Practicing Geography Vol 2 ECZ+Complementary Questions

Practicing
geography
ECZ and complementary geography
Paper 2 questions arranged in topics
with answers
William Muchimba
Foreword
Just as the name suggests, practicing geography is
intended to help geography learners’ acquaint
themselves with geography questions and how to answer
geography questions. The book is a two part series
containing volume 1 and volume 2. Volume 2 contains
Examination Council of Zambia geography paper two
questions from 2009 to 2017 which have been arranged
in topical format.
The ECZ syllabus was changed in 2013 and the

examination based on the 2013 began in 2015. This
means that some questions are out date with the 2013
syllabus, to this end, only questions which are line with
the syllabus have been included.
The quality of this work speaks for itself. Even though it

a large document, it is easy to use since it has a clickable
table of contents. The author is passionate geographer
and environmentalist.
Chris Mazuba Hachibe

Contents
Foreword .............................................................................. 2
Introduction.......................................................................... 6
EZC questions on population ................................................ 7
Complementary questions on population ............................ 17
Multiple choice questions on population ............................. 21
Answers to ECZ questions on population ............................ 25
Answers to multiple choice questions on population ........... 63
ECZ questions on human settlement ................................... 66
Complementary questions on human settlement .................. 73
Multiple choice questions on human settlement .................. 74
Answers to Complementary questions on human settlement 78
Answers to Complementary questions on human settlement 93
Answers to multiple choices on human settlement .............. 95
ECZ questions on forestry .................................................. 97
Complementary questions on forestry ............................... 100
Answers to ECZ questions on forestry .............................. 102
Answers to complementary questions on forestry.............. 112
ECZ Questions on agriculture ........................................... 117
Supplementary questions on agriculture ............................ 126
Answers to ECZ questions on agriculture ......................... 129
Answers to supplementary questions on agriculture .......... 142
ECZ Questions Power and Energy in Zambia and sub-region
......................................................................................... 149
Supplementary questions Power and Energy in Zambia and
sub-region ........................................................................ 155
ECZ Questions Power and Energy in Zambia and sub-region
......................................................................................... 157
Answers to Supplementary questions ................................ 169
Section for EZC questions Processing and Manufacturing
Industries in Zambia and the Sub-Region.......................... 174
Complementary questions Processing and Manufacturing
Answers to ECZ questions Processing and Manufacturing
Answers to Complementary questions Processing and
Manufacturing Industries in Zambia and the Sub-Region .. 197
EZC questions Transport and Communication in Zambia and
sub-region ........................................................................ 216
Complementary questions Transport and Communication in
Zambia and sub-region ..................................................... 219
Quiz questions Transport and Communication in Zambia and
sub-region ........................................................................ 224
Answers to EZC questions on Transport and Communication
in Zambia and sub-region ................................................. 225
Answers to Complimentary questions on Transport and
Communication in Zambia and sub-region........................ 237
EZC QUESTIONS on Mining in Zambia and sub- region
(Zimbabwe, Angola and South Africa) ............................. 267
Complementary questions on Mining in Zambia and sub-
region (Zimbabwe, Angola and South Africa) ................. 272
Answers to EZC question on Mining in Zambia and sub-
region (Zimbabwe, Angola and South Africa) ................. 275
Answers to questions on Mining in Zambia and sub- region
(Zimbabwe, Angola and South Africa) ............................. 292
EZC questions on wildlife and tourism ............................. 303
Complementary questions on wildlife and tourism ............ 308
Multiple choice questions ................................................. 313
Answers to EZC questions on Wildlife and Tourism ......... 319
Answers to multiple choice questions wildlife and tourism 333
Introduction
The ECZ geography paper 2 has three sections with each
section either having 3 or 4 questions sometimes even 5.
The first section is based on the Zambian aspects. The
second section has questions on the sub-region and the
last section has questions on population and settlement.
The examination candidate is required to pick four
questions in total of which he or she must pick the three
questions from each section and the fourth question from
any section of his/her choice.
Geography paper two is based on human geography, but

still concepts of physical geography are also required.
Learners are expected to families themselves with maps
i.e. know the distribution of human and culture features
on global, continental and local scale. Learners must not
only memorize but understand different concepts under
human geography.
Population
EZC questions on population
1.
Ages Male Female Age structure %
0-14 3300339 3271389 46.2
15-24 1423026 1425654 20
25-54 2042023 2069511 28.5
55-64 193753 213927 2.9
Over 65 147705 194901 2.4
a) Calculate
i. The total aged 15-64
ii. The dependency ratio
b) Explain the factor that affects life expectancy
c) State factors affects population distribution
2. G
a) Explain the meaning of the following terms:
i. Over-population
ii. Young population
iii. Total fertility rate
iv. Census [4]
b) What problems are brought about by rapid
population growth? [4]
c) Explain the effects of HIV/AIDS on the
young people in Zambia. [4]
3.
i. Population density
ii. Urbanization
iii. Conurbation
iv. Population pyramid. [4]
b) Explain why the line of rail from Livingstone
to the Copperbelt has high population
density. [5]
c) Why the Luangwa Valley is sparsely
populated? [3]
4. In Zambia, explain
a)
i. Why census is conducted. [2]
ii. How traditional and cultural factors
contribute to rural-urban migration.[3]
iii. The effects of rural-urban migration
in rural areas. [2]
b) Study the data below showing HIV
prevalence estimates for 2004.
Province Prevalence Estimate (%)
Central 14.4
Copperbelt 18.5
Eastern 13.2
Luapula 10.6
Lusaka 20.7
Northern 8.0
North Western 8.6
Southern 16.2
Western 12.6
i. What is the difference in rate of infection

between the Copperbelt Province and the
Northern Province? [1]
ii. Explain why the HIV prevalence for
Lusaka, Copperbelt and southern
Provinces are high. [4]
5. With reference to Zambia

a) Explain the main causes of :
i. Squatter compounds in large towns. [2]
ii. Noise pollution in cities. [2]
iii. High Death Rate in rural areas. [2]
b) For any two of (a) i, ii, or iii: explain the
steps which are being taken to address the
problem. [6]
6.
a) Clearly explain how can be increased and
decreased by:
i. The birth rates and death rates:
ii. Migration
b) Explain why much of the Luapula Valley has
linear settlements. [2]
c) Explain the functions of the following towns
i. Choma
ii. Kafue [6]
7.
a) Explain how rural-urban migration has
contributed to poor quality of life in both
rural the rural and the urban areas. [6]
b) Solwezi is one of the fastest growing towns in
Zambia.
i. Explain why this is so. [2]
ii. What problems is the town likely to
face because of its fast growth? [4]
8.
a) The population of Zambia growths rapidly.
Explain how population growth rate can be
reduced. [6]
b) How can the reduction of population growth
rate affect the social and economic
development [6]
9.
a)
i. Name two provinces of Zambia which
have experienced a high rate of rural-rural
migration in the recent years. [1]
ii. Explain why the provinces stated in (i)
above have experienced rural-urban
migration within themselves. [5]
b) Explain the consequence of rural-urban
migration.
i. Rural areas
ii. Urban areas
10. concerning population in Zambia
a) Explain the effects associated with rapid
population growth. [6]
b) What are the solutions to the effects of over-
population in cities and towns? [6]
11.
a) Define the following terms
i. Doubling time. [1]
ii. Population explosion [1]
iii. Urbanization [1]
iv. Young population [1]
v. Brain drain. [1]
b) Describe the main problems caused by the
rapid growth of population in urban areas in
Zambia. [4]
c) Suggest possible solutions to the problems
describe in (b) above. [3]
12. K
a) Account for the decrease in population

around the town of Kabwe between 1990 and
2000. [2]
b) Explain why the population in P has
increased rapidly in recent years. [2]
c) What are the positive and negative effects of
the rapid population growth in area P? [4]
d) What are the solutions to the problems
brought by the rapid population growth in
area P itself? [4]
13.
a) Study the table below which shows life
expectancy in Zambia.
Life expectancy year
Male Female
51.6 53.1 1980
46.1 47.6 1990
36.0 38.0 2000
i. Describe the trend of the life

expectancy.
ii. Give reasons for the observed trend in
(i) above. [4]
b) Explain why area along the rail of line from
Livingstone to the Copperbelt is densely
populated. [4]
c) What is the main feature in the population
structure of Zambia’s population? [4]
14.
a) What is infant mortality rate? [1]
b) Describe the main causes of high mortality in
Zambia. [4]
c) What is been done to reduce high mortality
rate in Zambia? [4]
d) Describe the group of people that are
described as venerable in Zambia. [3]
15. Study table 1 below and answer the questions

Indicator Country A Country B
Birth rate per 1000 10 44
Human 0.9 0.4
Development Index
GDP per ($) 30, 000 340
Patient Per Doctor 300 50,000
a) Identify a developed country and give reason

for answer. [2]
b) Explain the main causes of causes of
HIV/AIDS [5]
c) Describe the method which can be used to
control the disease. [5]
16.
i. Sex ratio
ii. Death rate
iii. Immigration
iv. Under population
b) Explain how HIV/AIDS affected the
economy of Zambia. [4]
c) State the services offered by Lusaka city. [4]
17.
a) Describe the changes shown on the graph for
Zambia. [2]
b) What problems is Zambia likely to face due
to this growth? [4]
c) g
i. Explain why many town and cities are
spreading to the country side. [2]
ii. Describe the benefits that have resulted
from the growth of town and cities in
countryside. [4]
Complementary questions on population

1.
a) What is the meaning of the term population
distribution? [2]
b) What is the meaning of the term Population
Density? [2]
c) What is the meaning of the term densely
populated? [2]
d) Using examples of places you have studied
describe the physical factors that cause areas
to be sparsely populated. [6]
2.
a) On a copy of the diagram below (the
Demographic Transition Model) draw three
lines to represent the Birth rate, Death rate
and Total Population. [3]
b) On your copy of the diagram shade the main
area that shows the Natural Increase. [2]
c) On your diagram, place Zambia or Sri Lanka
and Japan in the correct positions. [2]
d) Describe the factors which contribute to the
rise of population in stage 2 [3]
3.
a) Define the following terms :
i. Economically Active. [1]
ii. Anti-natalist policies [1]
iii. Cohort [1]
b) Look at the diagram below. It is a sketch of a
population pyramid.
i. Name any two countries which could
be represented by this population
pyramid. [1]
ii. What does the shape of the pyramid
tell you about the structure of the
country? [5]
iii. Give an account on death rates and
birth for a country with such a
pyramid. [2]
4.
a) What are the problems created by a country
having a large population growth rate? [4]
b) Using examples describe two ways food
supply can be increased. [2]
c) What is counter-urbanisation? [2]
d) Explain why counter-urbanisation is
occurring in Zambia over the recent years [4]
5.
a) Explain the meaning of Human Development
Index. [4]
b) What physical factors influence low
population density? [4]
c) What physical factors influence high
6.
a) Define the following terms:
i. Net International Migration
ii. Population Momentum
iii. Shadow Population
iv. Birth deficit
v. Centenarians
vi. Incidence
b) What Economic factors influence low
What Economic factors influence high
Multiple choice questions on population

1. What do demographic transition models show?
a) Population change over time
b) Employment changes over time
c) Changes in tourism over time
2. How is the birth rate measured?

a) As a percentage
b) As the number of live births per 1,000
c) As the number of total births per 1,000
3. The three main factors that cause population
change to a specified area are:
a) Births, deaths and marriage
b) Births, deaths and migration
c) Births, deaths and life expectancy
4. The natural increase of a population is the
difference between the country's birth rate and
what?
a) Migration rate
b) Marriage rate
c) Death rate
5. How is the world's population changing?
a) Rapidly increasing
b) Slowly increasing
c) Slowly decreasing
6. When did the world's population start to grow

more rapidly?
a) 1700s
b) 1800s
c) 1900s
7. In 2025, there could be how many people on the
planet?
a) 8.5 billion
b) 12 billion
c) 18 billion
8. Which countries experience the highest rates of
population growth?
a) MEDCs
b) LEDCs
c) MEDCs and LEDCs see the same rates of
growth
9. What does population structure refer to?
a) The different types of buildings that
people live in
b) How the population of a region or country
get along with one another
c) The composition of the population of an
area
10. What is a population pyramid?
a) A graphical representation of the population
structure of an area
b) When the population density of a location is
so high that people have to live in high rise
properties
c) The pattern of population distribution in large
urban areas
Answers to ECZ questions on population
1.
a) Calculations
i. 3658802
ii. Dependency ratio= (population under 15
+ population above 64 years aged)
divided by (Population aged between 15
and 64) × 100
= 93 %
b) Factors which affect life expectancy

 Prevalence of diseases e.g. AIDS,
malaria, TB, etc.
 Fertility rates i.e. births rates and
death rates
 Deity
 Sanitation
 Availability of medical provisions
d) Factors affects population distribution
include:
 Climate i.e. favorable climate attract
people while hush climate repel
people
 Fertile soils like
 Transport facilities
 Presences of industries
 Mountains
2.
a) Definitions
i. Overpopulation is the condition where the
number of existing human population
exceeds the carrying capacity of Earth.
ii. The youth population is defined as those
people aged less than15.
iii. The number of children who would be
born per woman (or per 1,000 women) if
she/they were to pass through the
childbearing years bearing children
according to a current schedule of age-
specific fertility rates.
iv. Census is the gathering demographic,
economic, educational, religious etc data
from members of a given population.
b) Problems of rapid population growth
include
 There will be less people of working
age to support a large dependant
population. Elderly people are an
increasing and permanent financial
strain on the shrinking number of
economically active members of the
population.
 There could be a lack of sufficient
people to fill the available jobs in
some areas.
 Health care resources will have to be
increased to cope with the needs of
the increasingly elderly population -
this money will have to be found from
somewhere - therefore maybe
decreasing funds for other areas.
 It maybe that the population total may
even begin to decline.
c) The effects of HIV/AIDS on young people

include
 Its leaves young people as orphans.
 Increases rates of school drop out
 Results in low esteem among the
infected ones.
3.
a) Definitions
i. Population density is the number of
people living square unit area.
ii. Urbanization is the migration of
people from rural areas to urban areas.
Urbanization is the transformation of
rural areas into urban areas
Urbanization is the increase of people
living in urban areas
iii. Conurbation is the joining together of
two or more towns. Or it the situation
where a large town engulfs a small
town.
iv. Population pyramid is the
representation of a country population
in different age groups and gender.
This representation resembles a
pyramid
b) Reason why the area along the rail of line

from Livingstone to the Copperbelt is
densely populated.
 The area is generally flats
 The area has favorable climate it
receives moderates rains
 The area has fertile soils
 The area has transport networks
provided by the rail line and the tarred
roads.
 The area is well connected to the
electric grid line.

c) The Luangwa Valley is sparsely populated

due to:
 Hush climate i.e. is hot and it receives
little rains.
 It has poor soils which discourages
commercial agriculture.
 It mostly covers national’s parks and
game reserves.
4.
a)
i. Census is conducted to enable the policy
makers plan and ensure the efficient
distributions of resources.
ii. How traditional and culture
contributes to rural-urban migration
 Rural people may desire the feel of
modern culture which prevalent in
town and cities.
 Culture practices like stoning of
witches may prompt others to flee to
the town and cities.
 Culture or traditional differences or
misunderstanding may prompt some
people to leave the rural areas.
iii. Effects of rural-urban migration on
rural areas include:
 Shortage of labour as the
economic population leave.
 Insecurity as old people, women
and children barley protects
themselves.
 Changes in population structure
b)
i. 18.5 -8.0 = 10.5
ii. Reasons why the HIV affection is
high in the Copperbelt, Southern
and Lusaka province.
 These are urban provinces
 The large population in those
provinces.
 The influx of thousands people
like business men or tourists who
visits these provinces
5.
a)
i. Squatter compounds develop in
large towns due:
 High rates of rural-urban
migration
 Poverty
 Growing population arising
from birth rates
ii. Noise pollution arises from traffic,
industries, crowds of people etc.
iii. Causes of high death rates in rural
areas are due to:
 Poor sanitation
 Poor nutrition
 Limited health facilities
 The presence of wetlands
which are bleeding ground for
mosquitoes
b) How to address the challenges of (a)

i. Infrastructure and economic
development in rural areas so that
people stay in rural areas.
Improvement or refublishements of
squatter compounds.
Relocation of squatter compounds.
ii. Deaths rates can be reduced by:
 Improving the provision of water
and sanitation
 Improvement in deity
 Provisions of mosquitoes nets to
reduce malaria infections
6.
a)
i. A population will increase when the
number of birth rates exceeds the
number of death rates
ii. A population will increase when more
people are coming into an area than
there are few people leaving an area.
b) Luapula valley has a linear settlement due to
the fact that most people find their occupation
in fishing hence settle along the Luapala
river.
c) Functions of the following towns
i. Choma
 Agriculture
 Retail and commercial
 Tourism e.g. Choma Museum
 Education e.g. secondary
schools, colleges, primary
schools etc.
 Recreation
 Mass communication
 Defense
ii. Kafue
Industrialization e.g. Kafue steel
Education
Retail and commercial
Transport
Fishing
7.
a) Rural-urban migration has contributed to
poor quality life through
Rural areas
 Reduction in agriculture yields as the
economic population leaves the area.
 Social insecurity
 Decrease in recreation like sports,
religion etc
Urban areas
 Overcrowding
 Shortages of social facilities like
schools, housing etc.
 Creation of slums and shanty
compounds
b)
i. Solwezi is fast growing Town due to
the establishment of the mines like
Lumwana.
ii. The town will likey to face ally of
problems which include
 Creation of shanty compounds and
slums
 Challenges in water provisions
 Shortages of accommodation
 Increased noise pollution,
 Traffic congestion
8.
a) How to slow population growth
 Women empowerment
 Making contraceptive pills available
 Improving literacy level especially
among the women
 Reducing infant mortality rates
 Provisions of equal right for both men
and women.
 Providing education on the use of
contraceptive methods
 Offer age-appropriate sexuality
education for all students
b) Benefits of slowing the population growth

 Reduced infant mortality as more care
is given to the few children
 Increased longevity or life expectancy
 Increased economic productivity
 Resources becomes more available
 Reduced environmental degradation
9.
a)
i. Eastern, Southern, Northern, and
North Western Provinces.
ii. Reasons for rural-urban migration
include:
 Desire for city or modern life
 Lack of services/amenities in rural areas
 Crop failure
 Poverty
 Social disputes like land quarrels
 Education like going to college or
university
b) The consequence of rural-urban migration.
Rural areas
 Reduction in agriculture yields as the
economic population leaves the area.
 Social insecurity
 Decrease in recreation like sports,
religion etc
Urban areas
 Overcrowding
 Shortages of social facilities like
schools, housing etc.
 Creation of slums and shanty
compounds
10.
a) The effects associated with rapid
population growth include:
 Overcrowding: Especially in urban
areas.
 Associated problems in urban areas:
Congestion, pollution, unemployment.
 Lack of housing and other services in
urban areas.
 Lack of provision of adequate food.
 Rural: Urban migration as the rural
areas becomes over-crowded.
b) Solutions to the effects of over-population in
cities and towns include:
 Building sustainable and
environmentally friendly cities
 Provision of essential services such
water, electricity, sanitation etc
 Population control
 Creation of more jobs.
 Rural development as to reduce
urbanization.
c)
11.
a) Definitions
i. Doubling time is the time required for
the population to double its present
size.
ii. Population explosion is the sudden,
large increase in the size of a
population.
iii. ii. Urbanization is the migration of
people from rural areas to urban areas.
Urbanization is the transformation of
rural areas into urban areas
Urbanization is the increase of people
living in urban areas.
iv. The youth population is defined as
those people aged less than15.
v. Brian drain is the emigration of highly
trained or qualified people from a
particular country
b) The main problems caused by the rapid
growth of population in urban areas in
Zambia include:
 Overcrowding: Especially in urban
areas.
urban areas.
 Rural: Urban migration as the rural
areas becomes over-crowded.
c) Solutions
urbanization.
12.
a) Reasons for decrease Kabwe population
between 1990 and 2000.
 High HIV/AIDS pandemic which
lowered the life expectancy to about
36.
 Immigration of people due to the
closure mines and industries e.g
Mulungushi Textiles
b) Town P which is Solwezi has increased in
population due to the established of new
mines like Lumwana.
c) Positive effects
 Increased markets
 Industrialization within the town
 Increased labour
 Increased services offered by town P
Negative
 Increased pollution
 Increased traffic congestion
 Development of slums and
informational settlement
d) Solutions
urbanization.
13.
a)
i.
Life expectancy has had fallen from
the 1980 to 2000.
Women have higher life expectancy
than men
ii. Reasons for the fall in life
expectancy
 The High spread HIV/AIDS
pandemic
 Limited use ARV among HIV/AIDS
patients.
 Poor health provisions country wide
b) Reason why the area along the rail of line

from Livingstone to the Copperbelt is
densely populated.
 The area is generally flats
 The area has favorable climate it
receives moderates rains
 The area has fertile soils
 The area has transport networks
provided by the rail line and the tarred
roads.
 The area is well connected to the
electric grid line.
c) The main feature in the population
structure of Zambia’s population
 Sex ratio is almost the same
 Life expectancy is about 61 years
 The majority of the people are
between 15 and 45 years old
 Births rates is very high
14.
a)
i. Infant mortality rate is the number of
deaths among children below the age
of five in year per 1000 population.
ii. Causes high moratlity arte
 Poor nutrition
 Poor sanitation
 High prevalence of HIV/AIDS
 Poor medical provisions
 Poverty has some parents cannot
afford proper diet, or drugs
b) Solutions to high mortality rates
 Provisions of antenatal or postnatal
services
 Mandatory VCT services to father and
mother in order to reduce child
mother transmissions.
 Provisions of nutritious foods to
venerable mothers.
 Increase medical provisions
 Improved sanitations
c) the group of people that are described as
venerable in Zambia include
 The sick
 old people
 disabled people
 orphans
 widowed
15.
a)
i. Country A is the developed country
ii. Reasons
 Birth rates for country A are lower
than country B
 GDP and Human Development Index
for country A is higher than Country
B
 Doctor/patient ratio is lower for
Country A
b) Main causes of AIDS
 Sexual contact via virginal, anal or
oral.
 Mother to baby transmission either
through birth or breast feeding
 Blood transmission from an infected
person.
 Using contained instrument like
knifes, lazer blades, pins etc.
 Exchange of body fluids such as
semen or virginal fluids
 Exchange of sex tools
c) How to control AIDS Prevalence

 Getting tested to know the HIV status
 Having protected sex for people with
multiple sex partners.
 Limit the number of sexual parteners
in one’s life
 Using sterile utensil when
administering drugs.
 Abstaining intercourse if you are not
sure of the HIV status

16.
a) Definition
i. Sex ratio is the number of males in
every 100 females.
ii. Immigration the action of coming to
live permanently in a foreign country.
iii. Under population exists when a
population is too small, therefore
unable to fully utilise the available
resource endowments.
b) How HIV/AIDS affected the economy of
Zambia.
 Reduction of labor due to death of
people claimed by AIDS.
 Increased government expenditure on
health facilities.
 Other members of the household,
usually daughters and wives, may
miss school or work less in order to
care for the sick person.
 Loss of income of the patient (who is
frequently the main breadwinner)
 Death results in: a permanent loss of
income, from less labor on the farm or
from lower remittances; funeral and
mourning costs; and the removal of
children from school in order to save
on educational expenses and increase
household labor, resulting in a severe
loss of future earning potential.
c) The services offered by Lusaka city
 Education
 Tourism
 Transport
 Religion
 Administration
17.
a) Population has steadily increased in the every
10 years.
The period between 2000 and 2010 recorded
the highest increase for census years
The projected 2020 census will be the higher
than the 2010 census count
b) Problems is Zambia likely to face due to this
growth include:
 Drop in the standard of living due to high
poverty levels
 Competition for resources
 Increased pollution
 Overcrowding in cities and towns
 The development of slums and squatter
compounds
c)
i. Why many town and cities are
spreading to the country side:
 Discovery of mineral in rural
areas as the result of new mining
towns.
 The creation of new
administrative centers like
districts.
 There is general increase in the
standard of living for the people
 There is creation of new markets
especially for those in informal
employment.

Answers to complementary questions
1.
a) Population distribution is the pattern of
where people live in an area.
b) The number of people in a unit area (It is
worked out by dividing the total area by its
population. The figure is shown per square
kilometre.)
c) Densely populated is where there are many
people living in a certain area. Another word
for it is crowded.
d)
 Accessibility is poor.
 Climate is poor - too wet/dry/cold/hot.
 Too mountainous.
 Poor resources.
 Poor vegetation and soil.
2.
a)
d).
 Improvement in sanitation
 Increased agriculture yields
 Improved medical provisions
3.
a)
i. The percentage or number of people
between 16 and 65 years old - capable
of earning a living.
ii. Anti-natalist policies measures or
laws taken to discourage people from
having many children.
iii. Cohort is a group of people with
shared characteristics.
b)
i. Any developed country e.g. Sweden,
Norway. Japan etc.
ii. Population is:
 The wide top shows a large number of
older people meaning a high number
of elderly dependants.
 The relatively straight sides above the
age of 16 mean a low death rate.
 The narrow base means a low birth
rate.
 The narrow base means a low number
of young dependants.
 The shape below the age of 16
indicates a low infant mortality rate.
iii. Births rates are low and death rates
are low
4.
a) Problems faced a country with large
population include:
 Overcrowding: Especially in urban areas.
urban areas.
 Rural: Urban migration as the rural areas
becomes over-crowded.
b) Food could be increased by
 Irrigation of arid areas.
 Land reclamation: This is expensive
and has occurred in MEDCs - an
example is the Polder Scheme in the
Netherlands - this created more farm
land.
 Fertilizers: Can improve poor quality
soil.
 Pesticides: Can increase the crop
yield.
 Genetically modified crops could also
prove to be a way of increasing food
supply.
c) Counter-urbanisation is the movement
(migration) of people from urban areas to
rural areas.
d) Reasons for counter-urbanization include
 People move out of the city to rural
areas to get away from the pollution,
crime and congestion.
 They move to get a better quality of
life and yet often still work in the
urban areas - commuting in every day.
 Houses tend to be cheaper in rural
areas - and you can get larger houses
and more land (gardens).
 Improvement in the transport
network, thus people can travel work
easily.
5.
a) The Human Development Index (HDI)
measures the average socio-economic
development of a country by taking into
account three basic factors: the health, the
education, and the living standard in a
population. To this end, three indices are
constructed preceding HDI calculations: (1)
Health – A country's health status is
measured by using life expectancy at birth.
(2) Education – The index of a country's
educational attainment is generated from the
rate of adult literacy and the combined
school-enrolment rate at primary, secondary,
and tertiary levels of education. (3) Standard
of living – The index of living standard is
based on real purchasing power per capita in
US dollars.
b) Physical which influence low population
density:
 Mountainous areas make it difficult to
construct buildings and roads. They are
often inaccessible and remote.
 Areas with extreme climates such as hot
and cold deserts make it difficult to grow
crops and access water.
 Regions with dense vegetation cover,
such as rainforests, provide challenges in
terms of access and the lack of services
make human inhabitation very difficult.
 Flood plains present the risk of flooding
so building on them is often prohibited.
 A lack of natural resources in an area
presents significant challenges to
economic development.
 If land is infertile humans are unable to
grow food leading to a low population
density.
 Locations that regularly experience
natural hazards can discourage people
from settling in the area.
c) Physical which influence high population
density:
 Coastal environments and those with
rivers provide good access and allow
trading to occur encouraging the growth
of economic activities.
 Locations with favourable climates tend
to be more densely populated as food can
be produced and it provides a more
comfortable environment to live in.
 Regions where the relief is flat are easier
to build on and develop.
 The availability of natural resources
encourages a higher population density as
these can be processed and used in
industry and manufacturing.
 Regions that experience no or few natural
disasters are more likely to have a lower
population density as they are safer.
 Fertile land attracts a higher population
density as food can be produced.
 A reliable water supply encourages a high
population density as water can be used
for drinking, washing, transportation and
irrigation.
6.
a) Definitions
i. The difference between the number of
people who enter a region
(immigrants) to live there and the
number of people who leave a region
(migrants) to settle somewhere else.
Net International Migration is
equation expressed as, immigrants –
emigrants + returning emigrants –
temporary emigrants + net non-
permanent residents.
ii. Population Momentum is the force of
future growth within a population,
given the current demographic
characteristics of that population.
iii. Shadow Population refers to
individuals who reside in one region
on a temporary basis, while their
primary residence is located
somewhere else.
iv. A region has a birth deficit, when the
number of live births is lower than the
number of deaths within a defined
period of time.
v. People aged 100 or over called
Centenarians.
vi. Incidence is the number of new cases
of a specific disease arising in a given
population during a defined period of
time.
b)
Regions with little or no economic
opportunities tend to be sparsely populated as
people are unable to secure a regular income.
Locations with little or no infrastructure,
including transport, energy, water and
sanitation do not attract significant numbers
of people.
Poor transport infrastructure provides

considerable challenges especially with
regards accessibility leading to a low
population density
c)
The availability of jobs and economic
activities within a region leads to an increase
in population density.
Locations with an effective infrastructure,
including transport, energy, water and
sanitation are usually densely populated.
A good transport infrastructure attracts a high

population density as people are able to travel
and commute easily. It also allows the free
movement of goods which leads to the
development of industry, providing jobs to
people in the local area.
Answers to multiple choice questions on

population
1. Demographic transition models show population

changes over time.
2. Birth rate is measured as the number of live
births per 1,000.
3. The three main factors that cause population

change to a specified area are: Births, deaths and
migration
4. The natural increase of a population is the
difference between the birth rate and death rate.
5. The world's population is rapidly increasing.
6. Until the 1800s there had been a steady growth of

human population. Then the world's population
started to rise more quickly.
7. In 2025, there could be 8.5 billion people living

on the planet.
8. The rate of population growth tends to be higher
in LEDCs.
9. Population structure is a term that refers to the
composition of people living in an area in terms
of the number of males and females of different
age groups.
10. A population pyramid is a graphical
representation of the population structure of a
whole country, individual town, city or village.
Human
settlement
ECZ questions on human settlement
1. For any of the cities: Livingstone, Lusaka or

Ndola:
a) Describe the characteristics of shanty
compounds which have developed there. [4]
b) Explain how the problem of shortage of
accommodation is being tackled. [2]
c)
i. Describe the types of public transport
available within town. [2]
ii. Explain the changes in volume of
traffic flow time to time of the day
and from day to day. [4]
2. Study the model of the city below
a)
i. What type of city model is shown in the
diagram? [1]
ii. What are the functions of the zone 2 and
zone 4? [2]
b) Describe the characteristics of the central District
Business. [3]
c) Explain the problems found in high density
residential areas in Zambia. [6]
3.
a) What is meant by:
i. Urban Sprawl? [1]
ii. Ghost town. [1]
iii. Large dependant population [1]
b) For the Zambian Situation, describe the main
difference between low density residential
areas and shanty compounds under the
following:
i. Size of housing units [1]
ii. Pattern of the housing units [2]
iii. Average number of occupants per
household [1]
c) How is the challenge of shortage of
accommodation in cities of Livingstone,
Lusaka, Ndola and Kitwe being solved by the
various Councils and the Central
Government? [5]
4.
a) What settlement pattern is associated with:
i. An area of highly mechanized extensive
farms? [1]
ii. Subsistence fishing based on the river?
[1]
iii. The presence of hand-pump, basic school,
clinic etc in an area of rural place?
[1]
b) Draw a sketch map of a settlement based on a
plantation farming and on it
i. Mark and name building with various
functions of the plantation
ii. Show the possible layout of the
plantation field [6]
c) Explain briefly the social service that may be
provided by the estates to it worker [3]
5.
a) Explain the characteristics of shanty
compounds. [5]
b) What factors influence population growth
rate in Zambia? [4]
c) Explain why there are more males between
the ages 0-14 years and more females after
the age of 14 years. [3]
6.
a)
i. What is urbanization? [1]
ii. State three factors that influence
urbanization in Zambia [3]
b)
i. Give three functions of rural settlement
found in Zambia [3]
ii. What functions are associated with both
the urban and rural settlements in Zambia
[3]
c) What geographical factors affect the location
of a settlement? [3]
7.
i. Rural settlement [1]
ii. Urban settlement [1]
iii. Market Town [1]
iv. Route Focus [1]
b) Describe the factors that favour settlement in
rural areas. [4]
c) What social and economic development
should be established in rural areas to
discourage people from leaving the villages?
[4]
8.
a) Describe the functions of the city of Ndola [6]
b) What are the effects of urbanizations in the
Zambian towns and cities? [6]
9. With reference to Zambia
a) Explain what is meant by:
i. Central District Business [1]
ii. Peak hour [1]
iii. Urban blight [1]
b) Explain how the rapid growth of towns has
caused problems in rural areas of Zambia. [4]
c) What steps are being taken to reduce and
control disease outbreaks in urban centres?
[5]
10.
a) Squatter settlements are found in rapidly
growing towns and cities of Zambia.
i. What is a squatter settlement [1]
ii. Why have squatter settlement arisen
in Zambia? [3]
b) Describe the main characteristics features of
squatter settlements [5]
c) What is being done to improve the conditions
in squatter settlement? [3]
11.
a) What are:
i. Squatter settlement? [1]
ii. Shanty compound? [1]
b) Describe the characteristic features which
distinguish housing units in low density areas
from those found in shanty compounds. [5]
c) Draw and label an internal structure model of
a town. [5]
12. Study the diagram below
a)
i. Name in the spaces provided, the zones
labeled A, B and C. [3]
ii. Name the town model shown by the diagram
above [1]
b) Explain the different ways in which land within
the town and city boundaries is used. [4]
c) Why have Shanty compounds arisen in most
towns in Zambia? [4]
Complementary questions on human

settlement
1.
i. Countryside
ii. Gentrification
iii. Land use
iv. Suburbs
v. Village
vi. Urban Heat Islands [6]
b) What is difference between permanent and
temporary settlement? [2]
c) Suggest some natural condition for selection of
an ideal site. [4]
2. F
3.
4. G
Multiple choice questions on human

settlement
1. Which of the following would be the best place

to site a settlement?
a) On a low-lying stretch of fertile
floodplain
b) On higher ground within easy reach of a
river
c) Away from fertile land, close to sources
of rock
2. Which of these is NOT a function of a
settlement?
a) A spa or seaside resort
b) A market town or regional shopping
centre
c) Central business district
3. What is a settlement hierarchy?
a) The placement of settlements in order of
importance.
b) The structure of a settlement.
c) The function of a settlement
4. Which of the following is a high order service?

a) Newsagent
b) Department store
c) Small shop
5. What is a settlement?
a) A place for industry
b) A place where people live
c) A market
6. What is a refugee camp also known as?
a) A temporary settlement
b) A permanent settlement
c) A resort
7. What is a dry point site?
a) A place where there is a good water
supply
b) A place where there is a low flood risk
c) A place with a bridge or ford
8. What is a trading centre?
a) A place where there is a good water
supply
b) A place where there is a low flood risk
c) A place where natural route ways and
rivers meet
9. What is the situation of a settlement?

a) How much money it generates
b) Its position in relation to the surrounding
human and physical features.
c) How much crime is found in a place
10. What is the highest type of settlement in a
settlement hierarchy?
a) Hamlet
b) Conurbation
c) City
11. The place where individual lives is called:
a) Dwelling
b) Settlement
c) Both (a) and (b)
Answers to Complementary questions on
human settlement
1.
a) The characteristics of shanty compounds include:
 Poorly built houses

 Poor sanitation:
 Prone to hazards
 Illegal
 Inhabited by low income people
b) how the problem of shortage of accommodation
is being tackled:
 Rural development in order reduce rural-
urban migration
 Slum clearance
 Slum improvement scheme
 Slum relocation
 Urban infrastructure development and
public housing
c)
i. Type transport available include road, rail
and air transport.
ii. Traffic is high in morning reduce towards
the noon. Afternoons the traffic began to
increase until in evening are very high. As
night progress traffic begins to fall. Peak
traffic is high is the beginning of the
working days, then falls in the middle
week but again increase towards week
end. After Friday it fall drastically and it
is usually lowest on Sunday.
2.
a)
i. Concentric zone model
ii. Zone 2 is industries activities with
limited residential. Zone 4 is used for
residential, recreation and limited
agriculture.
b) The characteristics of the central District
Business.
 Limited or no residential houses.
 Crowded during day and quite at night
 High traffic and pedestrian
conjunction.
 Crossroad of transport network, routes
of transportation emanate from it,
making the CBD the most accessible
location in the city
c) The problems found in high density
residential areas in Zambia include:
 Poor sanitation
 Development of slums
 Noise pollution
 Existence of Urban Heat Islands
(UHI)
 Increase in social disorder e.g. drug
trafficking, prostitution, theft.
3.
a) Definitions
i. Urban sprawl is the unplanned spread
of urban areas.
ii. A ghost town is one is has been
deserted i.e. it is no longer inhabited
or only few people live in it.
iii. Large dependant population is the
situation where the majority of the
population is below the age of 15 and
above the age of 64 years.
b)
i. Low density residential areas usually
have costly large houses while shanty
compounds have small, poor built
houses.
ii. Pattern of the housing units for low
density residential areas is usually
well planed or while the pattern of the
housing units for shanty compounds is
unplanned and without an organized
pattern.
iii. Average number of occupants per
household low density residential
areas is usually low while the average
number of occupants per household in
shanty compounds is usually high.
c) How is the challenge of shortage of
accommodation in cities of Livingstone,
Lusaka, Ndola and Kitwe being solved by
the various Councils and the Central
Government:
 Rural development in order reduce rural-
urban migration
 Slum clearance
 Slum relocation
public housing
4.
a)
i. Dispersed (scattered)
ii. Linear or Ribbon
iii. Nucleated (compact)
b) Most plantation are close to water sources as
shown in the example below:
c) Services provided to estate worker include
 Transport
 Recreation
 Retail
 Residence
5.
a) Characteristics of shanty compounds
include
 Shanty settlement contains a lot of
poorly built houses, which may be
made of out of cardboard, boxes,
sack-clothed, and crushed beverage
cans.
 Poor sanitation: Shanty compounds
usually lack proper toilet or sewage
system water system etc.
 Prone to hazards: squatter settlements
are more venerable to hazards such
floods, epidemic disease, water borne
disease etc.
 Poverty: squatter dwellers are low
class people who mostly live below a
dollar a day.
 Illegal: unplanned settlements are
usually illegal and are traditionally
neglected in policy making.
b) Factors influence population growth rate
in Zambia include:
 Reduction in infant mortality
 High fertility rates
 Increase in life expectancy
 Longevity among the HIV/AIDS
patients
c) j
6.
a)
i. Urbanization the movement of people
from rural areas to urban areas.
ii. Factors that influence urbanization
in Zambia include:
 Quest for economic opportunities in
town or cities like jobs.
 Under development in rural areas i.e.
limited services like roads, electricity,
schools.
 Population growth in both urban and
rural areas.
b)
i. Functions of rural settlement found
in Zambia
 Agriculture
 Fishing
 Small scale mining
 Retail
 Recreation
ii.
 Recreation
 Residential
 Retail
c) Geographical factors affect the location of
a settlement include:
 Flat area
 Dry areas
 Areas with easy access to water
 Areas with easy access to fuel
7.
a) Definitions
i. Rural settlements are regions which
are not built up.
ii. Urban settlements are built up areas
like towns or cities.
iii. Market town a town that holds a
market, esp an agricultural centre in a
rural area.
iv. Route Focus – Where many
communication routes (roads,
railways) meet.
b) Factors that favour settlement in rural
areas.
 Body of water (transportation routes,
water for drinking and farming)
 Flat land (easy to build)
 Fertile soil (for crops)
 Forests (timber and housing)
 people who share a common
language, religion or culture
 social network or supports
c) Social and economic development should
be established in rural areas to discourage
people from leaving the villages include:
 Infrastructure development like
schools, roads, clinics.
 Rural electrification
 Industrialization
 Economic diversification like
fostering tourism
8. H
a) Functions of the city of Ndola include:
 Education e.g. Copperbelt Medical
school, Ndola girls.
 Tourism e.g. lodges, game ranch,
hotels.
 Recreation e.g. Ndola Stadium
 Religion e.g. churches, mosque,
 Transport e.g. roads, airport and rail
 Administration since it is the
headquarter for the Copperbelt
province.
b) Effects of urbanizations in the Zambian
towns and cities include:
 Housing problems as there will
shortage of accommodation.
 Overcrowding is a situation whereby
a huge number of people live in a
small space.
 The problem of joblessness is highest
in urban areas and it is even higher
among the educated people.
 Development of slums
 Water and sanitation problems
 Poor health and spread of diseases
c)
Housing problems as there will shortage of
accommodation.
d) • Overcrowding is a situation whereby a
huge number of people live in a small space.
e) • The problem of joblessness is highest in
urban areas and it is even higher among the
educated people.
f) • Development of slums
g) • Water and sanitation problems
h) • Poor health and spread of diseases
9.
a) Meaning:
i. A central business district (CBD) is
the commercial and business center of
a city.
ii. A rush hour or peak hour is a part of
the day during which traffic
congestion on roads and crowding on
public transport is at its highest.
iii. Urban Blight. Urban Blight or Urban
decay is when a part of a city or a
specific area, starts to fall into
decrepitude, due to neglect, crime, or
lack of economic support.
b) how the rapid growth of towns has caused
problems in rural areas of Zambia:
 Shortage of labour as the energetic
people migrates to the cities or town.
 Insecurity as the young and old people
are left
 Reduced agriculture yields
 Gender imbalances are caused as it is
typically men who seek to find
employment elsewhere
c) Steps are being taken to reduce and
control disease outbreaks in urban centres:
 Relocation of slums
 Improving sanitation
 The improving and setting of the
drainage in order to prevent flooding
 The banning of street vending
 Immunizations programmes.
 The spraying to households or areas
those to diseases vectors.
10.
a) Definitions
i. A squatter settlement therefore, can be
defined as a residential area which has
developed without legal claims to the
land and/or permission from the
concerned.
b) The main characteristics features of squatter
settlements
 Unsanitary conditions mean that they
have to drink poor quality water – this
can lead to Typhoid and Cholera.
 Marginal lands such as steep hill
slides are prone to land slips, and
there are examples of people dying
during such events.
 Marginal lands such as marshes and
rivers are breeding grounds for
mosquitoes, these insects can transmit
Malaria and Dengue Fever.
 Lack of rubbish collection can lead to
high concentrations of rats and other
vermin which also pose health
problems.
 Poor quality buildings which offer
little protection during adverse
weather conditions, such as high
winds or heavy rains.
 A lack of piped water means that
people have to cope with limited
supply of a vital resource
 A lack of toilets and sewerage pipes
can result in human waste exposed in
public spaces with all of the
associated health risks that has.
c) What is being done to improve the conditions
in squatter settlement
 Slum clearance
 Slum relocation
public housing.
11.
a) Definitions
i. A squatter settlement therefore, can be
defined as a residential area which has
developed without legal claims to the
land and/or permission from the
concerned.
ii. A shanty town is a settlement of
improvised housing, made of
plywood, corrugated metal, sheets of
plastic, and cardboard boxes.
b) The characteristic features which
distinguish housing units in low density
areas from those found in shanty
compounds include:
 Low density residential areas usually
have costly large houses while shanty
compounds have small, poor built
houses.
 Pattern of the housing units for low
density residential areas is usually
well planed or while the pattern of the
housing units for shanty compounds is
unplanned and without an organized
pattern.
 Average number of occupants per
household low density residential
areas is usually low while the average
number of occupants per household in
shanty compounds is usually high.
c)
12. ;
a)
i.
A= transport and industry
B= Central District Business
C=High class residential
ii. Urban sector model
b) This area is on demand by multiple land users
e.g. agriculture, recreational, residential,
retail, industrial.
c) Why have Shanty compounds arisen in most
towns in Zambia:
• High rates of rural-urban migration
• Poverty
• Growing population arising from birth
rates
Answers to Complementary questions on
human settlement
1.
a) Definitions
i. This is the area on the edge of a large
settlement that has both the
characteristics of an urban area (built
up area) but also some of the
characteristics of a rural area (the
countryside).
ii. Gentrification is a process in which
traditionally run-down and cheaper
areas of an inner city are improved by
the influx of wealthier people who
invest money into the area and
renovate the properties.
iii. Land uses refer to the type of activity
taking place on that piece of land.
iv. A suburb is the areas near the edge of
the urban area that has a concentration
of residential land use.
v. A village is settlement of less than
10,000 of population
vi. Urban Heat Islands (UHI) is the
warming of urban areas significantly
warmer than its surrounding rural
areas due to human activities.
b) Settlement which is occupied for a short time
is called temporary settlement. Settlements
where the people build homes to live in are
called permanent settlement.
c) The natural condition for an ideal site are:
 Favourable climate
 Availability of water
 Suitable land
 Fertile soil
d) A compact settlement is closely built area of
dwelling, where flat land is available. In
scattered settlement dwelling are spaced over
an extensive area. This type of settlement is
mostly found in hilly tracts, thick forest and
region of extreme climate.
Answers to multiple choices on human
settlement
1. A settlement is best sited on higher ground
within easy reach of a river. Low-lying
floodplain may flood.
2. A central business district is NOT a function
of a settlement.
3. A settlement hierarchy is the placement of
settlements in order of importance.
4. A department store is a high order service.
5. A settlement is a place where people live.
6. A refugee camp is also known as a temporary
settlement.
7. A dry point site is a place where there is a
low flood risk. A place with a good water
supply is a wet point site.
8. A trading centre is a place where natural
route ways and rivers meet. A place with a
good water supply is a wet point site.
9. The situation of a settlement is its position in
relation to the surrounding human and
physical features.
10. A conurbation is the highest type of
settlement found in a settlement hierarchy.
11. A dwelling
Forestry
ECZ questions on forestry
1. With reference to timber production in Zambia:

a)
i. Name four softwood producing areas [2]
ii. Name two softwood trees produced in
Zambia. [1]
b) Explain the factors which limit commercial
exploitation of indigenous trees. [4]
c) Explain the effects of deforestation along the
line of rail. [5]
2. Regarding forestry in Zambia:

a)
i. What are soft wood and hardwood? [2]
ii. State differently areas of Zambia where
softwood and hardwood is found. [2]
b) Explain the uses of hardwood. [3]
c) Why are softwood used in industries? Give
examples of products of softwood. [5]
3.
a) Explain five differences in the way the
indigenous trees and the exotic trees are
exploited for timber in Zambia. [5]
b) G
i. List four types of exotic trees. [2]
ii. What advantages do the exotic trees
have over indigenous timber trees? [5]
4. For forestry in Zambia

a) Explain how trees can be:
i. Renewable resources
ii. Non-renewable resources. [2]
b) Explain the value of indigenous forests to the
people who live near them. [6]
c) Why are most of the Exotic tree plantations
found on the Copperbelt? [4]
5.
a)
i. What are deciduous plants? [1]
ii. Give four examples of deciduous
plants found in Zambia. [2]
b) Discus the significance of forest to human
beings. [4]
c) What is the relevance of the Forestry
Department in the management of the
indigenous forests? [5]
6. Regarding Forestry in Zambia
a) State four indigenous vegetation types. [2]
b) Explain the factors influencing vegetation
distribution in Zambia. [5]
c) What problems is the forestry department
facing forestry conservation. [5]
Complementary questions on forestry
1.
a) What are wetlands? [1]
b) Mention two wetlands found in Luapaula
Province. [2]
c) Discuss the importance of wetlands in
Zambia. [4]
d) What are threats posed to the wetlands found
in Zambia? [4]
2.
a) What is land tenure? [1]
b) Explain how land tenure can be used to
protect natural forest in Zambia. [2]
c) Explain why deforestation has risen recently
in the Copperbelt Province. [4]
d) What are impact of deforestation [4]
e) Which government ministry of Zambia is
responsible for ensuring the stewardship of
the natural forest? [1]
3.
a) Mention any two non-governmental which
foster the stewardship of the natural forest [2]
b) Explain how climate influence the
distribution of natural vegetation. [2]
c) What is climate change? [2]
d) Discuss the impact of climate change on the
natural vegetation. [3]
e) What are the primary drivers of climate
change? [3]
Answers to forestry
Answers to ECZ questions on forestry
1.
a)
i. Mulobezi and Mwekela
ii. pine and eucalyptus
b) The factors which limit commercial
exploitation of indigenous trees include:
 Lack of transport facilities such roads
and rails leading to some regions rich
in indigenous trees.
 There is little demand for some
indigenous trees.
 Selective deforestation which the
decline in population of some tree
species.
 The spread of
c) The effects of deforestation along the line
of rail include:
 Increased soil erosion as soils are left
bare.
 Increased slash floods during rainy
seasons.
 Decline in nutritional value are wild
fruits are lost.
 Loss of habitable to wildlife, as their
homes are destroyed.
 Reduced ground water recharge.
2.
a)
i. Hardwoods are trees which are
deciduous tree which loses its leaves
annually and softwood comes from a
conifer, which usually remains
evergreen.
ii. Softwood comes exotic tree plantation
like Mwekela in Kitwe while
hardwood are indigenous found in
forest reserves and regions with native
flora.
b) Hardwoods are employed in a large range of
applications, including fuel, tools,
construction, boat building, furniture making,
musical instruments, flooring, cooking,
barrels, and manufacture of charcoal
c) Softwoods are generally most used by the
construction industry and are also used to
produce paper pulp, and card products. In
many of these applications, there is a constant
need for density and thickness monitoring
and gamma-ray sensors have shown good
performance in this case
3.
a) Five differences in the way the indigenous
trees and the exotic trees are exploited for
timber in Zambia:
 License is often obtained in order to
exploit exotic timber while it is not
for indigenous timber.
 Machinery is often used to exploit
exotic timber while simple tools like
axe are used to exploit indigenous
timber.
 Exotic timber is from harvest from
state lands while indigenous timber is
exploited from traditional or
communal lands.
 Exotic timber is often used for
commercial or industrial purposes
while substance purpose.
 Indigenous are often used for
pharmatical purposes while exotic
timber are rarely used for pharmatical
purposes.
b)
i. exotic trees
ii. Advantages do the exotic trees have
over indigenous timber trees:
 Exotic trees are grown in pure
stand thus, they are easy to
harvest.
 Exotic are found in areas which
are easily accessible unlike
indigenous trees maybe found
areas which are difficult to access.
 The use of some indigenous trees
may not known purpose to
humans.
 Exotic trees are often more
valuable than indigenous trees.
4.
a)
i. Trees are renewable resource they are
exploited at rate slower than they
reproduce.
ii. Trees are non-renewable resource if
they are exploited at the rate which
faster than the rate they reproduce.
b) The value of indigenous forests to the people
who live near them include:
 They are used for pharmatical purposes.
 Some indigenous add nutritional value by
providing fruits.
 Some indigenous add fertility to the soil.
 Indigenous are beneficial blocking wind and
stopping dusts.
 Indigenous provide essential fuel.
c) The Exotic tree plantations found on the
Copperbelt because:
 Copperbelt has favorable climate
which favors the establishment of
plantations.
 Government initiative to balance the
higher rate of deforestation occurring
in the province.
 The higher demand of exotic trees in
the province.
 The type of soils favours the
establishments of exotic tree
plantations.
5.
a)
i. Deciduous plants are those plants
which periodically shade off the
leaves especially in dry seasons.
ii. Examples of deciduous plants found
in Zambia:
Mukwa, baobab, acacia, mubanga
b) The significance of forest to human beings
include:
 They are used for pharmatical
purposes.
 Forest adds nutritional value by
providing fruits.
 Some indigenous trees add fertility to
the soil.
 Forests are beneficial blocking wind
and stopping dusts.
 Forest provides essential fuel.
c) The relevance of the Forestry Department

in the management of the indigenous
forests include:
 To plant trees in deforested areas and
areas which never had forests.
 Educate the public on the importance
of forest.
 Designate some areas as forest
reserves.
 Safeguard forest reserves and ensure
that deforestation is not occurring
there.
 Issuing licenses to people who want to
cut trees in the forest reserves.
6.
a) Examples of deciduous plants found in
Zambia: Mukwa, baobab, acacia, mubanga
b) Factors influencing vegetation distribution
in Zambia include:
 Climate: Climate is most important
factor which affects the distribution of
natural vegetation. Forests are founds
in wettest potion of Zambia have
more dense vegetation as compared to
the areas with less rainfall.
 Some soils types like sandy mostly
grass vegetations while other soils
like loamy soils can support luxuriant
variety of both grass and forest.
 Some types of natural forest species
tend to thrive well in low altitude
areas whereas some species establish
well in high altitude areas. Forest tend
to flourish on high elevation and
while grasslands tend to flourish on
low elevation.
 Water: Water is necessary for
vegetation growth. However, areas
with plenty of water like flood plain
and swamps support grasslands but
fail to support forest. Areas with little
water on the other hand have little
vegetation.
 Human activities like agriculture,
urbanization, and settlements etc.
greatly alter the composition of the
vegetation biomes.
c) Problems is the forestry department facing
forestry conservation:
 Deforestation in the forest reserves.
 Increased pollution which is harming
forests.
 Bushes fires which destroy forests.
 Climate change which results into
droughts and in turn drying of forests.
 Spreading of the invasive weeds
which are over taking the native flora.
Answers to complementary questions on
forestry
1.
a) Wetlands are vegetated areas which are
seasonally flooded or permanently flooded.
b) Wetlands found in Luapaula Province include
Bangweuru swamps and Mweru Wantipa
Swamp.
c) The importance of wetlands in Zambia
include:
 Important fishing centers.
 Provide a sanctuary for variety of
birds, mammals, and other wildlife.
 They provide grassing lands for
pastoral farmers like the Kafue flats.
 They support sugar plantations like
the Nakambala and Kafue sugar and
other arable farming.
 They store water for wild animals.
 They provide humans with grasses
used for various purposes like
building.
d) Threats posed to the wetlands found in

Zambia include:
 Invasive weeds to sock the native
flora.
 Agriculture which result in the
destruction of wetlands.
 Climate change which leading to the
drying of wetland.
 Poaching which result in decline in
the variety of flora and fauna species
found in wetland.
2.
a) Land tenure is the termed used to refer to the
rules and polices parting to the acquisition
and use of land.
b) Some areas are declared to forest reserves
and national parks of which these are
protected areas.
c) Reasons why deforestation has risen recently
in the Copperbelt Province:
 The expansion of agriculture field.
 The expansions of settlements
 The establishments of new roads.
 The increase in the demand of fuel,
especially charcoal.
d) Impact of deforestation include:
 Increased soil erosion.
 Increased flooding.
 Loss of habitants for birds, mammals
and other wild animals.
 Reduced groundwater recharge.
e) Ministry of land and natural resources.
3.
a) Non-governmental which foster the
stewardship of the natural forest include:
Nature Conservancy, Worldwide Fund For
Nature, Game Rangers, United Nations,
b) Climate is most important factor which
affects the distribution of natural vegetation.
The two main variables of climate are
temperature and precipitation. In terms of
rainfall, areas of heavy rainfall have more
dense vegetation as compared to the areas
with less rainfall. Similarly, areas with little
rainfall tend to have little vegetation.
c) Climate change is the significant shift
weather patterns like temperature or
precipitation.
d) Impact of climate change on the natural
vegetation include:
 Extreme weather like floods and
storms destroy the natural vegetation.
 Increase in global temperatures results
into the increase of invasive species
which attack the native flora.
 Droughts results into the decline in
the quality of the forest.
 Under global warming trends, bush
fires have becomes more severe and
which in turn destroy the forest.
e) The primary drivers of climate change
include:
 Deforestation which results in less
absorption of greenhouses gases.
 Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and
natural gas) contributed by transport
sector, power generation, industries
and mining.
 Livestock raising which result into the
releasing of methane and principle
cause of deforestation.
Agriculture
ECZ Questions on agriculture
1. (2016) Study Figure 1 (insert) of Zambia.
a) Name in the spaces provided below figure 1,

land tenure systems common in Area A and
in Area B. [2]
b) Explain how traditional farming activities
may lead to the loss of soil fertility. [4]
c)
i. Explain the effects of bad agriculture
practices on the environment. [3]
ii. Describe the measure taken to
encourage soil conservation in
Zambia. [3]
2. (2016 GCE). Regarding subsistence farming in
Zambia:
a) Explain why Chitemene System is commonly
practiced in some parts of Zambia. [4]
b) What are the characteristics of the Lozi
system of subsistence farming? [4]
c) Explain the measures taken by the
government to improve the production of
crops among subsistence farmers. [4]
3. (2014)
a) How is the Chitemene farming system an
adjustment to:
i. The soil in area
ii. Natural vegetation in the region [4]
b) Regarding the Bulozi floodplain:
i. Explain why and when transhumance
takes place there.
ii. Give the reason why there are variety
of crops produced on it. [4]
c)
i. State the land tenure system
associated with commercial farming
in Zambia and states the advantages
of land tenure to farmers.
ii. Explain why commercial farmer
produce huge quantities of crops.
[4]
4. (2015) Study Figure below of Zambia

a) On the figure above, name in the spaces
provided below the map, the irrigation
schemes marked A and B. [2]
b)
i. State the factors that favour irrigation
in the areas shown on the map. [3]
ii. List two irrigated crops for each
scheme. [2]
c)
i. Explain the factors that favour
Zambia’s commercial farming
potential in the SADC region. [3]
ii. What negative factors are associated
with commercial farming in Zambia?
[2]
5. (2013) Study the Figure below
a) Name in the spaces provided the map

i. The plantation crop produced at A
ii. The mine B
iii. The National Park C [3]
b) What environmental problems have been
caused by plantation in Zambia? [4]
c) Explain the social and economic value of
plantation farming in Zambia. [5]
6. (2011) study the map below:
a) On map, the spaces provide, name the

agriculture
i. Town A
ii. Product grown in area B which
supports a food canning industry. [1]
b) Describe the characteristic which differentiate
the types of ranching that practiced in areas C
and D.
c) G
i. What is meant by cattle restocking?
[1]
ii. What are the advantages of cattle
restocking? [2]
iii. What measures have been introduced
to ensure that, healthy survive of
cattle in rural parts of Zambia. [3]
7. (2010) study the map below
a) On the map; name in the spaces provided,

farming area A, one commercial crop grown in
farming A and town B. [3]
b) Explain the factors that have contributed to
agricultural development in area A. [5]
c) The majority of farmers in Zambia are peasant
farmers. What problems do these farmers face?
[4]
8. (2012) Study the map below
a) On the map
Name, the spaces provided below the map,
the cattle breed found in Area Y and the
marked Area X to which beef cattle from
Area Y sold. [2]
b)
i. Name the company which is the major
producer of beef products in Zambia.
[1]
ii. List four beef products produced by
the company name in (i) above. [2]
iii. Explain the problem faced by cattle
farmers in Area Y. [4]
c) What developments have taken place in beef
production recently in Zambia? [3]
Supplementary questions on agriculture
1.
a) Mention 4 uses of maize [2]
b) Discuss the reasons why the Zambians
farmers insist in growing maize year and
after. [4]
c) What are effects of the trend in cropping one
type of crop year after, in this case maize? [3]
d) What challenges do maize famers in
Chinkanta Chiefdom of Kalomo District? [3]
2.
a) What is the main reason why rice is not
grown in Southern Province of Zambia? [2]
b) Mention Four Districts where rice is grown in
Zambia. [2]
c) What factors influenced the establishments of
plantations in Chinkankata District. [5]
d) Mention three crops which are by plantations
in Chinkankanta District. [3]
3. H
a) What is agriculture? [2]
b) What is shifting cultivation? What are its
disadvantages? [5]
c) What is plantation agriculture? [2]
d) Give reasons in Zambia agriculture is a
primary activity.
4. Give reasons.
a) Different crops are grown in different
regions. [3]
b) Soil preparation is one of the types of
agricultural practices. What do you
understand by soil preparation?
5.
a) Describe and explain how the Zambian
government has influenced farming. [4]
b) Describe and explain the successes and
failures of the Green Revolution. [4]
c) Describe the effects of climate change on
agriculture. [4]
6.
a) Explain some of the problems caused by
agriculture in Zambia. [6]
Answers to agriculture
questions
Answers to ECZ questions on agriculture
1. F
a) G
b) How traditional farming activities may

lead to the loss of soil fertility:
 The continued growing of same type

of crop may lead decline in soil
fertility.
 The over applying of ash from
shifting cultivation may turn the soil
alkaline.
 The cutting of trees or tree branching
in some shifting cultivation may result
to increased soil erosion.
 The burning processing may kill
microbes which retain fertility in the
soils.
 Tillage may disturb the soil structure.
c)
i. The effects of bad agriculture
practices on the environment.
- Lead to increased soil erosion.
- Disturbing of the soil structure.
- Increased pollution.
- The introduction of invasive
weeds.
- Depletion of soil fertility
ii. The measure taken to encourage
soil conservation in Zambia:
- Discouraging cultivating along the
slope.
- Discouraging the over applying of
fertilizers.
- Discouraging over irrigating.
2. F
a) Why Chitemene System is commonly
practiced in some parts of Zambia:
- The limitation of farming inputs
like fertilizer.
- Ethnicity, chitimeme farming
system has been passed on from
generation to generation.
- The sparse population in regions
where it is practiced.
- The abundant rains which makes
the forests rejuvenate after been
cleared.
b) The characteristics of the Lozi system of

subsistence farming:
- The utilization of the alluvium fan
deposited by the Zambezi River
for fertility.
- The practice of transhumance in
winter.
- Crop rotation.
- Cyclic farming types.
- The use of simple tools like hoe,
axe, oxen etc.
c) The measures taken by the government to
improve the production of crops among
subsistence farmers:
- Giving subsided farming inputs.
- Issuing metrological information to
farmers.
- Offering trainings to substances
farmers agriculture knowledge.
- Burning of agriculture harvests from
farmers.
3.
d) How is the Chitemene farming system an
adjustment to:
iii. The soil in area
The soil in the region are acidic thus
the applying of ash rises the soil PH.
iv. Natural vegetation in the region
The chitemene farming system
requires lots forests, no wanders its is
practiced in areas with lots of forest.
e)
i. Transhumance occurs in winter.
ii. There are there are variety of crops
produced on it because farming is
cyclic, meaning each season different
types of crops are grown. This is also
meant to retain the soil fertility.
f)
i. Private owned land tenure system is
prevalent among commercial farmers.
The advantage of land tenure among
farmers is that its promote increased
productive and stewardship of the
land.
ii. Commercial farmers produce large
quanties of crops due to:
- The use of machinery
- Irrigation schemes
- Large plots of farmers.
- High knowledge on the specific crops.
4.
a) A is Mpongwe and B is Sinazongwe
irrigation scheme.
b) G
i. The factors that favour irrigation in
the areas shown on the map.
- The availability of ground water.
- The flats land which makes it
possible for the setting of the
pivots.
- The transport network which
makes it possible to transport farm
products.
ii. List two irrigated crops for each

scheme.
A is soya beans and wheat.
B is cotton and wheat.
c)
i. The factors that favour Zambia’s
commercial farming potential in the
SADC region include:
- The availability of water both
from underground and natural
channels or basins.
- The favorable climate which
allows the growing of several
crops.
- Large extent of flats lands.
ii. The negative factors are associated

with commercial farming in
Zambia include:
- Exporting of crops.
- The growing of non staple foods.
- Pollution which include water,
land and air.
5.
a)
i. Tea
ii. Lumwana Copper mine
iii. Liuwa Plain National Park
b) Environmental problems have been caused
by plantation in Zambia include:
- Deforestation
- Soil erosion
- Water logging
- Introduction of inavsives weeds
- Water pollution
- Soil degradation through the
continued application agro-
chemicals.
-
c) The social and economic value of plantation
farming in Zambia include:
- Plantation farming is a large scale
farming, which makes the regular
and high quality supply, possible.
- It contributes significantly to
urbanisation as it provides
employment to a lot of people.
- The standard of living is raised
due to plantation farming.
- They are source of foreign
exchange through the exports of
crops.
- Plantation provides social services
like schools, clinic, recreation etc.
6.
a)
i. Chikankata
ii. Pineapple
b) The characteristic which differentiate the
types of ranching that practiced in areas C
and D:
- Area C practices commercial
ranching while area D practices
subsistence pastoral nomadism.
- Pastoral nomadism is a form of
subsistence agriculture whereas
ranching is a form of commercial
agriculture.
- Nomads migrate a longer distance
with their livestock than ranchers.
- Ranchers raise livestock but
nomads grow crops as well as
livestock.
- Nomads do not kill their livestock,
because the size of a herd is a sign
of power and prestige where as
ranchers sell their animals to the
butcher to be killed.
- Nomads practice transhumance,
which is the seasonal migration of
animals between mountains and
low-lying pastures. Ranchers do
not migrate;
c) G
i. Cattle restocking is the process of
replacing of sold out cattle or the
cattle that died.
ii. Cattle restocking result into continuity
of the cattle ranching or pastorilism.
The restocked cattle may be more
resistant to diseases.
iii. Measures have been introduced to
ensure that, healthy survive of
cattle in rural parts of Zambia.
- The controlled movements of
cattle in order avoid the diffusion
of diseases.
- Vaccination programs during and
before an outbreak of diseases.
- The putting of vetinary offices in
rural area.
7.
a) Farming area A is Mkushi, commercial crop
grown in Mkushi is soya beans or wheat.
Town B is Mukushi.
b) The factors that have contributed to
agricultural development in area A.
- The flat terrain
- The favourable climate
- The fertile plateau soils
- The presence of the rail and the
highway
- The favorable climate
c) Problems that peasant farmers face:
- Droughts
- Increase in number of pests
- Fluctuating prices of crops.
- High prices of farming inputs.
-
8.
a) Barotse breed is found in area Y and the
market area X is the Copperbelt province.
b)
i. Zambeef.
ii. Sausages, mince meat, T-bone, leather
iii. The problem faced by cattle
farmers in Area Y include:
- Outbreak of diseases
- Competition of market with other
cattle breeds.
- High prices of vet medicines
- Limited vet services within the
area.
- Challenges in transporting cattle
to the market.
c) Developments have taken place in beef
production recently in Zambia including:
- The constructing of dipping
facilities.
- The establishement of vet services
in rural areas.
- Training programs for cattle
farmers.
Answers to supplementary questions on
agriculture
1.
a) Uses of maize include:
- Production of fuel,
- Animal feed
- Pharmatical purposes
- Used in production of alcohol
b) Why the Zambians farmers insist in growing

maize year and after:
- Maize is widely consumed
- Lack of market for other crops
- Lack of knowledge on how to
cultivate some crops.
- Lowers the amount of extra land
required.
-
c) Effects of the trend in cropping one type of
crop year after, in this case maize:
- Prone to poor market prices
- Destroys soil nutrients
- Results in the use of harmful
chemicals.
- Pollutes groundwater supplies.
- Adversely affects and alters the
natural ecosystem.
d) Challenges that maize famers in

Chinkanta Chiefdom of Kalomo District
include:
- droughts
- Increase in the number of maize
attacking pests.
- High prices of farming inputs.
- Low selling prices of maize
2. K
a) Insufficient rains to support its growth.
b) Rice is grown in Chama, Mongu, Mafinka,
Nakonde, Kaputa Districts
c) Factors influenced the establishments of
plantations in Chinkankata District:
- The availability of ground water
and water from the Kafue River.
- The flats land which makes it
possible for the setting of the
pivots.
- The transport network which
makes it possible to transport farm
products.
- Favorable climate
- Fertile soil
d) three crops which are by plantations in

Chinkankanta District include
- Coffee
- Soya beans
- Wheat.
3. L;
a) Agriculture is a primary activity that includes
growing crops, vegetables, fruits, flowers and
rearing livestock. Agriculture is a primary
activity, as it is connected with the extraction
and production of natural resources.
b) Shifting cultivation is also known as Slash-
and-burn cultivation. It is a type of farming
activity which involves clearing of a land plot
by cutting down trees and burning them. The
ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops
are grown. After the land has lost its fertility,
it is abandoned. The farmers then move to a
new place.
Disadvantages of shifting cultivation:
Leads to deforestation
Loss of fertility of a particular land
Leads to Soil erosion
Burning of trees causes air pollution
Insufficient cultivation of crops for a large
population.
c) Plantations are a type of commercial farming
where single crops of tea, coffee, sugarcane,
cashew, rubber, banana or cotton are grown.
Large amounts of capital and capital are
required. The produce may be processed on
the farm itself or in nearby factories. The
development of a transport network is thus
essential for such farming. Major plantations
are found in the tropical regions of the world.
Rubber in Malaysia, coffee in Brazil, tea in
India and Sri Lanka are some examples.
d) Agriculture is a primary activity, because
many regions in India have fertile land that is
favourable for agriculture. Two-thirds of the
Zambian population still depends on
agriculture. This is mainly because of the lack
of literacy among the people. Hence, India
being a densely populated country requires
large scale production of food to fulfill the
people needs.
e) l
4.
5. ;
a. H
b.
The Green Revolution was the use of MEDC
technology in LEDs in order to increase crop
yields. New strains of crops were introduced.
Framers could increase their yields.
New industries set up making fertilizers
The HYVs have led to a more varied diet.
However many farmers cannot afford the
machinery and pesticides required.
Many farmers do not want to take the risk.
Increased yields can make prices fall.
c. h
6. ;
a) G
One of the main problems caused by
agriculture is soil erosion it has a number of
causes:
Deforestation removes the roots holding the
soil together.
Ploughing compacts the ground and creates
channels for rapid water flow, especially on
slopes.
The removal of hedgerows makes the soil
vulnerable to wind erosion
Overgrazing occurs when there are too many
animals on an area of land; this means that
the vegetation is removed faster than it can
regrow.
Pollution has occurred because of the
increased use of pesticides and fertilizers.
b) G
Power and Energy
in Zambia and
sub-region
ECZ Questions Power and Energy in Zambia and
sub-region
1. (2016)
a) Draw a sketch map of Zambia and on it mark
and name the following hydro electric power
station: Kariba north Bank, Lusiwasi
Musonda falls. [4]
b) What factors have favored the development
of the Kariba North Bank Hydroelectric
Power Stations? [4]
c) State the disadvantages of hydroelectric
power over thermal power. [4]
2. (2016 GCE) Study the map of Zambia
a) On the map: name, in the spaces provided, the

hydro-electric power station marked A and B by
a dot. [2]
b) Explain why the demand for electricity has
increased in the country in the last ten years. [5]
c) H
i. In electricity supply, what is meant by
loading shedding? [1]
ii. What are the advantages of thermal power
over hydro electric power stations? [2]
iii. Explain the negative effects of thermal
power generation on the environment. [2]
3. Study the map below
a) On the map, name two hydro-electric stations

shown on the map. [2]
b) Explain the factors that favored the
construction named in (a) above. [4]
c)
i. What are the positive and negative

effects that have resulted from dam
construction? [4]
ii. Explain why the sub-region has
insufficient power supply despite the
large potential for generation. [2]
4. (2012)
a) Choose any two of the following aspect of
fuel and power in Zambia and write a
geographical account on each one: [6]
b) Explain the significance of the following to
Zambia:
i. Tazama pipeline
ii. Indeni Refinery [6]
5. (2012)
a) K
i. Name a town in Kenya that refines
petroleum. [1]
ii. Explain why the town is suitable for
petroleum refining. [5]
b) With the aid of a diagram, explain how
petroleum is refined. [6]
6. (2011)
a) Describe how hydro-electric is generated in
Zambia. [4]
b) G
i. Explain why Zambian government is
discouraging the use of charcoal as a
source of energy. [4]
ii. States the measures being put in place
to ensure less extensive use of
charcoal. [4]
7. (2009) study the map of Zambia below
a) On the map, in the spaces below, name the:

i. Power transmission stem A
ii. Power station B [2]
b) With reference to the Zambian situation:
i. Describe the process of charcoal
production. [4]
ii. Explain how the use of charcoal as a
source of energy affects the quality of
the environment. [4]
c) What is being done to reduce reliance on charcoal
and wood fuel as main sources of energy in rural
areas? [2]
Supplementary questions Power and

Energy in Zambia and sub-region
1.
a) Discuss the environmental impact of
hydroelectricity. [3]
b) Discuss the negative social impacts of Hydro-
electricity power. [3]
c) What advantages are of coal in electricity
generation over HEP? [3]
d) What factors hinders the establishments of
HEP station in Zambia? [3]
2.
a) Why do you think that solar energy has a bright
future in Zambia? [2]
b) With aid of diagram explain how thermal
electricity is produced? [4]
c) With aid of diagram explain how nuclear
electricity is produced? [4]
Answers to
Fuel and
Energy
resources
ECZ Questions Power and Energy in Zambia and
sub-region
8. (2016)
a)
b) Factors have favored the development of the
Kariba North Bank Hydroelectric Power
Stations include:
 Capital funding by the World Bank.
 Huge power demand from the Copperbelt
mines.
 The suitable geological conditions like
hills and strong bed which are required
for setting up the HEP station.
 Adequate discharge by the Zambezi river
Basin.
c) Disadvantages of hydroelectric power over
thermal power.
 Thermal stations are generally cheaper
than HEP stations.
 Thermal station can be set in places
where there is demand of electricity but
HEP require favorable geological
conditions for it setup.
 HEP is venerable to droughts.
9. F
a) A is Victoria Falls HEP station and B is
Kariba North HEP station.
b) Why the demand for electricity has increased
in the country in the last ten years:
 The establishment of new mines likes
Lumwana.
 The establishments of new industries
which demand power.
 The increased investment in the mines
which result into higher demand of
power.
 Increased electrification of household
country wide due to population
increase and rural electrification.
 Reduction in power generation due to
climate variability.
c)
i. Loading shedding is the deliberate
switching off power by the supplier in
effort to mitigate shortages.
ii. The advantages of thermal power over
hydro electric power stations
- Thermal stations are generally cheaper
than HEP stations.
- Thermal station can be set in places
- HEP is venerable to droughts.
iii. The negative effects of thermal power
generation on the environment:
- The emission of greenhouses gases
like carbon dioxide.
- Result in point source pollution.
10.
a) A is Victoria Falls HEP station and B is
Kariba North HEP station.
b) The factors that favored the construction
named in (a) above:
- Suitable geological conditions.
- The presence of the river canyon
- Adequate river discharge
- The high demand of power country
wide.
c) G
i. The positive and negative effects
that have resulted from dam
construction:
- The establishment of tourism facilities
like lodge.
- The development of commercial
fishing.
- Use of the lake for navigation
- The storage of water which is used for
other purposes like pumping for
domestic purposes.
ii. Why the sub-region has insufficient

power supply despite the large
potential for generation.
The limitation of capital needed for
the establishment of the HEP station.
11.
a)
Wood fuel
- Wood fuel is which include charcoal
and firewood is the commost source
of fuel in Zambia.
- Firewood widely used in rural areas
- Charcoal is widely used low class
urban areas like ghettos and slums.
- Firewood is also the cheapest for of
fuel.
- The harvesting of wood fuel is
significant cause of deforestation.
HEP
- HEP contribute to more than 90
percent of the electricity country
wide.
- HEP is commonly used urban areas
and to power industries.
- HEP has become erratic in the recent
years due to droughts.
- The HEP is a significant contribute of
deforestation through damming and
transmission.
b) the significance of the following to Zambia

i. Tazama pipeline
- Its increase the availability of the
petroleum and its products.
- It provides employment to some
people.
- It helped to increase international ties
between Zambia and Tanzania.
ii. Indeni Refinery

- It provides employment to some
people.
- Mitigate the prices of oil and
petroleum products.
- Make available petroleum products
which otherwise are rarely imported
separately.
c)
The basic functions of the refinery can be broken

down into three categories of chemical processes:
 Distillation involves the separation of

materials based on differences in their
volatility. This is the first and most basic
step in the refining process, and is the
precursor to cracking and reforming.
 Cracking involves breaking up heavy
molecules into lighter (and more
valuable) hydrocarbons.
 Reforming involves changing the
chemical nature of hydrocarbons to
achieve desired physical properties (and
also to increase the market value of those
chemicals).
12.
a)
i. Mombasa
ii. Why Mombasa is suitable for
petroleum refining:
- Nearness to the source of raw
material.
- Mombasa is the only port of entry.
- It is easier to transport refined
petroleum products than crude hence
the need to process crude oil at the
point of entry.
- The raw material for the refinery
comes by sea to the port of Mombasa.
- The available technology used in
refinery.
b) (check 4 c)
13.
a) This energy resource utilizes the falling water
under the force of gravity to turn turbines and
generators that produce electricity. In order to
generate electricity using HEP, a large reservoir is
created, usually by damming a river to create an
artificial lake or reservoir. Water is channeled
through tunnels in the dam. The energy of water
flowing through the dam's tunnels causes turbines
to turn. Generators convert the kinetic energy into
electricity.
b)
i. Why Zambian government is
discouraging the use of charcoal as a
source of energy.
- The production of charcoal result into
forest degradation through the cutting
down of trees.
- They can be quite dirty as there is the
problem of ash to deal with.
- The burning coal result into air
pollution.
- The burning of charcoal emits
greenhouse gases.
ii. The measures being put in place to

ensure less extensive use of charcoal:
- Through rural electrification

programme.
- Forbidding the transportation of
charcoal without permit or licenses.
- The designating of certain areas as
forest reserves thus, discouraging the
cutting down of trees.
- Educating the public on the
importance of trees.
- Encouraging the use of alternative
energy sources like coal and biogas.
14.
a)
i. Kariba North
b)
i. Earth pit kilns represent the simplest
technology for charcoal production. The
process of using earth pit kilns begins by
stacking wood in a pit, then sealing it
with a layer of grass and soil and igniting
the wood at one end, starting
carbonization. Earth kilns are usually
large and they can use large pieces of
wood, but they can also have small size
and be suitable for households. However,
the ventilation system of this type of kilns
has some disadvantages. It may be
difficult to control and usually the
carbonization is incomplete, producing
only low quality charcoal.
ii. (check 6 b (i)
c) (check 6 b (ii) )
Answers to Supplementary questions
1.
a) The environmental impact of
hydroelectricity include:
 Results deforestation: The establishments
of hydro-power electricity require the
construction of dams, which in turn
drains a huge area of forest land.
 The construction of large dams results in
the submersion of extensive areas
upstream of the dams, destroying
biologically rich and productive lowland.
 Several species of fish and other
organisms can be injured and/or killed by
turbine blades.
b) The negative social impacts of Hydro-
electricity power include:
 The construction of large dams has
resulted in the displacement or
resettlements of many millions of people
across the world.
 Reduction of water supply in
downstream.
 Submersion of the fertile lands by lake.
c) Advantages are of coal in electricity
generation over HEP.
 Thermal stations are generally cheaper
than HEP stations.
 Thermal station can be set in places
HEP require favorable geological
conditions for it setup.
 HEP is venerable to droughts.
d) Factors hinders the establishments of HEP
station in Zambia:
 Limitation of huge capital
 Abundance of wetlands like swamps
which are not suitable for the
establishment of the HEP.
 Climate variability which at times results.
 The increase of inavise weeds which
result in increased loss of water though
evaporation and slows the discharge of
water in rivers and streams.
2.
a) Solar Energy has a bright future in Zambia
because we are a tropical country with enormous
possibilities of tapping solar energy. Solar energy
is fast becoming popular in rural and remote
areas. It is expected that the use of solar energy
will be able to minimize the dependence of rural
households on firewood and dung cakes, which in
turn will contribute to environmental conservation
and adequate supply of manure in agriculture.
Solar energy is a non-conventional source of
energy which is also renewable. Use of solar
energy will not only be good for the environment,
but it will also reduce our dependence on oil and
gas.
b) The coal power plant has a simple and
straightforward working principle. The fuel is
burned and the heat produced is used to boil
water. This creates high-pressure, superheated
steam, which is then used to turn a turbine. The
cooling towers cool the steam, which condenses
as water and can then be recycled in the power
station.
c) Nuclear reactions deal with interactions between

the nuclei of atoms including of nuclear fission
and nuclear fusion. Both fission and fusion
processes deal with matter and energy. Fission is
the process of splitting of a nucleus into two
"daughter" nuclei leading to energy being
released. Fusion is the process of two "parent"
nuclei fuse into one daughter nucleus leading to
energy being released. At nuclear station or
nuclear power plant, a radioactive material like
uranium is inserted inside the centre of the reactor
or the core. As uranium decays through fission
the heat released is used to boil water into steam
that drives a steam turbine connected to a
generator that produces electricity. Water is
recycled in the nuclear plants, the station separate
structure known as a cooling tower which cools
the steam back into water.
Processing and
Manufacturing
Industries in Zambia
and the Sub-Region
(Zimbabwe and South
Africa)
Section for EZC questions Processing and
Manufacturing Industries in Zambia and
the Sub-Region
1.
a) Explain the factors which have influenced the location of
the textile industries in Zimbabwe? [4]
b) i) Explain the meaning of the following terms in the
stages of the manufacturing of cloth: ginning process,
spinning process and, weaving. [3]
ii) Why is the textile industry highly integrated in
Zimbabwe? [1]
c) What are the problems associated with the development
of the textile industries in Zimbabwe? [4]
2. (2014)
a) Explain the meaning of the following type of industry
and give two examples of each:
i) Primary industry [2]
ii) Secondary industry and [2]
iii) Tertiary industry [2]
b) Explain the changes in government policy regarding
industrial development in Zambia before nationalism,
during nationalism and after 1991. [6]
3. Describe how:
a) Tea is processed in Malawi [4]
b) Oil refined in Angola [4]
c) Tobacco processed in Malawi [4]
4.
a) What is the importance of the following to Zambia
i) The Curio industry [2]
ii) Quarrying [2]
iii) The Nitrogen Chemical of Zambia (NCZ) [2]
b) Explain the effect of the presence of the Nitrogen
Chemical of Zambia (NCZ) in Kafue on the
environment. [3]
c) For either Kafue Sugar Refinery or Kasama Sugar
Refinery, explain the factors which have led to the
emergency of these industries in recent times [3]
5.
a) Differentiate between a manufacturing and a
processing industry? [2]
b) Name four manufacturing industries found in
Zambia that depend on raw materials produced in
Zambia. [2]
c) Explain why there are more industries in Kitwe
than in Mwinilunga District? [4]
d) What measures has the government taken in the
recent years to promote the manufacturing
industries in Zambia? [4]
6.
a) For iron and steel industry in South Africa
i. State three centres that which produces
Iron Ore in the country?
ii. State two sources of Coal used in the Iron
and steel industry on the Rand Industrial
region.
iii. Name the major source of water used in
the industry [3]
b) South Africa operates an integrated Iron and steel
industry. Explain the stages that an integrated
Iron and Steel Centre undertake and state the
chief product for each stage [6]
c) Which industries are the main market of the iron
and steel products within South Africa? [3]
Complementary questions Processing and

Manufacturing Industries in Zambia and
the Sub-Region
1.
a) What do you mean by manufacturing? [2]
b) Describe the importance of manufacturing in the
Zambian economy. [5]
c) What the factors which influenced the establishment
of Lafangi Cement industry in Chilanga District? [5]
2.
a) “The economic strength of a country is measured by
the development of manufacturing industries”. Justify
this statement with four examples. [6]
b) “Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each
other. They move hand in hand.” Justify this
statement with examples. [4]
c) How can Zambian industries be able to compete in
the international market in the present day world of
globalization? [2]
3.
a) Which factor plays the most dominant role in the
ideal location of an industry? [2]
b) Explain any three reasons in support of this factor
(you mentioned in (a). [3]
c) What do you mean by agglomeration economies? [2]
d) Why do industries tend to locate themselves near
cities or urban centres? [3]
e) What do you mean by industrial inertia [2]
4.
a) How was the cotton textiles produced in ancient
Zimbabwe? [2]
b) State the importance of cotton textile industry in
Zimbabwe? [4]
c) Mention the major drawbacks and problems of cotton
textile industry in Zimbabwe? [3]
d) Mention the future prospect for the textile industry in
Zimbabwe? [3]
5.
a) Why the iron and steel industry is called the basic
industry? [2]
b) Mention the essential raw material needed to produce
the steel. [2]
c) Explain why South Africa is not able to produce steel
as per its full potential. [3]
d) Mentions three industrial towns of South Africa and
three companies for iron and steel industry. [3]
e) Give one point of difference and similarity between
mini and integrated steel plants. [2]
6.
a) Name the four types of pollution caused by industries.
[4]
b) Which industrial units cause noise pollution? [4]
c) What are the effects of noise pollution? [4]
7.
a) Explain the factor which hinders the development of
manufacturing industries in Western Province. [4]
b) Define the following terms
i) Cottage industry [2]
ii) Light industry [2]
iii) Gaining industries [2]
8.
a) What are the benefits of agglomerations to the
Copperbelt industries? [4]
b) What are the benefits of globalisation to the
Copperbelt industries? [4]
c) Write an account of manufacturing industries in
Kafue Town. [4]
9.
a) How is water and land pollution caused? Which
industries causes the water and land pollution? What
are the effects of water and land pollution? [6]
b) What is thermal pollution? [2]
c) How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be
reduced? [2]
10.
a) What is population threshold? [1]
b) Discuss the potential of the manufacturing industries
in Choma District. [3]
c) What are the challenges faced by the manufacturing
industry in Zambia [4]
Answers to Processing
and Manufacturing
Industries in the Sub-
Region (Zimbabwe and
South Africa)
Answers to ECZ questions Processing and
Manufacturing Industries in Zambia and the
Sub-Region
1. A
a) Factors which have influenced the location
of the textile industries in Zimbabwe
include:
 The availability of raw materials used
in the textile industries.
 The avilabity of human labour needed
in the textile industries.
 The high market demand in the sub-
region.
 The availability of electricity to power
the industries.
b) K
i. Definitions
 Ginning is the process of
separating the cotton fibers from
the cotton seeds.
 Spinning is the process of taking
textile fibers and filaments and
making them into yarn.
 Weaving is a method of textile
production in which two distinct
sets of yarns or threads are
interlaced at right angles to form a
fabric or clot
ii. Why is the textile industry highly

integrated in Zimbabwe:
The texitile require the cooperqtion of
several other industries, like
agriculture, apparel industry ect.
c) The problems associated with the
development of the textile industries in
Zimbabwe include:
 Decline in the growth of food crops
due to the higher demand of textile
raw materials.
 Increased pollution coming from the
textile industries.
 Urbanization as youth rush to the
urban areas to search for jobs in the
textile industry.
 Joblessness, to several people who
lost their jobs after the decline of the
Zimbabwe textile industries.
2.
a) Definitions
i. Industry, such as mining, agriculture,
or forestry, that is concerned with
obtaining or providing natural raw
materials for conversion into
commodities and products for the
consumer.
ii. Industry that converts the raw
materials provided by primary
industry into commodities and
products for the consumer; e.g
manufacturing industry.
iii. The part of a country's economy
concerned with the provision of
services. E.g schools, hostel etc.
b) the changes in government policy
regarding industrial development in
Zambia before nationalism, during
nationalism and after 1991:
 To diversify the economy away from
copper mining.
 To increase employment opportunities
for the Zambian people.
 Nationalism of the industry during the
second republic.
 During the second republic the
Zambia encouraged the monopoly of
the of the economy (market).
 During the 1980s, the government
formed SIDO (Small Scale Industry
Development Organization), VIS
(Village Industrial Services), and
UNIDO (united Nation Industry
Development Organization) at district
levels.
 After 1991, privatization occurred.
 After 1991 liberalization was
introduced.
3.
a) Tea processing in Malawi
 Withering: The first processing step
after the leaves are harvested is a very
basic one. Since tea leaves are thick
and waxy on the plant, they must be
softened, or withered, to make them
pliable for crafting.
 Bruising: After the leaves are
withered, crafting methods for
different styles start to diverge. Tea
usually undergoes some sort of
bruising process. This means the
leaves are rolled, twisted, or otherwise
crushed. The purpose of this step is to
break down cell walls in the leaf, and
facilitate the next step: oxidation.
 Oxidizing: After bruising, leaves
intended for oolong or black teas are
left to oxidize, or turn brown. Again,
the leaves are laid out and left to
wither. Now that the cell walls have
been broken, an enzymatic reaction
turns the leaves brown, just like a cut
apple.
 Fixing: To stop the oxidation process,
the tea leaf is heated. Just like baking
an apple, the application of heat
denatures the enzymes responsible for
oxidation and stops the leaf from
continuing to turn brown.
b) Oil Rifining in Angola
The basic functions of the refinery can be
broken down into three categories of
chemical processes:
volatility. This is the first and most
basic step in the refining process, and
is the precursor to cracking and
reforming.
achieve desired physical properties
(and also to increase the market value
of those chemicals).
c) Tobacco processing in Malawi

 Green Leaf and Stem Conditioning:
To make the leaves ready for the
mechanical threshing process,
harvested tobacco leaves are
conditioned in cylinders to be more
pliable using forced hot air and steam.
 Tobacco Threshing Process: The
conditioned leaf passes through a
series of mechanical threshers and
pneumatic separators.
 Drying : The lamina from the
different classifiers has different
moisture content, so the moisture has
to be made uniform for proper storage
of the lamina. The lamina first passes
through a drying chamber to make the
moisture uniform. The dried lamina is
cooled and then passes into a high
humidity conditioning chamber where
the tobacco absorbs moisture and
reaches equilibrium. The lamina is
then packaged and placed into storage
until being used. Stems are processed
similarly on a dedicated drying line,
to give a consistent product for
storage.
4.
a) The importance of the following to Zambia
i. The Curio industry: The curio
industry is a poverty reduction sector
mainly for the reason that it has
managed to improve the economic
and social status of the individuals
involved in this industry.
ii. Quarrying: The materials produces by
quarrying are essential to our
everyday lives, providing the
construction materials to build roads
and buildings.
iii. The Nitrogen Chemical of Zambia
(NCZ): source of employment for
some people, it has reduced need of
importing fertilizers.
b) The effect of the presence of the Nitrogen
Chemical of Zambia (NCZ) in Kafue on
the environment includes.
 Contributing to point source air
pollution.
 Have increased eutrofication levels
due to the discharge of nitrates.
 Result into water and land pollution.
c) The factors which have led to the

emergency of Kafue Sugar Refinery and
Kasama Sugar Refinery industries in recent
times include:
 High demand carbohydrates within
Zambia and the sub-region.
 Improvement in technology
 Increased influx of foreign investors
in Zambia.
5.
a) Manufacturing takes raw materials and
creates goods from them while processing is
taking existing items or materials and making
them ready for further use or sale.
b) Manufacturing industries found in Zambia
that depend on raw materials produced in
Zambia include:
 Beverage industry
 Milling industry
 Cement industry
 Textile industry
 Apparel industry
c) Why there are more industries in Kitwe
than in Mwinilunga District:
 The presence of rail which makes the
transportation of raw materials
possible.
 The large population with high
demand of manufactured.
 Historical factors, since Kitwe has
long history of industrialization.
 The agglomeration brought the
mining industry.
d) Measures has the government taken in the

recent years to promote the manufacturing
industries in Zambia:
 Upgrading of the power generation in
order to meet the demand for power
within the industries.
 Improvement of the road network in
order to easen the movement of raw
materials.
 Give of loans to young and women
entrepreneurs.
 Promotion entrepreneur spirit among
the Zambian people especially the
youths.
6.
a)
i. Iron centres
 Cape Town
 Johanesberg.
 Pretoria.
ii. Sources of Coal used in the Iron
and steel industry on the Rand
Industrial region.
- Sishen-postmasburg and
Thabazimbi areas,
iii. The major source of water used in the
industry is the Orange river.
b) The stages that an integrated Iron and
Steel Centre undertake and state the chief
product for each stage;
1. Mixing of the raw: In the first stage
thus, an iron ore, coke (carbon rich
substance) and limestone are
combined to a mixture called a
Bloom.
2. Iron-making blast furnace: A blast
furnace works by blasting hot air up
through the furnace while coke,
limestone, and ore move continuously
through the top of the furnace. Coke
serves as fuel for heating the furnace
and it also provide carbon monoxide.
3. Limestone is also used to remove
impurities, such as silica and alumina
to make slag, which floats on top of
the molten iron and can be removed.
4. Molten iron runs to the bottom of the
furnace. It is tapped off from time to
time. Most of this iron is converted to
steel, which is far more useful, by
removing most of the carbon.
c) Industries are the main market of the iron
and steel products within South Africa
include:
- Automobiles industry
- Agriculture
- Constructing
Answers to Complementary questions
Processing and Manufacturing Industries
in Zambia and the Sub-Region
1.
a) Production of goods in large quantities after
processing from raw materials to more
valuable products is called manufacturing.
For example: paper is manufactured from
wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel
from iron ore and aluminium from bauxite.
b) K
- Manufacturing industries help in
modernising agriculture, which
forms the backbone of the
economy.
- Manufacturing industries also
reduce the heavy dependence of
people on agricultural income by
providing them jobs in secondary
and tertiary sectors.
- Industrial development is a
precondition for eradication of
unemployment and poverty from
our country.
- Export of manufactured goods
expands trade and commerce, and
brings in much needed foreign
exchange.
- The countries that transform their
raw materials into a wide variety
of furnished goods of higher value
are prosperous.
- Industry sector contributes to the
GDP.
c) The factors which influenced the
establishment of Lafangi Cement industry in
Chilanga District include:
 The availability of Limestone within the
District.
 The availability of power provided by the
Hydro-electricity
 The presence of the agglomeration within
the Lusaka and Chilanga Districts.
 The availability of skilled labour
 The nearness of the ready market within
the Lusaka province.
2.
a) Why the economic strength of a country is
measured by the development of
manufacturing industries.
• Manufacturing creates jobs: the
manufacturing is directly or indirectly for
responsible for creating of employment.
• Help in modernizing agriculture: The
manufacturing industry provides chemicals,
tools, and machines which results into the
modernization of agriculture.
• Bring in diversification of the economy:
Manufacturing industries also reduce the
heavy dependence of people on agricultural
income by providing them jobs in secondary
and tertiary sectors.
• Source of foreign exchange: Export of
manufactured goods expands trade and
commerce, and brings in much needed
foreign exchange.
• Provide Countries that transform their
raw materials into a wide variety of furnished
goods of higher value are prosperous.
b) Why agriculture and industry are not
exclusive of each other. They move hand in
hand.
 By raising its productivity.
 Industries depend on the agriculture
for raw materials such as cotton, jute,
silk etc.
 Industries sell their products such as
irrigation pumps, fertilisers,
insecticides, pesticides, machines and
tools, etc. to the farmers.
 Thus, development of manufacturing
industry helps agriculture in
increasing their production but also
make the production processes very
efficient.
c) Zambian industry needs to be more efficient
and competitive. Self-sufficiency alone is not
enough. Zambian manufactured goods must
be at par in quality with those in the
international market. Only then, will we be
able to compete in the international market.
3.
a) The most dominant factor of industrial
location is the least cost.
b) Why the least cost is the most dominant
factor of industrial location.
 Cost of obtaining raw materials at
site: Manufacturing activity tends to
locate at the most appropriate place
where all the raw materials of
production are either available or can
be arranged at lower cost.
 Cost of production at site: These are
influenced by availability of labour,
capital, power, etc. Thus industrial
location is influenced by the costs of
availability of these factors of
production.
 Cost of distribution of production:
The distance of industry from market
influence the transportation costs.
Transportation costs influence the cost
of distribution of production.
c) Agglomeration economies are the clustering
forces are powerful determinants of firms’
location decisions.
d) Why industries tend to locate themselves
near cities or urban centres:
 The accumulation of knowledge and
human capital leads to knowledge
spillovers between firms.
 The large market provided in the
urban areas.
 The technological development found
in the urban area.
 Cities provide services such as
banking, insurance, transport, labour,
consultants and financial advice, etc.
to the industry.
e) The tendency of an industry to remain in a
particular place even when the initial/original
locational factors/advantages are no longer
important.
4. F
a) In ancient Zimbabwe, cotton textiles were
produced with hand spinning and handloom
weaving techniques.
b) The importance of cotton textile industry
in Zimbabwe:
 Cotton textile industry has close links
with agriculture.
 It provides a living to farmers, cotton
boll pluckers and workers engaged in
ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing,
designing, packaging, tailoring and
sewing.
 The handspun khadi provides large
scale employment to weavers in their
homes as a cottage industry.
 This industry creates demands and
supports many other industries, such
as, chemicals and dyes, mill stores,
packaging materials and engineering
works.
c) The major drawbacks and problems of
cotton textile industry in Zimbabwe:
 Power supply is erratic.
 Machinery needs to be upgraded in
the weaving and processing sectors in
particular.
 The poor performance of the
Zimbabwean economy.
 Globalisation which lead to marketing
competitions.
d) The future prospect for the textile industry
in Zimbabwe:
 Abundant and cheap labour
 Abundant raw materials especially
cotton, the already existing
infrastructure and its central locality
which makes its for supply to the
neighboring countries.
 The recovery of the Zimbabwe’s
economy.
5.
a) Why the iron and steel industry is called
the basic industry:
 All the other industries — heavy,
medium and light, depend on it for
their machinery.
 Steel is needed to manufacture a
variety of engineering goods,
construction material, defence,
medical, telephonic, scientific
equipment and a variety of consumer
goods.
 Iron and steel is a heavy industry
because all the raw materials as well
b) Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are
required in the ratio of approximately 4: 2: 1.
Some quantities of manganese, are also
required to harden the steel.
c) Why South Africa is not able to produce
steel as per its full potential:
 High costs and limited availability of
coking coal.
 Lower productivity of labour
 Irregular supply of energy and
 Poor infrastructure.
d)
Industrial towns of South Africa include
Pretoria, Johansberg, and Cape Town
Steel companies which include ArcelorMittal
South Africa, DAV Steel, CISCO, Evraz
Highveld Steel and Vanadium ArcelorMittal
South Africa
e) Difference: Mini steel plants are smaller,
have electric furnaces, use steel scrap and
sponge iron. They produce mild and alloy
steel of given specifications. An integrated
steel plant is large, handles everything in one
complex – from putting together raw material
to steel making, rolling and shaping.
Similarity: both plants produce steel.
6.
a) Industries are responsible for four types of
pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d)
Noise.
b) Main source of noise pollution are:
 Industrial and construction activities,
 machinery, factory equipment,
 generators, saws pneumatic and electric
drills.
c) Noise pollution not only results in irritation
and anger, it can also cause hearing
impairment, increased heart rate and blood
pressure among other physiological effects.
Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of
stress.
7.
a) The factor which hinders the development
of manufacturing industries in Western
Province include:
 Poor road network in some districts.
 The low terrain which may not be
favorable for some industries.
 The lack rail line which is essential in
the transportation of raw materials.
 Low population which in turn leads to
low market. `
b) Definition
i. Cottages are household industries
where the products are manufactured
by hand or simple machinery.
ii. The light industries use light raw-
materials and produce light finished
products. Electric fans, sewing
machines are light industries.
iii. Bulk-gaining industries are those
industries which gains volume or
weight during production like
fabricated metal
8. A
a) The benefits of agglomerations to the
Copperbelt industries include:
 Low transport costs
 A great (local) market
 A large supply of labor and thus the
increased chance of supply and
demand for labor, particularly for
specialists to compensate for fast
matching, lower search costs.
 The accumulation of knowledge and
human capital leads to knowledge
spillovers between firms.
b) Benefits of globalization to the Copperbelt
Industries include:
 Greater free trade.
 Greater movement of labour.
 Increased capital flows.
 The growth of multi-national
companies.
 Increased integration of global trade
cycle.
 Increased communication and
improved transport, effectively
reducing barriers between countries.
c) Kafue
 The proximal location of the Town
increases its threshold.
 The presence of water provided by the
Kafue River adds an advatangate for
the settling marine industries like
fisheries.
 The presence of the rail line entails
goods and raw materials can be
transported easily.
 The town has number of industries
like the Kafue Steel, sugar refinery,
milling etc.
 Some industries like Nitrogen
Chemicals of Zambia plant and
fisheries have been shut.
9.
a) Water and land pollution is caused by organic
and inorganic industrial wastes and affluent
discharged into rivers and pits.
The main industries which cause water and
land pollution are: paper, pulp, chemical,
textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries,
tanneries and electroplating industries that let
out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy
metals like lead and mercury pesticides,
fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon,
plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies.
The effects are:
 Wastes from nuclear power plants,
nuclear and weapon production
facilities cause cancers, birth defects
and miscarriages.
 Dumping of wastes epecially glass,
harmful chemicals, industrial
effluents, packaging, salts and
garbage renders the soil useless.
 Rain water percolates to the soil
carrying the pollutants to the ground
and the ground water also gets
contaminated.
b) Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot
water from factories and thermal plants is
drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
c) How the industrial pollution of fresh water can
be reduced:
 Minimizing use water for processing
by reusing and recycling it in two or
more successive stages.
 Harvesting of rainwater to meet water
requirements.
 Treating hot water and effluents
before releasing them in rivers and
ponds.
 Overdrawing of ground water reserves
by industry where there is a threat to
ground water resources also needs to
be regulated legally.
 Particulate matter in the air can be
reduced by fitting smoke stacks to
factories with electrostatic
precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers
and inertial separators.
 Smoke can be reduced by using oil or
gas instead of coal in factories.
 Machinery and equipment can be
used and generators should be fitted
with silencers.
 Almost all machinery can be
redesigned to increase energy
efficiency and reduce noise.
 Noise absorbing material may be used
apart from personal use of earplugs
and earphones.
10.
a) Threshold is the minimum market
(population or income) needed to bring about
the selling of a particular good or service.
b) Potential of manufacturing industry in
Choma Town include:
 The availability of raw materials such
agro yields, forest, coal etc.
 The well established transport
network i.e. road and rail.
 The proximal location within the
province increases its threshold
population.
 The availability of power provided by
coal, electricity and wood fuel.
c) The challenges faced by the manufacturing
industry in Zambia include:
 The poor performance of kwacha
which makes the buying of input high.
 The flooding of international products
makes difficult for locally
manufactured products to sell.
 Erratic power supply.
 High energy tariffs.
Transport and
Communication in
Zambia and sub-
region
EZC questions Transport and
Communication in Zambia and sub-region
1.
a) With reference to use of animals as means of
transport:
i. State any two types of animals
used for transport.
ii. Name four provinces where
animals are used for transport at
a large scale.
iii. Explain the importance of this
form of transport.
iv. Give limitations to this form of
transport [3]
b) Briefly describe the form of information
communication which have recently been
introduced in Zambia [3]
2.
a) Draw a sketch map of countries in the Sub-
region to illustrate how Zambia is rail-linked
to the neighboring countries. [7]
b) Of what importance are railways to the
countries in the sub-region. [5]
3.
a) Discuss the importance of road and water
transport to the economic development of the
sub-region [4]
b) Explain why countries in the sub-region are
at different levels of development of road and
water transport. [4]
c) What the benefits of using air transport over
the use of road and water transport [4]
4. Write a geographical account on the following aspect
of transport in Zambia
a) Railway
b) International airport
c) Water Transport
For each aspect
i. Explain the distribution
ii. Explain the economic
contribution to the country
[2×2×3]
5.
a) Explain the role played by road and rail
transport in the social and economic
development of the sub-region [4]
b) What problems does the sub-region face
regarding and water transports [4]
c) How can the problems of air and water
transport in the sub-region be overcame? [4]
Complementary questions Transport and
1.
a) What are subways? [2]
b) Write a note on roadways. [2]
c) What do you mean by transport? [2]
d) What are airways and their benefits? [4]
e) What is communication? [2]
2.
a) Name the important airports in the sub-
region. [4]
b) What are the uses of satellites? [4]
c) Name the types of roads. [2]
d) Name two roads found in Southern province
of Zambia. [2]
3.
a) Define road density? [1]
b) What is the hindrance in the use of water
transport in Zambia? [6]
c) How important is the use of water transport in
Western province? [2]
d) What are the threats to water transport
network in Zambia? [3]
4.
a) Explain why the establishment of the
transports network is considered to the
precursor of development. [4]
b) Mention four airports found in Zambia. [2]
c) Mention any four international airplanes
which lands in Zambia. [2]
d) What are the disadvantages associated with
Air Transport? [3]
5.
a) Why is the road density very low in some
parts of Zambia? [4]
b) Mention any four boarders found in Zambia.
[2]
c) What do you mean by link Zambia 8
thousand? [2]
d) What are the factors affect inland water
transport? [2]
6.
a) Describe any three advantages of pipelines as
means of transport? [3]
b) Mention any four advantages of oceanic
routes of the world. [4]
c) What do you mean by inland waterways? [2]
d) Distinguish between Tankers and
Refrigerators. [2]
7.
a) What the major problems of the Zambian
railway? [4]
b) Discuss the growth and role of TV and radio
in mass communication. [5]
c) What is the meaning of cyberspace? [2]
d) Which is famous petroleum pipeline of
Zambia [1]
8.
a) What are the three advantages of using
internet as a means of communication? [3]
b) Explain the importance of modern
communication services in the world. [4]
c) Give reasons why today’s world is shrinking.
[3]
d) What is mass media? [2]
9.
a. Write in detail about the four different

modes of transport. [12]
10.
a) Mention two railway link and states which
regions they link [2]
b) What has been done to improve the ocean
transport? [2]
c) Explain why there are few railway links

among African nations. [4]
d) Suggest measures to overcome urban
transport system. [4]
11.
a) What containerization [2]
b) What are the benefits of containerization in
water transport usage? [3]
c) Distinguish between liners and Cargoes? [2]
d) Elucidate the statement- “In a well managed
transport system, various modes complement
each other.” [5]
12.
a) What is internet? [2]
b) Which is the largest news agency in the
world? [2]
c) What are advantages of human porterage? [4]
d) What are disadvantages of human porterage?
[4]
Quiz questions Transport and
1. Who invested the aero plane for the first?
2. Which is the oldest sea route in the world?
3. Name the country which supplies milk through
the pipelines from famers to factories?
4. Who invented the telegram?
5. Who invented the telephone?
6. Who invented Radio?
7. Who invented Television?
8. Who invented colour Television?
9. Name shipping canal of the world?
10. Mention the busiest ocean route of the world
11. Telegraph was invented in the year ……………
Answers to
transport and
communication
questions
Answers to EZC questions on Transport and

1. K
a) G
i. Oxen, donkeys, horses
ii. Southern, Central, Western and
Eastern Provinces.
iii. Importance of use of animals as
means of transport include:
 It is effective where there are
no workshops or skill to repair
motor vehicles.
 Where the terrain does not
permit motorized vehicles - in
particular very rough terrain or
narrow Mountain tracks.
 It is easy and affordable

iv. Limitations to this form of
transport:
 It cannot be used for longer
distances.
 Animals may be attacked by
wild animals
 Animal transport is slow and
tedious
 Animals carry low amounts of
load compared to motor
vehicles
b) Form of information communication
which have recently been introduced in
Zambia include:
 GIS (Geo
 Twitter
 Whatsapp
 Facebook
 Cell phones
2.
a) Sketch map below illustrate how Zambia is
rail-linked to the neighboring countries:
b) The importance are railways to the
countries in the sub-region include:
 Railways carry a large amount of
goods.
 Railways play an important role in
economics as it earns profit.
 It is a safer transport facility for long
distances.
 As it is a public transport, the use of
fuel (oil/electricity) per passenger is
minimum. It is quite less as compared
to individual transport.
 The connectivity of Railways to
various tourist spots gives
encouragement to tourism.
 By connecting various areas of the
country railways have made internal
trade convenient.
 Railways have increased the size of
markets. Bulky goods can easily be
transported by Railways.
3.
a) The importance of road and water
transport to the economic development of
the sub-region include:
 Roads and water are an integral part
of the transport system.
 Roads and water transport help in
increase in the demand for goods.
 Roads and water transport contribute
in growth of industries whose product
requires quick marketing.
 Roads enable the consumers to enjoy
the benefits of goods not produced
locally.
 Roads increases mobility of labor and
capital. It makes people of one place
migrate to other places in search of
jobs. Road transport system
establishes easy contact between
farms, fields, factories and markets
and provides door to door service.
b) Why countries in the sub-region are at
different levels of development of road and
water transport include:
 Other countries are landlocked while
others are not.
 Other countries like South Africa
have more economic activities which
demand the development of road and
water transport.
 Some countries do not have very little
nor no navigable rivers like Botswana.
 Different government have different
priorities in the development of road
and water transport
c) Following are the advantages of air
transport:
 High Speed: It is the fastest mode of
transport and therefore suitable for
carriage of goods over a long
distance. It require less time.
 Quick Service: Air transport provides
comfortable, efficient and quick
transport services. It is regarded as
best mode of transport for
transporting perishable goods.
 No Infrastructure Investment: Air
transport does not give emphasis on
construction of tracks like railways.
As no capital investment in surface
track is needed, it is a less costly
mode of transport.
 Easy Access: Air transport is regarded
as the only means of transport in those
areas which are not easily accessible
to other modes of transport. It is
therefore accessible to all areas
regardless the obstruction of land.
 No Physical Barrier: Air transport is
free from physical barriers because it
follows the shortest and direct routes
where seas, mountains and forests do
not obstruct.
4. ;
a)
b) Railways
- Zambia Railways Limited from Kitwe-
Ndola-New Kapiri Mposhi-Kabwe-
Lusaka-Livingstone-Zimbabwe with
services between Kitwe and Livingstone
only.
- TAZARA Railway from New Kapiri
Mposhi-Mpika-Kasama-Dar es Salaam
- Maamba Colliery Railway, Choma to
Masuka, built to carry coal.
- The Mulobezi Railway (also known as
Zambezi Sawmills Railway) is a narrow
gauge line constructed to carry timber
from Mulobezi to Livingstone.
- Rail lines are used to transport passages
and goods.
c) International airport
Zambia has an 'open skies' policy since the
state-owned national carrier failed. Before its
demise, Zambian Airways was the only
Zambia-based scheduled carrier. As of
November 2009, there are only a number of
air charter companies serving the tourism and
mining industries and government and aid
sectors, and some of these run scheduled
services from time to time.
Other international airlines These change
frequently, the main routes serviced by
international airlines are:
Lusaka to Dar es Salaam, Lilongwe, Nairobi,

Addis Ababa, Johannesburg, Dubai, London,
Paris.
Livingstone to Johannesburg
d) Although none of the major urban centres are
located on usable waterways, Zambia is a
relatively well-watered country but is mainly
flat, meaning there are many navigable rivers,
lakes and channels through swamps, which
together reach a large proportion of the rural
population. These offer a minimum-
maintenance rural transport alternative. In the
cases of Bangweulu and Mweru Wantipa in
particular, there are permanent and seasonal
fishing communities for whom the only
access is by boat or canoe.
5.
a) The importance of road and water transport
to the economic development of the sub-region
include:
 Roads and water are an integral part
of the transport system.
 Roads and water transport help in
increase in the demand for goods.
 Roads and water transport contribute
in growth of industries whose product
 Roads enable the consumers to enjoy
the benefits of goods not produced
locally.
 Roads increases mobility of labor and
capital. It makes people of one place
migrate to other places in search of
jobs. Road transport system
b) The sub-region face regarding and water
transports:
 There is less demand for use of water
transport.
 There is limited technology in the water
transport.
 There are limited harbors.
 Invasive weeds like water hyacinth
disturb navigations.
 Rivers have lot of rapids and falls which
disturbs navigation.
 Some rivers are very shallow.
 Some rivers dry up during the dry
seasons.
 The presence of wetlands like swamps
makes navigation difficult.
 Rivers hardly connects major two or
cities.
c) How to the problems of air and water transport in
the sub-region be overcame?
 The setting of harbors.
 Fighting invasive weeds
 Developing technology in the water
transport.
 River restoration in order to make rivers
navigable.
Answers to Complimentary questions on

Transport and Communication in Zambia
and sub-region
1.
a) Roads built underground are called subways.
b) Roadways are the most commonly used
means of transport especially for short
distances. They are mainly found in plain
areas. They have been built on deserts, forests
and even high mountains. They include
subways and flyovers.
c) Transport is the means by which people and
goods move. Initially people used to walk or
carry goods on animals. With passage of
time, the modes of transport such as
roadways, waterways, railways and airways;
have advanced significantly.
d) Airways are the fastest mode of transport
developed in the twentieth century. Their
main benefits are:
 Speed
 Accessibility in the most remote and
distant areas.
 Useful for relief and rescue operations
during calamities.
e) Communication is the process of conveying
messages to others.
2.
a) Airports in sub region are shown by the map
below
b) Uses of satellites include:
 Oil exploration.
 survey of forest, underground water,
mineral wealth,
 weather forecast
 and disaster warning.
c) Metalled and unmetalled.
d) Name of roads found in southern Province
include
 Bottom Road
 Livingstone Road
 Siavonga Road
3.
a) Road density is the ratio of the length of the
country's total road network to the country's
land area.
b) The hindrance in the use of water
transport in Zambia include:
 Invasive weeds like water hyacinth
disturb navigations.
 Rivers have lot of rapids and falls
which disturbs navigation.
 Some rivers like Luangwa are very
shallow.
 Some rivers dry up during the dry
seasons
 The presence of wetlands like swamps
makes navigation difficult.
 Rivers hardly connects major two or
cities.
 Rivers often pass through National
Parks which are restricted areas.
c) Western Province has a very low road density
and has no rail line, thus water transport
emerges as an important means of transport.
d) Threats to water transport network in
Zambia include:
 Deforestation which leads to splash
floods during rainy season and drying
of streams during dry seasons.
 Invasive weeds which result in
choking and blocking of rivers.
 Droughts which results in drying of
rivers due to little recharge.

4.
a) The establishment of the transports
network is considered to the precursor of
development because:
 Roads are an integral part of the
transport system.
 Transports network s help in increase
in the demand for goods.
 Transports network contribute in
growth of industries whose product
 Transports network enable the
consumers to enjoy the benefits of
goods not produced locally.
 Transports network increases mobility
of labor and capital. It makes people
of one place migrate to other places in
search of jobs. Road transport system
b) Names of airport in Zambia include:
 Kasompe Airport in Chingola
 Chipata Airport
 Milliken Airport in Kabwe
 Lukulu Airport
 Mfuwe Airport
 Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe
International Airport in Ndola
 Harry Mwanga Nkumbula
International Airport in Livingstone
c) International airplanes which lands in
Zambia:
 Airlink to Johannesburg–OR Tambo.
 Air Namibia to Windhoek–Hosea
Kutako.
 South African Airways to
Johannesburg–OR Tambo.
 Emirates to Dubai–International,
Harare.
 Kenya Airways to Nairobi–Jomo
Kenyatta
d) Disadvantages associated with Air
Transport include:
 It a costly mode of transport only the
rich can afford it.
 Flights cannot be operated in bad
weather.
 Accidents and hijacked planes have
become a serious problem these days.
5.
a) Reasons why is the road density very low
in some parts of Zambia include:
 Some regions have challenging
terrains in roads constructions like the
escapements.
 Some regions have plenty of wetlands
like swamps and flood plains which
make the constructions of roads
costly.
 Some regions have limited or little
economic development which can
fosters the developments of roads.
 Government preference in
constructing roads in areas, they want
to.
b) Boarders found in Zambia include:
 Tunduma-Nakonde border post that
links Tanzania’s town of Tunduma to
the town of Nakonde in Zambia.
 Kasumba Lesa border post which link
Zambia and Congo DR.
 Hewe-Katumbi border post and the
Kanyala-Chipita border linking
Zambia and Malawi.
 Kazungula border like Zambia and
Bostwana .
 Chavuma border post that links the
town of Chavuma in Zambia with the
town of Caripande in Angola.
c) Link Zambia 8000 a road construction and
rehabilitation project which was launched in
2011. The project would result in the
construction of around 2,290 km of roads in
the first phase estimated to cost about
US$1.5bn. The second phase would cover
3,049km of the road network worth about
US$2.2bn. The third phase involves
upgrading of 2,862km of the road network
and would cost about US$1.76bn.
d) Factors affect inland water transport
include:
 Demand
 Transport technology
 Continuity of water flow
 Width and depth river channel

6.
a) Advantages of pipelines as means of
transport include:
 They are ideally suited to transport the
liquids and gases.
 Pipelines can be laid through difficult
terrains as well as under water.
 It involves very low energy
consumption.
 It needs very little maintenance.
 Pipelines arc safe, accident-free and
environmental friendly.
b) Advantages of oceanic routes of the world
include:
 Cheap Freight: In comparison to rail,
road, and air, ocean freight rates are
more affordable and especially more
economically viable for bulkier cargo.
 Less Maintenance Cost: Maintenance
cost of water transport is quite
cheaper in comparison to maintenance
cost involved in air and rail transport.
 Best for Bulky Goods: Heavy and
bulky items of shipment can be
transported with ease through ocean
freight without incurring enormous
costs in transportation, as ocean
freight rates are cheap
 Important for Foreign Trade: While
airlines are increasingly used today
for international shipping, oceans
have been for long connecting the
global trade markets.
 Eco-friendly: Ships have a minimal
carbon footprint as they consume
lesser fuel in comparison to
aeroplanes.
 Safety: Ships are designed to carry
dangerous materials and critical
cargo safely.
 Efficiency: There is no matter the
size of your shipments, sea freight
companies can usually contain your
needs.
c) Inland waterways are a network in the form
of rivers, which can be used for transportation
in place of or in addition to roads and rails.
d) The North Atlantic route is the busiest ocean
route of the world because it includes the
Suez Canal, which connects Europe to the
Mediterranean Sea.
7.
a) Major problems of the Zambian railway
include:
 Low rail density implies that its
usages are limited to areas with rail
line.
 It is expensive to construct.
 Limited number of passer trains, the
existing passenger trains only move
on limited days.
 Delays associated with rail transport,
make people prefer other means of
transport as road and air transport.
 Outdated technology which need to be
modernized.
b) Reasons for the growth of Media and TV

include:
 The variety of electronic media forms
through which media content is made
available.
 The number of TV channels, radio
stations and print titles.
 The consumption of media content,
and the size and concentration of the
media industry.
Media plays an important role in
development communication through
circulation of knowledge, providing forum
for discussion of issues, teach ideas, skills for
a better life and create a base of consensus for
stability of the state.
c) Cyberspace is a concept describing a
widespread, interconnected digital
technology. The majority of users are in
USA UK Germany, Japan China India.
d) Indeni
8.
a) Advantages of using internet as a means of
communication include:
 One major advantage of internet
communication is the creation of new
and exciting jobs.
 The cost of internet communication is
significantly low when compared with
other means of communication like
face to face meetings and mail
delivery.
 Internet communication brings teams
together across the globe.
b) The importance of modern communication

services in the world include:
 It useful in the mitigation and
responding to natural disasters such as
floods.
 Telecommunication facilities,
especially the internet has
significantly contributed to the
development of communication
between countries in different
continents.
 The message that has to be conveyed
to the person who is far away can be
conveyed within a fraction of seconds
and that too with minimum cost.
 Economical: Communication services
help obtain information from all
markets so the producer can decide on
what and how much to produce and
where to sell.
c) Today’s world is shrinking because of the

better means of transportation and
communication. People can communicate
with anyone across the world while they are
sitting at their home and can cover the longest
distances within the shortest period of time.
This has enabled people to easily get in
contact with each other and has made the
world well-connected.
d) Different means of communication have
brought about an information revolution in
the country. Various media like radio,
television and newspapers are used to provide
information to people. This mode of
providing information is known as mass
media.
9. The modes of transport include various types of

factors or methods to transfer the goods or
product from one place to another place. The
modes are: Roadways Transportation, Railways
Transportation, Water Transportation, Air
Transportation.Pipelines Transportation. As
discussed in details below:
Roads
A road is an identifiable route way or path
between two or more places. This mode of
transport helps to transfer the goods from one
place to another place by road through various
methods like auto, buses, trucks, cargos, and
other suitable factors.
Advantages of Road Transport:
- It is very flexible in nature.

- It helps to facilitate the movement of
goods even in remote areas.
- It provides alternatives in the form of car,
rickshaw, auto, cars, bus, trucks, and so
on.
- It is good for transporting perishable
products.
- It requires low capital investments.
- It is very suitable for a short distance
journey.
Disadvantages of Road Transport:
- It is not suited for long distance as it is

not economical.
- Goods can be destroyed/damage due to
specks of dust and pollutions.
- Accidents and Breakdowns.
Railways Transportation:
It is a means of transport in which the
goods are transferred from one place to
another place and as well as transfers the
passenger from one place to another
destination. Invariance to road transport,
where vehicles run on a flat road or
surface, rail vehicles are directionally
managed by the rail tracks on which they
run.
Advantages of Railways
Transportation:
- It is economical for long distances

because it can easily cover all area of
states and cities.
- This means of transport is very faster
than roadways in some countries.
- Most suitable for carrying a bulky amount
of goods and products.
- It provides proper protection from
exposure to sun and dust pollutions.
- It is the very safest means of transport.
Disadvantages of Railways
Transportation:
- Huge capital required for construction

maintenance.
- It is not suitable for hilly areas.
- It is not flexible in nature.
- The cost and time of terminal operations
are the major disadvantages of rail
transport.
- Monopoly in nature.
- It consists much time for booking of
goods through the comparison of road
transport.
Water Transportation:
It involves the movement of goods
through oceans and seas. It can be
categorized into three several categories:-
Aqueducts, which includes tunnels and
canals.
Containers like tank car, tank ship, and
tank truck.
Towing, it is very useful to pull a large
water bag or an iceberg.
In water transport, the weights of goods
are very large in comparison to other
means of transports. It plays a very
crucial role in the development of exports
and imports of goods in the different parts
of the world.
Advantages of Water Transportation:
- It is the very cheapest or easiest means of

transportation.
- Goods in bulk are transported.
- It promotes foreign or international trade.
- It can easily carry a huge quantity of
goods such as timber and coal.
- In comparison to other transport, the risks
capacity is very low.
Disadvantages of Water
Transportation:
- One of the drawbacks is there is a delay

in the movement of goods from one place
to another.
- Performance is affected by seasonal
variations.
- It can be used in a limited area of
operations because it can only run on seas
or oceans.
- Water transport is very unsuitable for
small businesses because it carries a small
number of goods.
Air Transportation:
The distinct advantage of air transport is
speed and suitability. It is very useful for
less working goods with a high value of
the price. Air transport is also known as
aviation.
Advantages of Air Transportation:
- Fastest means of transportation.

- Useful moving the goods in the amount of
bulk.
- Each and every area of accessible.
- Vital for national security and defense.
- Very useful in earthquakes and other
floods.
- It provides an efficient, regular, and quick
service.
- It is very suitable for emergency services.
Disadvantages of Air Transportation:
- The large capital investment needed.

- Not suitable for working goods.
- May be affected by rains.
- Risks of accidents are highest.
- This mode of transport requires a
specialized skill and a high degree of
training for its working operations.
Pipelines Transportation:
Pipelines transportation is used for
sending the liquids and gases from one
place to another place. Through this
means of transport, we can also send
chemicals, biofuels, and natural gases.
Advantages of Pipelines
Transportation:
- They are very flexible in transporting

liquids and gases.
- It consumes low energy power.
- It needs a limited area of maintenance.
- Pipelines are very safe and accident-free
transport.
Disadvantages of Pipelines
Transportation:
- It is not flexible in nature.

- It is restricted in a limited area of work.
- Difficult to make security arrangements
for this transport.
10.
a) The important routes in sub region are
1. Benguela railway through Angola to
Katanga Zambia copper belt
2. Tanzania Railway from the Zambian
copper belt to Dar-Es Salam on the coast
3. The railway through Botswana and
Zimbabwe linking the landlocked states to the
b) Republic of South Africa
c) measures to overcome urban transport system
include:
 Higher parking fee.
 Mass rapid Transit.
 Improved public services
 Promoting metro trains
11.
a) The main advantages of containerization

are:
 Standardization. Standard transport
product that can be handled anywhere
in the world (ISO standard) through
specialized modes (ships, trucks,
barges, and wagons) and equipment.
Each container has a unique
identification number and a size type
code.
 Flexibility. It can be used to carry a
wide variety of goods such as
commodities (coal, wheat),
manufactured goods, cars, and
refrigerated (perishable) goods.
 Costs. Lower transport costs due to
the advantages of standardization.
 Containerships are faster than regular
freighter ships.
 Warehousing. The container is its own
warehouse, protecting the cargo it
contains.
 Security and safety. The contents of
the container are unknown to carriers
since it can only be opened at the
origin (seller/shipper), at customs and
at the destination (buyer). This
implies reduced spoilage and losses
(theft).
b) Liners are ship primary meant to carry
passengers while cargoes are ship primary
meant to carry cargoes.
c) Elucidation to the statement- “In a well
managed transport system, various modes
complement each other.”
 Roads transport is cheaper and faster
over shorter distances and for door –
to- door services.
 Railways are most suited for large
volumes of bulky materials over long
distances within a country.
 High value, light and perishable goods
are best moved by airways.
 Oceans transport is cheaper means of
haulage of bulky material over long
distances from continent to another.
 Pipelines are used extensively to
transport liquids and gases for an
uninterrupted flow.
12.
a) A global computer network providing a
variety of information and communication
facilities, consisting of interconnected
networks using standardized communication
protocols.
b) Reuters
c) Advantages of human porterage
 Could be the only means of transport
available.
 Compliments other means of transport.
 Flexible as it has no fixed time table or
routes.
 May be a cheap means compared to other
means of transport.
 Readily available when required.
 Convenient over short distances
d) Disadvantages of human Porterage.

 Not suitable for long distances.
 They add onto congestion on roads.
 Not suitable for transporting heavy and
bulky goods.
 It is relatively slow.
 Relies on human energy which is
exhaustible
Mining in Zambia and
sub- region
(Zimbabwe, Angola
and South Africa)
EZC QUESTIONS on Mining in Zambia and

sub- region (Zimbabwe, Angola and South
Africa)
1. With reference to the mining industry in South
Africa:
a)
i. Name two gold mining centres [1]
ii. Explain why gold mining is located
there. [4]
b) What is the importance of gold mining to the
country? [4]
c) What are the environmental problems
associated with gold mining? [4]
2. Regarding mining in Zambia
a)
i. Name two minerals and one place
where each is mined. [2]
ii. What factors influence large scale
production of mineral production [2]
b) What are the social and economic benefits
that have been brought about by mining? [4]
c) What problems have been brought about by
mining? [4]
3.
a) Explain the changes that diamond mining has
brought to South Africa. [8]
b) How has diamond mining impacted
negatively on the social and economic lifer of
South Africans? [4]
4.
a)
i. Name two minerals mined in
Zimbabwe [1]
ii. Describe the importance of mineral
processing to Zimbabwe. [5]
b) Discuss the impact of mining on the
environment. [6]
5. Write a geographical account of gold mining in

South Africa under the following sub-headings:
a) Mining areas. [2]
b) Uses. [2]
c) Factors that have favoured gold mining. [4]
d) Problems associated with gold mining. [4]
6. Regarding mining in Zambia:

a) Explain how recent investments have brought
new life to the mining industry. [6]
b) What environmental problems have been
caused by
i. Opencast mining?
ii. Metal smelting? [6]
7.
a) Describe four problems faced by Maamba
Coal Mine which have affected production at
the mine in the recent years. [4]
b) What problems are miners who are working
for the newly opened of North-Western
Province facing? [4]
c) What is the role played by the Zambia
Environmental Management Agency
formerly Environmental Council of Zambia
in the mining sector? [4]
8.
a) Describe the stages involved in coal
production. [6]
b)
i. What advantages has coal mining
brought to the local area?
ii. Why is coal mined in Zambia of
limited usage? [6]
9. Regarding mining on the Copperbelt:

a)
i. Name two underground mines. [2]
ii. Name two by-product of copper
processing. [2]
b) Explain how copper mining has contributed
to the development of Zambia. [4]
c) Describe the problems faced by the mining in
Zambia since 1990. [4]
10. With reference to petroleum mining in Angola
a) Name petroleum producing areas. [1]
b) Describe how petroleum is refined. [5]
c) What are environmental effects of the use of
petroleum products? [6]
Complementary questions on Mining in
Zambia and sub- region (Zimbabwe,
Angola and South Africa)
1.
i. Mineral ore [1]
ii. Gangue [1]
iii. Beneficiation [1]
iv. Petroleum [1]
b) Writes brief notes on each of the following
stages of mining
i. Prospecting
ii. Exploration
iii. Development
iv. Exploitation /Production
v. Reclamation [2×4]
2. Regarding mining in Angola

a) Angola became a member of OPEC in 2007.
What do the acronym OPEC stand for? [2]
b) Explain how oil mining negatively affects the
socio and economic aspect. [4]
c) Name mafia mining group. [1]
d) Apart from its use as a fuel what are other the
uses of petroleum. [5]
3. Regarding coal mining

a) Apart from its use as a fuel what are the other
uses of coal? [4]
b) What are the environmental effects of mining
of its mining? [4]
c) Name the disease which is specifically
brought its mining. [1]
d) Describe with drawn illustration on the
occurrence of coal. [3]
4.
a) What are the factors which influence the
exploitation of minerals? [4]
b) Explain why nearly all of Angola’s oil
production is exported? [2]
c) Name two countries where Angola exports its
oil. [2]
d) Name two petroleum refining operations in
Angola. [2]
e) Describe how oil is mined. [2]
5.
a) Mention two methods of mining diamond [2]
b) Where is diamond mined in South Africa [2]
c) Mention four uses of diamond [2]
d) Describe how diamond is processed [6]
Answers to EZC question on Mining in
Zambia and sub- region (Zimbabwe,
Angola and South Africa)
1.
a)
i. Witwatersrand Gold Rush, Ogendaalrus,
and Lydenburg.
ii. The
 The occurrence of gold reserves
at those areas.
 The availability of machinery
and technology to mine the
mineral
and general human labour.
 The availability of the needed
capital to open and undertake the
mining operations
b) The importance of gold mining to the

country include:
 Earns the country foreign exchange used
to pay of country’s debts.
 Offers employment to many thus rising
their standard of living
 Has led to widespread urbanization
contributing to the formation of
Witwatersrand conurbation
 Has created broad market for other
industries like engineering, construction,
apparel etc.
 Has led to the development of agriculture.
 Has led to the improvement of
infrastructure e.g. roads, schools, clinic
etc.
c) The environmental problems associated with

gold mining include:
 Leeds to pollution e.g. water, land and air
pollution.
 Results in soil degradation through
erosion, pollution and vegetation
removal.
 Occupationally result in subsidence
(Sinking of the ground following the
removal of mineral matter from the rock
beneath).
 Displacement of wildlife
2.
a)
i. Copper in Napundwe, Coal in
Sinazongwe District.
ii. Factors influence large scale
production of mineral production
include:
 The abundance of mineral ore.
 The ready market for the given mineral.
 The available technology and machinery to mine
the mineral ore.
b) Social and economic benefits brought by
mining include:
 Infrastructure development like roads, clinic,
schools done by the mining firms.
 Provide employment to the locals and thus
improving standard of living.
 Leeds to the agglomeration which in turn result
into formation of other industries
 Market creation for other industries and business.
c) Problems brought by mining include:

 Creation of mafia groups like the Jerabos in
Copperbelt.
 Huge usage of electricity, (more than 30
percentage of generated power is used to run
the mines.
 Result into huge environmental burden like
pollution, erosion, and deforestation.
 Mines increasing the risk of health hazards to
the local residents through pollution.
 Mining areas tend to increase sexual activities
as many women find it to be a stable source
of income.
3.
a) Changes that diamond mining has brought to
South Africa include:
 Has raised the standard of living for
thousands of people through employment.
 Led to the agglomeration which in turn result
into formation of other industries
 Has led to the growth of urban centers like
Pretoria and Cape Town.
 It prompted migration of people from rural
areas to urban areas.
 It turned a largely pastoral economy into an
industrial one.
 It led to the establishment of Kimberley and
Johannesburg and other towns.
b) Social and economic negative impact of diamond

mining include:
 It has brought political hostility
 It led to the increase of respiratory
diseases and HIV/AIDS in the mining
towns.
 The shedding of mining workers which
led some jobless.
 Overtaking of those means of earning
foreign exchange like agriculture
4.
a)
i. Coal, coal, copper, gold, nickel, and iron
ore
ii. The importance of mineral process to
Zimbabwe
 Processed minerals when processed by
leaching or smelting the consumption of
energy is less.
 If an ore contain more than one valuable
mineral objective of the mineral processing is
to separate the minerals or it help in
separating impurities.
 Mineral processing reduces not only reduces
the smelters
 Energy cost but also smelters metal loss due
to less metal bearing slag.
 Freight cost is saved since we don't have to
transport the rejected materials.
b) Environmental effects of mining include
 Leads to pollution e.g. water, land and air
pollution.
 Results in soil degradation through erosion,
pollution and vegetation removal.
 Occasionally result in subsidence (Sinking of
the ground following the removal of mineral
matter from the rock beneath).
 Displacement of wildlife
c)
 Expensive to mine for lying deeply
 Large capitals required to start a mine
 Complications in the mine by folds and
faults in the crust
 Low gold content in the ore
 Problem of removal of underground
water
 Lack of adequate supply of fresh water
on surface in mining areas
 Accidents resulting from the collapse of
the mine roof.
5.
a) Witwatersrand Gold Rush, Ogendaalrus, and
Lydenburg.
b) Uses of gold include:
 Dentistry: Gold has been used in dentistry to
cavities and rotten teeth be filled with gold
leaf.
 Conducting: Gold acts as a reliable
conductor, allowing for the rapid and accurate
transmission of digital data from one device
to another since gold will not corrode.
 Electronics: A small amount of gold can be
found in almost every electronic device such
as phones, calculators and computers.
 Medicine: Gold salts are used to reduce
swelling, bone damage and to relieve joint
pain and stiffness.
 Jewelry: Gold has always had a powerful
allure and remains a popular gift in the form
of jewelry.
 Currency: Gold is one of the only currencies
that has an intrinsic value.
c) Factors that have favoured gold mining.
 The occurrence of gold reserves
at those areas.
 The availability of machinery
and technology to mine the
mineral
and general human labour.
 The availability of the needed
capital to open and undertake the
mining operations
d) Problems associated with gold mining:
 Death and injury within mines due to
accidents from explosions, fires and caving-
inns.
 Even though mining companies provide
employments, jobs are very fragile.
 Increased the spread of HIV/AIDS among the
mining communities.
 The establishments of mining operation
sometimes results into the displacements of
native settlers.
6.
a) Recent investments have brought new life to
the mining industry:
 New mineral deposits have been
discovered.
 Increased the mining yields.
 Establishments of news mines like
Lumwana.
 Increased efficiency in the mining the
process.
b) Environmental problems have been caused by

i. Opencast mining
 Landslides
 Soil erosions.
 Deforestation
ii. Metal smelting

 Higher energy consumption.
 Point source pollution.
 Accidents which harm people
7.
a) Four problems faced by Maamba Coal Mine
which have affected production at the mine in
the recent years include:
 High electricity charges.
 Environmental regulations pressure from
government agencies and non-
government organization.
 Fluacturing prices of coal at the world
level.
 High transportation cost of the coal to the
market.
b) Problems are miners who are working for the
newly opened of North-Western Province
facing include:
 Fragility of their jobs.
 Higher prices of commodity within the
mining community.
 Health risks contributed by the mine e.g.
pollution, accidents, etc.
 High prevalence of HIV/AIDS within the
mining community.
c) The roles played by the Zambia
Environmental Management Agency formerly
Environmental Council of Zambia in the
mining sector.
 Settling environmental standards which
need to be adhered during mining.
 Ensuring that environmental standards
are adhered to by the mining firm.
 Penalizing mining firms which do not
adhere to the environmental standards set.
 Issuing of mining permit with regard
environment.
8.
a)
The unit processes in coal preparation plants vary,
but the following sequence of steps is typical.
 Crushing and breaking. Run-of-mine coal
must be crushed to an acceptable top size
for treatment in the preparation plant.
 Sizing. Different cleaning processes are
used on different sizes of coal.
 Storage and stockpiling. Coal is stored in
silos or stockpiled before and after
cleaning.
 Density separation. Raw coal consists of
organic and mineral matter components,
with specific gravities ranging from 1.30
for the lighter organic material to 2.5 for
rock. Coal is cleaned by separating the
lower-density organic material from the
higher-density refuse.
 Froth flotation. Fine coal particles (i.e.,
smaller than 0.5 mm) are difficult to
separate from mineral matter on a density
basis and this fraction usually is cleaned
by froth flotation
b)
Advantages has coal mining brought to the
local area include:
Creation of jobs: Mining companies employ a
number of workers both skilled and unskilled
workers.
b) Income generation: mining nations generate
income through taxation and collection of
revenue from mining fames.
c) Industrialization: Mining results into the
creation of auxially industries, instrufracture,
roads and new technology.
Why is coal mined in Zambia of limited usage:
 There is little demand for the coal locally.
 There is high demand coal by industries
countries like Japan.
 Hydro-power generation consist of major
fraction electricity generated, thus only
miniature of coal is used in generating
thermal electricity.
9.
a)
i. Mopani Copper Kitwe and Lumwana
Copper mine in Solwezi.
ii. By-products generated in the process are
sulfur dioxide and slag.
b) how copper mining has contributed to the
development of Zambia:
 Creation of jobs: Mining companies
employ a number of workers both skilled
and unskilled workers.
 Income generation: mining nations
generate income through taxation and
collection of revenue from mining firms.
 Industrialization: Mining results into the
creation of auxially industries,
instrufracture, roads and new technology.
 Foreign relations: Ties are created as
mining nations begin to trade with other
nations.
c) The problems faced by the mining in Zambia
since 1990 include:
 Volatility of commodity prices: Volatile
commodity prices make it extremely
difficult for companies to plan income
and therefore expenditure.
 Health and Safety: Mining is a dangerous
profession. The traditional occupational
hazards such as coal dust inhalation,
damage to hearing due to the noise in a
mine and chemical hazards still stand but
the changing nature of mining has led to a
raft of new issues.
 Environmental footprint: Miners are now
looking at ways to reduce their
environmental impact more than ever.
 High energy tariffs.
10.
a) Cabinda and deepwater fields.

b) the basic functions of the refinery can be broken
down into three categories of chemical processes:
volatility. This is the first and most basic
step in the refining process, and is the
precursor to cracking and reforming.
achieve desired physical properties (and
also to increase the market value of those
chemicals).
c) Environmental effects of the use of petroleum
products:
 The burning of petroleum product
contributes to air pollution.
 Transporting oil through tankers results
into oils spills in the seas and ocean.
 The transporting of oil through pipeline
causes land pollution as the pipes leaks.
 The burning of petroleum products
increase the amount of greenhouses
gases.
 Some petroleum products like PVC are
non-biodegrable.
 Petroleum products like the CFCs destroy
the ozone layer.
e)
Answers to questions on Mining in Zambia
and sub- region (Zimbabwe, Angola and
South Africa)
11.
a) Definitions
i. Ore is natural rock or sediment that
contains desirable minerals, typically
metals, that can be extracted from it.
ii. The gangue is a commercially valueless
material in which ore is found.
iii. Beneficiation is any process that
improves (benefits) the economic value of
the ore by removing the gangue minerals,
which results in a higher grade product
(concentrate) and a waste stream
(tailings).
iv. Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid
found beneath the earth's surface that can
be refined into fuel.
b) Stages of mining
i. Prospecting/Surveying
The first stage in the mining process calls
for skilled workers to apply their
geological knowledge in identifying areas
where a particular ore can be found.
There are two methods workers and
machines can employ during this stage:
Direct Method which Focuses solely on
the examination of deposits found on or
near the surface. Indirect Method which
applied on deposits found deeper in the
land.
ii. Exploration
In the second stage of mining, core
samples are collected for the purpose of
evaluating the grade and weight of
deposits. Diamond drills are used to
obtain samples. Once the reserve
estimation—meaning, the value of the
deposit—is determined, a feasibility study
must then be conducted to help determine
whether to abandon or develop the
deposit.
iii. Development
This stage of the mining process requires
establishing a path to the mineral deposit.
That path, however, requires more than
excavation. In order to even begin work,
mining rights must be acquired, access
roads must be constructed to help workers
navigate the site, and a power source must
be established.
iv. Production
Once these elements are obtained, the physical

mining process—or, the first step of
production—begins. The mining process can be
broken down into two categories:
Surface Mining
Workers begin by striping the overburden, which
is rock, soil, and ecosystem that lies above the
surface.
Underground mining
The digging of tunnels and sink shafts when the

ore—or mineral deposit—is below the surface.
v. Closure/Reclamation
Once the ore has been processed and shipped

away for sale, the final step of the mining process
begins. The land which was used to obtain these
resources must be rehabilitated as much as
possible. The objectives of this process include:
 Minimizing environmental effects

 ensuring public health and safety
 preserving water quality
 establishing new landforms and
vegetation
 Removing waste and hazardous
material.
 stabilizing land to protect against
erosion
12.
a) The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries.
b) How oil mining negatively affects the socio
and economic aspect.
 Increase health risk through pollution
and accidents.
 Results into displacement of native
habitants to pave way for the
establishments of the mine.
 Oil mining jobs are fragile.
 Prices of commodities usually goes
high in the mining communities.
c) Garimpeiros
d) Uses of petroleum
 Diesel and gasoline are used in gas
turbines to produce electricity.
 Heavier oils are used in central
heating plants for shops, offices as
well as homes.
 Lubricants are very useful for all
types of machines especially for the
machines used in transport and
industries.
 Both petro-chemical and chemical
industries use petroleum by-products
as raw material. Petro-products are
used to produce: chemical fertiliser,
synthetic fiber, synthetic rubber,
nylon, plastics, pesti-cides and
insecticides, perfumes, dyes, paints,
carbon black and sulphur, etc.
e)
13. L
a) The most significant uses of coal are in
electricity generation, steel production,
cement manufacturing and as a liquid fuel.
b) Environmental effects of mining of its
mining include:
 Subsidence: Sinking of the ground
following the removal of mineral
matter from the rock beneath.
 Soil Degradation: Soil must be
removed and stored properly or it can
be depleted of nutrients when it is
reclaimed.
 Underground Mine Fires: Fires in
underground coal seams are one of the
most serious environmental
consequences of coal mining.
 Water Contamination: The chemicals
and toxins released seep into nearby
water supplies and pollute it.
c) Black lung disease.

d) Coal is found in beds or seams interstratified
with shales, clays, sandstones, or (rarely)
limestones. It is usually underlaid by an
underclay (a layer of clay containing roots of
plants). The coal is removed by strip (surface)
mining or underground mining methods (see
coal mining )
14.
a) The factors which influence the exploitation
of minerals:
 The occurrence of mineral reserves.
 The availability of machinery and
technology to mine the mineral.
 The availability of skilled labour and
general human labour.
 The availability of the needed capital
to open and undertake the mining
operations
b) Because Angola’s domestic refining capacity
is limited.
c) Brazil, Japan, China, and South Korea.
d) Luanda refinery and Malongo refinery.
e) An oil well is a boring in the Earth that is
designed to bring petroleum oil hydrocarbons
to the surface. Usually some natural gas is
released as associated petroleum gas along
with the oil. A well that is designed to
produce only gas may be termed a gas well.
15.
a) There are three main types of diamond
mining:
 Pipe mining (primary deposits)
consisting of open-pit mining and
underground mining;
 Alluvial mining (secondary deposits);
 Marine mining.
b) Gauteng province of South Africa
c) Uses of diamond include:
 Diamonds have potential health
benefits.
 Used to engrave hard stone like
granite and quartz because diamonds
will not break or even scratch.
 Industrial-grade diamonds are
believed to enhance the performance
of high-quality speakers, improving
sound quality.
 Diamond has always had a powerful
allure and remains a popular gift in
the form of jewelry.
d) Here are the main steps in processing
diamond ore:
1- Crushing: This process reduces large run-
of-mine lumps into smaller pieces,
making them easier to handle, and
releases or liberates the diamonds to be
recovered in subsequent steps.
2- Screening: Ore is sized using vibrating
screens after each crushing stage.
3- Scrubbing: Scrubbing is used to wash and
break down clay lumps present in the ore.
4- Concentration: The heavy minerals,
including diamonds, are separated from
waste material based on their density
differences in a dense media separation
process.
5- Collection: Finally, in the last step, the
diamonds are recovered in various ways:
On belts or vibrating tables coated with a
specially formulated grease that only the
diamonds stick to. The grease is melted
and the raw diamonds recovered.
By x-ray sorting, which identifies
diamonds as they fluoresce or by their
atomic mass.
Wildlife and
Tourism
EZC questions on wildlife and tourism
1.
a)
i. Draw the sketch map of Zambia and on it
mark the Kafue National park? [2]
ii. Explain why Kafue National park has
variety of wildlife [4]
b) What is the difference between Game
Reserve and National Park? [2]
c) What is game cropping and why is it
necessary? [4]
2.
a) Giving an example of each, state the type of
wildlife found in Zambia [4]
b) Explain why wildlife should be preserved in
Zambia. [4]
c) What measures have been put in place to
conserve wildlife in Zambia? [4]
3.
a) With specific reference to the Zambian
tourism industry:
i. Describe how annual traditional
ceremonies are a source of revenue
and pride. [4]
ii. Explain the types of infrastructure that
have recently been developed or
improved in order to support the
tourism industry. [4]
b) With reference to Sumbu National park,
describe the problems affecting tourism there.
[4]
4. Study the map below
a) Name, in the spaces provide below the map

i. National Park A [1]
ii. The traditional ceremony that takes
place at B [1]
b) Explain the problems associated with the
development of the national park C on the
map [4]
c) What steps has the government taken to
develop the tourism industry in the recent
years? [6]
5.
a) Describe the tourist attraction of the northern
part of the country. [4]
b) The tourism industry has experienced decline
in the recent years: explain:
i. Factors that have led to the decline.[4]
ii. The consequence brought by this
decline. [4]
6.
a) Why is it important for Zambia to preserve
wildlife? [6]
b) What factors have hindered the growth of the
wildlife in Zambia? [6]
7. With reference to tourism in Zambia, write

brief notes on the following:
a) Tourist attraction in the Copperbelt [3]
b) Traditional ceremonies [3]
c) Government measures to conserve wildlife.
[3]
d) The Livingstone Museum [3]
8.
a)
i. What tourist attractions have Zambia not
fully developed or utilized? [4]
ii. Explain the difference between game parks
and game reserves. [3]
b) What is the Government of Zambia doing
promote the tourism industry. [5]
9. With reference to tourism in Eastern province
a)
i. Describe two tourist attractions other
than national parks. [2]
ii. Name four countries from which
intentional tourist come. [2]
b) Describe how the Luangwa National Parks
have contributed of the tourism industry in
the province. [4]
c) What factors have limited the growth of the
tourism industry in the province [4]
Complementary questions on wildlife and
tourism
1.
a) Mention any four wild cats found in South
Luangwa National Park? [2]
b) Differentiate a game ranch from and game
reserve? [2]
c) Name any four game ranch found in Zambia
[2]
d) Mention any three game reserves found in
Zambia. [3]
e) Explain the importance of game reserve in
the stewardship of wildlife. [3]
2.
a) Discuss the potential of the tourism industry
in Monze District? [4]
b) In which Province do you find Ingombe Ilede
an archeological site? [1]
c) Name three museums found in Southern
Province of Zambia [3]
d) What are some of the drawbacks with
traditional ceremonies regarding the tourism
industry [3]
3.
a) Explain why it is important for geography
pupils to learn about tourism. [2]
b) Tourism is one of the fastest growing
industries in the world. Give reasons for this
trend. [6]
c) In what ways does the tourism industry
negatively affect the environment? [2]
d) In what ways does the tourism industry
positively affect the environment? [2]
4.
a) What is the technical term used to refer to
i) Plants or vegetation [1]
ii) Wild animals [1]
b) Regarding North Western province
i. Mention any four tourist attraction [2]
ii. Discuss the challenges faced by the
tourism industry [4]
iii. Discuss the negative economic effects
of tourism. [4]
5.
i. Dark Tourism [1]
ii. Recreation [1]
iii. Site [1]
iv. Destination [1]
b) Regarding tourism industry in Lusaka
province:
i. Name one traditional ceremony [1]
ii. Name two historical sites [1]
iii. Name two archeological sites [1]
iv. Name two national parks [1]
c) What are the factors which favours the
tourism industry in Lusaka Province [4]
6.
a) What are National Parks? Give Examples
of national parks found in Eastern
province. [3]
b) What is poaching? [1]
c) Which government department is
mandated to ensure that poaching does
not prevail in the Lower Zambezi national
Park? [1]
d) What are endangered species? [1]
e) Mention any two animals which are
regarded as the endangered species in
Zambia [2]
f) Apart from the Lower Zambezi National
Park, name any other two tourist
attractions found in the Chirundu District.
[2]
7.
a) What is Mass Tourism? [2]
b) What are the advantages of mass tourism? [4]
c) What are the Disadvantages of Mass
Tourism? [6]
8.
i. Extreme Tourism
ii. Black Tourism
b) Explain why a museum is not regarded as a
historical site. [2]
c) Mention any historical sites and two
archeological sites in either Muchinga or
Northern Provinces. [2]
d) In what ways does traditional culture
contributes to the growth of the tourism
industry [4]
e) Discuss the negative impact of tourism on
culture [4]
9. With reference to tourism in Zambia
a) Explain why the designation of Livingstone
as a tourist is an ideal choice. [3]
b) Challenges faced by the tourism industry [3]
c) Factors which favors tourism industry. [3]
d) In what ways is the sub-region a drawback to
the tourism industry? [3]
10.
a) Explain how invasive weeds are a drawback
to the tourism industry. [3]
b) Name two national parks found in Western
Province. [2]
c) Explain why national parks in Western
Province receive little number of tourists. [4]
d) In what ways is climate change negatively
affecting tourism in Western? [3]
Multiple choice questions

1. What is a tourist?
a) A person who travels just for business.
b) Someone who visits a place far away
from their home for more than a month.
c) Someone who travels away from their
home for pleasure
2. Which of the following is a reason for increasing
numbers of tourists?
a) Fewer paid holidays
b) Cheaper flights
c) People working longer hours
3. In recent years where has tourism grown most
rapidly?
a) Asia
b) North America
c) Europe
4. Which of the following is a benefit of tourism?
a) Changing culture and traditions
b) Tourist money used to look after historic
buildings
c) Habitats destroyed
5. Which of the following is a negative impact of
tourism?
a) New jobs are created
b) Local goods become too expensive for
local people
c) New facilities are built
6. Why can it be a problem if a country relies
heavily on tourism?
a) Because tourists are badly behaved
b) Because tourists bring lots of money in
with them
c) Because tourists might stop coming and
the country will have no other source of
income
7. How might the natural environment be damaged
by tourism?
a) Footpath erosion
b) Litter
c) Both footpath erosion and litter
8. Which of the following is an aim of national
parks in the Zambia?
a) To provide parks solely for the use of
tourists
b) To promote the public's enjoyment of the
area
c) To preserve the area exactly as it is
9. What do conservationists want to do in national
parks?
a) Improve parking facilities
b) Provide more affordable housing for
locals
c) Protect wildlife
10. Which of the following is a good way of
reducing footpath erosion in national parks?
a) Close the park to all visitors
b) Stop locals from using the footpath
c) Close the footpath temporarily and allow
it to recover
11. Eco-Tourism is a
a) Responsible Tourism
b) Ethnic Tourism
c) volunteer Tourism
12. If a job only lasts while tourists are there, it is
called what?
a) Fractional
b) Partial
c) Seasonal
13. Which of these statements is true?
a) A job in tourism is a job for life
b) All money from tourism goes to local
people
c) Local people may benefit from tourist
facilities
d) Tourism does not affect the environment
14. A trip to a faraway place is usually called what?
a) Distant slog
b) Extended trek
c) Long haul
d) Mile muncher
15. A holiday to experience the customs of another
country is described how?
a) Cultural
b) Political
c) Practical
d) Topical
16. What type of tourism is presented in images
a) Dark tourism
b) Ecotourism
c) Boat tourism
d) Built facilities
17. Select the positive sociocultural impacts of
tourism?
a) The preservation and transmission of cultural
and historical traditions, which often
contributes to the conservation and
sustainable management of natural resources,
the protection of local heritage and a
renaissance of indigenous cultures, cultural
arts and crafts.
b) Destinations risk standardization in the
process of satisfying tourists desires. This
suggests that locals cater the landscape,
accommodation, food and drinks... to meet
tourists' desires for the new and unfamiliar.
c) Travelling brings people from different
cultures into contact with each other.
Travelling and inherently, tourism can foster
cultural exchanges between hosts and
tourists.
18. Select the main reasons for why tourism has
increased since the 1950s.
a) Greater awareness (through advertising)
b) More car ownership (more families own a
car)
c) More affluence (people have become more
wealthy / more disposable income)
Answers to EZC questions on Wildlife and
Tourism
1.
a)
ii. Reasons why Kafue National park has

variety of wildlife include:
 The large area in which a large
population of wildlife fits in
 The presence of wetlands, streams and
the Kafue River is drain the park.
 The availability of pasture for
herbivores.
 Government policies and measures
which ensure the protection of
wildlife.
b) A game reserve is habitat for wildlife in
which people are allowed to settle while a
national park is a habitat for wildlife in which
people are not allowed to settle.
c) Importance of game cropping
 Either as a management technique to
prevent the animals from overpopulating.
 Game animals are exploited for food and
in rural communities; they constitute the
major or only source of animal protein
available to the rural populate.
 It could also be done for income
generation.
2.
a) Types of wildlife include
 Cats e.g. lions, leopards etc.
 Hyaenidae e.g hyenas,
 Birds e.g. owe, hulk, eagle
 Reptiles e.g. crocodiles, snakes
b) Why wildlife should be preserved:
 Promote Biodiversity which is
essential for a healthy and functional
ecosystem.
 Wildlife is beneficial for humans as it
provide food, medicine etc.
 Wildlife can be source of income
generation for the nature through
tourism.
 Promotes pollination and continuity of
native plant species.
 Can enhance food security
 Wildlife has helped create thousands
of jobs both directly and indirectly.
c) Measures have been put in place to
conserve wildlife in Zambia include:
 The designation of certain region as
national parks and game reserve.
 The establishment of the Zambia
Wildlife authority which mandated for
the stewardship of wildlife.
 The enacting of laws and policies
which ensures the protection of
wildlife.
3.
a) How annual traditional ceremonies are a
source of revenue and pride:
 Tradition contributes a sense of comfort
and belonging. It brings families together
and enables people to reconnect with
friends.
 Traditional ceremonies are important for
the perseverance of culture.
 There is market boom during occurrence
of the traditional ceremonies hence
people generate income through trade
 Traditional ceremonies are a source of
tourist attraction
b) The types of infrastructure that have
recently been developed or improved in
order to support the tourism industry
include:
 Roads which lead to particular tourist
attritions, for example the road leading
Ingombe Ilede have been improved.
 The upgrading of the Kenneth Kaunda
International airport.
 Shopping malls which provide various
services to the tourists.
 New lodges and hotels close the tourist
attraction.
c) Problems affecting the Sumbu National
Park include:
 Poaching of large mammals like
antelopes.
 Illegal settlement of people in the park
of which they disturb wildlife.
 Late bush fires which destroy
vegetations which is pasture and
habitat for wildlife.
 Droughts which results into the drying
of streams and wetlands.
4.
a)
i. Kafue National Park
ii. Likumbi Liamizi
b) The problems associated with the
development of the national park C.
 Lack of tarred road leading to Itezi-Tezi
Town.
 Limited number of accommodation
facilities like lodges.
 The decline in the population of some
wildlife due to poaching
 Illegal settlement of people in the park of
which they disturb wildlife.
c) Steps has the government taken to develop
the tourism industry in the recent years
o The upgrading to the road leading to
Itezi-Tezi District.
o The relocation of people who settle in the
park.
o The stiffing of laws against poaching
o The integration of new technology such
as GIS in the management of the park
5.
a) The tourist attraction of the northern part
of the country include:
o National parks like the Luvi Manda,
Mweru Wantipa National Parks
o Historical sites like the Niomokolo
church
o Archeological sites like the Nachifuku
caves.
o Waterfalls like the Kalambo falls.
b)
i. Factors that have led to the decline
 Competition within the region
 Recent rise violence
 Depreciation of kwacha
currency
 Poaching of which has led to
reduction of some wild
animals
 The pulling out of some
investors has led to poor
provision of tourism services
ii. The consequence brought by this

decline include:
 Loss of jobs to people who
worked in tourist related
industries that closed.
 Loss of revenue by the
government from taxes and
loyalties
 Some places are
underdeveloped because they
have been neglected.
 Loss of market to those who
sell products mostly meant for
tourists like articrafts.
6.
a)
Why is it important for Zambia to
preserve wildlife?
 Promote Biodiversity which is
essential for a healthy and functional
ecosystem.
 Wildlife is beneficial for humans as it
provide food, medicine etc.
 Wildlife can be source of income
generation for the nature through
tourism.
 Promotes pollination and continuity of
native plant species.
 Can enhance food security
 Wildlife has helped create thousands
of jobs both directly and indirectly.
b) Factors have hindered the growth of the
wildlife in Zambia:
 Remote location of some tourism
attraction sites.
 Poor roads leading to some tourist
attractions.
 Lack of proper accommodation
facilities at some tourist attraction.
 Lack of airports or airstrip within
some towns with tourist attraction.
 Competition within the region
 The uneven distribution of tourist
attractions.
 Lack of direct flights to some
European, Asian countries.
7.
a) Tourism attraction in the Copperbelt
Copperbelt Museum
Airports like Simeon Mwansa Kapwepwe,
South Down airport.
Lodges like Nsobe Lodge
Levy Mwanawasa Stadium
Dag Hammarskjold memorial site
b) Traditional ceremonies
Zambia has several traditional ceremonies
spread over the country. Examples of
traditional ceremonies include Lwiinde of the
Tonga people in Monze, Nchwala of the
Ngoni people in Chipata, Koumboka of the
Lozi people in Mongu district.
c) Livingstone Museum
It found in the CBD of the Livingstone city.
It was opened in 1951,
It the oldest museum in Zambia
It has over 5000 historical items
It 20, 000 cultural related items
8.
a)
i. Tourist attractions have Zambia
not fully developed or utilized:
 Limited number of accommodation
facilities like lodges at such tourist
attractions.
 Lack of intensive advertisement of such
tourist attractions.
 Poor roads leading to such tourist
attraction.
 Remote location some tourist attractions
 Isolation of some tourist attraction i.e.
there is no other tourist attraction apart
from them nearby.
ii. A game reserve is habitat for wildlife in
which people are allowed to settle while a
national park is a habitat for wildlife in which
people are not allowed to be settled.
b) What is the Government of Zambia doing
promote the tourism industry:
 The development of roads leading to
the tourist attraction.
 The stewardship of wildlife through
the Zambia Wildlife Authority.
 Working on rejuvenating the Zambian
Airways.
 Maintaining law and order to ensure
that Zambia remains politically stable.
 Creation of educational programme
on tourism
 Promoting tourism through the
Ministry of Tourism and Art
9. J
a)
i. Tourist attractions other than
national parks include:
Traditional ceremonies like Nchwala
Traditional dances like Nyau,
Vimbuza, Ngoma etc
Archeological sites like Moono
Caves.
ii. Countries from which intentional

tourist come include:
Germany
United Kingdom
United Sates
France
b) How the Luangwa National Parks have
contributed of the tourism industry in the
province:
 The establishment of international
airport.
 Creation of accommodation services
like lodges and hotels.
 Gaming viewing within the national
park
 Fishing competition within the
national park
c) Factors have limited the growth of the
tourism industry in the province
include:
 Remote location of some tourism
attraction sites.
 Poor roads leading to some tourist
attractions.
 Lack of proper accommodation
facilities at some tourist attraction.
 Lack of airports or airstrip within
some towns with tourist attraction.
Answers to multiple choice questions wildlife

and tourism
1. C: A tourist is someone who travels away from
their home for pleasure. This could be for a
relaxing beach holiday or an adventure in the
jungle.
2. B: Cheaper flights are a reason for increasing
numbers of tourists. The internet also makes it
easier for people to book their holidays.
3. A: In recent years there has been a lot more
tourist development in Asia. Tourism growth has
also happened in the Middle East.
4. B: Tourist money used to look after historic
buildings is a benefit of tourism. There are other
benefits too, but there are also some downsides.
5. B: A negative impact of tourism is that local
goods become too expensive for local people.
This happens because tourists are prepared to pay
more so shopkeepers put prices up.
6. C: It can be a problem if a country relies too
heavily on tourism because tourists might stop
visiting one day and there would be no other
source of income. This could happen as a result
of natural disasters or war.
7. A: The natural environment can be damaged by
tourism through both footpath erosion and litter.
These are negative effects of tourism.
8. B: One aim of national parks in the Zambia is to
promote the public's enjoyment of the area. It is
unrealistic to think that we can preserve the area
exactly as it is.
9. C: Conservationists want to use national parks to
protect wildlife. This can create conflict in the
parks as other users want to carry out activities
that may threaten the work of conservationists.
10. C: One way of reducing footpath erosion in
national parks is to close the footpath temporarily
and allow it to recover. There are other methods,
too, such as resurfacing and redirecting walkers
to other paths.

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Practicing

The ECZ syllabus was changed in 2013 and the

The quality of this work speaks for itself. Even though it

Chris Mazuba Hachibe

Geography paper two is based on human geography, but

i. What is the difference in rate of infection

5. With reference to Zambia

a) Account for the decrease in population

i. Describe the trend of the life

15. Study table 1 below and answer the questions

a) Identify a developed country and give reason

Complementary questions on population

Multiple choice questions on population

2. How is the birth rate measured?

6. When did the world's population start to grow

b) Factors which affect life expectancy

c) The effects of HIV/AIDS on young people

b) Reason why the area along the rail of line

c) The Luangwa Valley is sparsely populated

b) How to address the challenges of (a)

b) Benefits of slowing the population growth

b) Reason why the area along the rail of line

c) How to control AIDS Prevalence

Answers to complementary questions

Poor transport infrastructure provides

A good transport infrastructure attracts a high

Answers to multiple choice questions on

1. Demographic transition models show population

3. The three main factors that cause population

5. The world's population is rapidly increasing.

6. Until the 1800s there had been a steady growth of

7. In 2025, there could be 8.5 billion people living

1. For any of the cities: Livingstone, Lusaka or

Complementary questions on human

Multiple choice questions on human

1. Which of the following would be the best place

4. Which of the following is a high order service?

9. What is the situation of a settlement?

 Poorly built houses

1. With reference to timber production in Zambia:

2. Regarding forestry in Zambia:

4. For forestry in Zambia

c) The relevance of the Forestry Department

d) Threats posed to the wetlands found in

a) Name in the spaces provided below figure 1,

4. (2015) Study Figure below of Zambia

a) Name in the spaces provided the map

a) On map, the spaces provide, name the

a) On the map; name in the spaces provided,

Supplementary questions on agriculture

b) How traditional farming activities may

 The continued growing of same type

b) The characteristics of the Lozi system of

ii. List two irrigated crops for each

ii. The negative factors are associated

b) Why the Zambians farmers insist in growing

d) Challenges that maize famers in

d) three crops which are by plantations in

a) On the map: name, in the spaces provided, the

a) On the map, name two hydro-electric stations