Chapter 18 The Civil War Textbook

The Civil War netw rks
There’s More Online about the Civil War.

1861–1865
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: Why does conflict develop?

CHAPTER 17
Lesson 1
The Two Sides
Lesson 2
Early Years of the War
Lesson 3
Life During the Civil War
Lesson 4
The Strain of War
Lesson 5
The War’s Final Stages
The Story
Matters . . .
In November 1860, voters elect
Abraham Lincoln, a self-educated
lawyer from Illinois, president of
the United States. Even before he
is inaugurated, South Carolina and
six other Southern states secede
from the Union. As he waits to take
office, Lincoln sees the nation he is
to lead spiral downward toward civil
war—a war that will prove to be the
deadliest in U.S. history.
Lincoln does not give up. He believes
“[a] house divided against itself
cannot stand,” and he guides the
nation through until it is once
again united.
◀ Abraham Lincoln was president during

the nation’s greatest crisis.
Library of Congress [LC-DIG-ppmsca-19241]
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Program: DOPA Component: Student
Vendor: Six Red Marbles Grade: Middle School FL
CHAPTER 17
Place and Time: United States 1861 to 1865

In December 1860, South
Carolina announced that
it was seceding from the The Civil War 1861–1865
United States. Within a few
months, six other states had
N
followed South Carolina W
out of the Union. After the 40 E Washington
°N
battle at Fort Sumter, a total S Territory
of 11 Southern states joined
together in the Confederate Oregon Dakota
States of America. Territory
140°W
Step Into the Place Nevada Nebras

Territory
MAP FOCUS In 1861 soldiers Utah
fired the first shots of the Civil Territory
Colorado
War. Armies of the Confederacy PACIFIC OCEAN California Territory
and the Union did battle in
locations all across the country. 30°
N
1 LOCATION On this map, which New Mexico

Union states have Civil War Territory
battle sites?
2 PLACE What clue can you find on
the map that might explain why so
many battles took place in Virginia?
3 CRITICAL THINKING Union states
Drawing Conclusions Why do Union territories
you think most of the battles of Confederate states
0 300 miles
the Civil War took place in the Major Civil War battle site
0 300 km
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
Confederate states? MEXICO
20°
N 130°W 120°W 110°W
Abraham
Ab h Lincoln
Li l
1861–1865
Step Into the Time 18
TIME LINE Look at the time U.S. PRESIDENTS
line. For how many years after U.S. EVENTS
the Emancipation Proclamation 1861 1862
did the Civil War continue? WORLD EVENTS
1861 Robert E. Lee takes command of Virginia’s 1862 International Red Cross established
Confederate forces (American Red Cross organized 10 years later)
Historical Association
PHOTO: White House
PHOTO: White House
456 The Civil War
PDF PROOF
NGSSS covered in Place and Time
netw rks MAP Explore the interactive
version of this map on NETWORKS.
Students will understand the following benchmarks from
There’s More Online! TIME LINE Explore the interactive the Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards.
version of this time line on SS.8.A.5.4 Identify the division (Confederate and Union States, Border
NETWORKS. states, western territories) of the United States at the outbreak of the
Civil War.
SS.8.G.2.2 Use geographic terms and tools to analyze case studies of
regional issues in different parts of the United States that have had
critical economic, physical, or political ramifications.
SS.8.G.6.2 Illustrate places and events in U.S. history through the use of
narratives and graphic representations.
CANADA
New Hampshire Maine

on
y Vermont
60°W
Minnesota
Dakota Massachusetts 40°
N
Territory Wisconsin
Mi
ssi
s
New York
Michigan Susquehanna R. Rhode Island
si p
pi R .
Connecticut
Pennsylvania Delaware R.
Philadelphia
Nebraska Territory Iowa Potomac R.
New Jersey
Ohio Baltimore
h Illinois Ind. Delaware
ry
Cincinnati
W. Maryland
Colorado Missouri Washington, D.C.
. Va. Richmond
Territory Kansas St. Louis Oh io R Virginia
A rk
an
Kentucky
s
as
R. North
se e
R.
es Carolina
Tennessee
n
Ten
Indian Arkansas South

w Mexico ava
S
Territory n Carolina 30°N

.
pi R
erritory Ala. Atlanta

na
Re d R .
Mississip
hR
Charleston
R.
Miss. Georgia
a
am
Alab
La. Vicksburg
Texas Tallahassee ATLANTIC
New Orleans OCEAN
Florida
Gulf of Mexico
MEXICO
°W 90°W 80°W 70°W
Andrew
A d Johnson
J h
1865–1869
1863 • Emancipation Proclamation issued

• Grant named commander of Union armies 1864 Sherman’s March to the Sea begins 1865 Civil War ends
1863 1864 1865
1863 London subway opens 1864 First Geneva Convention establishes 1865 French writer Jules Verne publishes
r) rules for treatment of prisoners of war novel about a trip to the moon
PHOTO: White House
PHOTO: White House
457
PDF PROOF
FL Vendor: Six Red Marbles Grade: Middle School FL
netw rks st
There’s More Online! Union Confederacy
P
CHART Army Salaries
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
Comparing North and “we
South
SLIDE SHOW Lesson 1
• Army Organization
• Civil War Casualties
The Two Sides re
ha
ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why does conflict develop?
S
W
It M atters Because d
Both the North and the South had strengths and weaknesses that st
helped determine their military strategies.
NGSSS covered in
“Two Very Different Sides” th
SS.8.A.5.3 Explain major domestic and m
international economic, military, political,
and socio-cultural events of Abraham
Two Very Different Sides of
Lincoln’s presidency.
GUIDING QUESTION What were the goals and strategies of the North and the South? la
SS.8.A.5.4 Identify the division (Confederate
and Union States, Border states, western
territories) of the United States at the The war divided many families. Neither side imagined, however, T
outbreak of the Civil War.
SS.8.A.5.5 Compare Union and Confederate that the four years of fighting would lead to so much suffering. E
strengths and weaknesses.
SS.8.A.5.7 Examine key events and peoples in
By the end of the war, 600,000 Americans had lost their lives. C
Florida history as each impacts this era of Many thousands more were wounded in battle.
American history. d
SS.8.G.6.2 Illustrate places and events in U.S.
history through the use of narratives and Division in the Border States ju
graphic representations. N
LA.8.1.6.1 The student will use new For most states, choosing sides in the Civil War was easy. The
vocabulary that is introduced and taught
directly. border states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri,
LA.8.1.6.2 The student will listen to, read, and
discuss familiar and conceptually however, were bitterly divided. Slavery existed in all four states,
challenging text.
LA.8.1.6.3 The student will use context clues
though it was generally not as widespread as in the Confederate
to determine meanings of unfamiliar words. states. All four of these states had ties to both the North and
the South.
The border states remained vital to the strategy of the
(cr) North Wind Picture Archives, (r) StockTrek / SuperStock
Union. Missouri could control parts of the Mississippi River
and major routes to the West. Kentucky controlled the Ohio
River. Delaware was close to the key Union city of Philadelphia.
Maryland, perhaps the most important of the border states, was
(cl) Bettmann/CORBIS,
close to Richmond, the Confederate capital. Most significantly,

Washington, D.C., lay within the state. If Maryland seceded, the
North’s capital would be surrounded.
Reading HELP DESK
Taking Notes: Comparing and Contrasting North South Content Vocabulary bo
As you read, note the differences and similarities • border state the
between the North and the South in a Venn diagram • enlist Ke
like the one shown here.
458 The Civil War
458_463_DOPAE_FL_SE_MS_C17_L1_892806.indd 458 10/7/11 3:33 PM
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President Lincoln worked tirelessly to keep the four border
states in the Union. In September 1861, he wrote:
PRIMARY SOURCE
“wellI think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. . . . We would as
consent to separation at once, including the surrender of this capitol.
”
—from Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings
In the end, Lincoln was successful. Still, many border state

residents supported the Confederacy. The president had to work
hard to restrain these opponents of the war.
Strengths and Weaknesses

When the war began, each side had advantages and
disadvantages compared to the other. How each side used its
strengths and weaknesses would determine the war’s outcome.
The North had a larger population and more resources than
the South. The South had other advantages, such as excellent
military leaders and a strong fighting spirit. Also, because most
of the war was fought in the South, the Confederacy knew the
land and had the will to defend it.
er, The Goals of War
Each side had different goals in fighting the Civil War. The
Confederacy wanted to be an independent nation. To do this, it
did not have to invade the North or destroy the Union army. It
just needed to fight hard enough and long enough to convince
Northerners that the war was not worth its cost.
,
e THE FIGHTING FORCES INFOGRAPHIC
1861–1865 Both the Union and Confederate

50 Soldiers = 1 Platoon
armies were organized in roughly
(cr) North Wind Picture Archives, (r) StockTrek / SuperStock
the same way.

2 Platoons = 1 Company
2,100,000 1 CALCULATING Ab out how
(cl) Bettmann/CORBIS, (c) Library of Congress,
Union soldiers 10 Companies = 1 Regiment many times larger was the

. Union army than the
4–5 Regiments = 1 Brigade Confederate army? SS.8.A.5.5
900,000 2 CRITICAL THINKING
Confederate 4–5 Brigades = 1 Division
Explaining Why do you think
soldiers the armed forces were divided
3 Divisions = 1 Corps
into units?
border state state on the border between Academic Vocabulary

the North and South: Delaware, Maryland, strategy a careful plan or method
Kentucky, and Missouri
Lesson 1 459
PDF PROOF
GRAPH SKILL RESOURCES IN THE NORTH AND SOUTH
w
The North and South went into the 100
to
war with very different strengths
and weaknesses. 80 po
Union Confederacy
C
PERCENTAGE
1 SUMMARIZING How 60
would you summarize the status cr
of the North and South at the 40 M
start of the war? cu
20
2 CRITICAL THINKING th
Comparing In what areas did 0
the North have the greatest
Population Railroad Number of Exports Manufactured ✓
Mileage Farms Goods
advantage over the South?
SS.8.A.5.5 Ex
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Statistics of the United States
In contrast, the North wanted to restore the Union. Its forces

A
GU
had to invade the South and force the breakaway states to give
up their quest for independence. Although slavery helped drive a Th
wedge between Northerners and Southerners, President Lincoln’s br
original aim was not to defeat slavery. He wrote in 1862: se
O
PRIMARY SOURCE
Pr
If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by C
“freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others
alone I would also do that. in
” So
—from Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings
th
se
Confederate Strategies Th
The Confederacy’s basic strategy was to conduct a defensive th
war. This meant that it would hold as much territory as possible.
Southerners felt that if they showed determination to be PR
independent, Northerners would tire of the war.

The South also tried to win the support of Britain and France, “th
whose economies suffered when the war disrupted the export
of Southern cotton. Southerners hoped the British and French
might pressure the North to end the war.
Union Strategies in
The North’s war plan came from General Winfield Scott, hero w
of the war with Mexico. He knew that the North would have to so
defeat the South completely. th
ra
Reading HELP DESK
se
enlist to formally join a military force Academic Vocabulary Reading in the Content Area: Bar Graphs fig
contrast to compare with respect Bar graphs are often used to compare and contrast
Bettmann/CORBIS
re
to differences information about two groups. The large bars and
en
different colors make them easy to read and interpret.
w
460 The Civil War
PDF PROOF
To do this, Scott proposed the so-called Anaconda Plan,
which took its name from a type of snake that squeezes its prey
to death. First, the Union would blockade, or close, Southern
ports. This strategy would keep supplies from reaching the Floridians Fight on Both Sides
Confederacy and prevent the South from exporting its cotton When the Civil War began,
crop. Second, the North would seek to gain control of the many Floridians chose to fight.
Mississippi River. This would split the Confederacy in two and An estimated 15,000 Floridians
fought on the Confederate side.
cut Southern supply lines. Another goal of the Union forces was About 2,500 Floridians—both
the capture of Richmond, Virginia—the Confederate capital. white men and freed African
Americans—joined the Union
✓ PROGRESS CHECK side. SS.8.A.5.7
Explaining Why did the South use a defensive strategy?
Americans Against Americans

GUIDING QUESTION What was war like for the soldiers of the North and the South?
a The Civil War was more than a war between the states. It turned
s brother against brother and neighbor against neighbor. Kentucky
senator John Crittenden had two sons who became generals.
One fought for the Confederacy, the other for the Union. Even Though they fought bitterly, the two
President Lincoln’s wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, had relatives in the sides in the Civil War shared close
by Confederate army. bonds. Often families had soldiers on
each side of the conflict.
rs Men of all ages rushed to enlist (ihn • LIHST)
in, or join, the Union or Confederate army.
Some did so out of patriotism. Others thought
ngs
they would be called cowards if they did not
serve. Still others were looking for excitement.
The sister of William Stone of Louisiana wrote
that her brother was eager:
e.
PRIMARY SOURCE
e, “thattothebefioffghting
to Virginia [to join the Confederate army]. He so fears
will be over before he can get there.
”
—from Brokenburn: The Journal of Kate Stone
Though the average Civil War soldier was

in his mid-20s, many recruits on both sides
were hardly adults. Tens of thousands of
soldiers were under 18. Some were younger
than 14. To get into the army, many teenagers
ran away from home or lied about their ages.
Although teenage boys were accepted into
service, one group of men was not allowed to
fight in the early days of the war. The Union
Bettmann/CORBIS
refused at first to let free African Americans

enlist. Union leaders worried that white troops
would not accept African American soldiers.
PDF PROOF
CHART SKILL A SOLDIER’S PAY A
So
Although many volunteered to ARMY SALARIES (MONTHLY)
serve, soldiers in both the Union and
ho
Confederate armies received Vietnam Iraq War th
Rank Civil War World War II
monthly pay. Compare their pay War 1965 2007
rates to those in later wars. Private *$13 $50 $85 $1,203–1,543.20 its
1 DESCRIBING What happens Corporal $14 $66 $210 $1,699.50 ba
to a soldier’s pay as he or she of
moves up in rank? Sergeant $17 $78 $261 $1,854–2,339.10
2 CRITICAL THINKING Sergeant Major $21 $138 $486 $4,110

w
Making Connections Name *Until 1864, African Americans in the Civil War were paid only $7 per month
some items you could buy today Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis; Princeton Review; www. militaryfactory.com PR
with a Civil War private’s
monthly salary.
“for
po
Later in the war, the Union army changed this policy. The
Confederacy refused to consider having African Americans fight
until the war’s final, desperate days. They did not want to give T
enslaved people weapons.
In
High Hopes al
When the war began, each side expected a quick victory. fa
Northerners could not imagine the Confederates holding out fo
for long against the Union’s greater resources. Confederates “M
believed that the North could never subdue the fighting spirit of pa
the South. Both sides were wrong. In the end, the war lasted far
longer than most Americans could have guessed. A
C
Who Were the Soldiers?
(t) North Wind Picture Archives

✓
(b) StockTrek / SuperStock

Soldiers came from every region of the country and all walks of
NGSSS covered in Co
“Americans Against Americans”
life. Most came from farms. Almost half of the North’s troops
and more than 60 percent of the South’s had owned or worked w
SS.8.A.5.3 Explain major domestic and
international economic, military, political, on farms.
Lincoln’s presidency. By the summer of 1861, the Confederate army had about
SS.8.A.5.4 Identify the division (Confederate
LE
and Union States, Border states, western 112,000 soldiers. They were sometimes called Rebels. The Union
territories) of the United States at the
outbreak of the Civil War. had about 187,000 soldiers, also known as Yankees. By the end Re
SS.8.A.5.5 Compare Union and Confederate of the war, about 900,000 men fought for the Confederacy and
strengths and weaknesses. 1.
about 2.1 million men for the Union. The Union army included
Library of Congress
just under 200,000 African Americans. About 10,000 Mexican

Americans served in the war.
Reading HELP DESK

An
Reading Strategy: Finding the Main Idea 2.
Paragraphs and sections have main ideas and details that support that
main idea. Make an outline of the section “A Soldier’s Life” by writing
down the main idea and listing the supporting details under it.
462 The Civil War
PDF PROOF
A Soldier’s Life
Soldiers of the North and the South described what they saw and
how they felt in letters to family and friends. Many wrote about
their boredom, discomfort, sickness, fear, and horror.
Most of the time the soldiers lived in camps. Camp life had
its pleasant moments of songs, stories, letters from home, and
baseball games. At other times, a soldier’s life was a dull routine
of drills, bad food, marches, and rain.
Between battles, soldiers on both sides sometimes forgot they
were enemies. A private described his wartime experiences: Then
PRIMARY SOURCE The picture above shows a Union

artillery unit during the Civil War. The
. “for aAlong
part of Co [company] K and some of the enemy came together and stacked arms and talked
time. Our men cooked coffee and treated them and [afterward] . . . each one took up his
photograph below shows a U.S.
artillery unit in Iraq in 2010.
position again and they began to fire at each other again, but not as hard as before.
”
—from The Life of Billy Yank
ht
The Horrors of War
In spite of fleeting moments of calm, the reality of war was
always close by. Thousands of casualties overwhelmed medical
facilities. After the Battle of Shiloh, the wounded lay in the rain
for more than 24 hours waiting for treatment. A soldier recalled,
“Many had died there, and others were in the last agonies as we Now
f passed. Their groans and cries were heartrending.”
Faced with these terrible realities, many men deserted. ▶ CRITICAL THINKING
About one of every eleven Union soldiers and one of every eight Comparing and Contrasting How is
the artillery that soldiers used during
Confederates ran away because of fear, hunger, or sickness. the Civil War like the artillery they use
today? How is it different?
(t) North Wind Picture Archives
✓ PROGRESS CHECK
(b) StockTrek / SuperStock
f
Comparing and Contrasting How did the expectations of the war compare
with the reality for both sides?
LESSON 1 REVIEW
n
Review Vocabulary 3. Comparing and Contrasting Compare and
1. Use the following terms in sentences about the contrast attitudes in the Union and the Confederacy
Civil War that demonstrate your understanding of about enlisting African American soldiers. SS.8.A.5.4
Library of Congress
the terms. LA.8.1.6.1 4. Evaluating What was the goal of the

a. border state b. enlis t Anaconda Plan? SS.8.A.5.3
5. PERSONAL WRITING You are a young Southern or
Answer the Guiding Questions
Northern man in 1861. You have left home to join
2. Contrasting How was the North’s strategy the army. Write a letter to your family explaining
different from the South’s? SS.8.A.5.5 your reasons for joining the Union or Confederate
army. SS.8.A.5.5
Lesson 1 463
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Baltimore
netw rks .
Po t
om
ac
R
co
.
Washington, D.C.
There’s More Online! Manassas Bull Run (Second Battle)

Junction ge
BIOGRAPHY lorsville Ea
Ch
Fredericksburg
Robert E. Lee
esa
peake Bay
Ra
pp
ah
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER al
an
Seven Days
no
ck
Richmond R.
Civil War Battles

si
MAP Lesson 2 fo
• War in the West gi
• War in the East
PRIMARY SOURCE
Early Years of the War C
• Report on the Battle of Ironclads
In
• Emancipation Proclamation ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why does conflict develop?
R
SLIDE SHOW The Battle
of Antietam
ri
It M atters Because pr
ea
Neither side gained a strong advantage during the war’s early years.
ab
NGSSS covered in
“War on Land and at Sea”
War on Land and at Sea ca
A
and socio-cultural events of Abraham GUIDING QUESTION What was the outcome of the first major battle of the war?
Lincoln’s presidency. So
SS.8.A.5.5 Compare Union and Confederate
strengths and weaknesses. While the Union and Confederacy mobilized their armies, the on
SS.8.A.5.6 Compare significant Civil War Union navy began operations against the South. In April 1861, no
battles and events and their effects on
civilian populations. President Lincoln announced a blockade of all Confederate ports. w
SS.8.G.2.2 Use geographic terms and tools to
analyze case studies of regional issues in The stage was set for fighting on land and at sea. an
different parts of the United States that
have had critical economic, physical, or “U
political ramifications. First Battle of Bull Run
LA.8.1.6.1 The student will use new A
vocabulary that is introduced and taught Tension mounted in the summer of 1861, leading to the first
directly.
major battle of the Civil War. On July 21, about 30,000 Union Th
discuss familiar and conceptually troops commanded by General Irvin McDowell attacked a So
challenging text.
LA.8.1.6.3 The student will use context clues smaller Confederate force led by General P.G.T. Beauregard. M
to determine meanings of unfamiliar words.
The fighting took place in northern Virginia, near a small ab
river called Bull Run. Hundreds of spectators from Washington, sh
D.C., watched the battle from a few miles away. (E
Both sides lacked battle experience. At first, the Yankees
drove the Confederates back. Then the Rebels rallied, inspired C
by General Thomas Jackson. Another Confederate general U
noted that Jackson was holding his position “like a stone st
(l) Library of Congress/08101
wall.” This earned him the nickname “Stonewall” Jackson.
Library of Congress/08101
(r) SuperStock/SuperStock
(cl) Bettmann/CORBIS
The Confederates then unleashed a savage counterattack that Th

broke the Union lines. As they retreated, Union troops ran into th
civilians fleeing in panic. ra
Reading HELP DESK
Taking Notes: Sequencing 1861 1862 1863 Content Vocabulary tr
As you read about the early Civil War battles, note • tributary • Emancipation int
them on a time line, and take notes on what • ironclad Proclamation ir
happened during each of them. • casualty pla
464 The Civil War
PDF PROOF
The loss shocked Northerners. They realized that the war
could be long and difficult. President Lincoln named a new
general, George B. McClellan, to head the Union army of the
East—called the Army of the Potomac—and to train the troops.
Although dismayed over Bull Run, President Lincoln was
also determined. He put out a call for more army volunteers. He
signed two bills requesting a total of 1 million soldiers to serve
for three years. In addition, victories in the West would soon
give a boost to Northern spirits and increase enlistment.
Control of the West

In the West, the major Union goal was to control the Mississippi
River and its tributaries (TRIH • byuh • tehr • eez), the smaller
rivers that fed it. With control of the river, Union ships could
prevent Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas from supplying the
eastern Confederacy. Union gunboats and troops would also be
rs.
able to move into the heart of the South.
The battle for the rivers began in February 1862. Union forces
captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee River. Naval commander
Andrew Foote and army general Ulysses S. Grant led the assault.
Soon afterward, Grant and Foote moved against Fort Donelson
on the Cumberland River. The Confederates realized they had
no chance of saving the fort. They asked Grant what terms he
would give them to surrender. Grant replied, “No terms except To create the Virginia, the
an unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted.” Confederate navy took what
“Unconditional Surrender” Grant became the North’s new hero. remained of a burned Union warship,
covered it in iron, and equipped it
A Battle Between Ironclads with 10 guns. On its bow they placed
an iron ram so that the ship could
The Union blockade posed a real threat to the Confederacy. steer into another ship and puncture
Southerners hoped to break it with a secret weapon—the its hull.
Merrimack. The Merrimack was a damaged frigate that had been
abandoned by the Union. The Confederates rebuilt the wooden
, ship and covered it with iron. They renamed their new ironclad
(EYE • uhrn • klad) the Virginia.
On March 8, 1862, the Virginia attacked Union ships in the
Chesapeake Bay. Union shells just bounced off its sides. Some
Union leaders feared the Virginia would destroy the Union navy,
steam up the Potomac River, and bombard Washington, D.C.
(l) Library of Congress/08101
By this time, however, the North had an ironclad of its own.

Library of Congress/08101
(r) SuperStock/SuperStock
The Monitor rushed southward to face the Virginia. On March 9,

the two ironclads met in battle. Neither ship won the battle, but it
raised spirits in both the North and the South.
tributary stream or smaller river that feeds Academic Vocabulary

into a larger river abandon to leave behind or give up
ironclad a warship equipped with iron
plating for protection
Lesson 2 465
PDF PROOF
Just two months after their March th
1862 battle, the crew of the Virginia to
(on the right) destroyed their ship
rather than let it fall into Union st
hands. The Monitor sank in a storm in to
December 1862.
✓
▶ CRITICAL THINKING
Analyzing Visuals Why do you think Ex
neither ship was able to seriously
damage the other? SS.8.A.5.3
W
GU
W
th
C
R
ha
m
The Battle of Shiloh
Meanwhile, in the West, General Grant and about 40,000 troops C
headed south toward Corinth, Mississippi, a major railroad So
junction. In early April 1862, the Union army camped at le
Pittsburg Landing, 20 miles (32 km) from Corinth, near Shiloh ge
Church. Additional Union forces joined Grant from Nashville. w
Confederate leaders decided to strike before more troops fo
arrived to reinforce the Union. Early on the morning of April 6,
Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard led
Confederate forces in a surprise attack. The battle lasted two
days. It was a narrow victory for the Union, but the losses
were enormous. Together, the two armies suffered more than
23,000 casualties (KA • zhuhl • teez)—people killed, wounded,
captured, or missing.
After Shiloh, Union troops laid siege to Corinth, forcing the
Confederates to withdraw. The Union army occupied the town on
May 30. Memphis, Tennessee, fell to Union forces on June 6. The
North seemed well on its way to controlling the Mississippi River.
3
Capturing New Orleans

A few weeks after Shiloh, the North won another key victory.
On April 25, 1862, Union naval forces under David Farragut
captured New Orleans, Louisiana, the largest city in the South.
Bettmann/CORBIS
Farragut, who was of Spanish descent, grew up in the South but

remained loyal to the Union. The capture of New Orleans meant
Reading HELP DESK
casualty a soldier who is killed, Academic Vocabulary 3
wounded, captured, or missing in battle reinforce to make stronger
466 The Civil War
PDF PROOF
that the Confederacy could no longer use the Mississippi River
to carry its goods to sea. The city’s fall also left the Confederate
stronghold of Vicksburg, Mississippi, as the only major obstacle
to the Union’s strategy in the West.
✓ PROGRESS CHECK
Explaining How did the loss of New Orleans affect the Confederacy?
NGSSS covered in
War in the Eastern States “War in the Eastern States”
GUIDING QUESTION How did the Union respond to important defeats in the East in 1862? international economic, military, political,
Lincoln’s presidency.
While the two sides fought for control of Tennessee and
the Mississippi River, the Union was trying to capture the strengths and weaknesses.
Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. Close to the Union, SS.8.A.5.6 Compare significant Civil War
battles and events and their effects on
Richmond was vulnerable to attack. Confederate armies fought civilian populations.
hard to defend it. Confederate forces in the East enjoyed much
more success than their western counterparts. GEOGRAPHY CONNECTION
Confederate Victories Gaining control of the West was a key
part of the Union’s war strategy.
Southern victories in the East were largely the result of the
1 PLACE Where did the South win
leadership of Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson. The two battles in the West?
generals knew the terrain and could move forces quickly. They
were also expert at inspiring troops. As a result, Confederate 2 CRITICAL THINKING
Making Inferences What
forces managed to defeat much larger Union forces. important cities remained for the
, North to capture after 1863?
SS.8.A.5.6
War in the West 1862–1863

Ind. Louisville
Ill. Ky.
Missouri R.
O hi o Perryville
Union states Paducah Oct. 8, 1862 Va.
Ft. Donelson
Confederate states Ft. Henry Feb. 16, 1862
Union victory Feb. 6, 1862
n Ar
ka
ns
Tenn.
N.C.
Confederate victory as Pea Ridge Shiloh Nashville
R. Chattanooga
March 6–8, 1862 April 6–7, Murfreesboro
1862 Nov. 23–25,1863
r. Memphis
35°N Indian
Chickamauga
Territory Sept. 19–20, 1863 S.C.
Arkansas Corinth Decatur
.
Atlanta
pi R
Re d R . Oct. 4,
1862 Birmingham
M i s s is s i p
Mississippi Georgia
Alabama
Bettmann/CORBIS
Sab N
Dallas ine
R.
Jackson
Vicksburg
t May–July 1863
May 14, 1863 Montgomery
E
Jackson W
nt Texas Louisana Natchez S
Mobile Florida
Port Hudson Baton Rouge
Sabine Pass May–July 1863
30°N Sept. 8, 1863
New
Houston Orleans Gulf of Mexico 0 200 miles
Galveston 0 200 km
Oct. 4, 1862 Albers Equal-Area projection
95°W 90°W 85°W
PDF PROOF
War in the East 1862–1863 T
O
Pennsylvania Wrightsville 40ºN M
Chambersburg
Su
Le
sq
Gettysburg
ue
ha
New hi
nn
a
Westminster Jersey
R.
Antietam Maryland th
Frederick
Baltimore
Po t
to
West Virginia om
(Joined Union
R. ac
R at
.
a h
1863) an
do
Washington, D.C. Delaware M
en
Sh
Manassas Bull Run (Second Battle)
Junction
al
U
Union advance 6,
Union retreat
U Chancellorsville
of
Ch
Confederate advance
C Fredericksburg
esa
Confederate retreat
C 38ºN th
peake Bay
Ra
Union victory Virginia
pp
✓
ah
Confederate victory
an
Seven Days N
no
Inconclusive battle
ck
Richmond R.
Ch o
W E Su
i ck
Y
ah
rk
R . o mi n S
R.
y Yorktown
0 40 miles
Ja m
es R
.
Ft. Monroe
T
Monitor & Virginia
0 40 km Norfolk GU
GEOGRAPHY CONNECTION A
Albers Equal-Area projection
78ºW 76ºW
Like the war in the West, the war in the A
East mostly took place in Confederate no
states. General Lee’s attempts at In 1862 Confederate forces enjoyed a string of impressive th
invading the North failed. victories in Virginia, each over a different Union general. The
1 PLACE Which battle took place Confederates turned back General George B. McClellan at the T
closest to the Union capital at Seven Days’ Battle, General John Pope at the Second Battle of Li
Washington, D.C.? Bull Run, and General Ambrose Burnside at Fredericksburg. W
2 CRITICAL THINKING In May 1863, at Chancellorsville, Virginia, Lee’s army defeated ag
Making Generalizations What a Union force twice its size. “My God, my God,” Lincoln said N
does this map suggest about the
difficulty of invading enemy
when he learned of the defeat, “What will the country say!” The th
territory? Explain your answer. mood in the Union grew grim.
SS.8.A.5.6 ne
Lee Invades Maryland w
Confederate president Jefferson Davis urged Lee to move his a
troops into western Maryland—Union territory. His goal was ou
to move into Pennsylvania and to bring the war deeper into the an
SuperStock/SuperStock
Northern states. Though he knew McClellan was following him w
with a sizable force, Lee’s forces crossed into Maryland and began be
his invasion of Union territory. in
Reading HELP DESK
Reading Strategy: Taking Notes Em
Taking notes about what you are reading can help you remember key facts and iss
enable you to prepare effectively for tests. As you read about the War in the tho
East, make a list of each battle, the date, the location, and which side won. Jan
468 The Civil War
PDF PROOF
The Battle of Antietam BIOGRAPHY
Once in Maryland, Lee split his army into four parts. To confuse
40ºN McClellan, he ordered each part to move in a different direction.
Lee’s plan never had a chance to work. A Confederate officer lost
his copy of the orders describing it. Two Union soldiers found
the orders and brought them to McClellan.
McClellan did not attack immediately. This gave Lee time
to gather his troops. On September 17, 1862, the two sides met
at a place called Antietam (an • TEE • tum) near Sharpsburg,
Maryland.
Antietam would be a key victory for the Union. It was
also the deadliest single day of fighting in the war. About Robert E. Lee (1807–1870)
6,000 soldiers died. About 17,000 more suffered wounds. Because Robert Edward Lee came from a
of the great losses, Lee retreated to Virginia after the battle. For leading Virginia family. He attended
38ºN the time being, his strategy of invading the North had failed. West Point Academy and graduated
second in his class in 1829. Lee was
✓ PROGRESS CHECK still in the United States Army and
stationed in Texas in 1861 when that
Summarizing What was the outcome of the Battle of Antietam? state seceded from the Union. He
returned to Virginia. Soon after his
return, Virginia voted to secede from
The Emancipation Proclamation the Union. Lee resigned from the
GUIDING QUESTION What was the effect of the Emancipation Proclamation? U.S. Army and became commander
of Virginia’s military forces.
At first, Lincoln viewed the Civil War as a battle for the Union,
not a fight against slavery. As the war went on, Lincoln changed
the way he thought about the role of slavery in the war. ▶ CRITICAL THINKING
Drawing Conclusions What factor
The Debate Over Ending Slavery apparently caused Lee to leave the
United States Army? Explain
Lincoln hated slavery, yet he was reluctant to make the Civil your answer.
War a battle to end it. Early in the war, Lincoln hesitated to move
against slavery for fear of losing the border states. Even many
Northerners who disapproved of slavery were not eager to risk NGSSS covered in
“The Emancipation Proclamation””
e their lives to end it. SS.8.A.5.3 Explain major domestic and
Meanwhile, abolitionists, including Frederick Douglass and international economic, military, political,
newspaper editor Horace Greeley, urged Lincoln to make the Lincoln’s presidency.
war a fight to end slavery. The abolitionists described slavery as strengths and weaknesses.
a moral wrong that needed to be abolished. They also pointed SS.8.A.5.6 Compare significant Civil War
out that slavery was the root of the divisions between North civilian populations.
and South. Finally, they argued that if Lincoln presented the

SuperStock/SuperStock
war as a fight to abolish slavery, Britain and France would

n be less willing to support the South. Confederate hopes were
increasingly linked to this European support.
Emancipation Proclamation dec ree

issued by President Lincoln freeing enslaved people in
those parts of the Confederacy still in rebellion on
January 1, 1863
Lesson 2 469
PDF PROOF
A Call for Emancipation
The Constitution did not give Lincoln the power
to end slavery, but it did give him the power to
take property from an enemy in wartime. By
law, enslaved people were considered property.
On September 22, 1862, Lincoln announced that
he would issue the Emancipation Proclamation
(ih • mant • suh • PAY • shuhn prah • kluh • MAY •
shuhn). This decree freed all enslaved people in
rebel territory on January 1, 1863.
The Emancipation Proclamation did not
change the lives of all enslaved people overnight.
For example, enslaved people living in the loyal
border states remained in bondage. Others
remained under the direct control of their holders
in the South and would have to wait for a Union
victory before gaining their freedom.
Yet the Emancipation Proclamation had a
strong impact. With it, the government declared
slavery to be wrong. It was clear that a Union
victory would end slavery in the United States.
Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation
sent a clear message to enslaved PRIMARY SOURCE
people and the Confederacy about
I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this
the future of slavery. SS.8.A.5.6 “paper. . . . If my name ever goes into history it will be for this act, and my whole soul
is in it.
”
—Abraham Lincoln, 1863
✓ PROGRESS CHECK
SuperStock/Getty Images
Explaining How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the focus of
the war?
LESSON 2 REVIEW
Review Vocabulary 3. Explaining Why was it important for the

1. Identify the significance of the following terms to Confederacy to defend Richmond? SS.8.A.5.3
the subject of the Civil War. LA.8.1.6.1 4. Evaluating How did the Emancipation
a. tributa ry b. ironcl ad c. c asualty Proclamation affect enslaved people in
the South? SS.8.A.5.3, SS.8.A.5.6
5. PERSUASIVE WRITING Choose one of
2. Analyzing Why was the outcome of the Battle of Douglass and Greeley’s arguments for making
Bull Run surprising to Northerners? SS.8.A.5.3, SS.8.A.5.6 abolition an aim of the war. Write a short
paragraph expanding on the argument. SS.8.A.5.3, SS.8.A.5.6
470 The Civil War
PDF PROOF
netw rks
There’s More Online!
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
Women’s Contributions to
the War
SLIDE SHOW
• Civil War Political
Cartoons Lesson 3
• Women in the Military
• Women and Social Reform
Life During the Civil War
ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why does conflict develop?
It M atters Because
Those who lived through the Civil War experienced many challenges
and hardships.
NGSSS covered in
“A Different Way of Life”
SS.8.A.5.6 Compare significant Civil War
battles and events and their effects on A Different Way of Life
civilian populations.
LA.8.1.6.2 The student will listen to, read, and GUIDING QUESTION How did life change during the Civil War?
discuss familiar and conceptually
challenging text.
Changes at Home
When the Civil War began, many teenagers left home to serve in
the military. This meant leaving family, friends, and school.
Almost everyone who stayed home was touched in some way
by the war. Only about half of the school-age children attended
school because many had to stay home to help their families.
Schools closed during the war in some areas, especially those
near battles and skirmishes. Many schools and churches served
instead as hospitals for the wounded.
(cl) Florida State Archives, (cr) Dr. Michael Echols, American Surgical Antiques
Hardships in the South

(l) Published courtesy of the Trustees of the Boston Public Library.
Although the war affected everyone, life in the South changed

most dramatically. Both armies spent the majority of their time
on Southern soil. Because the fighting took place there, the South
suffered the most destruction. Southerners who lived in the
(r) The Granger Collection, NYC
paths of marching armies lost their crops and homes. Thousands

became refugees—people displaced by war.
Even those who lived outside the war zones suffered. As
the war dragged on, many areas faced shortages of food and
everyday supplies. Common household items became scarce.
Reading HELP DESK
Taking Notes: Identifying Content Vocabulary
As you read, complete a diagram like this one to • habeas corpus • greenback
catalog the ways that women in the North and the Women’s • draft
Contributions
South contributed to the war effort. • bounty
Lesson 3 471
PDF PROOF
As one observer noted, the South depended on the outside world
“for everything from a hairpin to a toothpick, and from a cradle
F
to a coffin.” Most people had to learn to do without. GU
New Roles for Women W

C
In both the North and the South, women kept the farms and
st
factories going. They ran offices, taught school, and kept
15
government records. Women also suffered the stress of having
C
the men in their lives away at war—and the pain of losing
w
family members. They scrimped and saved to make do without
many things they were used to, and they struggled to keep their S
families together during trying times. A
In the Civil War, thousands of women on both sides served im
as nurses. The idea of women nurses on the battlefield was ar
relatively new. Many doctors did not welcome women into the 15
medical field. They said women were too delicate for the bloody tr
work of wartime hospitals. Some men also felt it was improper ve
Frances Clayton was among as many
for women to tend the bodies of men they did not know. an
as 400 women who disguised
themselves as men to serve as Union Strong-minded women disregarded these objections. Sa
or Confederate soldiers. Dorothea Dix convinced officials to let women work as nurses be
and recruited large numbers of women to serve. Another
Northerner, Clara Barton, became famous for her work with w
wounded soldiers. In the South, Sally Tompkins established a se
hospital for soldiers in Richmond, Virginia. Pe
Women on both sides served as spies. For example, Rose ho
O’Neal Greenhow entertained Union leaders in Washington, C
D.C. She gathered information about Union plans and passed in
Florida State Archives

it to Confederate officials. Eventually, Greenhow was caught.
She was convicted of treason and exiled, or forced to leave the ✓
country. Harriet Tubman, an important “conductor” on the Ex
Underground Railroad, also served as a spy and scout for the
Union. In 1863 Tubman led a mission that freed many enslaved
people and disrupted Southern supply lines.
Women were not allowed to enlist in the army. As many as
400 women disguised themselves as men to serve as Union or Published courtesy of the Trustees of the Boston Public Library.
Confederate soldiers. Many were following brothers or husbands

to war, but some fought because they believed in the cause.
✓ PROGRESS CHECK
Summarizing Why did many children stay home from school during the
Civil War?
Reading HELP DESK

Build Vocabulary: Related Words
The word spy, which means “to watch secretly,” is related
to the word espionage, which means “spying.”
472 The Civil War
PDF PROOF
d
e
Floridians and the War NGSSS covered in
“Floridians and the War”
GUIDING QUESTION How did Florida participate in the Civil War? SS.8.A.5.6 Compare significant Civil War
When the Civil War began, neither Union leaders nor civilian populations.
Confederate leaders regarded Florida as important to their war Florida history as each impacts this era of
strategy. Florida had been a state of the United States for only American history.
15 years. With just 140,000 residents, it was the smallest of the 11

Confederate states. Florida also had little industry and few links
with the other states of the Confederacy.
r Supplying the Confederacy
As the war went on, Florida became one of the Confederacy’s
important suppliers. Florida supplied beef to the Confederate
army. The Confederate Cow Cavalry drove as many as
15,000 head of cattle from South Florida to help feed Rebel
y troops. Florida’s farms and plantations raised cotton, pork, and
vegetables. Saltwork plants at Apalachee Bay and St. Andrews
and at other sites along the coast produced much-needed salt.
Salt served the key job of keeping meat from spoiling in the days
before refrigeration.
The Union controlled Jacksonville during much of the
war. Union troops also held some other coastal towns and
several forts, including Fort Taylor in Key West, Fort Pickens in
Pensacola, and Fort Jefferson in the Dry Tortugas. Confederates,
however, controlled Florida’s interior. Tallahassee was the only
Confederate capital east of the Mississippi River that did not fall
into Union hands during the Civil War. During the Civil War, soldiers fought
Florida State Archives
several battles in Florida. The largest

✓ PROGRESS CHECK of these took place at Olustee in
February 1864, where the
Explaining Why was Florida’s contribution important to the Confederacy?
Confederates won a victory.
SS.8.A.5.7
Published courtesy of the Trustees of the Boston Public Library.
ds
473
PDF PROOF
NGSSS covered in
“Soldiers After Battle” Soldiers After Battle C
SS.8.A.5.6 Compare significant Civil War GUIDING QUESTION What were the conditions of hospitals and prison camps during the
battles and events and their effects on un
civilian populations. Civil War? sp
to determine meanings of unfamiliar words. For many soldiers, battle could be a terrifying experience. For re
those with wounds or for those taken prisoner, the misery was th
just beginning. ✓
Prisoners of War Ex
Each side treated its enemy soldiers with a mixture of sympathy
and hostility. At first, the two sides exchanged prisoners.
After this system broke down over issues such as Confederate
P
treatment of African American prisoners, each side set up C
prison camps. A prisoner typically kept his blanket and a GU
cup or canteen. These possessions were all he had during occ
his imprisonment. Food shortages made the suffering worse.
Volunteers distributed bread and soup to the wounded. In the In
prisons, though, there was little or nothing to eat. co
Andersonville prison opened in Georgia in early 1864. It fo
was built to hold 10,000 prisoners. By August, 33,000 crammed sh
its grounds. The men slept in shallow holes dug in the ground. pe
All they received to eat each day was a teaspoon of salt, three w
tablespoons of beans, and eight ounces of cornmeal. They drank st
and cooked with water from a stream that also served as a sewer.
In the Civil War, more than
Almost 13,000 Union prisoners died there, mostly from disease. W
2,000 women served as nurses in
Civil War hospitals on both sides. The Union prison in Elmira, New York, was no better. Li
Most were volunteers. SS.8.A.5.6 Captured soldiers from the South suffered through the winter im
months without blankets and warm clothes. The hospital was ne
in a flooded basement. A pond within the compound served st
as both toilet and garbage dump. Almost one quarter of all D
prisoners at Elmira died. of
pr
Field Hospitals ba
Surgeons set up hospitals near battlefields. There, with bullets
and cannonballs flying by, they bandaged wounds and w
amputated limbs. Nurse Kate Cumming recalled: C
th
PRIMARY SOURCE
th
“we We have to walk, and when we give the men anything kneel, in blood and water; but
think nothing of it.
D
” Ja
CORBIS
—from Kate: The Journal of a Confederate Nurse A

Dr. Michael Echols, American Surgical Antiques
Reading HELP DESK Li
pu
Academic Vocabulary Reading Strategy: Context Clues a
distribute to hand out, When you find an unknown word, look at surrounding text for clues to the meaning. Clues may be: go
spread around • The word is defined immediately following its use.
ca
• A synonym or an antonym is used that explains the meaning.
474 The Civil War • Hints appear in the surrounding passage to help you figure out the meaning.
PDF PROOF
Disease was another medical threat.
Crowded together in camps and drinking
unclean water, many soldiers got sick. Disease
spread quickly—and could be deadly. Some
regiments lost half their men to illness before
they ever went into battle.
✓ PROGRESS CHECK
Explaining Why were prison camps set up?

y
Political and Economic
Change Doctors in the Civil War did not have
GUIDING QUESTION What political and economic changes many modern medicines. To prevent
deadly infections, they often
occurred during the Civil War?
amputated wounded limbs with tools
In the South, many people opposed the war. The fighting was such as these.
costly not just in terms of lives lost or damaged, but also in
NGSSS covered in
food, material, and money. Everywhere, people suffered from “Political and Economic Change”
shortages. Bread riots broke out throughout the South as hungry SS.8.A.1.2 Analyze charts, graphs, maps,
people took to the streets. In Richmond, a group of mostly photographs and time lines; analyze
political cartoons; determine cause and
women and children gathered peacefully to protest but soon effect.
started smashing shop windows and stealing food. SS.8.A.5.6 Compare significant Civil War
r. In the North, the Democratic Party split down the middle. civilian populations.
LA.8.1.6.1 The student will use new
War Democrats supported the war itself while criticizing vocabulary that is introduced and taught
Lincoln’s handling of it. Peace Democrats argued for an directly.
MA.8.A.1.6 Compare the graphs of linear and
immediate end to fighting and a reunion of the states through non-linear functions for real-world
negotiation. Most Peace Democrats came from the Midwestern situations.
states of Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana. Critics of the Peace

Democrats called them Copperheads. A copperhead is a type
of deadly snake. Rather than take offense, the Copperheads
proudly embraced this label. They wore copper pennies as
badges on their clothing.
As in the South, some Northerners who opposed the
war discouraged people from enlisting. A few even helped
Confederate prisoners of war escape. Opponents claimed that
the Peace Democrats encouraged the South. They said that
the war dragged on because Confederates believed the Peace
t Democrats would finally prevail in the North.
Jail Without Trial

CORBIS
rse As a way of dealing with war opponents in the North, President

Dr. Michael Echols, American Surgical Antiques
Lincoln suspended habeas corpus (HAY • bee • uhs KAWR •

puhs)—a legal process that helps ensure the government has
a legal right to keep someone in jail. The Constitution says
government can suspend habeas corpus, but only “when in
cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it.”
Lesson 3 475
PDF PROOF
A
A Northern newspaper ran this Em
cartoon in 1863. It shows Lady Liberty
warding off an attack of the Peace w
Democrats, or Copperheads. w
▶ CRITICAL THINKING W
Analyzing Images What does this
cartoon suggest about the artist’s view Th
of Copperheads? Explain your answer. H
SS.8.A.1.2 co
th
in
kn
gu
With this act, Lincoln’s government was able to jail thousands of Th
Northerners without putting them on trial. Some of these people hi
were likely traitors to the Union. Others did nothing more than in
use their right of free speech to criticize the government.
In the South, President Davis also suspended habeas corpus. th
He, too, believed he needed to deal harshly with opponents of C
the war. Still, Davis’s action upset many loyal supporters. U
V
Draft Laws sh
Both the North and the South had trouble getting troops to sign re
up. In 1862 the Confederate Congress passed a draft, which ot
required able-bodied white men between ages 18 and 35 to serve
for three years. Later the requirement included men from ages 17 18
to 50. There were several exceptions. A man with enough money
could hire a substitute to serve for him. Later, a man with 20 or ✓
more enslaved people did not have to serve. Co
At first, the North offered a bounty (BAUN • tee), or a sum of
money, to encourage volunteers. In March 1863, it also passed a
draft. Men aged 20 to 45 had to register. As in the South, a man
could avoid the draft by hiring a substitute or paying $300. Many LE
workers earned less than $500 a year and could not afford these
options. In both the North and the South, people complained it Re
was “a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight.”
1.
(t) The Granger Collection, NYC
People rioted to protest the draft in several Northern cities.

The New York City draft riots in July 1863 were the worst. As
the first names were drawn, rioters attacked government and
military buildings. Then mobs turned their attacks against
Reading HELP DESK An
2.
habeas corpus a legal writ, or order, that guarantees a greenback paper money issued by Academic Vocabulary
prisoner the right to be heard in court the United States government substitute an alternate
draft a system of selecting people for required military service or replacement 3.
bounty reward or payment
476 The Civil War
PDF PROOF
African Americans. Many white workers had opposed the
Emancipation Proclamation, fearing freed African Americans
would take their jobs. After four days, more than 100 people
were dead. Federal troops finally stopped the riots. Analyzing and Interpreting
Information
War and the Economy Inflation, a rise in prices, hurts
The war strained the economies of the North and the South. people by reducing the buying
power of money. The graph
However, the North, with its greater resources, was better able to
shows that with just 3.5 percent
cope with the costs of the war. inflation, the buying power of
The two sides had three ways of paying for the war. First, $1,000 drops sharply. In 20
they borrowed money. Second, they passed new taxes, including years, the $1,000 will have
about half its original buying
income taxes. Third, they printed money. Northern bills became power. To learn more about
known as greenbacks because of their color. analyzing and interpreting
In the North, industry profited from the war effort. It made information, review Thinking
Like a Historian. MA.8.A.1.6
guns, ammunition, shoes, and uniforms. Farmers prospered, too.
f They sold their crops to feed the troops. Because goods were in
e high demand, prices went up—faster than workers’ wages. This INFLATION GRAPH
inflation caused hardship for working people.
$1000
The South felt the economic strain even more sharply than
. the North. Many of the battles of the Civil War took place on $750
Confederate soil, destroying farmland and railroad lines. The
Dollars
Union naval blockade prevented the shipping of trade goods. $500
Vital materials could not reach the Confederacy. Salt was in such $250
short supply that women scraped the floors of smokehouses to
n recover it. Food shortages led to riots in Atlanta, Richmond, and 0 5 10 15 20
other cities. Year
ve The South also suffered much worse inflation. As early as
Purchasing power of $1,000
17 1862, citizens begged Confederate leaders for help. at 3.5 percent inflation
y Purchasing power of $1,000
r ✓ PROGRESS CHECK with no inflation
Comparing How did the war affect the economy in the North and South?
f
ny LESSON 3 REVIEW
e
Review Vocabulary 4. Comparing What challenges and threats did
1. Use each of these terms in a complete sentence that prisoners and wounded soldiers both face? SS.8.A.5.6
(t) The Granger Collection, NYC
explains its meaning. LA.8.1.6.1 5. Summarizing Who were the Copperheads? What
(b) U.S. Government
a.hab eas corpus b. draf t c. boun ty was their position on fighting the war? SS.8.A.5.6
6. PERSUASIVE WRITING President Lincoln and
President Davis suspended habeas corpus to deal
2. Explaining How did the roles of women change with opponents of the war. Do you think
y during the Civil War? SS.8.A.5.6 suspending civil liberties is justified in some
te situations? Write a short essay in which you state
3. Evaluating What was Florida’s contribution to the
Civil War? SS.8.A.5.7 and defend your position. SS.8.A.5.6
Lesson 3 477
PDF PROOF
America’s Literature
Across Five Aprils
by Irene Hunt
wi
Ell
on
I rene Hunt (1907–2001) was born in Pontiac, Illinois,
more than 40 years after the Civil War ended.
father died when she was seven years old. Hunt
Illinois,
ed. Her
un nt in
graduated from the University of Illinois in 1939. 939.
She taught French and English in Illinois public lic
kn
schools until she retired to write full time in
1969. She wrote many books for young peoplee co
and won a Newberry Medal for her second novel, ovel,
Up a Road Slowly. Hunt died in 2001.
A Union
U i soldier
ldii might
ld i ht wear
ch
First published in 1965, Across Five Aprils was Irene Hunt’s a cap like this. ev
first novel. It is the story of Jethro Creighton, a nine-year-old
boy living in Indiana during the Civil War. In this excerpt, he De
and his mother are at home when a letter arrives from one of
Jethro’s older brothers, who is fighting for the Union.
to
“I miss yore good cookin Ma. You tell giv
Jeth that bein a soljer aint so much.”
on
—from Irene Hunt’s Across Five Aprils
In February 1862, Brigadier General Ulysses
S. Grant demanded and received
up
unconditional surrender of Confederate
Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River. it.
W
he
lik
lit
Bi
fro
(t) Military and Historical Image Bank, (b) Everett Collection / SuperStock
an
Used by permission of Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
TEXT: From ACROSS FIVE APRILS Copyright © 1964 by Irene Hunt.
so
co
Yr
To
478 The Civil War
PDF PROOF
Finally one day Ed Turner brought them a letter from Tom. Ed looked pinched
“
with cold after his long drive, but he wouldn’t stop for coffee. SS.8.A.1.1 Provide supporting details for an
answer from text, interview for oral history,
“A fam’ly needs to be alone when one of these letters comes,” he said in answer to check validity of information from research/
text, and identify strong vs. weak arguments.
Ellen’s invitation. “I’d be pleased if you’d let me know what the boy has to say—later SS.8.A.1.7 View historic events through the
eyes of those who were there as shown in their
on when Matt has the time to drop over.” art, writings, music, and artifacts.
Jenny had gone with her father to see about some stock, and Jethro was alone LA.8.6.2.2 The student will assess, organize,
synthesize, and evaluate the validity and
in the cabin with his mother. When Ed Turner was gone, she handed the letter to Jethro. reliability of information in text using a variety
of techniques by examining several sources of
“My hands is shakin’ Son,” she said. They were, indeed, but both she and the boy information, including both primary and
secondary resources.
knew that the real reason she was forced to hand the letter over was the fact that she
could not read.
The envelope was crumpled and stained, the letter written in pencil in a round, Vocabulary
childish hand. It was probably among the first three or four letters that young Tom had stock
ever written. livestock
dressin down
DereFokes (incorrect spelling of “dressing down”)
a serious punishment or scolding
I take pencil in hand to let you no that Eb and me is alright.
I expect you no by now how we took Fort Henry down here. Mebby I oughtnt say we
took it becus it was the ironclads that don it. Old admiral Foote had what it took and he Literary Element
give the rebs a dressin down but some of his ironclads got hit hard. A boy I no was Dialect refers to the language,
speech patterns, spelling, grammar,
on the Essex and he was burned so bad he dide when that boat got nocked out of the fite. and sounds used by people from a
Us boys didn’t do much fitin at Fort Henry but at Donelson I can tell you we made particular area or from a particular
social or economic group. As you read,
up fer it. We had done a foolish thing on our way to Donelson and I will rite you about
note the ways Irene Hunt uses dialect
it. When we was marchin tord the fort the weather was like a hot hapril day back home. to reveal information about her
We was feelin set-up about Fort Henry and when some of the boys got tard of caryin characters. If you have trouble
following the dialect, try reading the
hevey blanket rolls they jest up and throwed em away. Then more and more of us acted text aloud.
like crazy fools and we throwed away hevey cotes and things to make our lodes a littel
liter. As soon as we got to Donelson the wether turned cold as
Billy Sideways and some of the boys that was sick or bad hurt they
froze to deth in the snow. Things was awful bad with so many kilt Analyzing Literature
and others froze. I felt sick when I looked at them and so I am not
1 Explaining Why didn’t Ed Turner accept Mrs.
so proud about Donelson as mebby I ought to be. I miss yore good Creighton’s invitation to stay for coffee?
cookin Ma. You tell Jeth that bein a soljer aint so much.
2 Analyzing What does the dialect used in Tom’s
letter reveal about him? Use examples from the
(t) Military and Historical Image Bank
(b) Everett Collection / SuperStock
Yrs truly text to support your answer.

Tom
” 3 Interpreting What has Tom learned about the
reality of war?
Lesson 3 479
PDF PROOF
tw
netw rks Gettysburg
tr
Rock
i n a r y R i d ge
There’s More Online! General
G
Lee
Cemetery
Hill
le
Culp’s
Sem
BIOGRAPHY Pickett’s
Hill
th
Ce m e te r y R i d
Charge
“Stonewall” Jackson Ja
General
Meade
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER on
ge
R un
Union and Confederate
C
Victories
Lesson 4 w
MAP The Battle of Gettysburg,
Day 3
PRIMARY SOURCE
The Strain of War of
Ja
• Obituary of Stonewall Jackson
• Union Recruitment Poster ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why does conflict develop?
pr
m
VIDEO
of
It M atters Because le
Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg marked a turning point P
in the war.
NGSSS covered in In
“Southern Victories”
pr
Southern Victories di
Lincoln’s presidency. GUIDING QUESTION What factors contributed to the early success of the Confederate forces?
SS.8.A.5.5 Compare Union and Confederate U
strengths and weaknesses. The military leadership of Generals Robert E. Lee and Stonewall
w
battles and events and their effects on Jackson was a key factor in the Confederates’ military success in ac
the East. With their knowledge of the land and ability to inspire to
vocabulary that is introduced and taught troops, these two often defeated larger Union forces. at
directly.
LA.8.1.6.2 The student will listen to, read, and re
discuss familiar and conceptually The Battle of Fredericksburg
challenging text.
After Antietam, Robert E. Lee moved his army out of Maryland Bu
into Virginia. This encouraged newly named Union commander, pr
General Ambrose Burnside, to march his troops toward the
Confederate capital at Richmond. Lee intercepted the Union w
army near Fredericksburg. Lee’s forces dug trenches in hills m
(l) North Wind Picture Archives, (cl) Archive Photos/Stringer/Getty Images,

south of the town. This gave them the advantage of higher Le
(c) Kean Collection/Getty Images, (r) The Granger Collection, NYC
ground from which to fight. On December 13, 1862, Union forces co
attacked. Lee’s entrenched (ihn • TREHNCHT) troops drove C
them back with heavy losses. Devastated, Burnside resigned.
M
Victory at Chancellorsville
North Wind Picture Archives

be
In May 1863, Lee met Union forces led by General Joseph Hooker
✓
in the Battle of Chancellorsville. General Lee again showed
daring and a brilliant command of tactics. Although Hooker had Ex
Reading HELP DESK
Taking Notes: Categorizing Union Victories Confederate Victories Content Vocabulary en
As you read, use a chart like the one • entrench de
shown here to keep track of which battles • flank fla
were won by each side.
480 The Civil War
PDF PROOF
twice as many men, Lee divided his forces. Some Confederate BIOGRAPHY
troops confronted the main Union force. Others under the
leadership of Stonewall Jackson secretly marched to a spot on
the far end of the Union line. The risky plan worked perfectly.
Jackson’s army surprised the Union force with a crushing attack
on its flank (FLANGK), or side. Lee struck from the front.
Caught between the two Confederate forces, Hooker eventually
withdrew his men.
The Confederate victory came at a high cost. In the confusion
of battle, Confederate soldiers fired on and wounded Stonewall
Jackson by mistake. Surgeons amputated Jackson’s arm,
Thomas Jonathan
“Stonewall” Jackson
prompting Lee to say, “He has lost his left arm, and I have lost (1824–1863)
my right.” Worse, Jackson developed pneumonia. After a week
Thomas Jackson was born in Virginia.
of suffering, he died. His death cost the South one of its great At the age of 18, he moved north to
leaders. It also affected the morale of its army and its citizens. attend the military academy at West
t Point. He went on to a short and
Problems With Union Leadership unremarkable career in the United
In contrast, Union leadership in the East disappointed the States Army. During the 1850s, he
president. In less than a year, a frustrated Lincoln saw three taught at the Virginia Military
different generals try and fail to lead the Union to victory. Institute. At that time, he showed
The first, Major General George McClellan, commanded the more interest in art than in war.
s? When the Civil War started, Jackson
Union forces at the Battle of Antietam in March 1862. Although he was not widely known in the military.
l was expert at preparing for battle, he was overly careful and slow to That changed at the First Battle of
n act. Said Lincoln, “If McClellan doesn’t want to use the army, I’d like Bull Run, when Jackson won his
e to borrow it for a while.” The last straw came when, after victory nickname “Stonewall.” By 1863, he
at Antietam, McClellan failed to obey Lincoln’s order to follow the had become one of the Confederacy’s
retreating Confederate troops and destroy them. top leaders.
Lincoln pushed his next commander, General Ambrose
Burnside, to take aggressive action. Burnside quickly lost the ▶ CRITICAL THINKING
r, president’s favor after his crushing loss at Fredericksburg. Speculating What does Jackson’s
nickname—Stonewall—suggest about
Next, Lincoln appointed Major General Joseph Hooker, his personal qualities?
who had often been critical of other generals. Hooker’s attitude
matched the president’s. “May God have mercy on General
(l) North Wind Picture Archives, (cl) Archive Photos/Stringer/Getty Images,
Lee, for I will have none,” he declared. Despite Hooker’s

(c) Kean Collection/Getty Images, (r) The Granger Collection, NYC
s confidence, Lee’s much smaller army crushed Hooker’s forces at

Chancellorsville. Hooker soon resigned.
Lincoln’s next commander needed to prove himself quickly.
Major General George Meade assumed command three days
North Wind Picture Archives
before one of the war’s great battles.

er
✓ PROGRESS CHECK
d Explaining Why was Lincoln frustrated with the Union generals?
entrench placed within a trench, or ditch, for Build Vocabulary: Metaphor

defense; placed in a strong defensive position Entrench is often used metaphorically to refer to ideas that are firmly held and
flank the side or edge of a military formation cannot be easily changed. Here’s an example: “Thanks to my parents, the belief
that I would succeed as long as I studied hard became entrenched in my mind.”
Lesson 4 481
PDF PROOF
African Americans in the Civil War
GUIDING QUESTION What role did African Americans play in military efforts?
African American Soldiers
At first, both the North and the South barred African Americans
Beginning with the
Revolutionary War, African from serving in their armies. As time passed, the North relaxed
Americans have had a long its rules.
history of serving with
distinction in the United States Excluded in the South
military. When the draft ended
in 1973, African American Even though African Americans made up more than 30 percent
enrollment in the armed forces of the smaller Southern population, Confederate leaders would
increased. Today, African not allow them to enlist. Only in the last days of the war, when
Americans make up about
17 percent of the active forces
defeat drew near, did they consider it. Confederate leaders feared
and 15 percent of the Reserves that once armed, African American soldiers would attack their
and National Guard. SS.8.A.1.3 fellow troops or even begin a general revolt.
Enlisted in the North

At first, President Lincoln resisted calls to enlist African
Am
Americans in the Union army. He feared that such a policy
w
would be unpopular in the border states.
By 1862, though, it was clear that the North needed more T
soldiers
so in order to defeat the Confederacy. Many African Th
Americans
A were eager to fight. As a result, Congress decided M
to reverse past policy and allow the formation of all– co
African
A American regiments. Bo
These new Union soldiers were in a tough position. th
Many
M white Union regiments doubted their fighting C
ability.
a Others resented them. Many Southern troops al
also especially hated the Union’s African American ca
soldiers. They often focused their fiercest fire on African sa
American regiments. ot
Despite this, African Americans joined. By the end of
✓
the war, they made up about 10 percent of the Union army.
Some were freed people from the North. Others had fled De
enslavement in the South. These men fought hard and Af
effectively, too. As one white Union officer wrote about an
all–African American Kansas regiment:
T
Archive Photos/Stringer/Getty Images
PRIMARY SOURCE GU
The Union army actively recruited They make better soldiers in every respect than any troops I have ever had under
African Americans through posters “
my command.
In
like these. ” —General James G. Blunt
vi
R
on
Reading HELP DESK
Academic Vocabulary in
Kean Collection/Getty Images
reverse to go in the opposite direction w

Br
ha
482 The Civil War th
PDF PROOF
r
s This image, showing troops in a camp near
Philadelphia, appeared on Union
d recruiting posters.
Analyzing Visuals What do you think is
the purpose of this poster? Explain
your answer.
ed
e The 54th Massachusetts NGSSS covered in

“African Americans in the Civil War”
r””
The best-known African American regiment was the 54th SS.8.A.1.3 Analyze current events relevant to
ed Massachusetts. Founded in 1863, the 54th was under the American History topics through a variety of
electronic and print media resources.
command of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, who came from a SS.8.A.5.3 Explain major domestic and
Boston abolitionist family. Later that year, the 54th served on international economic, military, political,
the front lines in an assault on Fort Wagner in South Carolina. Lincoln’s presidency.
Confederate gunfire caused nearly 300 casualties in the 54th SS.8.A.5.5 Compare Union and Confederate
alone, including Colonel Shaw. Though the Union could not SS.8.A.5.6 Compare significant Civil War
capture the fort, the 54th became famous for the courage and civilian populations.
sacrifice of its members. It would also serve with distinction in SS.8.A.5.7 Examine key events and peoples in
Florida history as each impacts this era of
other battles, such as the Battle of Olustee in Florida. American history.
✓ PROGRESS CHECK to determine meanings of unfamiliar words.
y.
Determining Cause and Effect Why did Lincoln hesitate to enlist
African Americans?
n
The Tide Turns

GUIDING QUESTION How was the Battle of Gettysburg a turning point in the war?
r In spring of 1863, the Confederates had the upper hand. Their

victory at Chancellorsville ruined Union plans to attack
Getty Images
Richmond. Lee was emboldened. He decided to take the war

once more into the North, hoping to impress France and Britain.
The Confederate strategy was similar to that of the colonies
in the Revolutionary War. Though far outnumbered, the colonies
Kean Collection/Getty Images
won the support of France—and the war. Now, France and

Britain missed the goods—especially cotton—Southern planters
had once supplied. If the Confederates appeared to be winning,
those nations might help. Lesson 4 483
PDF PROOF
The Battle of Gettysburg, Day 3 a
C
GEOGRAPHY CONNECTION Gettysburg
G
After two days of fighting at an
Rock
Gettysburg, the Confederates
i n a r y R i d ge
mounted a heavy attack on the General Cemetery th
Hill
un
Lee la
yR
Union lines.
hb
ug
Culp’s
Sem
ll o
1 LOCATION Where did the Hill
Wi
Confederates concentrate Pickett’s C
Ce m e te r y R i d
their attack? Charge
Ru
n en
r’s
w
ze
2 CRITICAL THINKING
Pi t
General
Drawing Conclusions What Meade co
ge
about the Union position as shown
Cre e
Ru
on this map might have given
k
Pl u m
fr
Union forces an advantage? N
SS.8.A.5.6 tw
W E sh
Little
S Round go
Top
Big Round
Top T
Confederate troops
0 1 mile Union troops
O
0 1 km C
Confederate troop C
movements
m
Albers Equal-Area projection ci
tr
NGSSS covered in The Battle of Gettysburg
“The Tide Turns” su
In July 1863, a small town in southern Pennsylvania became a
The Granger Collection, NYC

international economic, military, political, the site of one of the most decisive battles in the Civil War. th
Lincoln’s presidency. Gettysburg was not a capital, a key port, or the location of a 77
SS.8.A.5.5 Compare Union and Confederate fort. It was almost an accident that such serious fighting took
SS.8.A.5.6 Compare significant Civil War place there.
battles and events and their effects on The Confederates entered the town looking for supplies.
General Lee hoped to avoid fighting in a landscape he did
not know well. It was there, however, that he encountered
the enemy. When Lee’s troops crawled out of Gettysburg four
grueling days later, they had suffered 25,000 casualties. The
Union—the victor—lost 23,000.
The battle started at 7:30 a.m. on July 1. Outnumbered Union
troops retreated to a section of high ground called Cemetery
Ridge. Reinforcements arrived for both sides. On the second day
of fighting, Southern generals tried to drive Union forces from
hills named Round Top and Little Round Top. In furious fighting,
Union forces under General George Meade held their positions.
Reading HELP DESK
Academic Vocabulary
encounter to meet, come face-to-face with
484 The Civil War
PDF PROOF
The next day, Lee ordered an attack designed to “create
a panic and virtually destroy the [Union] army.” First, the
Confederates fired nearly 140 cannons at the Union lines. Then,
General George Pickett led thousands of Confederate troops in
an attack on the Union’s position at Cemetery Ridge. Putting
themselves directly in the line of fire, they advanced across open
land in what came to be remembered as Pickett’s Charge.
At first, it seemed that Pickett’s Charge might work. The
Confederates broke the first line of Union defense. In the
end, however, half of those who started the attack lay dead or
wounded on the ground. Lee later wrote, “The army did all it
could. I fear I required of it impossibilities.”
Gettysburg ended the Confederates’ hope of gaining help
from Britain and France. The South had hoped to receive
two ironclads from the British and use them to sweep Union
shipping from the Atlantic. However, in October 1863, the British
government decided not to release the ships.
The Siege of Vicksburg

On July 4, the day that Lee retreated from Gettysburg, the
Confederacy suffered another major blow. The important river
This painting shows Union forces
city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, fell under the control of Union fighting their way to the Confederate
troops led by Ulysses S. Grant. lines at Vicksburg, Mississippi, in
Grant had first attacked Vicksburg in April. His army May 1863.
surrounded the 30,000 Confederate troops there. In May, Grant began ▶ CRITICAL THINKING
a siege of the town, preventing food and supplies from reaching Analyzing Visuals Do you think this
The Granger Collection, NYC
the Confederates. Union gunships on the river supported Grant’s painting was meant for a Union
audience or a Confederate audience?
77,000 troops by firing thousands of shells into the city. Explain your answer.
g,
PDF PROOF
The siege lasted 47 days. There were more than 9,000
Confederate and 10,000 Union casualties, and many soldiers died
of disease or starvation. Despite heavy losses of soldiers, fewer
than 20 citizens of Vicksburg were killed in the long siege.
A few days after Vicksburg fell, the Confederacy lost Port
Hudson in Louisiana, its last stronghold on the Mississippi River.
The Union had split the South in two. Arkansas, Louisiana, and
Texas were now cut off. The tide of the Civil War had turned.
Lincoln’s Address at Gettysburg

On November 19, 1863, officials and citizens gathered to dedicate
the Soldiers’ National Cemetery at Gettysburg. At the ceremony,
former governor of Massachusetts Edward Everett delivered
a two-hour speech. After him, President Abraham Lincoln
spoke for about two minutes. In 272 words, Lincoln honored the
soldiers and their cause, and stated his vision for the country.
PRIMARY SOURCE
These dead shall not have died in vain. . . . Government of the people, by the people,
“for the people shall not perish from the earth.
”
—from the Gettysburg Address
Reactions to Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address were mixed.

Everett, along with the New York Times, Chicago Tribune, and
Springfield (Mass.) Republican, thought the speech was a success.
The Republican wrote, “His little speech is a perfect gem; deep
in feeling, compact in thought and expression, and tasteful . . . in
every word and comma.” It remains one of the most enduring
and powerful speeches in American history.
✓ PROGRESS CHECK
Summarizing How did the events at Vicksburg change the tide of the war?
LESSON 4 REVIEW
Review Vocabulary 3. Making Inferences Why do you think some

1. Use the following words in sentences about the leaders called for African Americans to be
Civil War. LA.8.1.6.1 allowed to fight in the Civil War? SS.8.A.5.3
a. ent rench b.fl ank 4. Evaluating Why was Gettysburg a turning
point for the South? SS.8.A.5.6
5. PERSONAL WRITING You are a soldier who
2. Explaining Why was the Battle of Chancellorsville fought at Gettysburg. Write a letter to a loved
important? SS.8.A.5.6 one at home, describing the battle scene, how
you felt, and what the outcome was. SS.8.A.5.6
486 The Civil War
PDF PROOF
Oct. 1 3, 1862
netw rks Olustee

Feb. 20, 1864
There’s More Online! Fort Brooke

Oct. 16–18, 1863
BIOGRAPHY Tampa
June 30–
Ulysses S. Grant July 1, 1862
CHART/GRAPH Gulf of
The Cost of U.S. Wars
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Lesson 5
Events Leading to the End of War
MAP • The Final Battles
• Battles in Florida
The War’s Final Stages
PRIMARY SOURCE
Grant’s Strategy for Spring 1864 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why does conflict develop?
It M atters Because
With each side still determined to win, the bloodiest months of the
Civil War were still to come.
NGSSS covered in
“The Union Closes In”
The Union Closes In
Lincoln’s presidency. GUIDING QUESTION What events occurred at the end of the war?
strengths and weaknesses. By 1864, Union forces had the South surrounded. Union ships
battles and events and their effects on blocked the Confederate coast, reducing the trade goods getting
out and supplies getting in. The Union also controlled the
Florida history as each impacts this era of Mississippi River, cutting off the western Confederate states
American history.
from those in the East. The South seemed ready to fall—if the
vocabulary that is introduced and taught Union could come up with the right plan of attack. General
directly.
Grant would be the one to draw up such a plan.
discuss familiar and conceptually
challenging text.
General Grant Takes Charge
to determine meanings of unfamiliar words. Ulysses S. Grant had been only an average student. He failed as a
farmer and in business. Yet he became a brilliant soldier. He led
Union troops to victory at Shiloh and Vicksburg and at another
key battle in Chattanooga, Tennessee. In March 1864, President
Lincoln put General Grant in charge of all the Union armies.
(l & r) Library of Congress/LC-USZC4-678
President Lincoln liked that Grant was a man of action. Now

in charge, Grant wasted little time coming up with a plan to
finish the war. He would deliver killing blows from all sides. His
armies would move on to Richmond, the Confederate capital. At
the same time, General William Tecumseh Sherman would lead
attacks across the Deep South.
Reading HELP DESK
Taking Notes: Determining Cause and Effect Content Vocabulary
As you read, keep track of the chain of events that leads • resistance
to the end of the Civil War using a diagram like the one • total war
shown here.
Lesson 5 487
PDF PROOF
Grant soon put his strategy into action. In May and June of
1864, Grant’s army confronted Lee’s smaller force in a series of
three battles near Richmond, Virginia. These were the Battles
of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, and Cold Harbor.
At each battle, Confederate lines held at first, but Grant quickly
renewed the attack. “Whatever happens, there will be no turning
back,” Grant promised Lincoln. He was determined to march
southward, attacking Lee’s forces relentlessly and in spite of
heavy losses until the Confederacy surrendered.
Grant Moves South Toward Richmond

Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) The Wilderness was a densely wooded area about halfway
Ulysses S. Grant was born and raised between Washington, D.C., and Richmond, Virginia. Here, on
in Georgetown, Ohio. As a young May 5, 1864, the six bloodiest weeks of the war began. For two
man, his father pressured him to days, Union and Confederate forces struggled among a tangle of
attend the U.S. Military Academy at trees through which they could hardly see. A Union private said,
West Point. Grant was not interested
in military service, but he went
“It was a blind and bloody hunt to the death.”
because it was his only chance at At the Battle of the Wilderness, Lee had only about
further education. Yet Grant became 60,000 men, while Grant had more than 100,000. Both sides
a fearless soldier and an expert rider suffered huge casualties. Grant, who lost 17,000 men, cried in his
at a time when soldiers rode horses tent at the end of the second day. Meanwhile, brushfires raged
in battle. Grant’s military strategy through the forest. The fires burned alive 200 wounded men. On
seemed ruthless at times, but he
the morning of the third day, with no clear winner, Grant moved
said, “I have never advocated [war]
except as a means of peace.” his forces south toward Richmond.
The next battles took place at nearby Spotsylvania Court
House and at Cold Harbor. On June 2, the night before this
third battle began, a Union general observed that men were cu
Explaining What do you think Grant
meant in the quotation? “writing their names and home addresses on slips of paper and C
pinning them to the backs of their coats” to help people identify U
their bodies. The war seemed hopeless. Grant, however, was si
determined. He explained to the White House, “I propose to re
fight it out on this line, if it takes all summer.”
In a space of 30 days, Grant lost 50,000 of his own troops. His S
critics in the North called him a “butcher.” Lincoln, however, M
stood by his general. “I can’t spare this man,” Lincoln is reported In
to have said. “He fights.” As he fought, the Confederates were br
also losing men—losses their smaller army could not survive. m
fo
Library of Congress/LC-USZC4-678
Siege at Petersburg in
Grant made steady progress. He next arrived at Petersburg, a be
railroad center vital to the Confederate movement of troops and ke
supplies. If Grant could take Petersburg, Richmond would be w
Reading HELP DESK
Academic Vocabulary re
series events that occur one after the other
488 The Civil War
PDF PROOF
The Final Battles 1864–1865
N Md.
Washington, D.C. Del.
W E West
U
Union forces S
Virginia The
ng Union retreat
U Wilderness
Confederate forces
C Virginia
Confederate retreat
C Richmond Cold Harbor
Union victory LEE
Confederate victory Appomattox
Kentucky Court House G R ANT Petersburg
Inconclusive battle siege
36°N
Nashville Raleigh
Nashville
36°N
Franklin
North Carolina
Bentonville
Tennessee
f
Chattanooga
d,
South Carolina
HO 5
Wilmington
86
OD Kennesaw Mtn.
Columbia
N, 1
Atlanta
S H ER M A
Atlanta
s Alabama AT L AN T I C
SH Georgia O CE AN
ER Charleston
MA
N’S
M A RC H
n Macon
TO T
HE 0 100 miles
32°N
Montgomery SE A
d , 18
64 0 100 km
Savannah Albers Equal-Area projection
32°N
88°W 84°W 80°W 76°W
GEOGRAPHY CONNECTION
cut off from the rest of the Confederacy. Grant laid siege. The During the final year of the war, Union
Confederates defended the city, but they could not break the troops moved through the heart of
y Union’s grip. Trains brought food and more troops to the Union the Confederacy.
side. The Confederates could get neither. Determined, they 1 LOCATION Where did
refused to give up. Sherman’s March to the Sea begin
and end?
s Sherman in Georgia 2 CRITICAL THINKING
Meanwhile, William Tecumseh Sherman headed for Georgia. Analyzing Visuals What
information on the map helps
d In early July, his troops circled Atlanta. There they faced the
explain why Sherman was able to
brilliant Confederate general, John Hood. Hood’s forces put up cause such destruction on his
major resistance (rih • ZIHS • tuhnts). Sherman laid siege, finally March to the Sea?
forcing Hood to abandon the city on September 1. The mood SS.8.A.5.3, SS.8.A.5.6
Library of Congress/LC-USZC4-678
in the white South became desperate as the prospect of defeat

became more certain. Mary Chesnut, a South Carolinian who
d kept a diary throughout the war, wrote, “There is no hope, but
we will try to have no fear.”
resistance refusal to give in
Lesson 5 489
487_493_DOPAE_FL_SE_MS_C17_L5_892806.indd 489 3/16/11 10:19 AM
PDF PROOF
Farragut Blockades Mobile Bay
The highest-ranking officer in the Union navy was David Farragut.
The son of a Spanish military man, Farragut had joined the navy
when he was only 12 years old. In August 1864, he led a fleet of
18 ships through a narrow channel into Mobile Bay in Alabama. His
mission was to gain control of the bay. Faced with stiff resistance,
Farragut prepared for battle. To make sure he had a good view, he
cclimbed high into the ship’s rigging and had himself tied in place.
The Confederates had forts on both sides of the channel, and
tthey had mined the water with torpedoes. Unwilling to back
down, Farragut shouted his famous order: “Damn the torpedoes,
full speed ahead!” The mission succeeded in blocking the last
Southern port east of the Mississippi.
Battles in Florida
In February 1864, Union forces landed in Jacksonville.
T
They moved into the state’s center. The Union wanted to cut
off Florida’s supplies from the rest of the Confederacy. As
o
55,500 Union soldiers marched west, Confederate general Joseph
David Farragut led the United States Finegan positioned 5,200 troops at Olustee Station, located
F Ba
Navy to some of its greatest victories about 13 miles (21 km) east of Lake City. On February 20, the vi
in the Civil War. two armies fought a furious battle. The fighting left nearly se
2,000 Union soldiers and 1,000 Confederates dead, wounded, 21
or captured. The Battle of Olustee, also known as Ocean Pond, B.
forced Union troops to retreat to Jacksonville.
The Confederates also won the Battle of Natural Bridge in fr
southern Leon County. In March 1865, Union army and naval Ja
forces landed near St. Mark’s Lighthouse. They prepared to move w
inland to take St. Marks, and then to march on to Tallahassee.
The people of Tallahassee began building Fort Houston. Men of ✓
all ages volunteered to defend the capital. Meeting at Natural Ex
Bridge, Confederate soldiers turned back the veteran Union in
forces. The Battle of Natural Bridge was one of the last significant
Confederate victories of the war.
T
The Election of 1864 GU
In the North, opposition to the war grew stronger through much
of 1864. It seemed unlikely that Lincoln could win reelection Fr
in November. His loss could mean an end to the war and to
recognition of the Confederacy as an independent country. be
Bettmann/CORBIS
White Southerners clung to this hope. G

kn
Reading HELP DESK
S
Academic Vocabulary St
interpret to find meaning in something br
Sh
490 The Civil War
PDF PROOF
Battles in Florida 1861–1865
GEOGRAPHY CONNECTION
Natural Bridge St. John’s Bluff Despite Union success elsewhere in
Oct. 1–3, 1862 30°N
is March 6, 1865 the Confederacy, Union efforts to
Santa Rosa Island N
Oct. 9, 1861
Olustee capture Florida’s capital failed.
Feb. 20, 1864
W E
1 MOVEMENT In which
S direction did Union troops move
Fort Brooke
prior to the Battle of Olustee?
0 250 miles
Oct. 16–18, 1863 AT L AN T I C
Tampa O CE AN 2 CRITICAL THINKING
0 250 km
June 30–
Albers Equal-Area projection July 1, 1862 Drawing Conclusions Why do
s, you think Union forces began all
U
Union advance their attacks in Florida along the
Gulf of
Union retreat
U
Mexico coast? SS.8.A.5.7
Confederate advance
C
Union victory
Confederate victory 25°N
Inconclusive battle
85°W
85 80°W
After Union troops captured Atlanta and blocked Mobile

Bay, however, weary Northerners began to believe again that
victory was possible. In November, President Lincoln won a
second term. He took 55 percent of the popular vote and 212 to
21 electoral votes over the Democratic candidate, General George
B. McClellan.
Many interpreted Lincoln’s reelection as a clear sign
from the voters: They wanted a permanent end to slavery. On
January 31, 1865, Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment,
ve which banned slavery in the United States.
f ✓ PROGRESS CHECK
Explaining Why did it seem unlikely that Lincoln would be reelected

in the early part of 1864?
nt
The War Ends NGSSS covered in

“The War Ends”
GUIDING QUESTION What is total war? SS.8.A.5.3 Explain major domestic and
h international economic, military, political,
From the beginning of the war, a goal of the Union army was Lincoln’s presidency.
to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond. Petersburg had SS.8.A.5.6 Compare significant Civil War
been the last roadblock in Grant’s path. After a nine-month siege,
Bettmann/CORBIS
Grant finally drove Lee’s army out of that city. Jefferson Davis
knew that Richmond was doomed.
Sherman’s March to the Sea

Still, the Confederacy fought on. The Union was determined to
break the South’s will to continue the fight. To break this will,
Sherman burned much of the city of Atlanta in November 1864.
Lesson 5 491
PDF PROOF
AMERICAN WARS: BATTLE DEATHS A
T
Global War on Terror 5,879* ea
of
Mexican War 13,000
re
Revolutionary War 25,000 U
Korean War 35,500 an
War
Vietnam War 58,000

A
World War I 107,000
a
World War II 407,000 th
Civil War 620,000 N
G
0 100,000
00 000 200,000
200 000 300,000
300 000 400,000
00 000 500,000
00 000 600,000
600 000 700,000
de
Number of American Deaths
GRAPH SKILL *As of 2/1/2011
T
The Civil War was by far the most M
costly war in terms of lives lost co
of any other conflict in do
American history.
Sherman then had his troops march across Georgia toward the
Atlantic, burning cities and crops as they went. This trail of
1 CALCULATING How many destruction is known as Sherman’s March to the Sea. m
more Americans died in the Civil
War than in the second most Sherman continued his march through the Carolinas to join p
costly war? Grant’s forces near Richmond. Union troops took food, tore up of
railroad lines and fields, and killed livestock. General Sherman’s of
2 CRITICAL THINKING
Analyzing What makes the Civil march was part of a strategy called total war. Total war involves A
War different from the other destroying not only the enemy’s army, but also its land and
wars in this graph besides the people. Sherman hoped that by bringing the horrors of the war to br
higher number of war dead?
the Southern population, he could help end the war. st
SS.8.A.5.6
Library of Congress LC-B8184-10575

White Southerners were outraged by Sherman’s march. A
Thousands of African Americans, however, left their plantations ye
to follow the protection of his army. For them, the March to the ✓
Sea was a march to freedom.
Ex
Richmond Falls
In March 1865, Lincoln delivered his second Inaugural Address.
At the same time, Grant was pressing in on Richmond. General LE
Lee realized the situation was hopeless. He told President
Davis he could no longer defend Richmond. The Confederate Re
government fled south, and Lee’s army evacuated the city. By 1.
April 4, 1865, President Lincoln was able to walk through the
streets of the former Confederate capital.
An
Reading HELP DESK
2.
total war a strategy of bringing war to the entire society, Build Vocabulary: Word Origins
not just the military The word compassion was first used in the fourteenth century. Its
origin is a compound word from Latin: compati. The prefix com means
“with,” and the root pati means “suffer” or “bear.”
492 The Civil War
PDF PROOF
A Meeting at Appomattox Court House
The formal end of the war came on April 9, 1865. Two days
earlier, Grant had asked Lee to surrender, writing, “The result
of last week must convince you of the hopelessness of further
resistance.” At first, Lee had believed he must fight on. Then, the
Union captured the train carrying food to his starving troops
and completely surrounded his army. He knew it was over.
Grant met with Lee in a small Virginia town called
Appomattox Court House. The two men shook hands and talked
a little. Then Grant offered his terms: Lee’s officers could keep
their small firearms, and any soldier with a horse could keepeep it.
No one would disturb the soldiers as they made their way y home.
h
Grant also gave 25,000 rations to feed Lee’s troops. America’s
ca’ss
deadliest war ended with dignity and compassion.
The Toll of War

More lives were lost in the Civil War than in any other
conflict in American history. The war cost billions of
dollars and left many Southern cities and farms in ruins.
The North’s victory saved the Union. The war also
made clear that the national government was more
powerful than the states. Finally, the war freed millions
of African Americans. As you will read, however, the end
of slavery left unresolved many problems that newly freed d
s African Americans were to face.
Many questions remained. No one yet knew how to
to he
bring the Southern states back into the Union, nor what the
status of African Americans would be in Southern society. y.
Library of Congress LC-B8184-10575
Americans would struggle to answer these questions in the Nearly 4 million people served in the
military forces during the Civil War.
s years ahead—an era known as Reconstruction.
✓ PROGRESS CHECK
Explaining Why did General Lee finally surrender?
.
LESSON 5 REVIEW
Review Vocabulary 3. Identifying Cause and Effect Why did Sherman

1. How did total war affect civilians of the burn and destroy the South’s land? SS.8.A.5.3, SS.8.A.5.6
Confederacy? LA.8.1.6.1 4. Evaluating Why did the war leave the United
States government stronger than ever before?
SS.8.A.5.3, SS.8.A.5.6
2. Explaining How did events on the battlefield
affect Lincoln’s reelection? SS.8.A.5.3, SS.8.A.5.6 5. NARRATIVE WRITING You are a reporter covering
Lee’s army at the time of his surrender. Write a brief
article describing the events surrounding his
meeting with Grant. SS.8.A.5.3, SS.8.A.5.6
Lesson 5 493
PDF PROOF
CHAPTER 17 Activities C
Write your answers on a separate piece of paper. R
C
1 Exploring the Essential Question SS.8.A.5.3, SS.8.A.5.6
1
EXPOSITORY WRITING Write a short essay that describes the impact that civilians had
on the war effort. Include references to both the North and the South.
2 21st Century Skills SS.8.A.1.1, SS.8.A.5.3
MAKING AN ARGUMENT Assume the point of view of an adviser to President Lincoln.
Write an argument in favor of enlisting African Americans in the Union cause.
3 Thinking Like a Historian SS.8.A.1.1, SS.8.A.5.3 2
DRAWING INFERENCES AND CONCLUSIONS Based on the events leading up to the end
of the war, how do you think soldiers on each side felt about Lee’s surrender at
Appomattox? How might enslaved African Americans have felt? Write a paragraph that
addresses these questions.
4 Visual Literacy SS.8.A.1.2 3
ANALYZING POLITICAL CARTOONS Look at the images and read the caption of this
cartoon. What do the men on either side of Lincoln represent? What are the “two
difficulties” the president faces?
6
CORBIS
494 The Civil War
494_496_DOPAE_FL_SE_MS_C17_AS_892806.indd 494 3/11/11 12:20 PM
PDF PROOF
CHAPTER 17 Assessment
REVIEW THE GUIDING QUESTIONS
NGSSS assessed in
Choose the best answer for each question. Chapter 17 Activities
SS.8.A.5.5 SS.8.A.1.1 Provide supporting details
1 What was one advantage the Southern states had during the Civil War? for an answer from text, interview
for oral history, check validity of
A. They received military support from Britain and France. information from research/text, and
identify strong vs. weak arguments.
B. The largest weapons factories were located in the South. SS.8.A.1.2 Analyze charts, graphs,
maps, photographs and time lines;
C. They were more familiar with the places where most battles occurred. analyze political cartoons; determine
cause and effect.
D. Most people in the country supported the Confederacy’s effort to form SS.8.A.5.3 Explain major domestic and
international economic, military,
an independent country. political, and socio-cultural events of
Abraham Lincoln’s presidency.
SS.8.A.5.3 SS.8.A.5.6 Compare significant Civil
2 Gaining control of the Mississippi River enabled the Union to War battles and events and their
effects on civilian populations.
F. surround the Confederacy.
G. force the Confederacy to surrender. NGSSS assessed in
Chapter 17 Assessment
H. defeat the Confederate forces at Gettysburg. SS.8.A.1.1 Provide supporting details
for an answer from text, interview
I. split the Confederacy into smaller parts. for oral history, check validity of
information from research/text, and
SS.8.A.5.3, SS.8.A.5.6 identify strong vs. weak arguments.
3 During the war, the economy of the Confederacy was SS.8.A.1.5 Identify, within both
primary and secondary sources, the
A. severely strained by the Union blockade and the destruction of Southern author, audience, format, and
purpose of significant historical
land and property. documents.
B. unchanged because most of the battles took place on Northern soil. SS.8.A.5.3 Explain major domestic and
international economic, military,
C. strengthened due to inflation. political, and socio-cultural events of
Abraham Lincoln’s presidency.
D. strengthened because bounties were paid to army recruits. SS.8.A.5.5 Compare Union and
Confederate strengths and
SS.8.A.5.5 weaknesses.
4 What was one advantage the Union had over the South? SS.8.A.5.6 Compare significant Civil
War battles and events and their
F. They had greater numbers of troops. effects on civilian populations.
G. They knew the terrain better than the Southern troops did.
H. They had stronger military leadership.
I. They had a strong fighting spirit.
SS.8.A.5.6
5 The city of Atlanta was burned
A. as the result of an accident caused by Union troops marching through.
B. as part of Sherman’s total war strategy.
C. by Confederate troops trying to stop Union forces from taking the city.
D. after a freak lightning strike set the docks on fire.
SS.8.A.5.6
6 Control of the sea was significant during the Civil War because
F. the Union was able to block France and Britain’s attempts to send arms
to the Confederacy.
G. the Union was able to cut off the Confederates’ ability to export goods.
H. the Confederacy was able to stop the Union from trading with Europe.
I. President Lincoln was a former Navy officer.
CORBIS
495
PDF PROOF
CHAPTER 17 Assessment (continued)
DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTIONS
Frederick Douglass led the movement to allow African American men to enlist
in the Union armed forces.
“Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters U.S. . . . and a
musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, and there is no power on
earth that can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship.”
—from James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom
SS.8.A.1.1, SS.8.A.5.3
7 Identifying Main Ideas How does Douglass think enlisting will help
African Americans?
A. He believes they would enjoy having a uniform to wear.
B. He believes that it will earn African Americans the right to citizenship.
C. He thinks that only African Americans can free enslaved people.
D. Serving in the army will give them the experience to fight slave holders.
SS.8.A.1.1, SS.8.A.5.3
8 Making Inferences From this excerpt, you can infer that Douglass
believes that African Americans
F. have not earned the right to citizenship.
G. must fight to prove themselves worthy of citizenship.
H. will prove to be an unstoppable force in battle.
I. already deserve citizenship.
SHORT RESPONSE
“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as
God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to
bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the
battle and for his widow and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and
cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”
—from Abraham Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address
SS.8.A.1.5
9 State two reasons Lincoln did not focus on Union victory in the war.
SS.8.A.1.5
10 What do you think Lincoln’s main goal is in this speech?
EXTENDED RESPONSE
SS.8.A.1.1
11 Expository Writing Write an essay predicting what will happen in the
United States in the years following the war.
Need Extra Help?
If You’ve Missed Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Review Lesson 1 2 3 1 5 2 4 4 5 5 1–5
496 The Civil War
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The Civil War netw rks

There’s More Online about the Civil War.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION: Why does conﬂict develop?

◀ Abraham Lincoln was president during

Library of Congress [LC-DIG-ppmsca-19241]

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Place and Time: United States 1861 to 1865

Step Into the Place Nevada Nebras

1 LOCATION On this map, which New Mexico

PHOTO: White House

456 The Civil War

455_457_DOPAE_FL_SE_MS_C17_CO_892806.indd 456 10/7/11 3:34 PM

New Hampshire Maine

Indian Arkansas South

Territory n Carolina 30°N

erritory Ala. Atlanta

1863 • Emancipation Proclamation issued

1863 1864 1865

PHOTO: White House

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close to Richmond, the Confederate capital. Most significantly,

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In the end, Lincoln was successful. Still, many border state

Strengths and Weaknesses

1861–1865 Both the Union and Confederate

the same way.

Union soldiers 10 Companies = 1 Regiment many times larger was the

border state state on the border between Academic Vocabulary

458_463_DOPAE_FL_SE_MS_C17_L1_892806.indd 459 3/11/11 12:20 PM

In contrast, the North wanted to restore the Union. Its forces

independent, Northerners would tire of the war.

458_463_DOPAE_FL_SE_MS_C17_L1_892806.indd 460 3/11/11 12:20 PM

Explaining Why did the South use a defensive strategy?

Americans Against Americans

Though the average Civil War soldier was

refused at first to let free African Americans

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2 CRITICAL THINKING Sergeant Major $21 $138 $486 $4,110

(t) North Wind Picture Archives

(b) StockTrek / SuperStock

just under 200,000 African Americans. About 10,000 Mexican

Reading HELP DESK

458_463_DOPAE_FL_SE_MS_C17_L1_892806.indd 462 10/7/11 3:34 PM

PRIMARY SOURCE The picture above shows a Union

the terms. LA.8.1.6.1 4. Evaluating What was the goal of the

458_463_DOPAE_FL_SE_MS_C17_L1_892806.indd 463 3/11/11 12:20 PM

There’s More Online! Manassas Bull Run (Second Battle)

Civil War Battles

wall.” This earned him the nickname “Stonewall” Jackson.

The Confederates then unleashed a savage counterattack that Th

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Control of the West

By this time, however, the North had an ironclad of its own.

The Monitor rushed southward to face the Virginia. On March 9,

tributary stream or smaller river that feeds Academic Vocabulary

464_470_DOPAE_FL_SE_MS_C17_L2_892806.indd 465 3/11/11 12:16 PM

Capturing New Orleans

Farragut, who was of Spanish descent, grew up in the South but

466 The Civil War

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