior.
 Minimal or lack of ornament- Decorations are kept to a minimum.
 Temple front façade- An array of evenly spaced columns capped by pediment.
 Roofs are flat and often domed- Supported with tall columns.

Examples:

United States Capitol/ The Capital/ Capital Building

1793-1800, Last Extension In 1962

Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C

William Thornton

British Museum

Great Russell Street, London, 1823-1852

Ar. Robert Smirke, John Russell Pope, Sydney Smirke, John Taylor

The Custom House

Dublin, Ireland 1781-91

Ar. James Gandon

ARCHITECTURE IN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

From ugly eyesores to statement building. transition to the new manufacturing process

Machines

New chemical

Iron production

Improved efficiency of waterpower

Development of tools

Major inventions

 Steam engines
 Railway
 Roads
 Canals

Inventions of building materials

 Cast iron
 Wrought iron
 Glass

ART NOUVEAU
 Popular in Europe and us in 5th century.
 Means new art
 Was desire to create new art for new age by embracing the possibilities of the industrial revolution.

Principles

 Asymmetrical shapes
 Extensive use of arches and curved forms
 Its style influenced by nature
 Sculpture elements
Sagrada familia, 1882

Barcelona, spain,

Ar. Antoni gaudi

Montjuic stone- type of sand stone

Columns mimicking trees and skeletons

Arches mirroring

seashells

Eiffel tower, 1887

Paris, France

Ar. Gustave Eiffel

 Made of iron and criss cross beam so they could pass through it.
 It took over 2 years to build.
 3 floors
a) 1st, glass floor, theater, shop, glass barrier
b) 2nd, restaurant
c) 3rd sight seeing
 The first height of the Eiffel is 300 meters.
 but in 1957 it became 324 because the antenna was added
 River seine is the river next to the tower.

The Crystal Palace, 1850-1851

London, UK

Ar. Joseph Paxton

Father of Gothic- Abbot Suger

Father of Renaissance- Filippo Brunelleschi

Father of Romanesque- Henry Hobson Richardson

Father of Rococo- Jean-Antoine Watteau

Father of Baroque- Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Father of art nouveau- Antoni Gaudí