REPORT OF GENETICS PRACTICUM

Unit I Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster)

Maintenance Medium

Name : Rughaya Salsabila SM

ID : 200107510006
Class : ICP of Biology Education
Group : 2 (Two)

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR
2022
 VALIDITY SHEET

The complete report of genetics practicum entitled "Fruit Fly (Drosophila

melanogaster) Maintenance Medium" is prepared by:
Name :Rughaya Salsabila SM
ID :200107510006
Class :ICP of Biology Education
Group : 2 (Two)
has been checked and consulted with the Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, it is
declared accepted.

Makassar, 2022
Assistant Coordinator Assistant

Alfian Mubaraq Nur Rahmah

ID.1814142033 ID. 1914440010

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

COVER......................................................................................................................
VALIDITY SHEET..................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENT..........................................................................................iii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.............................................................................
A. Background.....................................................................................................
B. Practical Purpose..............................................................................................
C. Benefit.............................................................................................................
CHAPTER II STUDY OF LITERATURE..........................................................
A. Fly Fruit...........................................................................................................
B. Fruit Fly Medium............................................................................................
C. Factor that Affects the Quality of Fruit Fly Medium......................................
CHAPTER III METHOD OF PRACTICUM.....................................................
A. Date and Place.................................................................................................
B. Tools and Materials.........................................................................................
C. Procedure........................................................................................................
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION.....................................................10
A. Observation Result........................................................................................10
B. Discussion.....................................................................................................10
CHAPTER V CLOSING.........................................................................................
A. Conclusion.......................................................................................................
B. Suggestion.......................................................................................................
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................
ATTACHMENT.......................................................................................................

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Along with changing times, humans are always experiencing development
both in the short and long term. The development in question is not only followed
by technological developments but increasingly faster information in various
aspects of life, including developments in the field of science. This science is an
attempt to bridge the present and the future. Therefore, humans must be able to
master science, one of which is biology. Biology is one of the important sciences
because it studies all living things from all aspects.
explore further, not infrequently when studying biology we can find
extraordinary discoveries. The application of knowledge from biological sciences
today is the result of previous research by scientists, and these results can be
scientifically proven. Advances in technology today greatly affect the
development of biology which has given birth to many other branches of science.
One of the rapidly growing branches of biology is genetics, which is the science
of heredity which studies various kinds of genes in living things and also learns
about their health, physical and mental birth defects, inheritance of traits and birth
defects, even genetic engineering.
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies) have an important role in Biological
Sciences including in its development and are important in studying the basics of
genetics. The reason for being used as a model for diploid organisms in this fruit
fly in the laboratory is because of its small size, short life cycle and large number
of offspring, and low maintenance costs. If we want to maintain Drosophila
melanogaster, the manufacture of this medium is very necessary because it plays
an important role in its maintenance.
In this regard, in this experiment, a medium was made for the maintenance of
fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster).The preparation of D. melanogaster breeding
medium is very useful for genetic research. We can observe heredity in D.
melanogaster better using this medium than when we observe D. melanogaster

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living in the wild or breeding outside the medium. One of the advantages is that
when we observe it in the medium we are sure of who the parent of the fruit fly or
D. melanogaster offspring is or is in the medium. The recipe used in making the
medium is a recipe that is combined with a recipe that been there before. The
Ambon bananas that have previously been used will be modified with brown
sugar and gelatin as well as other additives. This will be discussed by the author in
the report of this fruit fly rearing medium unit.
B. Practical Purpose
1. Knowing how to prepare a medium container for fruit fly (Drosophila
melanogaster) maintenance.
2. Knowing how to make fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) maintenance
medium.
C. Practicum Benefits
1. Students are able to know how to prepare a medium container for keeping
fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster.)
2. Students are able to know how to make fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)
maintenance medium.

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 CHAPTER II
STUDY OF LITERATURE

A. Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)

Drosophila melanogaster is an insect belonging to the sub-order Cyclorrapha.
Morphologically, Drosophila melanogaster or what we know as fruit flies are
distinguished from mosquitoes based on the size of their antennae. Fruit flies have
short antennae, while mosquitoes have long antennae (Safitri & Bachtiat, 2018).
The head of the fruit fly is an important integrator of environmental and genetic
information. Fruit flies sense the environment with the central nervous system
through sensory organs that are concentrated in their heads and produce the
hormone insulin. In addition, the head of the fat body functions as an energy store
but has another function, namely providing physiological signals to other
individuals. Several gene expressions in fruit fly heads showed sexual
dimorphism.
Drosophila melanogaster is also one of the model organisms that is often used
to study gene function, development and disease mechanisms. The reason for
using Drosophila melanogaster is because it is easy to obtain so it does not hinder
research, has a small size and is easy to breed in the laboratory, has a short life
cycle, which ranges from 7 to 10 days depending on environmental conditions
including ambient temperature so that within one year it can be obtained more
from 25 generations, has many variations of inherited traits, has easily
distinguishable secondary sex characteristics, only has eight chromosomes (3
pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes) making it easier
to control,
D. melanogaster digests microorganisms that grow in its decaying plant food.
Some of these microbes form associations with flies, while others pass through
the gut with food. The interaction of fly microbial diets is dynamic, and changes
in fly culture media can affect microbial growth in the environment as a whole. In
turn, these changes in microbial growth not only affect the nutritional value of fly
diets but also regulate behavior and health, at least in part because of their direct

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contribution to fly nutrition. The interactive ecology between flies, microbes, and
their environment can cause certain microbes to be beneficial or detrimental to the
fly's lifespan, indicating that the environment should be considered as an
important factor influencing the host-microbial interaction (Keebaugh, 2020).
B. Medium Fruit Flies (Drosophila melanogaster)
Drosophila melanogaster, commonly known as fruit fly, is the most widely
used model organism in research due to its high fecundity, short life span and
adaptation time. Drosophila melanogaster can easily be raised on overripe and
fermented fruit. Previous studies have shown that various types of media such as
corn flour media, banana jaggery media, sucrose dextrose media and corn maltose
media containing different nutritional values and sugar content affect the
development rate of fruit flies. Several varieties of yeast and additives such as
fruits, tomatoes, sugar, raisins, rice, molasses, and oat husks were used to
standardize Drosophila culture media. Agar media and cereals such as corn flour,
oats, flour,
There are many formulas for preparing culture media for fruit flies.
Laboratories and research centers have their own formulated culture media for
Drosophila melanogaster. The most popular fruit fly research center is The
Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center at Indiana University. At the research
center, seven different types of culture medium were used and each culture
medium had its own advantages in maintaining Drosophila melanogaster. For the
maintenance of fruit flies can be used a variety of media. The medium initially
used was a mixture of Ambon banana and cassava tape with a ratio of 6:1. The
medium is used for more than 15 years. In 1984 several mediums were used
which were tested for the maintenance of other Drosophila species and in recent
years new recipes have been used. This new recipe is a modification of an existing
recipe and is adapted to Indonesian conditions (Hartati, et al., 2017).
C. Factors Affecting Medium Quality Fruit Flies (Drosophila melanogaster)
One of the factors that affect the quality of the fruit fly medium is yeast. The
use of yeast as an ingredient because it has excellent nutrition, in the form of a
fairly high energy content. Yeast is rich in minerals such as potassium,

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magnesium, phosphorus, iron, and calcium. The number of Drosophila
melanogaster eggs released will decrease if there is a shortage of food. Adult fruit
flies that lack food will produce larvae of small size. These larvae are able to form
pupae of small size, however, they often fail to develop into adult individuals.
Some can become adults who can produce only a few eggs. The viability of these
eggs is also influenced by the type and amount of food eaten by the female larvae
(Safitri, 2018).
Another factor that affects the quality of the fruit fly medium is temperature.
Fruit fly metamorphosis is influenced by environmental factors such as
temperature, humidity, and food sources, all of which have a significant effect on
insect populations. Research of Luersen et, al. (2019) shows that the fastest time
of Drosophila melanogaster's life cycle is 10.47 days at 30˚C, and the longest time
is 18.35 days at 18˚C. This indicates that the higher (hot) the temperature of the
medium, the faster the development phase of the fruit fly life cycle. On the other
hand, the lower (cold) temperature of the medium, the slower the development
phase of the fruit fly life cycle (Suharsono & Nuryadin, 2019).

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 CHAPTER III
METHOD OF PRACTICUM

A. Date and Place

Day/Date : Thursday, 22nd September 2022
Time : 09.10 – 10.50 PM
The place : Laboratory of Microbiology, 2nd floor, Biology
Department
B. Tools and Materials
1. Tools
a. Culture Bottle (2 pieces)
b. Blender (1 piece)
c. Measuring cup 100 mL (1 piece)
d. Analytical balance (1 piece)
e. Pot (1 piece)
f. Knife (1 piece)
g. Stove (1 piece)
h. Rubber bracelet (2 pieces)
2. Ingredient
a. Banana of Ambon (600 gr)
b. Nipagin (7 ml)
c. Sorbic acid (5 ml)
d. Yeast (20 gr)
e. Jelly (7 g)
f. Brown sugar (150 gr)
g. Aquades (411 ml)
h. Sugar plastic (3 pieces)

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 i. Paper napkin (2 sheets)

C. Work Procedure
1. Culture Container Preparation

Prepare a culture bottle that has been Put it in the autoclave at

washed and dried, then cover the 121 degrees Celsius then
bottle with sugar plastic and then sterilize for 3 hours and
secure it with a rubber band and minutes on medium heat
prepare for sterilization

2. Making Culture Medium

Heat the brown sugar by adding Peel the bananas and cut
aquadest until it is liquid them into small pieces and
put them in a blender

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Combine the bananas that have been Blend bananas that have
blended into the brown sugar that been cut until mashed
has been brought to a boil and stir
Add gelatin to the Dissolve nipagin and
mixture and stir until sorbic acid with 50 ml of
evenly distributed distilled water

Enter the nipagin and sorbic acid that After that, put the
has been dissolved into the banana medium that has finished
mixture with brown sugar, mix well less than half into the
bottle

Sprinkle the yeast evenly into the

bottle
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After that, insert the paper napkin
that has been folded like a fan into
the bottle, keep the paper napkin
upright and in the middle and
close it tightly again using plastic
sugar and rubber. Then, the
medium was stored at room
temperature.

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Results
Medium of Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) Information

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 1
1. Plastic Wrap

2. Sub band
2
3. Cultured bottle

4. Paper napkin

5. Yeast

6. Cultured medium

B. Discussion
Drosophila melanogaster is a type of fly that can be found on rotten fruit.
Drosophila melanogaster has been used for many years in the study of animal
genetics and behavior. Drosophila is also classified into the sub-order
Cyclophorpha (a grouping of flies whose pupae have a third instar skin/temporary
shell) and belongs to the Acaliptrata series, where the imago hatches from the
anterior part of the pupa. Drosophila melanogaster is also one of the model
organisms that is often used to study gene function, development and disease
mechanisms (Rahmawati, 2018).
Morgan and Castel in 1900 introduced Drosophila melanogaster for the first
time and Drosophila melanogaster is known to be used as a source of genetic
learning in diploid organisms. These animals are considered to have a very
important role in further genetic development. The reasons for using this animal
as the object of genetic research in the laboratory are its small size, short life

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cycle, can produce many offspring, a new generation can be bred every two
weeks, inexpensive, and easy to maintain.
Drosophila melanogaster rdescribed by Meigen in 1830, appears to have
originated in Sub-Saharan Africa. Habitat expansion. The first fruit flies are
thought to have occurred between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago, when they were
transferred to Europe and Asia. Subsequent colonization events, mainly because
human travel has accelerators, have continued to move populations around the
world. Its current distribution is worldwide, found on every continent and on
various islands (Markow, 2015).
Drosophila melanogaster found in soft fruits such as grapes, bananas, and
plums, especially in overripe fruit that begins to ferment. These flies can thrive in
other fermentation media. In the laboratory, Drosophila can be cultured on a yeast
growth-supporting medium. Drosophila prefers foods that contain carbohydrates
with a variety of yeast. Fruit fly media should have a strong enough structure, so
that the media does not fall when shaking the media for fly testing. For a good
medium, having the amount / content of sugar to feed the larvae and trigger the
work of the yeast, has the appropriate viscosity.
In this practicum, ingredients such as Ambon banana, agar-agar, brown sugar,
yeast, nipagin, and sorbic acid are used. Ambon bananas and brown sugar are
used as food sources for Drosophila melanogaster, agar is used so that the
resulting dough is denser. Nipagin acts as an antifungal. Nipagin is generally in
the form of a gel, but there is also a powder. When we use powdered nipagin, the
nipagin must be dissolved first with distilled water and then mixed into the
medium.
The manufacture of fruit fly medium in this practicum also uses yeast or
fermifan which functions to provide air space in the medium and provide nutrients
to the medium. Yeast or fermifan is a substance that causes fermentation. Yeast
usually contains microorganisms that perform fermentation. Yeast is commonly
used in the food industry to make fermented foods and beverages such as pickles,
tempeh, tape, bread, and beer. The presence of microorganism fermentation in
baker's yeast, causes baker's yeast to contain many nutrients that are good for the

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growth of other organisms such as fruit flies. Organically grown foods provide
health benefits to Drosophila melanogaster.

CHAPTER V
CLOSING

A. Conclusion

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 Based on the result of practicum, these are several points that can be
concluded.
1. The preparation of the container for fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)
medium is firstly the container for the medium in the form of a bottle is
washed and then dried. Then covered with plastic and then sterilized for 30
minutes. After that the container is ready to be filled with fruit fly (Drosophila
melanogaster) medium.
2. The manufacture of a good fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) rearing
medium is strongly influenced by the mixture of materials used, one example
of the medium used in the rearing of fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) is a
mixture of Ambon banana, brown sugar, and agar-agar. Ambon bananas,
brown sugar and agar-agar are a source of nutrition for fruit flies as long as
they live in the medium, these nutrients help them to survive in a medium that
has been sterilized first. These ingredients are cooked together so that the
dough is well mixed and removes the bacteria contained in it.
B. Suggestion
1. For Practitioners, in carrying out the practicum, it is expected that all
practitioners pay attention to the assistant's instructions and follow all the
work procedures that have been given in order to get satisfactory and accurate
experimental results.
2. For Assistants, in the practicum process, they should always accompany the
practitioner so that if they experience difficulties, the practitioner can
immediately ask questions to the assistant.
3. For laboratory assistants, the supply of practicum materials is further
facilitated, in order to facilitate the practicum process.

REFERENCES

Hartati. Irawan, ferry. 2017. Modul Genetika Berbasis Pendekatan Saintifik.

Penerbit Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM. Makassar.

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Jaime, D. L. A. Maria., Juan Hurtado., Mariana Ramirez Loustalot-Laclette.,
Brian Oliver., Therese Markow. 2018. Exploring Effects of Sex and Diet
on Drosophila melanogaster Head Gene Expression. Journal of
Genomics. Vol. 5. Ivyspring International Publisher.
Keebaugh, E. S., Yamada, R., & William, W. J. 2019. The nutritional
environment influences the impact of microbes on Drosophila
melanogaster life span. MBio, 10(4), 1.
Luersen, K, Roder, T, and Rimbach, G. 2019. Drosophila melanogaster in
nutrition research the importance of standardizing experimental diets.
Genes & Nutrion. 14 (3), 1-5
Markow. 2015. The secret lives of Drosophila flies. The Natural History of Model
Organisms.

Rahmawati, L., Jamaluddinsyah, J., & Eriawati, E. 2018. Pengaruh Tembakau

Dalam Medium Kultur Terhadap Jumlah Turunan Lalat Buah(Drosophila
melanogaster). Prosiding Biotik, 3(1).
Safitri, Dian dan Bachtiat, S. 2018. Pengaruh Penambahan Ragi Pada Media
Terhadap Perkembangbiakan Drosophila melanogaster. Jurnal Biologi
Scienci & Education. Vol.6, No.1. ISSN : 2252-888x.
Suharsono dan Nuryadin, E. 2019. Pengaruh Suhu Terhadap Siklus Hidup Lalat
Buah (Drophila melanogaster). Bioeksperimen. Vol.5, No.2.

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