Level of awareness in Anti-Drunk and Drugged driving act of 2013 in Selected Barangays

of Laguna

A Research Paper
Presented to the
Faculty of the College of Criminal Justice Education
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Main Campus
Santa Cruz, Laguna

In partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Calcetas,
Omadan,
Principe,

2024
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study

Alcohol and drug toxin can be harmful, especially for drivers who are under the influence

of the said toxins. This can affect a person's cognitive and visual functions and make them more

subject to traffic accidents.

A stated by Reyes (2016), the Republic Act No. 10586 or the “Anti-Drunk and Drugged

Driving Act of 2013 is meant to penalize individuals who are driving under the influence of

alcohol, dangerous drugs and other intoxicating substances. It was initially drafted into law in

2013 and was implemented in March 2015. It covers all acts of driving and operating a motor

vehicle or any land vehicle like trucks, busses, motorcycles, and even two to three-wheeled

motor vehicles while under the influence of alcohol and dangerous drugs. To further elaborate,

the law prohibits driving while under the influence of alcohol, particularly wines, beer, and any

distilled spirits that can cause intoxication upon consumption. It also forbids operating a vehicle

while under the influence of drugs, specifically cannabis, ecstasy, cocaine, methamphetamine

hydrochloride, and prescription medication. By law, persons found to be in non-compliance with

the law will be arrested by LEO or law enforcement officers if they have reasonable cause to

believe that a person is actually under the influence. Retrieved from:

https://ichoose.ph/blogs/raising-awareness-anti-drunk-drugged-driving-act-2013/
 Driving under the influence of alcohol and drug most likely to be involved in fatal and

non-fatal accidents, in addition the said traits cause threat to the safety of public. As stated in the

latest statistics (2022), 70 treatment and rehabilitation facilities reported 3,865 admissions, with

3,343 new admissions, 79 readmitted or relapse cases, and 443 outpatient cases. This represents a

43% increase from the previous year, despite some facilities reporting no admissions. The rise is

attributed to the resumption of operation by different centers and the willingness of Persons Who

Use Drugs (PWUDs) to undergo treatment and rehabilitation, as evidenced by 41% voluntary

submissions and 29% plea bargaining cases. It also states that Methamphetamine Hydrochloride

(Shabu) is the leading drug of abuse, accounting for 92.06% of total admission, followed by

Cannabis (27.04%) and MDMA (Ecstasy) at 0.65%. Retrieved by: https://ddb.gov.ph/2022-

statistical-analysis/

As reported by Mendoza (2022), According to data from January to August of this year,

the LTO responded to around 402 road crash events, where 353 of the drivers involved tested

positive for alcohol consumption. "The state of drunk driving in the country continues to reach

alarming rates," the LTO stated in a statement. These occurrences resulted in 232 individuals

getting hurt physically and 15 people getting killed. The Philippine National Police (PNP)

launched an expanded campaign against drunk driving in November as a result of an increase of

at least 90% in road accidents caused by intoxicated drivers. The number is 210.52 percent

greater than the 19 traffic accidents that were reported in September. The PNP has recorded 25

accidents involving drunk drivers in December. Retrieved from:

https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1660980/lto-sounds-alarm-after-15-killed-to-road-accidents-due-to-

drunk-driving-in-2022
 The consumption of alcohol, illicit drugs and medicines influences cognitive and motor

skills relevant for safe driving and thereby can alter fitness to drive. Driving under the influence

of any of these is commonly concurring to a traffic violation or accident. Almost all nations all

over the world are beset with this problem. The researchers find interest in determining the level

of awareness of drivers in Selected Barangay of Laguna regarding the R.A 10586 Anti-Drunk

and Drugged driving act of 2013.

Rationale

The impact of drunk and drugged driving may affect one's life in least that he may be

aware of. Driving under the influence of any of these is commonly concurring to a traffic

violation or accident. Almost all nations all over the world are beset with this problem. Its

magnitude of accidents and mishaps resulting while driving under the influence of intoxicating

agents is on the rise.

In view of the foregoing, the researchers found that there is a need to conduct a study

with regard to the Awareness of "Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013" as the basis for

formulating an action plan that would address the problems that would identify.

This motivates and caught the interest of the researchers, a criminology students and

residents in the province of Laguna to conduct a study on the Awareness on "Anti-Drunk and

Drugged Driving Act of 2013" in the selected Barangay of Laguna. Hoping that in their own

little way, they could be a help to the barangay officials as well as to the community in planning

courses of action that would prevent or avoid the occurrence of Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving

Act of 2013.
Theoretical Framework

According to Bandura 2001 cited at International Encyclopedia of Education (Fourth

Edition), (2023), the three elements continually and reciprocally interact with and upon one

another to form the basis for behavior, as well as potential interventions to change behaviors,

according to the Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1977a, 1986, 2001). This theory assumes

that an individual's environment, his or her behavior, and the relationship between those three

elements are reciprocally deterministic. Because it emphasizes the interaction between internal

factors like thinking and symbolic processing (e.g., attention, memory, and motivation) and

external determinants (e.g., rewards and punishments) in determining behavior, social cognitive

theory has frequently been referred to as a bridge between behavioral and cognitive learning

theories.

`
This theory is related to the present study due to Social Cognitive Theory states that

individual’s environment to its behavior and relationship with others. The theory stated above is

in relation in determining the level of awareness in Anti-Drunk and Drugged driving act of 2013

in Selected Barangays of Laguna.

According to Johnson (2019), the deterrence theory, criminal punishments not only

punish violators but also deter future offenders from committing the same crimes. After a high-

profile occurrence in which a criminal was perceived to have received a low punishment, many

individuals emphasize the need to dissuade criminal activity. Some contend that a harsher

punishment could have stopped the tragedy from happening and could stop a future disaster of a

similar nature. Cited from: https://www.house.mn.gov/hrd/pubs/deterrence.pdf

 This study is relevant to the deterrence theory since experiences with punishment were

positively correlated with perceptions of the certainty of punishment, and enhanced punishment

avoidance was correlated with both self-reported DUI and lower beliefs of the certainty of

punishment. While views of penalty severity were positively correlated with self-reported DUI,

perceptions of punishment certainty were negatively correlated with DUI.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

1. What is the status of the motor Awareness on R.A 10586Anti-
vehicle accidents related to Drunk and Drugged Act of 2013
drivers under the influence of in Selected Barangays of Laguna
illegal drugs and/or alcohol for
the calendar year 2019 to 2022 in
Selected Barangay of Laguna?
2. What is the level of awareness
of the respondents about R. A.
10586 in Selected Barangay of
Laguna in terms of; Moderator Variable
2.1 Salient Provisions, 1. Groups:
2.2 Prohibited Acts, and First Group (Community of Sta. Clara Norte, Pila,
2.3 Penalties? Laguna)
3. Is there a significant difference a. Drivers
in level of awareness of the two Second Group (Community of Cigaras,
groups of respondents regarding Magdalena, Laguna)
on the awareness on Republic Act b. Drivers
10586 in Selected Barangay of Third Group (Community of Calumpang,
Laguna? Nagcarlan, Laguna)
c. Drivers
4. What are the issues and Fourth Group (Implementers)
concerns encountered by the 2 d. PNP
groups of respondents regarding e. LTMO
the awareness of anti-drunk and 2. Year:
drugged driving act of 2013? 2024
Figure 1. The research Paradigm of the Study

Statement of the Problem

 The purpose of this study is to determine the level of awareness of the respondents about

Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving act of 2013 in selected barangay of Laguna.

Specifically, this study intends to answer the following question.

1. What is the status of the motor vehicle accidents related to drivers under the influence of

illegal drugs and/or alcohol for the calendar year 2019 to 2022 in Selected Barangay of Laguna?

2. What is the level of awareness of the respondents about R. A. 10586 in Selected Barangay of

Laguna in terms of;

2.1 Salient Provisions,

2.2 Prohibited Acts, and

2.3 Penalties?

3. Is there a significant difference in level of awareness of the two groups of respondents

regarding on the awareness on Republic Act 10586 in Selected Barangay of Laguna?

4. What are the issues and concerns encountered by the 5 groups of respondents regarding the

awareness of anti-drunk and drugged driving act of 2013?

5. What action plan maybe propose to enhance the level of awareness of two groups regarding

the R.A 10586?

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in level of awareness in Anti-Drunk and Drugged

driving act of 2013 in Selected Barangays of Laguna

 There are no issues and concerns encountered by the 5 groups of respondents regarding

the awareness of anti-drunk and drugged driving act of 2013.

Significance of the Study

This study will have significance and benefit to the following in determining level of

awareness of Selected Barangay in Laguna regarding the the R.A 10586 Anti-Drunk and

Drugged driving act of 2013.

Teachers

The findings of the study can be beneficial to teachers, be knowledgeable about the level

of awareness of drivers to the R.A 10586 Anti-Drunk and Drugged driving act of 2013. This can

also be a teaching material on educating learners about the R.A 10586 Anti-Drunk and Drugged

driving act of 2013.

Students

This research can give background and knowledge about the R.A 10586 Anti-Drunk and

Drugged driving act of 2013.

Drivers

To help the drivers have awareness with the R.A 10586 Anti-Drunk and Drugged driving

act of 2013.

Future Researcher
 This study can also be beneficial to the future researchers for additional educational

reference ang other inclined study regarding the awareness of R.A 10586 Anti-Drunk and

Drugged driving act of 2013.

Scope and Limitation

This study focuses on determining the level of Awareness in Anti-Drunk and Drugged

driving act of 2013 in Selected Barangays of Laguna within the Academic Year 2023-2024

The participants of this research will be limited to selected residents of the selected

Barangays in Laguna.

Operational Definition of Terms

Awareness. Refers to the awareness of the selected Barangay of Laguna regarding the Anti-

Drunk and Drugged driving act of 2013

Anti-Drunk. Refers to an act that prohibits driving under the influence of alcohol.

Illegal Drugs. Refers to drugs that is used for recreational purposes.

R.A 10586. The researcher is determining the level of Awareness. Anti-Drunk and Drugged

driving act of 2013.

Salient Probation.

Penalties. Refers to the consequence or penalty that will be given to someone who violates the

Anti-Drunk and Drugged driving act of 2013

Prohibited Acts. Refers to prohibition of driving while under the influence of alcohol and drugs.
 CHAPTER ll

Foreign literature
according to Galbicsek (2023) Any amount of alcohol in your bloodstream can impact
your driving ability. The effects of alcohol abuse vary greatly, putting you at risk for
causing an accident or highway injury. When alcohol is in your system, it affects how
quickly you’re able to respond to different situations. Drinking slows your response time,
which can increase the likelihood of an accident.
According to the study, having a blood alcohol level or blood alcohol content of 0.15 may
result Extreme loss of balance, nearly zero muscle control, vomiting, impaired visual and
auditory information processing, significantly reduced attention to driving tasks and
having blood alcohol content of 0.10 may affect your coordination, create slower
reaction times, reduce your ability to control the motor vehicle, decrease your ability to
maintain the vehicle inside a lane and brake at suitable times, and produce blurred
speech. and having a blood alcohol level (or BAC) of 0.08 lower muscle coordination,
improper judgment, lack of reasoning, lack of self-control, loss of short-term memory,
lower capacity to concentrate, lack of speed control, reduced ability to absorb
information, Having a blood alcohol content (BAC) of 0.05 can lead to heightened lack of
judgment, exaggerated behavior, impaired coordination, reduced ability to detect
moving objects, decreased alertness, lowered inhibitions, impaired small-muscle control,
and slowed response time.

Drinking and Driving, According to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (2019),
Alcohol is a substance that reduces the function of the brain, impairing thinking,
reasoning and muscle coordination. All these abilities are essential to operating a vehicle
safely. As alcohol levels rise in a person’s system, the negative effects on the central
nervous system increase, too. Alcohol level is measured by the weight of the alcohol in
a certain volume of blood. This is called Blood Alcohol Concentration, or BAC. At a BAC
of .08 grams of alcohol per deciliter of blood, crash risk increases exponentially. Because
of this risk, it’s illegal in all 50 States, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico to drive
with a BAC of .08 or higher. However, even a small amount of alcohol can affect driving
ability. In 2017, there were 1,837 people killed in alcohol-related crashes.
The Dangers of Drunk Driving. According to T. Buddy (2019), Although traffic fatalities
have been on the decline in recent years, alcohol-related crashes still kill about 10,000
people per year in the United States, with alcohol a factor in one out of three motor
vehicle deaths, according to the CDC. Despite all the warnings, public awareness and
educational programs, stiffer penalties for violations, people will still get behind the
wheel of their vehicles while intoxicated. Motor vehicle wrecks are the leading cause of
death in the United States , whether as the driver or the passenger, with almost half
involving alcohol as a factor in the crash A driver with a blood alcohol concentration
(BAC) of 0.10 or greater is seven times more likely to be involved in a fatal motor vehicle
crash than a driver who has not consumed alcoholic beverages, and a driver with an
alcohol concentration of 0.15 or greater is about 25 times more likely. Basically, the more
you drink, the more likely you are to have an accident and a fatal one.

According to Mat Saman (2021) Drunk and drugged driving is one of the major concerns
that trigger various reactions and views in the community. Like seasonal incidents, the
issue has become a matter of contention that needs to be extremely addressed as the
number of road accidents involving drunk and drugged driving are seen as a serious
following the increasing trend of cases. The issue should not be underestimated as it has
evoked to bring anger and dissatisfaction in the heart of the public. The amended law,
the Road Transport (Amendment) Act 2020, is perceived as adequate to govern the law
on individuals driving while intoxicated or inebriated under the influence of alcohol or
any intoxicating substance and enforce reasonable and heavier punishment to ensure
they comply and adhere to all the rules and regulations fixed by the authorities.

Anderson and Rees (2015) stated in their book "Per se drugged driving laws and traffic
fatalities", mentioned that the Office of National Drug Control Policy is urging all states
to enact per se drugged driving regulations, which make it illegal to drive a motor vehicle
with a controlled substance in the system, in an attempt to reduce drugged driving.
Twenty states have enacted per se drugged driving laws to date, but little is understood
about how successful they are. The current research explores the relationship between
these laws and traffic accidents being the leading cause of death among Americans (p.
42).
LOCAL LITERATURE
In the journal of Napalang et al., (2018) entitled "Addressing Motorcycle Safety through
Regulations: Challenges and Issues in the Philippines", the motorcycle has become a
typical mode of transportation because of its perceived operational versatility and low
acquisition cost. However, because the number of individuals who use it grows, so does
the quantity of individuals who are involved in car accidents. This includes the results of
a survey conducted with over 1,000 respondents to assess a composite socioeconomic
profile of motorbike drivers likewise as their knowledge of key motorcycle regulations.
The findings indicate that while the regulations regulating motorcycle operations are
relatively robust, they are doing not place a high priority on driver education, except
perhaps concerning license application and renewal; and implementation of those
regulations is lax because of a scarcity of apparatus and corruptible manpower.

Noel Padalhin, Maria Fatima Villena (2020) Alcohol consumption is one of the major
behavioral risk factors that affect public health and safety around the world. Global data
shows that 1.35 million deaths resulted from road traffic crashes annually, with an
estimated 5% to 35% of these deaths linked to driving under the influence of alcohol (or
more commonly known as ‘drinkdriving’). Philippine government sources, particularly
from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), have revealed a rapidly increasing number
of deaths from road traffic crashes, from 8,406 deaths in 2010 to 11,360 in 2017,6 nearly
a 35 percent increase in a span of seven years.

According to Austria-Cruz (2020), the goal of Republic Act No. 10586 is to reduce and
prevent vehicular accidents, loss of life, and property damage, as well as to improve the
efficiency of government service delivery to the public by reducing traffic accidents and
vehicular accidents, as well as to prevent property damage, personal injury, and death. It
is also concerned with determining the efficacy of its implementation. Drunk and
drugged driving causes death and is one of the top five causes of death in the
Philippines.
The Philippines is an example of a Western Pacific country attempting to effect change
by enacting drunk-driving legislation. Improving the capacity to enforce current policies
is critical to reducing alcohol-related road trauma. While many countries have
implemented road safety measures, much more work needs to be done to ensure a
steady decrease in alcohol-related road injuries and deaths.
Involving multiple sectors in the creation of multifaceted approaches can increase public
awareness while ensuring more comprehensive strategies. Setting targets for reducing
alcohol-related road injuries and deaths can help maintain political and stakeholder
support for road safety interventions, as well as ensure that countries and key agencies
continue to participate in vital data collection. Continuing to assess the role of alcohol in
traffic accidents (felipe 2016)

According to Jonah B. Badua (2021) The prevalence of drunk driving incidences is

alarming which significantly contributes on the causes of death and physical impairment.
The anti-drunk driving law was established and being implemented, however drunk
driving prevails. Few apprehensions are just recorded. It assessed the implementation of
RA 10586 (Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013). It involved 114 motorist and 71
law enforcement officers from Laoag and Batac City and municipality of San Nicolas.
The implementation of RA 10586 is often implemented, but there are also specific
provisions of which they perceived differently, like in apprehension (motorists= often;
LEO= always) and information, education, and communication campaign (motorist=
often; LEO= sometimes). Law enforcers have very minimal involvement in IEC. Motorists
claimed that the law enforcers are lax, discourteous and show misconduct. Corruption is
not a problem. Law enforcers disclosed that motorists display disrespect, offer a bribe as
an option for non-issuance of ticket, and escape penalties and dishonesty.

Foreign Studies
According to a study conducted by Zhao, Zhang, and Rong (2014), a significant
percentage of traffic accidents are caused by drunk drivers. Twenty-five drivers'
subjective perceptions and driving performance data at various blood-alcohol content
(BAC) levels were gathered using a simulated driving experiment as part of their study
on the impact of alcohol on drivers and driving performance. Alcohol has an impact on
drivers' attitude, judgment, attentiveness, perception, response, and control, according
to the investigation's findings. greater BAC levels were shown to be associated with
greater accident rates, according to the accident rate research. The statistical analysis
results of driving performance indicated that average speed, speed standard deviation,
and lane position standard deviation were significantly higher under the influence of
alcohol.
The percentage of intoxicated drivers in the road BAC of 0.05 – 0.09 % caused accidents
(22.7 %), deaths (35.6 %), and injuries (22.7 %) in drivers. Drunk driving incidents in the
USA account for almost 31% of all road deaths. Thirdly, 34.1% of intoxicated driving was
the cause of road accidents. The fundamental BAC thresholds differ between nations; for
instance, 0.05 percent in Korea, Australia, the United States, England, and Canada, and
0.08 percent 0.02 percent in Sweden and China. (Subramaniyam et. Al, 2018)
The Insurance Information Institute (III, 2015) stated that in 2012, 10,336 individuals die
in incidents linked to alcohol, and it declines in 2013 as a result of information
distribution. Since 2012, the Supreme Court of New Mexico has permitted circumstantial
evidence as adequate to uphold the judge's decision.
The findings on the study of Xu, XH., Dong, H., Li, L. et al (2021) in their 11-year of
research is that the number of population and motor vehicles showed a steady upward
trend. However, the population- and motor vehicles- standardized RTDs rose steadily
before May 2011, when the criminalizing drunk driving intervention was implemented,
and gradually declined after that. The new drunk driving intervention were associated
with an average risk reduction of RTDs (ER = -9.01, 95% eCI: − 10.05% to − 7.62%) during
the 7.7 years after May 2011. On average, 75.82 (95% eCI, 54.06 to 92.04) RTDs per 1
million population annually were prevented due to the drunk driving intervention. These
findings would provide important implications for the development of integrated
intervention measures in China and other countries attempting to reduce traffic fatalities
by stricter regulations on drunk driving.
According to Brooke (2017) the results of the latent profile analysis, a four-profile model
produced the best model fit. Low-level participants showed low rates of substance use
and impaired driving. Alcohol-centric engagers used more alcohol but used less
marijuana/simultaneously and drove less following substance use. Concurrent users
reported greater rates of marijuana and alcohol use, concurrent use, and related driving
behaviors, although marijuana-centric/simultaneous users reported the greatest rates of
marijuana use, co-use, and related driving behaviors. Individuals with a higher perceived
danger of driving while high were more likely to be in the profiles of low-level, alcohol-
centric, or concurrent engagers; those with a higher perceived likelihood of
repercussions of driving while high were more likely to be in the low-level engagers
category.
Local Studies
In the Philippines, driving under the influence (DUI) remains a serious problem. Before
the year 2013, there was no specific law that directly deals with drunk drivers; the
existing statute that punishes DUIA is the Land Transportation Code of the Philippines
(R.A. 4136). One week following the implementation of RA 10586, the Davao, the Traffic
Management Center (TMC) acknowledged that they were not prepared to put the law
into effect. The employees who will carry out the DUI have not yet received training, and
tools like since the breathalyzer test was insufficient. This was among the factors that
prevented implementation. ( Fenequito, 2015)
According to a study conducted by Labra et al. (2016) whether or not there was bodily
harm or homicide in the collision, the PUJ drivers were determined to be aware of the
sanctions that would be applied to them. This could be explained by the driver realizing
that a DUI will negatively impact their livelihood and that the highest level of awareness
group may be linked to the potential punishment of three months in jail and a fine
ranging from Php20,000 to Php80,000 if the accident causes bodily harm or homicide, as
evidenced by the PUJ and drivers of private vehicles. The second-highest degree of
weighted mean awareness of 2.10 was noted in the punishment as stipulated in Article
249 of the Updated Penal Code with fines between Php200,000 and levied on the
negligent driver: Php 500,000. The third-best degree of awareness was noted in the
three-month sentence jail time as well as a fine of between Php100,000 and Php200,000
if the The accident merely caused bodily harm. It is clear that the maximum degree of
knowledge of the consequences for DUIs, if may lead to murder or bodily harm. The
next-lowest stage of the 1.65 awareness is seen in the sign and presentation of DUI
among the cohorts included in the research.
A research from Mountain Province also found out that driver’s education were
perceived to be "less complied". This finding is an indication that, generally, most
respondents do not comply much with their responsibilities as a driver. Accordingly,
most of the drivers were not informed of their duties as a driver. Another reason the
compliance of the drivers was less was that the LTO and the Police did not yet inform the
driver of their responsibilities as a driver. Most of the drivers take for granted their
responsibilities. It is noted, however, that the drivers adhere to the requirement
regarding the possession of a driver's license. (Pacling and Vicente, 2020)
Cruz (2020) in his study "Effectiveness of Implementing Traffic Rules and Regulations
Regarding Republic Act 10586 in Cabanatuan City", Republic Act 10586 is when LTO
quality norms and standards were emerged. It is illegal to drive while under the
influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs, or other substances. This regulation also aims to
reduce road accidents, fatalities, and property damage. With the help of study, The
researcher determined that both LTO Enforcers and Motorists/Drivers carry out the
duties and responsibilities they have related to R.A. 10586 faithfully, but their reactions
to the questionnaire are drastically different. Although the findings of the study
concluded that enforcing traffic laws and regulations was effective, the researcher
developed the hypothesis based on information gained while driving. (p. 212).
According to the overall finding of Labra et al (2016), all of the group participants such as
PNP, TDRO, PUJ drivers and private vehicle drivers are less aware of RA 10586. The
responses of the two groups of participants based on their awareness to the provision of
RA 10586, do not have significant difference.

Synthesis
Based on the provided literature reveals a clear and alarming connection
between alcohol consumption and impaired driving, highlighting the significant dangers
posed by intoxicated individuals behind the wheel. Galbicsek (2023) elucidates how any
level of alcohol affects response time, coordination, and judgment, impairing critical
driving skills. Specific blood alcohol content (BAC) levels, as detailed, exhibit severe
impairments ranging from extreme loss of balance and muscle control to reduced
attention and impaired coordination. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
(2019) emphasizes the exponential increase in crash risks as BAC levels rise,
underscoring the illegality of driving with a BAC of .08 or higher due to the evident
impairment. Moreover, statistics cited by T. Buddy (2019) and Mat Saman (2021)
emphasize the persisting prevalence of alcohol-related accidents despite public
awareness efforts, indicating the need for more stringent regulations and heavier
penalties to deter intoxicated driving. Additionally, Anderson and Rees (2015) advocate
for the implementation of per se drugged driving laws to curb the increasing issue of
drugged driving, recognizing the necessity for further research on their effectiveness in
reducing accidents, a leading cause of fatalities among Americans.
These studies in the Philippines unveils critical challenges in road safety
management, particularly concerning motorcycle regulations, alcohol-related incidents,
and the implementation of Republic Act No. 10586, aimed at curbing drunk and drugged
driving. According to Napalang et al. (2018) highlight the significant rise in motorcycle
usage, correlating with an increase in accidents. The study points out deficiencies in
driver education and lax enforcement due to resource scarcity and corruption.
According to Padalhin and Villena (2020) stress the alarming statistics related to
alcohol-induced road crashes, contributing to a substantial portion of fatalities,
prompting the Philippine government to enact legislation such as Republic Act No.
10586. However, the efficacy of its implementation faces challenges, as Austria-Cruz
(2020) emphasizes the law's goals and the need for more effective execution to reduce
deaths and property damage caused by drunk and drugged driving, a leading cause of
mortality in the country.

As stated in the study of Jonah B. Badua's assessment (2021) of RA 10586

implementation echoes the challenges, highlighting discrepancies in perception
between motorists and law enforcement officers regarding enforcement and educational
campaigns. Both parties point fingers at each other, citing issues of misconduct,
disrespect, and bribery, emphasizing a lack of engagement in education and
communication campaigns by law enforcement.

These studies underscores the grave impact of alcohol and drug consumption
on road safety. Zhao, Zhang, and Rong's research (2014) reveals the multifaceted
influence of alcohol on drivers' behavior, judgment, and performance, correlating higher
blood-alcohol content (BAC) with increased accident rates and altered driving behavior.
Subramaniyam et al. (2018) emphasize the staggering statistics globally, citing the
varying BAC thresholds across nations and highlighting the significant role of intoxicated
driving in road accidents and fatalities, which remain a pervasive issue.
According to Xu, Dong, Li, et al.'s extensive 11-year study (2021) demonstrates
the effectiveness of interventions aimed at curbing drunk driving, showcasing a
reduction in road traffic deaths (RTDs) following the implementation of stricter
regulations against drunk driving. Their findings highlight the potential for integrated
intervention measures to significantly reduce traffic fatalities associated with drunk
driving.
Furthermore, Anderson and Rees (2015) advocate for laws against drugged
driving, urging states to implement legislation to prevent operating a vehicle under the
influence of controlled substances. Despite the enactment of such laws in several states,
little is known about their effectiveness in reducing drugged driving incidents.
These studies highlights persistent challenges in implementing regulations against
driving under the influence (DUI) in the Philippines. The introduction of Republic Act No.
10586 aimed to address this issue, but initial implementation hurdles emerged, as
observed by Fenequito (2015), with inadequacies in training personnel and insufficient
tools hindering effective execution.

Labra et al.'s study (2016) sheds light on the awareness level among public utility
jeepney (PUJ) drivers regarding the potential sanctions for DUI-related accidents. The
highest awareness was associated with severe penalties like imprisonment and
substantial fines in cases of bodily harm or homicide caused by DUI incidents. However,
awareness about DUI signs and regulations appeared lower among the studied cohorts.

According to Pacling and Vicente's research (2020) reinforces the inadequate

education and awareness among drivers about their responsibilities, suggesting a
general lack of compliance and knowledge of driving duties. The study revealed a gap
between possessing a driver's license and understanding broader responsibilities,
indicating a potential lack of comprehensive driver education programs.

Moreover, Labra et al.'s overall findings (2016) revealed a general lack of

awareness among various participant groups regarding Republic Act No. 10586. This lack
of awareness spans law enforcement personnel, PUJ drivers, and private vehicle drivers,
indicating an overall deficiency in comprehending the provisions and implications of the
law across different stakeholders.

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design
 The researchers will used descriptive method of research to determine the Level of

awareness in Anti-Drunk and Drugged driving act of 2013 in Selected Barangays of Laguna.

Descriptive method of research is designed to determine the precise and exact data that will be

gathered from the respondents.

Descriptive research as defined by Muhammad (2023), it is a type of methodology known

as descriptive research design seeks to characterize or record the traits, actions, viewpoints,

attitudes, and perceptions of a population or group under study. Predicting future results or

attempting to demonstrate cause-and-effect links between variables are not goals of descriptive

research design. Rather, it concentrates on offering a thorough and precise depiction of the data

gathered, which may be helpful for formulating theories, examining patterns, and finding trends

in the data. Retrieved from: https://researchmethod.net/descriptive-research-design/

Respondents of the Study

The researchers will select their respondents from different barangay in Laguna, namely:

Sta. Clara Norte, Pila, Laguna, Cigaras, Magdalena, Laguna and Calumpang, Nagcarlan, Laguna.

In addition, the researchers will also collect respondents from Philippine National Police (PNP)

and Laguna Traffic Management Office (LTMO).

The said respondents will help the researchers to collect the data that they need to

determine the Level of awareness in Anti-Drunk and Drugged driving act of 2013 in Selected

Barangays of Laguna.

Sampling Technique
 This research study will use purposive sampling technique in selecting the respondents,

this is to ensure that the respondents are capable to answer the provided questionnaire by the

researchers regarding the Level of awareness in Anti-Drunk and Drugged driving act of 2013 in

Selected Barangays of Laguna.

Purposive sampling technique is a non-probability sampling method that involves the

deliberate selection of informants based on their ability to shed light on a topic, concept, or

phenomenon. their specific image. It is commonly used in qualitative and mixed methods

research, where it involves an iterative process of selecting a research topic rather than starting

with a predetermined sampling frame. Retrieved from:

https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2337

The Purposive sampling technique will help the researchers to collect the intended

respondents in determining the Level of awareness in Anti-Drunk and Drugged driving act of

2013 in Selected Barangays of Laguna.

Research Procedure

The first step that the researchers made is to identify the problem of the researcher. Then

the researcher analyzed the problem and made the chapter one (1) namely the background of the

study, rationale, theoretical framework and conceptual framework. After the Chapter One (1), the

researcher made the chapter two (2) namely the related literature and related studies of the

variables of the study.

Research Instrument
 The primary instrument to be used in this study is a checklist questionnaire, the

questionnaires consist of statement questions determining the Level of awareness in Anti-Drunk

and Drugged driving act of 2013 in Selected Barangays of Laguna.

Rating Range Remarks Verbal Interpretation

5 4.21-5.00 Strongly Agree Very Effective (VE)

4 3.41-4.20 Agree Effective (E)

3 2.61-3.40 Neutral Moderately Effective (ME)

2 1.81-2.60 Disagree Less Effective (LE)

1 1.00-1.80 Highly Disagree Not Effective (NE)

The stated likert scale above will be used to determine the Level of awareness in Anti-

Drunk and Drugged driving act of 2013 in Selected Barangays of Laguna. The composed

questionnaire will be answered and interpreted using the scale that is above given.

Statistical Treatment of Data

To determine the Level of awareness in Anti-Drunk and Drugged driving act of 2013 in

Selected Barangays of Laguna. The researchers will get the Mean and Standard Deviation based

on the student’s response on the written survey to be provided by the researchers.

The mean will represent the impact of learning in Student’s motivation to learn

mathematics based on the data that will be gathered by the researchers to their selected

respondents.

The Standard Deviation will represent how far the distance of the collected and computed

data from the average value (the mean).