The document summarizes the structure and function of skin and its appendages. It describes the five layers of the epidermis, the cell types found within the epidermis including keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. It also describes the structure and function of skin glands including sebaceous glands, eccrine sweat glands, and apocrine sweat glands. Finally, it discusses the structure and function of hair follicles and how hair can become damaged.
The document summarizes the structure and function of skin and its appendages. It describes the five layers of the epidermis, the cell types found within the epidermis including keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. It also describes the structure and function of skin glands including sebaceous glands, eccrine sweat glands, and apocrine sweat glands. Finally, it discusses the structure and function of hair follicles and how hair can become damaged.
The document summarizes the structure and function of skin and its appendages. It describes the five layers of the epidermis, the cell types found within the epidermis including keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. It also describes the structure and function of skin glands including sebaceous glands, eccrine sweat glands, and apocrine sweat glands. Finally, it discusses the structure and function of hair follicles and how hair can become damaged.
The document summarizes the structure and function of skin and its appendages. It describes the five layers of the epidermis, the cell types found within the epidermis including keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. It also describes the structure and function of skin glands including sebaceous glands, eccrine sweat glands, and apocrine sweat glands. Finally, it discusses the structure and function of hair follicles and how hair can become damaged.
APPENDAGES Edel Mary V. Diocares, RMT, MD 01 Describe the functions of skin.
02 Describe the structure, location and
OBJECTIVES function of the cell types found in epidermis: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells.
03 Describe the five layers of the epidermis.
04 Describe the structure and contents of
the papillary dermis, reticular dermis, and hypodermis.
05 Describe the structure and function of
sebaceous glands, eccrine sweat glands, and apocrine sweat glands.
Describe the structure of a hair follicle
06 (including the hair itself) and explain how and why hair can become damaged. • Serves as a barrier protecting against physical and chemical injury and infection. • Prevents water entry and loss.
Functions of • Helps regulate body
temperature. SKIN • Receptor organ for sensory stimuli. • Involved in synthesis of vitamin D3 from precursors in skin. • Excretion of substances produced by glands. • EPIDERMIS ⚬ (the surface layer of skin)
Embryologic arises from ectoderm.
• DERMIS Origin of ⚬ (the connective tissue
SKIN component of skin) arises
from somites of the paraxial mesoderm. SKIN IS COMPOSED OF: • EPIDERMIS ⚬ a surface of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium • DERMIS ⚬ connective tissue • SKIN APPENDAGES 25K+ ⚬ Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, nails. SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE • Also called hypodermis • NOT considered part of the skin! • Consists of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue • Function: loosely binds the skin to underlying structures The Five • Corneum • Lucidum Layers of • Granulosum EPIDERMIS • Spinosum • Basale • Bottom layer; just above basal lamina. • Cuboidal to columnar
Stratum keratinocytes one layer thick.
• Cells attached to each other by
BASALE spot desmosomes and to basal lamina by hemidesmosomes. • Mitoses renew epidermis every 15- 30 days. • Contains melanocytes and Merkel cells. • Thick layer directly above stratum basale.
Stratum • Spot desmosomes connect cells.
SPINOSUM • Cells shrink during processing but remain attached at desmosomes and look “spiny” or prickly.
• Areas of skin subject to more
mechanical pressure have more spot desmosomes. • Just above stratum spinosum. • Cells contain two types of granules.
Stratum • Keratohyaline granules:
⚬ large, basophilic; bind
GRANULOSUM cytokeratin molecules together to make keratin. • Lamellar granules: ⚬ small; contain lipid that is released into intercellular spaces (acts as a cement to prevent penetration of water and other materials). • Above stratum granulosum.
• Keratinocytes have lost nuclei
Stratum and organelles and appear as
homogeneous, translucent cells.
LUCIDUM • Cells contain keratin.
• Present only in very thick skin.
• Most superficial layer.
• Consists of flat, dead cells –
Stratum basically keratin scales - that are
continuously shed.
CORNEUM • Keratin is composed of
cytokeratin filaments (long intertwined protein chains) and keratohyalin (a substance that helps hold cytokeratin filaments together). THICK VS. THIN SKIN • Thick skin is present on palms and soles • Thin skin is found everywhere else.
⚬ Epidermis has five cell layers + thick ⚬ Epidermis has no stratum lucidum, keratin layer. and the stratum granulosum and ⚬ Hair follicles and sebaceous glands corneum are much thinner. are NOT present. ⚬ May contain hair follicles and sebaceous glands. • KERATINOCYTES ⚬ are stratified squamous epithelial cells. Most of the
Four Types of epidermis is composed of
keratinocytes. Function is to
Cells in produce intermediate filaments called cytokeratins. Amount of
EPIDERMIS cytokeratins increases as the cells move upward. • MELANOCYTES ⚬ produce melanin. • LANGERHANS CELLS ⚬ process antigen. • MERKEL CELLS ⚬ are involved in tactile sensation. LANGERHANS CELLS AND MERKEL CELLS
• LANGERHANS CELLS • MERKEL CELLS
⚬ A type of macrophage. ⚬ Present in stratum basale. ⚬ Arise in bone marrow, migrate to ⚬ Function as touch receptors. stratum spinosum. ⚬ Eat stuff (like bugs), present antigen to T cells. MEISSNER’S AND PACINIAN CORPUSCLES
• MEISSNER’S CORPUSCLE • PACINIAN CORPUSCLE
⚬ Sensitive to light touch ⚬ Sensitive to vibration and pressure. ⚬ Consists of an unmyelinated axon ⚬ Consists of unmyelinated nerve meandering back and forth between terminal surrounded by layers of flattened Schwann cells. fibroblasts. • HAIRS: ⚬ hair follicle and shaft
The • SEBACEOUS GLANDS AND
Pilosebaceous DUCTS: ⚬ empty into hair follicle APPARATUS • ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLES: ⚬ cause erection of hair shaft
• Hairs and sebaceous glands
derive from ectoderm • Three types: sebaceous glands, eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands, and apocrine sweat glands.
Skin • Arise from ectoderm.
GLANDS • Secretory portion of glands resides in the dermis.
• Three different types of
secretion: holocrine, merocrine, and apocrine. • Present everywhere except palms and soles.
• Secretory portion has three cell types: ⚬ Clear cells (contain glycogen, Eccrine produce a watery substance) ⚬ Darker cells (produce a (Merocrine) proteinaceous substance)
SWEAT ⚬ Myoepithelial cells (surround
gland)
GLANDS • Duct is lined by simple cuboidal
epithelium and opens onto skin surface. • Located only in axilla, areola of breast, and anal canal.
• Have larger ducts and secretory
Apocrine units than eccrine sweat glands.
SWEAT • Ducts open into hair follicles.
GLANDS • Apocrine secretion is viscous and
contains proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. THANKS FOR Do You Have Any
