ODA

HOLETA ASSGNMENT FOR GRADE 6A

COMPUTER
GROUP 6
NAME NO
1, Abdi moti 1
2, asanti debela 5
3, iyasu ambassse 30
4, kalkidan g/hiwot 33
5, robsen tamesgen 51
6, sinbone birhanu 56

Good luck !!!!!!

ASSIGNMENT(2)
I, Define the following question brefily
1, How computer works?
 A computer is a machine that can be programmed to manipulate instruction.
 A computer works in the principal of ;

Input Process Out put

 A computer works very fast.

 A computer work continuosly .
 A computer can do anything at the same time.
 A computer can never makes mitakes.

 Operating System.
 The system's booting process begins that load the operating system (Windows, Linux, Mac, etc.)
with all associated files. The bootstrap loader starts the booting of the system. So, in this way,
Windows and its other essential services get loaded to the system.
 As the operating system has been loaded to the Computer, the installed Hardware of the
systems becomes active and able to communicate with the CPU. The communication of the
hardware devices is performed via an interrupt request (IRQ). When the current task is already
in execution, the interrupt controller sends the request to CPU to stop processing a new
hardware request until the execution of the current task gets completed. The CPU keeps the
new request on hold, and that process is stored as a memory address in the memory stack.
When the current task execution is finished, the task on hold is resumed and processed.
 However, if the Computer fails in the POST test, an irregular POST is encountered. We can
understand the irregular POST when we hear a beep coming from the system that notifies us
that some problem has occurred.
 When we switch on the computer system by pressing the power button, a signal reaches the
power supply that converts the alternate current into the direct current, also known as DC. After
that, a proper ample power is supplied to each component of the Computer.
 With no issues, all components come in their active state, the power supply sends a signal to the
motherboard and CPU via transistors. During the time, the processor removes the leftover data
in the memory, and the CPU becomes ready to take over the instruction (input) and process it.
 A POST (power-on self-test) is performed on the Computer in a sequence to ensure that the
major computer components exist and work properly. When the Computer passes the test,
firstly, the 64-bytes memory wakes because it carries the system time and date information and
all other hardware-related information installed on the system. This information starts loading
and POST checks and compares this information with the system settings. If compared
successfully, it loads the basic drivers (that allows communication of hardware devices with CPU
and Computer to continue to boot) and interrupts handlers for the installed Hardware such as a
keyboard, hard drive, mouse, and many more.
  After that, POST checks the display adapter, and with no issues found, it loads the display that
we see on the computer monitor. Next, it is checked that whether Cold boot or reboot (warm
boot) is performed by looking at the memory address 0000:0472. If it is 1234h, it means it is a
reboot, and the rest of the POST steps are skipped. But, if it not so, it means it is a cold boot, and
the remaining POST steps are continued.
 Now, the RAM installed on the computer system is checked.

2, List components contained in the CPU and explain their function?

 CPU is the brain of the computer .
 It has a single integrated circuit called micro processor.
 It consist of three units memory, control unit, arithemetic and logic unit.
 A processor speed is measured in mega hertz (MHZ), or millions of instructions per
second and giga hertz (GHZ) , or billions of instruction per second.
Arithmetic logic unit
 The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs the arithmetic and logical functions that are the
work of the computer. The A and B registers hold the input data, and the accumulator
receives the result of the operation. The instruction register contains the instruction that
the ALU is to perform.
Instruction register and pointer
 The instruction pointer specifies the location in memory containing the next instruction to
be executed by the CPU. When the CPU completes the execution of the current
instruction, the next instruction is loaded into the instruction register from the memory
location pointed to by the instruction pointer.

Cache
 The CPU never directly accesses RAM. Modern CPUs have one or more layers of cache.
The CPU's ability to perform calculations is much faster than the RAM's ability to feed
 data to the CPU. The reasons for this are beyond the scope of this article, but I will
explore it further in the next article.
 Cache memory is faster than the system RAM, and it is closer to the CPU because it is on
the processor chip. The cache provides data storage and instructions to prevent the CPU
from waiting for data to be retrieved from RAM. When the CPU needs data—and
program instructions are also considered to be data—the cache determines whether the
data is already in residence and provides it to the CPU.
 If the requested data is not in the cache, it's retrieved from RAM and uses predictive
algorithms to move more data from RAM into the cache. The cache controller analyzes
the requested data and tries to predict what additional data will be needed from RAM. It
loads the anticipated data into the cache. By keeping some data closer to the CPU in a
cache that is faster than RAM, the CPU can remain busy and not waste cycles waiting for
data.
Memory management unit
 The memory management unit (MMU) manages the data flow between the main memory
(RAM) and the CPU. It also provides memory protection required in multitasking
environments and conversion between virtual memory addresses and physical addresses.
CPU clock and control unit
 All of the CPU components must be synchronized to work together smoothly. The
control unit performs this function at a rate determined by the clock speed and is
responsible for directing the operations of the other units by using timing signals that
extend throughout the CPU.
Random access memory (RAM)
 Although the RAM, or main storage, is shown in this diagram and the next, it is not truly
a part of the CPU. Its function is to store programs and data so that they are ready for use
when the CPU needs them.

3, List different computer peripherals?

 There are three kinds of peripherals: input, input/output, and output devices. Some
common computer peripherals include keyboards, mice, tablet pens, joysticks, scanners,
monitors, speakers, printers, external hard drives, and media card readers. While these are
the more common peripherals you’ll see on the market, this isn’t an exhaustive list.
 The most useful computer peripherals at home;
 Mouse
 A mouse is an input device that allows you to use point-and-click technology to interact
with a computer. Modern mice usually have two buttons with a scroll wheel between
them. This device was named a "mouse" computer resembled a mouse tail. Nowadays,
mice often connect to the computer using wireless technology.
 Keyboard
  Keyboards are the most common input device. The user enters letters, numbers, and other
symbols to give the computer information and instruction. Using a keyboard to enter a lot
of information is called typing.
 Web cam
 These input devices are video cameras that connect to a computer. They can be external
or built-in. Webcams are most often used to enable people to see each other when
communicating over the internet, for recording video blogs or making other videos.
 Microphone
 Microphones are audio input devices. The microphone feeds a sound signal to the
computer, where it can be recorded or streamed across the internet. Microphones are
often built into laptops, webcams, and mobile phones nowadays.
 Monitor
 Monitors look similar to televisions in outward appearance but typically have a higher
display resolution than televisions, enabling greater visual detail, plus they lack a tuner to
change channels. As with televisions, modern computer monitors use flat screen
technology and have fallen in price in recent years.
 Speakers
 A computer speaker is another common type of output device. They typically come in
pairs to provide stereo sound and sometimes with a subwoofer unit, too, in order to
enhance bass frequency. Computer speakers usually have built-in amplifiers and
therefore require a power supply, either from the mains, batteries or via a USB port .

4, Write major operating performed by ALU?

 ALUs perform addition, subtraction, and multiplication using sequences of logic gates.
Division operations are typically performed by an FPU because division may result in a
fraction, or floating-point unit.

 Addition: The CPU acquires operands, often from a (storage) register. The CPU routes
the operands to the ALU's input registers. Opcode input is created by the CU, and the
opcode input says "perform addition." The operation adds the first operand to the second
operand using sequences of OR, AND, and XOR gates. The integer result is placed in the
appropriate storage register.

 Subtraction: The CPU acquires operands from the register and sends them to the ALU
input registers, while the CU tells the opcode input to "perform subtraction." The
operation subtracts the first operand from the second operand, and the result is placed in
the appropriate storage register.
  Multiplication: The CPU acquires operands, sends them to the ALU input registers, and
the CU creates an Opcode that says "multiply."

 ALUs typically do not perform division operations because the result may not be an
integer, but a floating-point unit, or a fraction. FPUs manage these operations

5, Write functions of the control unit (CU)?

 It coordinates the flow of data out of, into, and between the various subunits of a
processor.
 It understands commands and instructions.
 It regulates the flow of data within the processor.
 It accepts external commands or instructions, which it turns into a series of control
signals.

 It is in charge of a CPU’s multiple execution units (such as ALUs, data buffers, and
registers).
 It also performs a variety of activities, including fetching, decoding, handling execution,
and storing results.
 It coordinates the flow of data out of, into, and between the various subunits of a
processor.
 It directs the flow of data sequence between the processor and other devices.
 It can interpret the instructions and controls the flow of data in the processor.
 It generates the sequence of control signals from the received instructions or commands
from the instruction register.
 It has the responsibility to control the execution units such as ALU, data buffers, and
registers in the CPU of a computer.
 It has the ability to fetch, decode, handle the execution, and store results.
 It cannot process and store the data.
 To transfer the data, it communicates with the input and output devices and controls all
the units of the computer.

6, Write components of ms-word?

 Title bar; This displays the document name followed by a program name.
 Menu bar; This contains a list of options to manage and customize documents.
 Standard toolbar; This contains shortcut buttons for the most popular commands.
 Formatting toolbar; This contains buttons used for formatting.
 Ruler; This is used to set margins, indents, and tabs.
  Insertion point; This is the location where the next character appears.
 End-of-document marker; This indicates the end of the document.
 Help; This provides quick access to Help topics.
 Scroll bars; These are used to view parts of the document.
 Status bar; This displays the position of the insertion point and working mode buttons.
 Task pane; This provides easy access to commonly used menus, buttons, and tools.
 View buttons; These change the layout view of the document to normal, web layout,
print layout, and outline view.
 Office Assistant; This links to the Microsoft Office Help feature.

7, Write function of ms -word?

 Making news paper.
 The next function of Microsoft Word is that you can create documents in the form of
newspaper pages that you usually read. Using the Columns tool on the PAGE LAYOUT
 menu you can change a paragraph into several columns. For the position and the amount
you can adjust to your liking or according to your needs.
 To create , edit, print, save documents.
 Ms –word(micro soft word) is used to create, edit, print, save, our documents.
 To manipulate words, sentences and paragraph.
 Creating mass letter
 Creating Documents with Various Variations
 Creating Tables
 Adding Images to Documents

8, What is hard ware?

 Computer hardware is a collective term used to describe any of the physical components
of an analog or digital computer. The term hardware distinguishes the tangible aspects of
a computing device from software, which consists of written, machine-readable
instructions or programs that tell physical components what to do and when to execute
the instructions.
 Hardware and software are complementary. A computing device can function efficiently
and produce useful output only when both hardware and software work together
appropriately.
 Computer hardware can be categorized as being either internal or external components.
Generally, internal hardware components are those necessary for the proper functioning
of the computer, while external hardware components are attached to the computer to add
or enhance functionality.
 Abbreviated as HW, hardware is best described as any physical component of a computer
system containing a circuit board, ICs, or other electronics. A perfect example of
hardware is the screen on which you are viewing this page. Whether it be a monitor,
tablet, or smartphone, it is hardware.
 Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer, such as the case, central
processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), monitor, mouse, keyboard,
computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, speakers and motherboard.[1][2]
 By contrast, software is the set of instructions that can be stored and run by hardware.
Hardware is so-termed because it is "hard" or rigid with respect to changes, whereas
software is "soft" because it is easy to change.
 Hardware is typically directed by the software to execute any command or instruction. A
combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system, although other
systems exist with only hardware. Quite simply, computer hardware is the physical
components that a computer system requires to function. It encompasses everything with
a circuit board that operates within a PC or laptop; including the motherboard, graphics
card, CPU (Central Processing Unit), ventilation fans, webcam, power supply, and so on.
  Although the design of hardware differs between desktop PCs and laptops due to their
differences in size, the same core components will be found in both. Without hardware,
there would be no way of running the essential software that makes computers so useful.
Software is defined as the virtual programs that run on your computer; that is, operating
system, internet browser, word-processing documents, etc.
 Although a computer can function only when both hardware and software are working
together, the speed of a system will largely rely on the hardware used.
 When building up a new computer, or simply replacing old parts, you may need to know
the specific hardware in your computer. The purpose of this guide is therefore to help you
understand the inner-workings of your computer.

9, What is soft ware?

 Software, instructions that tell a computer what to do.
 Software comprises the entire set of programs, procedures, and routines associated with
the operation of a computer system.
 The term was coined to differentiate these instructions from hardware—i.e., the physical
components of a computer system.
 A set of instructions that directs a computer’s hardware to perform a task is called a
program, or software program.
 The two main types of software are system software and application software. System
software controls a computer’s internal functioning, chiefly through an operating system,
and also controls such peripherals as monitors, printers, and storage devices. Application
software, by contrast, directs the computer to execute commands given by the user and
may be said to include any program that processes data for a user. Application software
thus includes word processors, spreadsheets, database management, inventory and
payroll programs, and many other “applications.” A third software category is that of
network software, which coordinates communication between the computers linked in a
network.
 Software is typically stored on an external long-term memory device, such as a hard
drive or magnetic diskette. When the program is in use, the computer reads it from the
storage device and temporarily places the instructions in random access memory (RAM).
The process of storing and then performing the instructions is called “running,” or
“executing,” a program. By contrast, software programs and procedures that are
permanently stored in a computer’s memory using a read-only (ROM) technology are
called firmware, or “hard software.”

10, What is computer memory?

 A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer
memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and
 instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number
of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a unique address, which varies from
zero to memory size minus one. For example, if the computer has 64k words, then this
memory unit has 64 * 1024 = 65536 memory locations. The address of these locations
varies from 0 to 65535.
 In computing, memory is a device or system that is used to store information for
immediate use in a computer or related computer hardware and digital electronic devices.
[2] The term memory is often synonymous with the term primary storage or main
memory. An archaic synonym for memory is store.[3]
 Computer memory operates at a high speed compared to storage that is slower but less
expensive and higher in capacity. Besides storing opened programs, computer memory
serves as disk cache and write buffer to improve both reading and writing performance.
Operating systems borrow RAM capacity for caching so long as not needed by running
software.[4] If needed, contents of the computer memory can be transferred to storage; a
common way of doing this is through a memory management technique called virtual
memory.
 Modern memory is implemented as semiconductor memory,[5][6] where data is stored
within memory cells built from MOS transistors and other components on an integrated
circuit.[7] There are two main kinds of semiconductor memory, volatile and non-volatile.
Examples of non-volatile memory are flash memory and ROM, PROM, EPROM and
EEPROM memory. Examples of volatile memory are dynamic random-access memory
(DRAM) used for primary storage, and static random-access memory (SRAM) used for
CPU cache.
 Computer memory, device that is used to store data or programs (sequences of
instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer.
Computers represent information in binary code, written as sequences of 0s and 1s. Each
binary digit (or “bit”) may be stored by any physical system that can be in either of two
stable states, to represent 0 and 1. Such a system is called bistable. This could be an on-
off switch, an electrical capacitor that can store or lose a charge, a magnet with its
polarity up or down, or a surface that can have a pit or not. Today capacitors and
transistors, functioning as tiny electrical switches, are used for temporary storage, and
either disks or tape with a magnetic coating, or plastic discs with patterns of pits are used
for long-term storage.
 Computer memory is divided into main (or primary) memory and auxiliary (or
secondary) memory. Main memory holds instructions and data when a program is
executing, while auxiliary memory holds data and programs not currently in use and
provides long-term storage.

11, Define RAM and ROM?

 Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of computer memory that is used to
temporarily store data that the computer is currently using or processing. RAM is volatile
memory, which means that the data stored in it is lost when the power is turned off. RAM
is typically used to store the operating system, application programs, and data that the
computer is currently using.
 Read Only Memory (ROM) is a type of computer memory that is used to permanently
store data that does not need to be modified. ROM is non-volatile memory, which means
that the data stored in it is retained even when the power is turned off. ROM is typically
used to store the computer’s BIOS (basic input/output system), which contains the
instructions for booting the computer, as well as firmware for other hardware devices.
 ROM (Read-Only Memory) and RAM (Random Access Memory) are the two basic types
of computer memory. ROM is read-only and cannot be removed whether the computer is
on or off. Most computers contain a small amount of read-only memory that holds critical
instructions for like say, starting up your computer. As the name implies, ROM is read-
only and cannot be revised or written to.
 RAM or Random Access Memory is volatile, meaning it is temporary and needs power to
retain information. It refers to active data or programs and its contents can be modified or
deleted. When you create something, it is stored in RAM. RAM and ROM are the most
important memory which helps to store data permanently and temporarily. Let’s see
about RAM, its stands for Random Access Memory. RAM also mentioned as volatile
memory because, it looses all the data’s once the power has been disconnected. If you are
doing in your PC it’s temporarily stores in your RAM memory. You can delete it, save it;
also edit it when the power is there. Without power RAM will not store any data.
Temporarily stored data’s also lost. Once the RAM got upset you can change replace
another RAM as well. This is the main advantage in this RAM
 ROM stands for non-volatile memory in computers., which means the information is
permanently stored on the chip. The memory does not depend on an electric current to
save data, instead, data is written to individual cells using binary code. Non-volatile
memory is used for parts of the computer that do not change, such as the initial boot-up
portion of the software, or the firmware instructions that make your printer run. Turning
off the computer does not have any effect on ROM. Non-volatile memory cannot be
changed by users.
 RAM is volatile memory, which means that the information temporarily stored in the
module is erased when you restart or shut down your computer. Because the information
is stored electrically on transistors, when there is no electric current, the data disappears.
Each time you request a file or information, it is retrieved either from the computer's
storage disk or the internet. The data is stored in RAM, so each time you switch from one
program or page to another, the information is instantly available. When the computer is
shut down, the memory is cleared until the process begins again. Volatile memory can be
changed, upgraded, or expanded easily by users. Find out if your computer needs more
memory or learn more about RAM.
  Random Access Memory (RAM)
 It is also called read-write memory or the main memory or the primary memory.
 The programs and data that the CPU requires during the execution of a program are
stored in this memory.
 It is a volatile memory as the data is lost when the power is turned off
 Read-Only Memory (ROM)
 Stores crucial information essential to operate the system, like the program essential to
boot the computer.
 It is non-volatile.
 Always retains its data.
 Used in embedded systems or where the programming needs no change.
 Used in calculators and peripheral devices.
 ROM is further classified into four types- MROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.

12, What is the difference between primary memory and secondary memory

Parameters RAM ROM

RAM allows the computer to ROM stores all the application
Usage read data quickly to run which is needed to boot the
applications. computer initially. It only
allows for reading.
Volatility RAM is volatile. So, its It is non-volatile, i.e., its
contents are lost when the contents are retained even if
device is powered off. the device is powered off
Accessibility Information stored in the The processor can’t directly
RAM is easily accessed. access the information that is
stored in the ROM. In order to
access ROM information first,
the information is transferred
into the RAM, and then it can
be executed by the processor.
Read/Write Both R (read) and W (write) The ROM memory allows the
operations can be performed user to read the information.
over the information which is But, the user can’t alter the
stored in the RAM. information.
Storage RAM is used to store ROM memory is used to store
temporary information. permanent information, which
The storage capacity ranges is non-erasable.
from 1 to 256 GB. Its storage capacity ranges
It temporarily stores the files from 4 to 8 MB.
and data that the CPU needs to It stores the BIOS program on
process the current the motherboard of a
instructions or work. computer, which is needed to
bootstrap the computer.
Speed The access speed of RAM is Its speed is slower in
faster. comparison with RAM.
Therefore,
ROM can’t boost up the
processor speed.
Preservation of Data Electricity is needed in RAM Electricity is not required to
to flow and to preserve flow and preserving
information information
Data stored in RAM can be We can only read the data
retrieved and altered. stored in ROM. It cannot be
The data stored in RAM is altered.
used by the CPU in real-time The data stored in ROM is
to run the computer. used by CPU only when it is
transferred to RAM.

Structure The RAM chip is in rectangle Read-only memory (ROM) is

form and is inserted over the a type of storage medium that
motherboard of the computer. permanently stores data on
personal computers (PCs) and
other electronic devices.
Size It is large in size than ROM. It Its size ranges from less than
comes in two different sizes an inch in length to multiple
for use in desktop computers inches in length and width
and laptops. A desktop ram is based on their use. It has less
around 5.5 inches in length capacity than RAM.
and 1 inch in width. Whereas,
the Laptop RAM is around
half the length of desktop
RAM.
Uses Examples: It is used as CPU Examples: It is used as
Cache, Primary Memory in a Firmware by micro-
computer. controllers.
Types DRAM (Dynamic Random PROM (programmable read-
Access Memory), SRAM only memory), EPROM
(Static Random Access (erasable programmable read-
Memory). only memory),
EEPROM( electrically
erasable programmable
ROM), Mask ROM.