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2GIS Data Struc v2

The document discusses representations of spatial data, including vector and raster models. Vector data uses points, lines, and polygons to represent discrete features, while raster data divides space into a grid of cells. Each representation has advantages - vector is better for discrete features and boundaries, while raster is better for continuous surfaces. The document also covers converting between vector and raster data, and issues related to scale, resolution, and attribute storage for each model.

Uploaded by

Alexis Bryan Rivera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
34 views

2GIS Data Struc v2

The document discusses representations of spatial data, including vector and raster models. Vector data uses points, lines, and polygons to represent discrete features, while raster data divides space into a grid of cells. Each representation has advantages - vector is better for discrete features and boundaries, while raster is better for continuous surfaces. The document also covers converting between vector and raster data, and issues related to scale, resolution, and attribute storage for each model.

Uploaded by

Alexis Bryan Rivera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 3a

Representation
Understanding Spatial
• Entities • Bona Fide

Data Models • Fields


• Fiat

Representation Vector
• Points (no
• Entities • Vector dimensions)
• Raster • Lines, or “arcs” (1
• Fields dimension) or
• Areas, or “polygons”
(2 or 3 dimensions)

1
Lecture 3a

Vector Vector Data


• Locational data tell where features are
• Attribute data tell what features are (lots of
Zoom
info!)
in • Topological data tell where features are in
relation to one another
Topology defines relationships between features:
e.g.,
parcel #16 is adjacent to parcel #234
Main St. is connected to First St.
First St. is a one way street (direction)

…. Basis for powerful spatial analyses

Vector Problems Raster


Vector wetland polygons over a CIR photograph • Grids, or pixels
• Cell size is constant
• Area of each cell defines the resolution
• Raster files store only one attribute, in the form
of a “z” value, or grid code.

(graphic courtesy Leslie Morrissey)

2
Lecture 3a

Raster Raster cell size & resolution

Raster and Vector


Representing a terrain surface – raster vs. vector representations of the
same land use:

3
Lecture 3a

©2005 Austin Troy. All


rights reserved

Vector vs. Raster: bounding & lines Vector vs. Raster: Sample points
Polution rates across space

Raster: poor representation Vector: better precision (discrete)


(stairstep)

Raster: Encoding Problems

WHEN TO USE RASTER OR


VECTOR???

4
Lecture 3a

Raster Advantages
Raster and Vector • Represents high spatial variability
• Analytic advantages and disadvantages • Best for mapping/modeling
• Technical advantages and disadvantages continuous phenomena
• Specific Usages • Represents gradients best
• Better for fuzzy (transitional)
A+ B = C
boundaries
• Space filling – grid cell for all real A
estate
B
• Combining layers with map algebra
C

Raster Disadvantages Vector Advantages


• Locational accuracy and ability to represent • Great for discrete locations and
features accurately depends on cell size boundaries
• Data layer represents only one theme or • not continuous data
“attribute” • Maps linear features well
• Poor representation of linear features and • High locational accuracy (depends on
boundaries scale)
• No topology • Based on topology
• Raster coding problems • Lots of attribute data (multiple attributes)
• Big files! (storage/transfer issue) • Small files (downloadable from Internet)

5
Lecture 3a

Vector Disadvantages
Moving between vector and raster
• Polygons are assumed to be homogeneous, so
may miss inclusions, mixes
• Lines and polygon boundaries define discrete
divisions (whether or not they exist on the
ground)
• Poorly represent continuous surfaces, gradients
• Scale (of source) determines mapping accuracy
• large scale = more detail
• small scale = less detail

Converting raster to vector


Converting vector to raster

6
Lecture 3a

Introduction to GIS

Conversion problems TIN – Triangulated Irregular Network

(DEM -- Digital Elevation Model)

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