GENERAL ECOLOGY 2.

Atmosphere
Chapter 1:  is a mixture of gases that surrounds the
Earth.
Earth Environment
CIARRA MAE C. BULIAG Importance Of Atmosphere

1. Atmosphere and sound

Environment  Sound
 “environ – encircle”  Form of energy that travels in waves
 Chemical, physical, and biological components 2. Atmosphere and Living Things
that affect the life of organisms. 3. Atmosphere and the sun’s rays
 It is the sum of all biotic and abiotic factors that
surround and affect an organism.
3. Hydrosphere
 All water bodies
Biotic Factor  “hydro-water”; “sphere-round”
 refer to the living or once-living organisms in an  Approximately 73% of Earth's surface is covered in
ecosystem and their impacts such as predation, water.
competition, food supply, human impacts, and  The ocean holds about 97% of the Earth's water; the
parasites. remaining 3% is found in glaciers and ice, below the
 Metabolizes and affects the availability of food… ground, in rivers and lakes.

Abiotic Factors Hydrologic cycle

 Abiotic factors are nonliving factors such as the
weather in an area and the landscape of the area.
Some examples of abiotic factors would be the sun,
rocks, and water.
 Abiotic factors can directly affect the survival of
species in an ecosystem by creating or altering the
conditions necessary for their survival. For example,
if temperatures in an ecosystem become too hot or
too cold, certain species may struggle to survive.
Components of Hydrosphere
Earth's Four Major Subsystems
1. Glaciers
1.  is a large, perennial accumulation of crystalline ice,
snow, rock, sediment, and often liquid water
2. Groundwater
 is the water found underground in the cracks and
spaces in soil, sand and rock.
3. Freshwater
 is defined as having a low salt concentration usually
less than 1%.
Biosphere
4. Surface Water
 “bios-life”: “sphaira-sphere”
 is any body of water found on the Earth's surface,
 Thin veil of life on earth;
including both the saltwater in the ocean and the
 The region where life exists,
freshwater in rivers, streams, and lakes.
 And provides the necessary conditions for the
survival of life.
 Also called the ecosphere. Importance of Hydrosphere
The biosphere is divided into major categories of land called
biomes. 1. A substance found in living cells
Biomes  75% of water in cell, promotes normal cell functions
 Refers to the large region of the earth that has a 2. Habitat for many life forms
certain climate 3. Atmospheric existence
 is a biogeographical unit consisting of a biological  The hydrosphere interacts with the atmosphere
community that has formed in response to the through processes like evaporation and precipitation.
physical environment in which they are found and a 4. Control the weather
shared regional climate. 5. Human requirements
4. Lithosphere  sum of genes across population
 is the solid, outer part of Earth. Mutations
 " Litos-stone”  inheritable changes in a gene
 major source of genetic variation

Three Main Layers

 Crust SPECIES AND SPECIATION
 Mantel
 Core What constitutes a different species?
Importance Of Lithosphere
1. Rocks
2. Provide nutrients
1. Morphological
3. Major source of humans  the form and structure of organisms and their specific
4. Tectonic movements structural features.
 form mountain islands 2. Biological
5. Source of minerals and elements  Biological Species Concept
 defines a species taxon as a group of organisms that
Spatial scales can successfully interbreed and produce fertile
 refers to the spatial extent of ecological processes. offspring.
The responses of organisms, populations, species or
communities to the environment may differ at larger Reproduction Isolation
or smaller scales.  Pre-zygotic isolation mechanism
 Times scale can be very long and short
1. Geographical isolation
Science 2. Habitat isolation
 is the study of the natural world through observation 3. Temporal isolation
and experiment. 4. Behavioral isolation

Hypothesis
 Post-zygotic isolation mechanism
 is an educated guess ;cause and effect
1. Reduce hybrid viability
Testing 2. Reduced hybrid fertility
 a critical examination, observation, or evaluation: 3. Hybrid breakdown
trial.

Types Of Ecological Studies Speciation

 occurs when a group within a species separates from
1. Field Observation other members of its species and develops its own
2. Field experiment or manipulation unique characteristics.
3. Lab experiment  Allopatric
4. Mathematical models  speciation (1) occurs when a species separates into
two separate groups that are isolated from one
ADAPTATION AND EVOLUTION another. A physical barrier, such as a mountain range
or a waterway, makes it impossible for them to breed
1. (Charles Darwin HMS Beagle)
with one another.
Theory Of Natural Selection  Sympatric
 genetic mutations that are beneficial to an
 speciation, from the Greek 'same place', involves the
individual's survival are passed on through
splitting of an ancestral species into two or more
reproduction. This results in a new generation of
reproductively isolated groups without geographical
organisms that are more likely to survive to
isolation of those groups.
reproduce.
 Best adapted traits
2. Heritability
 Genes are the units of inheritance
 is a measure of how well differences in people's genes
account for differences in their traits.
Genotype
 is the sum of genes in an individual
Phenotype
 is what’s expressed
 an individual's observable traits
Genepool