The Effects of Sleep Deprivation and Academic Performance of SHS Students

Adlaon, Alliyah
Acabo, Ryester
Antolin, Chennie Mae
Condinato, Jerry Mei
Miranda, Howard
Palma Gil, Raymart
Olivar, Xyrell
 Chapter 1

Background of the Study

Sleep deprivation is a general term to describe a state cause by inadequate quantity or
quality of sleep, including involuntary or voluntary sleeplessness. In order for human beings to
function properly, sufficient sleep each night is vital. Adults need an average eight hours of
sleep (Okano et al.., 2019). Sleep is as important to the human body as food and water, but
many of us do not get enough sleep. Insufficient sleep or inadequate quality of sleep or
disruptions to the sleep-wake cycle has consequences for how function in the daytime, causing
sleeplessness, dizziness and fatigue. Sleep deprivation and daytime sleepiness amongst
adolescence cause mood deficits, negatively affect their mood and learning, and lead to poor
academic performance (Heshner and Chervin, 2014; Short and Louca, 2015). Sleep deprivation
is common against senior high school students whom live in a culture that promotes reduced
sleep, to the burden of academic woks and social pursuits. The reason for poor sleep hygiene
includes alcohol, caffeine intake, stimulants, technology and most of all, the use of social media
platforms, which prevent students achieving sufficient sleep, time and quality. Research shows
that poor sleep has immediate negative effects on someone’s hormones, exercise performance,
and brain function. Sleep deprivation also, of course, affects judgement and mental acuity,
among other cognitive task. However, every person is different. One person may be able to
function on less sleep, while another may need a full 8 hours.
“any prolonged sleep deprivation will affect your mood, energy level and ability to focus,
concentrate and learn which affects your academic performance” Dr. Philip Alapat
From the quotation above, the researchers realizes the inadequate quantity or quality of
sleep has that big impact to their academic performances. Teenagers (14-17 years old) and
young adult (18-25 years old) should get 8-9 hours of sleep at night to disregard insufficient
sleep. Truth is most students commonly in Grade 12 students get much less.
The researchers conducted this study to determine the effects of sleep deprivation in the
academic performance of Grade 12 students.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of sleep deprivation among Grade 12
Senior High School students.
Specifically, the study seeks answers to the following question:
1. What is the demographic profile of the students in terms of;
1.1. Sex
1.2. Strand; and
 1.3. Time they sleep?
2. What are the effects of sleep deprivation in terms of;
2.1. Behavior
2.2. Academic performance; and
2.3. Physical performance?
3. Is there a significant difference between the effects of sleep deprivation of the
respondents to their academic performance?
4. Based on the results of the study, what are the possible programs that can be made by
the researchers?

Hypothesis
After compiling all the knowledge of the researchers, they have arrived with a hypothesis
to be proved in the future results of the study:
There is no significant difference between the effects of sleep deprivation and the
academic performance of Grade 12 students.

Review of Related Literature

Sleep is a psychological behavior to all animal species. It is a state where awareness to
the physical world is reduced because it forms around one third of the whole human life.
(Mandal,2020). Sleeping is really important to the human body just like humans need food and
water to survive everyday because inadequate quality of these may lead to grave danger (Better
Health Center, 2014).
These articles are selected to the study because it discussed the general topic of the
research which is about sleeping. Thus, it had discussed that sleeping is vital and essential to a
human body because it keeps the human body alive.
According to the National Heart, Lungs, and Blood Institute (2020), sleep deprivation is a
condition that happens when a person does not get sufficient sleep. Moreover, one can be
diagnosed by sleep deprivation when a person sleeps at the wrong time of the day because it
makes the body out of sync with the body’s natural clock. When a person does not sleep wel,
and when a person have that sleep disorder that prevents getting enough sleep.
This article is related to the study because it has defined what is sleep deprivation
stating that it is a condition when one person does not acquire the suggested hours of sleep
every night. Thus, it describes how one can say that he or she is suffering from sleep
deprivation.
Miki, S. et.al. (2017) said that there are a lot of reason why kids are not getting enough
sleep these days – staying up late to watch TV or play video games, being on social media till
all hours of the night, needing to stay up to finish homework or do extracurricular activities. This
isn’t a good thing though. For one, not getting enough sleep could actually effect a child’s
immune system by decreasing the cells which help us fight infections and increasing the cells
that create inflammation.
 Moreover, Chenny & Watson (2020) stated that sleep recovers the chemical balance of
the body thus, make the brain sharper in memory retention. Moreover, Sleepscore Labs (2020)
says that a quality sleep is the foundation for good health which is vital to rebuild bodily tissues,
rejuvenate cells and of course, refresh the body energy. Hence, sleeping plays a vital role in the
body’s physical health by boosting the immune system and replenishing the lost energy the
body has release before sleeping therefore, it will be energized the next day after sleeping.
Another thing that Sleepscore reported is that sleeping has big effects in building the emotional
stability of the person because it can affect the daily drive of a person when the body needs
more of time resting.
The articles are related to the study because it has discussed that by through sleeping,
the body replenishes the depleted energy that has been used throughout the day. Thus, it is
because of sleeping that the mind has been able to become sharp at memories.
But according to research by Gerard, Gupta, Lee et.,al (2017) entitled “ effects of sleep
deprivation in cognitive and physical performance in students”, there are no significant
differences were found in the cognitive test of the study, saying that a night of sleep deprivation
has a minimal effect on the student’s cognitive capacity. Additionally, the study has found out
that there was an increase in reaction time after sleep deprivation. The acute sleep deprivation
has a significant effect on post exercise blood pressure and reaction time the students which is
likely caused by neuroendocrine changes and down regulations in salience and motor areas in
the brain.
The research above is relevant to the study because it tackles the effect of sleep
deprivation in a different perspective. Stating that, by having sleep deprivation have minimal
effects on the cognitive abilities of the students while it has significant effects on the biological
body of the students.
Moreover, based from Hemels, Medic, & Willie (2017) in their study called “Short and
long-term consequences of sleep disruption” because according to the data they have acquired
from it, healthy individuals when experienced sleep deprivation for a short period of time will
mostly like to get pain, depression, anxiety, and cognition, memory, and performance deficits.
With the same category except with age, for adolescents and children can lead to poor school
performance and behavioral problems. As for the long-term effects of the problem studied upon,
healthy individuals will suffer from the consequences of the problem such as hypertension,
dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, weight gain, metabolic syndromes, and type 2 diabetes.
Moreover, in accordance to the study, sleep deprivation in the context of long term effects can
lead to risk of acquiring certain cancers and deaths in males and suicidal adolescents. This may
also worsen gastrointestinal disorders.
This is relevant to the study because it has discussed that whatever how long the person
has been sleep deprived, there are still underlying consequences and effects that will affects the
body in the future time.
Sleep is critical for memory consolidation, learning, decision making, and critical
thinking. Sleep is necessary for the optimal operation of key cognitive functions related to
academic and perhaps social success in higher education. Because of the activities the
students do, their sleep habits are one of their first daily routine to change and not usually for
the better. Both sleep deprivation and poor sleep quality are particularly prominent in young
adult and college student populations. Indeed based on research within the other academic
fields such as medicine and biology, we know that night’s rest is essential for helping maintain
mood, motivation, memory and cognitive performance. While asleep, the brain integrates new
knowledge and forms new association.

In relation to the study, there are a lot of things that happens to the body and apart from
all of these, sleep deprivation has affected and is continuously affecting multitudes of lives.
Hence, being sleep deprived affects the overall performance of the body that is being seen as
how the body responds to the changes in the environment. And according to all the studies
being given by the researchers, there are a lot of testimonies that sleep deprivation is a
problem, an epidemic that needs to be given attention before it affects more people.

Related Literature for Variables

Behavior
Constandi (2018) said that the lack of sleep dramatically affects a person’s mental
abilities because it makes a person irritable and moody and impairs brain functions that are
needed to accomplish everyday tasks. Since the brain is responsible for so much bodily
functions such as waste disposal, it requires the body to have a quality sleep in order to function
normally. Wherein, the brain disposes its waste via glymphatic system which consists of
networks of blood vessels alongside blood vessels in the scalp. When this kind of disposal
occurs normally and regularly, the possibility that a person to suffer in the future from
neurodegenerative diseases reduces. However, poor sleeping hygiene reduces the efficiency of
the brain’s disposal system which may result to more grave danger to the body.
The article is related to the study because it discussed that sleep deprivation affects the
mental health of one person has been disrupted because of sleep deprivation then there will be
problems to the brain causing it to function abnormally.
The research stated above was proven more by Richter (2015) in his study called
“Estimated effects of perceived sleep deprivation on psychological well-being during college”,
saying that there is a relationship between the psychological well-being and sleep deprivation to
students who finished a four-year course in college. As such perceived sleep deprivation lessen
the totality of the psychological well-being of a person, autonomy, relationship with others,
environmental master and purpose of life.
It is important to the researcher’s study because it tells that sleep deprivation does not
only affect the physical body for it also affects the psychological health of a person. Stating that
sleep deprivation reduces the psychological well-being of a person resulting to change of
behavior.
In psychological aspect, a research by Abdalla, Muhammad, Saghir, & Syeda (2018)
titled, “The Amygdala, Sleep Debt, Sleep Deprivation, and the Emotion of Anger: A Possible
Connection” found out that there is a perceived connection between emotions due to the dual
role of the amygdala, the part of the brain that handles the emotion of a human person. Thus,
the study supports that the connection between sleep deprivation and mood changes can cause
increase in anger and aggression. Individuals who get a daily descent amount every night
showed fewer emotional outbursts like anger and they have displayed less aggressive
behaviors.
The study related to the study because it discusses how sleep deprivation has affected
human in the perspective of mental health wherein according to the proprietors of this study,
sleep deprivation has ties with mood changes that causes rage and anger.

Academic Performance
As stated on the research done of Chervin & Hershner (2014) entitled “ Causes and
Consequences of Sleepiness among college students”, sleep deprivation is evident among
college students wherein 50% have reported that they have daytime sleepiness with 70% attain
insufficient sleep. Whereas the consequences of this disorder to a human person may be in a
form of academic failure, compromised learning, and impaired mood. Specifically in the aspect
of academic performance base from the data gathered the researchers of this study, they have
found out that there is a higher percentage of students at risk of academic failure because most
of them are insomniac, have limb movement disorder and have certain rhythm sleep disorders.
It is relevant to the researcher’s study as this detail the effects of sleep deprivation in
terms of academics. Whereas, this tells that having less hours of sleep a day can make a
person drop his or her grades.
From the mentioned above, there was a study conducted in the Philippines that also
discussed the same problem among medical students in the country. According to the research
done by Jorge II, Villalobos, & Nunal (2020) entitled “A descriptive study on the Sleeping Habits
and Correlation of Sleepiness with Academic Performance In a State University- run Medical
School in the Philippines”, increased level of sleepiness does not correlate with poorer
academic performance among the respondents General Weighted Average (GWA)
The study above is related to the research because the proximity of the study is within
the Philippines. Moreover, it has stated here that there are no significant effects to academic
performance of the students prior to the increased level of sleepiness.
On the other hand, according to Toyong (2020) in his study entitled “Sleeping Habits,
Classroom Behavior, And Academic Performance of SHS Students”, only five percent of the
students who participate in the study who were sleep deprived have outstanding general
average while the remaining participants have fairly and satisfactory general average.
On this study, Toyong has found out that social media accounts, playing mobile games
and doing assignments and home works were the main reasons why the problem is apparent
among the students. Moreover, there was a significant positive relationship between the number
of hours of sleep and academic performance. That it is implying that the higher number of
sleeping time results to a higher academic performance.
Moreover, it was found out in the study that the less hours of sleep is correlated to the
high occurrence of sleepiness in class when measured in the number of hours of sleep and their
corresponded classroom behavior. And there is also a significant effect between high
occurrence of sleepiness in class and negative classroom behavior to the student’s low
academic performance.
It is relevant to the study because it has contradicted the result of Jorge II, Villalobos, &
Nunal (2020) that on this on the other hand, there is a significant effect of sleep deprivation to
the students based on the percentage the students who only have outstanding general average.
Thus, the number of hours one has slept every night has significant effects to the academic
performance of his or hers.

Physical Performance
According to James Zeitzer (2016), having inadequate of sleep can affect the student’s
performance the next day, having two following nights of having less than six hours of sleep can
lead the students inactive and can cause dizziness for the rest of the week. Researchers also
found out that staying up more hours before going to bed, even if it’s followed by a full night
sleep the next day are more related with slower performance of the students. But going to bed
an hour earlier than normal time of sleep has minor effects. The web-scale study are more
responsible for the perception of the impact of sleep deprivation in the real world especially in
students who are prone to this kind of situation, where people compensate for lost sleep with
extra coffee and naps, and otherwise adapt to life circumstances that limit sleep.
Someone can be bad-tempered or irritable, but difficulty in sleeping may contribute to
anxiety and depression. Weakening of the frontal lobe of the brain may also hinder with higher
level cognitive processes called executive functions. This can undermine judgement, critical
thinking, relationships, problem solving, planning, and organization. People who sleep less than
seven hours per night has reaction times that are similar to those who are completely sleep
deprived for one or even two nights. This leads to errors, accidents, and impaired work
performance
According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, healthy adults should get a
minimum of seven hours of sleep each night, with a recommend range of between seven to
eight hours. However, Hult International Business School (2017) revealed that the professionals
surveyed averaged only six hours and 28 minutes.
While extra 30 minutes of shut-eye might not seem like much, the effects of this sleep
were notable. Many survey respondents reported poorer workplace performance due to
tiredness, with over half admitting to struggling to stay focused in meetings, taking longer to
complete tasks, and finding it challenging to generate new ideas. Along with a lack of focus and
diminished creative capacities, participants also indicated a reduced motivation to learn and be
less able to manage competing demands.
Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Demographic profile of
the students in terms of:

a). sex
The researchers will
 Creating
b). strand make a podcast. The
questionnaire that
podcast will be filled with
c). time they sleep will be given to the
meditation episodes that
respondents
Effects of sleep will help the students
 Analysis of the
deprivation in terms of: sleep better. Its contents
gathered data from
will be spoken in relaxing
the questionnaire
a). academic behavior and soothing voice that
through statistical
can help them fall asleep
b). academic treatment
at night.
performance

c). physical performance

Figure 1. conceptual paradigm showing the IPO on the effects of sleep deprivation of grade 12
students
The study used the input-output-process (IPO) approach as its conceptual paradigm.
With the use of this paradigm, it showed how the researchers will be analyzed in order to
assess the effects of sleep deprivation to the grade 12 student’s academic performance.
This (IPO) model is the most commonly used research paradigm that is used around the
world wherein the model shows the overall progression of the study, Psychology Research and
References (2020) says. According to Samiento (2012), the input is soothing that is being given
to the study by the researchers. They may be raw data or pre-existing data which has been
provided by the researchers. Meanwhile, the process is the transformation of the inputs and its
analyzation. In fact, it is the most important element of the framework, because it accepts the
inputs and analyze it in order to give results on it. And last but not the least, the output; it is the
result of the study that originated from the given and analyzed information.
Figure 1 presented the guide that is used by the researchers in conducting this study.
The input includes the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of strand and sex. The
effects of sleep deprivation to the students in terms o0f academics, physical performance and
behavior are also included.
The process needed in the process are presented in the graph wherein the researchers
will create a questionnaire that will be given to the respondents. After that, they will begin
analyzing the information given by the respondents through statistical treatments on effects of
sleep deprivation to respondent’s demographic profile, performances and behavior.
 After times of analyzation and careful evaluation of the information from the
questionnaire, the researchers will use the data in order to create podcast episodes that will be
posted in social media that will help students suffering from sleep deprivation. The contents of
the episodes are mostly Autonomous Sensory Meridian Responses (ASMR’s), reading of
poems and short stories that will be spoken in a very soothing and calming voice. Because of
this, they will feel relaxed and eventually may help them sleep better at night. To prove that this
program is effective to the sleep deprived persons, (Poerio, 2018) conducted two experiments in
her study: 1st is self-report wherein she found out that ASMR videos elicit tingling sensations
and promote positive effect. And 2nd is physiological measures wherein she found out that these
kinds of videos reduced heart rate and increased skin conductance level. Moreover, she stated
in her research that ASMR is a pleasant, calming but activating experience and she said that
they may be general similarities between ASMR and aesthetic chills in terms of subjective tactile
sensations whenever people watch this kind of videos. It is in response to the audio and visual
stimuli that those videos presented.

Significance of the Study

The outcome of the study aims to exhibit the effects of sleep deprivation upon the SHS
Students benefiting from the study are the following group of people:
To the Students. With this research, they will realize how sleep deprivation affects their
academic and physical performance and overall behavior during class. The information
gathered in this study will increase their awareness about sleep deprivation and they will earn
new knowledge from the topic studied by the researchers

To the Parents. They will be able to recognize the motives behind their child’s behavior and
performance due to lack of sleep; and gain knowledge on how to handle them. Because of this
study, they will be able to help their child who get insufficient sleep to cope up in school and
other activities.

To the Teachers. They will understand the effects of sleep deprivation upon the academic
performance of their students and to provide assistance for retirement. From the research too,
they will know why some of their students are late in class- online and physical so that they can
fully understand why they are behaving like that.

To the Guidance Counselors. Despite of their degree and learning in college, sleep
deprivation is continuously affecting multitudes of students therefore, this study will them more
knowledge and evaluation to student’s behavior and academic performance. Hence, their
assessment to the students will widen for this research will give them an updated evaluation to
the sleep deprived students.
Definition of Terms
in order to understand the use of terms in this study, the following are the terms
operationally defined by the researchers:

Academic Performance. This is the overall performance of the SHS Students in their
academics in relation with sleep deprivation that restricted their productivity.

Behavior. This is the psychological response of the SHS Students under the effects of sleep
deprivation. This is the variable of the researchers wherein they wanted to assess how the
respondents react to their environment and bodily functions when they get insufficient sleep at
night.

Physical Performance. This is the ability of the SHS Students to endure bodily pain due to
sleep deprivation. This is the variable of the researchers wherein they wanted to assess what
are the effects of sleep deprivation as they walk, stand, and do household chores.

Respondents. They are the SHS Students that are composed of students from the Technical
Vocational Livelihood (TVL) strand.

Sleep deprivation. This is the inability of the SHS Students to have sleep for at least 7 hours or
more every day.