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  • Mat 214

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    tolupeterajibola
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    The document defines key terms related to binary operations, groups, and vector spaces. It summarizes that a groupoid is a set with a binary operation, a semigroup is an associative groupoid, a monoid is a semigroup with an identity element, and a group is a monoid where every element has an inverse. An abelian group is a commutative group. It also defines vector spaces and their properties, and discusses linear independence, dependence, matrices, and systems of linear equations.

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    Linear Algebra I

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    mat 214

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    The document defines key terms related to binary operations, groups, and vector spaces. It summarizes that a groupoid is a set with a binary operation, a semigroup is an associative groupoid, a monoid is a semigroup with an identity element, and a group is a monoid where every element has an inverse. An abelian group is a commutative group. It also defines vector spaces and their properties, and discusses linear independence, dependence, matrices, and systems of linear equations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    8 views3 pages

    Mat 214

    Uploaded by

    tolupeterajibola
    The document defines key terms related to binary operations, groups, and vector spaces. It summarizes that a groupoid is a set with a binary operation, a semigroup is an associative groupoid, a monoid is a semigroup with an identity element, and a group is a monoid where every element has an inverse. An abelian group is a commutative group. It also defines vector spaces and their properties, and discusses linear independence, dependence, matrices, and systems of linear equations.

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    MAT 214

    BINARY OPERATIONS
    G*=(G,*)

    1. Groupoid: A set A on which a bin op * is defined. It is closed under a given bin op which is
    written as (A,*) for the groupoid A. E.g.: (Z,-), (N,*)
    a∗b ∈ A a , b ∈ A−[1]
    2. Semigroup: An associative groupoid. A set with BO * is a semigroup  it is
    1 and a∗( b∗c )= ( a∗b )∗c , a , b , c ∈ A−[2]
    3. Monoid: a semigroup with an identity element
    1 , 2∧∃e ∈ A ∋ ∀ a ∈ A , a∗e=e∗a=a
    4. Group: a monoid G* in which every element has an inverse.
    1 , 2,∧3∀ a ∈ A , ∃ b∈ A ∋ a∗b=b∗a=e
    5. Abelian group: A commutative group
    1 , 2, 3∧4a∗b=b∗a , ∀ a , b ∈ A

    Definitions of Terms
    1) Set: collection of distinct objects, known as elements
    2) Space: a set in which the list of elements are defined by a collection of axioms for how each
    element relates to another within the set
    3) Subspace W of vs V over field F is a non-empty subset which itself is a VS under the same op in V
    W is a ss of V iff W ≠ ∅ W is closed under vector addition
    W is closed under scalar multiplication
    4) Field: A space of individual numbers, usually real or complex.
    5) Vector Space: a nonempty set V of objects, called vectors, on which are defined two ops, + and x,
    by scalars (real numbers), subject to the 10 axioms listed below.
    ∀ vectors u , v∧w ∈ V ∧scalars c∧d ∈ F
    (a) u+ v ∈ V
    (b) ∀ u ∈V ∧c ∈ F , cu ∈V
    (c) u+ v=v+ u
    (d) ( u+ v ) +w=u+(v +w)
    (e) ∃0 ∈ V ∋ ∀ u∈ V ,u+ 0=u
    (f) ∃−u ∈V ∋ ∀ u ∈V , u+ (−u )=0
    (g) ∃1 ∈V ∋ ∀ u ∈V , 1 u=u
    (h) ∀ u ∈V ,∧∀ ( c , d ) ∈ F , ( cd ) u=c(du)
    (i) ∀ u ∈ F ,∧( u , v ) ∈V , c ( u+ v )=cu+cv
    (j) ∀ u ∈V ,∧( c , d ) ∈ F , ( c +d ) x=cx +dx
    Apparently when 1, 4, 6 are proven,

    LINEAR INDEPDENDENCE AND DEPENDENCE


    The vectors v 1 , v 2 , … v n ∈ V are LD if ∃ λ1 , … , λn ∈ F , not all=0 ,∋ λ1 v 1+ λ2 v 2 +…+ λn v n=0
    ¿ is LI ifit has a trivial solution
    A singleton, containing a zero vector islin dep .
    A set of two vectors is lindep if one is a multiple of the other

    MATRIX
    TERMS
    T T
    Symmetric → a SM A= A Skew−Sym →a SM A =− A , diagonal elements=0
    Scalar → A=αI Diagonal : all non−diagonal entries are zero
    UTM :Thisis an n−square ¿=( U ij ) , ∋U ij=0 , for i> j , ( numbers are upper )
    LTM : L=( Lij ) , ∋ Lij =0 , for i< j , ( numbers arelower )Orthogonal= A T = A−1 → A AT =I
    θ T
    A =( A ) Hermitian ¿ SM A= A , skew if A=− A Unitary ¿ Aθ A=I Idempotency : A2 =A
    Involuntary : A =I Proper ¿| A|=1
    2

    LAWS
    1
    A =
    −1
    ( adj ( A ) ) Proof : A A−1=I ∧A ( adj ( A ) )=| A| I , then equatingusing I
    | A| A
    Rule of Saurus : diagonal D of a ( 3 ,3 ) ¿adj ( A )= ( ¿ co−factors of A )T | A T|=| A|| AB|=| A||B|
    | A|=0 → singular ∨non−invertibleInterchanging 2 columns → ¿ changes

    | |
    x y1 1
    1 1
    Areaof a ∆ ABC , A ( x 1 , y 1 ) , B ( x 2 , y 2 ) , C ( x 3 , y 3 ) A= x 2 y 2 1 ,if =0 they are collinear
    2
    x3 y3 1
    1 AB∙ AC
    If there is z , A= | AB|| AC |sin θ , withcos θ=
    2 |AB|| AC|

    | |
    x1 y1 z1
    Volume of Parallelopiped= x 2 y 2 z 2 AB∃if c of A=r of B ,∧is of order r of A , c of B
    x3 y3 z3

    DEFINITIONS
    '
    Echelon ¿ If all zero rows , if any , are at the matri x s bottom
    Each leading nonzero entry ∈a row is ¿ the ¿ of theleading nonzero entry∈the preceding row¿
    A=[ aij ] is an echelon ¿ there exist nonzero entries a1 j , a2 j , … , a rjwhere j 1 < j 2< …< j r

    with the property that a ij=0 for { i<r , j< j i


    i>r
    SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS

    ()
    a
    Given equations resolved into a ¿ Y b =Z A=ref ( Y ) , C=ref (Y |Z )
    c
    if R ( A ) < R ( C ) → inconsistent systemif R ( A ) =R (C ) → consistent system
    R ( A )=R ( C )=n→ solution isunique , n=no . of unknowns ( a , b , … )
    unique , no solution ,infinite , find sol for λ=4 , μ=2x + y + z=6x +2 y+5 z=102 x+3 y + λz=μ

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