AD—AflO 512 HARRY DIAMOND LADS ADELPHI MD — a.

2
~~

F~ G 3’S
TRANSI ENT RESPONSE OF A LOG—PERIODIC ANTENNA BASED ON DROAO—BA
APR 77 I.J STARK
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UNCLASSIFIED HDL—TR—1792 p4.‘

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END
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_____________________________________________
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— 77

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HDL-TR- 1792 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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Transient Response of a ,~ og-Periodic
~
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~.ntenna used on Broad—Band ~
ontinuou s- Technical Report .

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Wa v e Me a~ urements ~. ~~~~~~~~~~ RT~~~~~IE

I AUTNOR(*~ S CON TRA CT ON GR A T N U M SE I ~ I)

(2iS
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Werner J./Stark
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PERFOEMING ORGANIZATION NAM E AND ADDRESS
MIPR: 75552
10. PROGRAM EI.EMENT.PROJ ECT . TASK
AR IA S WORK U N I T NUMBERS
Director
Program Ele: 6.27.04H
Defense Nuclear Agency
Work Unit: 51
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II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDNESS 4. ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~

U.S. Army Materiel Development // Apr~~ ~~ 77

& Readiness Command

(:2 2i E J
~~~

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Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

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IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
HDL Project: E195E3 DRCMS Code : 697000.22.11205
This work has been funded by the Defense Nuclear Agency under
subtask R99OAXEBO7S/51/Ground-Based Antennas
IL KEY WORDS (C..(Mu. ,~~~~~~ old..
St n~~. . IdUII~S~~ 5~ block o
.y d b.,
)

Log-periodic antenna
Tra n s ient res ponse
Broad-band harmonic analysis

.,.
..
., .u ud.olS~ bp 51.0* o 5.,)
BE RACT (C..fM .
~~ 0 .su. 1—~

• The broad-band characteristics of a very-high-frequency log-

periodic antenna were determined and used to compute the response
of this antenna to a transient incident electromagnetic field .
The antenna characteristics were obtained from broad-band con-
tinuous-wave (CW) measurements , and the transient response was
computed from Fourier analysis of the CW data . The computed
transient response showed good agreement with the measured— ..~~
I
00 ~~~~~~~ 1473 IOITION OP
~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 UNCLASSIFIED L..
SECURITY CLAISFICATION OF TNIS PAGE (110,.. D ~ f ~~~~~

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~~~~~~“.— ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

• I

\ UNCLASSIFIED
\ CURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAOE(ITh.. Data EnS.r.d)

transient response. An approximate theoretical solution was

developed based on these measurements .

r
2 —
UNCLASSIFIED
~~~~~~~~~ t cLASWicATION OF yNIs pASc(W ~ ..
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~~~~ ~~
- ‘— - - - - -•-.-—— —- — - •- •--

CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 5
1.1. Objectives 5
1.2. Method of Analysis 5
2. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS 5
2.1. Description of Continuous-Wave Facility 5
2.2. Measurements on Log-Periodic Antenna 6
3. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR LOG-PERIODIC ANTENNA 13
3. 1. Semiempirical Model for Antenna Response 13
3.2. Analytical Computations of Antenna Response 15
4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 18
•
APPENDIX A. APPROXIMATE RESPONSE OF A CYLINDRICAL DIPOLE AN-
TENNA 19

FIGURES
I Continuous-wave test facility 6

2 Instrumentation for continuous-wave test 7

3 Log-periodic antenna (frequency range: 30 to 76 MHz) 7

4 Continuous-wave data for log-periodic antenna 8

5 Continuous-wave data for log-periodic antenna near radio-frequency shelter 9

6 Continuous-wave data for log-periodic antenna for vertically polarized incident field 10

7 Input impedance of log-periodic antenna I1

8 Transient incident electromagnetic pulse 12

9 Transient response of log-periodic antenna 12

10 Thévenin equivalent circuit for log-periodic antenna 13

II Incident electromagnetic pulse 16

12 Total electromagnetic pulse after ground interaction 16

13 Log-periodic antenna transient response to total electromagnetic pulse 17

3
 —
~~~~~~
-
- —- -— - — •, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Objectives
There are many types of broad-band communications antennas used as part of Army tactical
communications. Some of these antennas are designed to operate at frequencies which lie within
• the principal frequency spectrum associated with the radiated electromagnetic pulse (EMP) from
an exoatmospheric nuclear burst; consequently , a significant EMP response of such an antenna
is to be expected . An example of this type of antenna is Log-periodic (LP) Antenna AS-2 169,
designed for operation in the frequency range of 30 to 76 MHz. It is the objective of this study to
determine the characteristics of this antenna , so that one can compute the response of the
antenna to an incident EMP when the antenna is deployed in a tactical configuration.

1.2. Method of A na lysis

The properties of LP antennas have been discussed in a number of textbooks. Mittr&
describes the approach for studying these antennas in terms of a detailed analysis of the
propagation properties of waves along the LP structure. The circuit-and-array approach is
discussed in detail by Ma. 2 The second of these approaches has recently been applied3 to a five-
element LP array to compute the impulse response of such an antenna.

Each of the above theoretical approaches requires a considerable amount of analysis and
computer programming to determine the solution. Furthermore , the theoretical solutions are
carried out for idealized geometries, i.e., antennas in free space. An EMP vulnerability
• assessment, on the other hand , necessitates solutions for responses of antennas as they are used
• in communications systems. For these reasons , the characteristics of the AS-2 169 were
determined from experimental data , and a semiempirical model of the antenna was then
developed based on these measurements.

2. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
2.1. DescrIption of Continuous-Wave Facility
We present here a brief description of the continuous-wave (CW) test facility (fig . I) since it
was used for making most of the measurements on the antenna. The facility basically consists of
a set of horizontal and vertical transmit antennas for generating the incident field and
instrumentation for measuring the antenna response relative to the incident field. The transient
response of the antenna is determined from Fourier inversion of the CW data.

The operation of the facility is automated to the extent ‘that the frequency synthesizer is
under control of the Hewlett-Packard (HP) 9820 calculator , and the output from the network
analyzer is read by the calculator. Under normal operation , the calculator commands the
synthesizer to sweep over a given frequency range at a specified frequency increment. The
minimum and maximum frequencies are chosen so that the peak amplitudes of the response fall
well within these frequency limits , and the frequency increment is selected to provide for
adequate resolution of the response in the frequency domain.

R. Mittra . Log-Periodic Antennas . Antenna Theory . Part 2 . edited by R. E. Collin and F. .1. Zucker. McGraw-Hill.
Inc.. New York (1969). 349—385.
2
M• 1. Ma. Theory and Application of Antenna A rrays .John Wile y and Sons . New York (1974).
F. 1. Solman . I . Time Domain Response of Wire Antenna Arrays . United States National Committee-
International Union of Radio Science (USNC-URS1) Meeting. University of Illinois . Urbana (June 1975).

PP3
~ugi,I
~rjPA3&
~~~~~~~ NcI FI~~~ D
_ _
- •• •~~~~~ -
-- - _ _ _- •. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~
.
 -
— - - .x :nrw.r ~~~•
--

!
TRANSMIT TEST
CONTROLLED ANTENNAS ANTENNA
OSCILLATOR ‘
4/
200MHz
I
REFERENCE

MIXER/OUTPUT AM~~~~~~ R

HP51O5A
FREQUENCY
SYNTHE S IZER
0.1 TO 500 MHZ CA SSETTE
RECORDER
PHONE
LINES
MODEM SY STEMS
INTERFACE HP 9820
UNIT CALCULATOR
TELETYPE

AMPLITUDE PHASE PLOTTER

HP 9807 REFERENCE
NE TWORK 500 FT BURIED
ANALYZER STEEL PIPE
0.1 TO 110 MHZ TEST

Figure I. Continuous-wave test facility.

The CW data are normally recorded on cassette tapes and plotted on the HP plotter. Once
recorded , the data can be transferred at some convenient time later to a Control Data Corp.
(CDC) 6600 computer for subsequent data analysis. Figure 2 shows the frequency synthesizer
and network analyze r in the foreground and the cassette recorder , the calculator , and the plotter
in the background.

Two types of measurements are normally made. First , one usually measures the terminal
response of the antenna relative to the field incident on the antenna; this is sometimes referred to
as the transfer function or effective hei ght of the antenna. Second , one typically measures the
• antenna input impedance. The transfer function is determined from two separate measu rements:
(I ) the response of the antenna relative to a reference antenna and (2) the incident field at the
location of the test antenna (in the absence of this antenna) relative to the reference antenna. The
transfer function is then given by the ratio of these two measurements. The antenna impedance
is measured directly by operating the antenna in the transmit mode and measuring the voltage at
the antenna input in the reference channel and the corresponding antenna input current in the
test channel.

2.2. Measurements on Log-Periodic Antenna

When the antenna is used in a tactical configuration , it is normally supported by an
aluminum mast (fig. 3). It is well known that the antenna has a high directivity in the plane of the
antenna (along the locus of midpoints from the long elements to the short elements). To illustrate

L ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -- - ---
- - — - . --— -— - --
~~~
- - --
 - — - - -

•0

I
I “
i .
\ I
\ .

c -

-
-

Figure 2. Instrumentation for continuous-wave test.

[ . c

• :L__
~ -

Figure 3. Log-periodic antenna (frequency range: 30 to 76 MHz).

•• — - — -• • ~~~~~~~~~~~ - . — --.~~~~ —
- ---•-
 —, —- - _ _ -- • - _ _ —--•— ._ ..- - - --- •-, - -—- _ •
,--. .-- • --.- --- - - - • - -,

j
- ---- —

_
~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~

this directional property, measurements were made for a horizontally polarized field incident
from both the forward and backward directions when the antenna was supported on a 16-ft
wooden mast. The results of these measurements are shown in figure 4, wherein pronounced
- •

diffe rences in the amplitudes of the responses are evident for the two directions of incidence.
The antenna has a higher broad-band response when the smallest element is pointing in the
direction of the incident wave. (This is sometimes referred to as the backfire direction.) This
direction of incidence also results in a maximum response for the case of a transient incident
field.

The geometry for the forward and backward directions was idealized , since the antenna was
far from ground and any other conducting scatterers. When the antenna is used as part of a
communications system , it may be deployed on an aluminum mast close to a radio-frequency
(rt) signal shelter. The effect of a shelter on the response of the antenna was investigated by
making a number of measurements of the response of the antenna when it was supported on a
mast near such a shelter. The shelter used was a screen room 8 x 8 x 12 ft (2.4 x 2.4 x 3.7 m)
with the antenna above one of the corners of the room. Figure 5 shows the amplitudes of the
responses relative to the incident field at the maximum height of the antenna. The major
variation is a reduction in amplitude with a reduction in height of the antenna. This variation is
primarily due to the variation of the total driving field at different heights aboveground. From
these measurements , one can compute a reasonable estimate of the EMP response of an antenna
near such a shelter if one can compute the response of the antenna in fre e space.

DIRECTION OF PROPAGATION OF INCIDENT FIELD

~~~

_ _ _ _ _ _
_ _
_ _
_ _ _ _ _ _

b ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

FREQUENCY (MHZ)

Figure 4. Continuous-wave data for log-periodic antenna.

8
_ __ -- - - - • - ----

h = 10 FT

100
= h=5FT

h = 2 .5 FT
E -

>
Ui
0 -

12
~2 ~~ 1~ 8 1~ 0 132

FREQUENCY (MHz) -

Figure 5. Continuous-wave data for log-periodic antenna near radio-frequency shelter.

Not normally considered in the analysis of an LP antenna is the response of such an antenna
to a vertically polarized incident field. This response must be considered for an EMP
vulnerability assessment , because the aluminum mast on which the antenna is supported also
behaves like a receiving antenna. Figure 6 shows the results of a CW measurement at the output
of the antenna cable wnen the antenna is on a 16-ft mast for vertical polarization. The mast
beha~~s li :e ~i ~-wavelengtl. n’onopole antenna , and it can contribute a large, low-frequency
signal to the response of the antenna and its cable.

To completely chara~ erize the antenna, one must know the antenna impedance. Figure 7
shows the input impedance at a 4C-f t cable attached to the antenna. Over the operating range of
the antenna , the input impedance can be approximated reasonably well by a real 50-fl resistance.
A set of measurements was made of the antenna ’s transient response for evaluating the
computation of the antenna ’s transient response by using CW data. The antenna was illuminated
by a horizontally polarized pulse from an EMP simulator , and measurements were made of the
responses of the antenna at the output of the antenna cable. The measured incident horizontal
electric (E)-field component is shown in figure 8, and the measured transient response to this
field is shown in figure 9. Also shown in figure 9 are the transient responses computed from CW
data (sect. 3). The incident field was measured at the location of the antenna in the absence of
the antenna and its support structure. This measurement was made by using an electrically
small, capacitively top-loaded monopole antenna supported on a small instrumentation box
-
• containing the power supply and instrumentation for the measurement.

9
 I

0
10

>

uJ
o -i
D ~~~ —

I-
0. -

1 2 I I

0 15 30 45 60 75
•

FREQUENCY (MHz)

Figure 6. Continuous-wave data for log-periodic antenna for vertically polarized incident field.

10

_ _ _ _
_______________________________
 _
~ -__- r r .
- ! 1!

(a)
:

lOi

-
Ui
0 -

.
I.
=1 -

~~
io-

1o I I I I I I
~0 12 24 36 48 60 12 84 96 108 120

FREQUENCY (MHz)

• (b) 120

:z ’

~~~~~~

• ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 120

FREQUENCY (MHz)

Figure 7. Input impedance of log-periodic antenna: frequency spectru m (a) amp l itude and (b)
phase.

_ A - -
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
 500

400 -

300 -

— 200 -
E
>
I
Ui
100 -

1’
-100 -

—200 I I I I I I I I
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
TIME (ml

Figure 8. Transient incident electromagnetic pulse.

DIRECTION OF PROPAGATION OF INCIDENT FIELD

p -
(a)
200 -
~~AJ~J
•

~~
1

•
(b)

I I
~~~~~
40 80 120 160 200
~~~~~~~~~~~~
40 80 120
~~~~~200
160
•
0
TIME (nil

Figure 9. Transient response of log-periodic antenna: (a) measured and (b) computed fro m
continuous-wave data.

12
 3. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR LOG-PERIODIC ANTENNA
.

- - 3.1. Semiempirical Model for Antenna Response

The LP antenna and the cable attached to it are completel y characterized when the output of
the cable is described in terms of the Thévenin equivalent circuit shown in figure 10.

V ,,(t)

-•

Figure lO. Thévenin equivalent circuit for log-periodic antenna.

In this figure, V,,~.( t ’) is the open-circuit voltage respo n se of the an ten n a and the cable to an
incident electromagnetic field , ZA is the network representing the input impedance of the cable at
the receiver end with the antenna at the far end , and ZL is the network representing the receiver.
We can write ZA in the frequency domain as
•
ZA (Jco) = Zo ri ’
~ ~~~~ :
~:
~~
where
jw = complex radian frequency,
Z. = characteristic impedance of cable attached to antenna ,
ZLP(jw)— ZO
R (j w )
ZLP (Jw) + Z0
-

(U
f j — +a ,
C

1 = length of cable attached to antenna,

Z,.,. = input impedance of antenna ,
a = attenuation constant.
This antenna impedance cannot easily be represented by a network over a wide range of
frequencies. For the antenna under investigation , we can simplify equation ( 1) for the following
reasons. First , we see from figure 7 that over the operating range of the antenna , the cable and
• antenna are well matched , so that for that range 2’
~ I . Second , the term e ~ in equation
I R(j w )I

(I ) corresponds to a time delay of approximately 80 ns for a 30-ft cable; hence , the effects of any
mismatch conditions at the antenna termination are not seen until after that time delay and do
not affect the initial portion of the transient response. Then the antenna impedance in equation
(I ) simplifies to
ZA(Jw) 4. (
2)
With the above approximation for ZA , the voltage across a linear load at the output of the
cable. VL (jw) , can be written as4
VL(jw) = V~0 (j w) (1 + p) e 11
(3)

S . Goldman . Laplace Transform Theory and Electr ical Transients . Dover Publications , Inc .. New York (l9(i6).

A -
-
~~~~~~ •~~~~~~~~~~~ *-
 -

~~~~

where
V;(j o4e~~’ = voltage into matched impedance at output of cable,
ZL -4
p =
+
~~~

ZL = load impedance.
We obtain V~, fro m equation (3) using ZL = x; then
= 2V ~0 (j w ) e ”. (4)
~~
The problem of adequately characterizing the antenna to estimate its EMP response reduces to a
determination of the induced voltage for a matched impedance load , at the output of the antenna
cable.

There are several analytical methods for computing the response of an LP antenna:
• however , we want to investigate the possibility of developing a simple semiempirical model for
this antenna. We can see from the experimental data that the antenna response for the forward
direction of incidence is a rather slowly varying function in phase and amplitude over the
operating range of the antenna. It should not he difficult , there f ore , to fit such a function with a
simple analytical expression for the antenna response.

‘ The simplest possible model for the antenna is to assume that the dipole elements of the
antenna are weakly coupled to one another and behave pri marily as uncoupled di pole antennas.
• Admittedly, this is a crude approximation to a rather complex problem; however , we sh all see
that for a vulnerability assessment , this approximation suffices. By this approximation . the
frequency domain solution for the antenna is of the form

VLP (jw ) ( _ l ) ~~~~ (j v)e ~~0~ (51

=
~
whe r e
VLP (jw) = output voltage of antenna ,
N = number of di pole elements .
V
1(j w) = output voltage of ith dipole element ,
d1 = distance of ith dipole element from shortest element.
• The output voltage referred to is the voltage into a matched impedance load at the output of
the coaxial cable connected to the antenna. The term ( l) ~~ accounts for the fact that the
~
dipoles for the antenna are connected to the balanced feeder line in a phase-reversal fashion. The
phase factor e~~~ ’ accounts for the phase relationship of the responses of the dipole elements
relative to the shortest element , i.e., to the output of the antenna.
There are innumerable approaches to the solution of the response of a dipole antenna. For
the present purposes , we do not require a highl y accurate solution and simply use a soluiion
based on the transmission line analogy of a dipole antenna (app A) . The dipole terms in equation
( I ) are then given by

V(jw)
E
1 - ( l + R1)—
- [1 (I + R2) e 4- R,s 21 ’ ]
I + R IR 2~‘~~~ “
—
’’ (6)
‘

14
 where
- • E electric-field component of incident field.
R5 = reflec tion coefficien ts,
I = halflength of dipole.
The lengths of the elements to be used in equation (6) and thc separation distances in equation
(7) correspond to physical dimensions of an LP antenna. A reaaonable estimate of these
dimensions can be made if one knows the operating range of the antenna and the separation
between the smallest and largest elements. The smallest and largest half lengths correspond to
approximately ~ wavelength of the maximum and minimum operating frequencies , respectively.
The lengths of the remaining elements can then be determined from the knowledge that adjacent
lengths of the dipole elements form a geometric progression with a common ratio r:5

i l ,2
-~— - r , N— I ;
~+~ 1
the distances between adjacent elements is given by 5
• = 4(1 — r)( cot a)/r , i = I, 2 N, (7)
where tan a = (l. d, with d being the separation between the longest and shortest element.
~ 11) /
—

• Then d5 in equation (5) is given by the sum of the various separation distances. The reflection
coefficients R1 and R2 in equation (6) are real numbers with R1 —0.9 and R2 = I. The best
val u e of R1 for the antenna under investigation was determined by comparing the computed
antenna response with CW measurements.

3.2. Anal ytical Computations of A n tenna Response

If the amplitude of the CW excitation is held fixed over the frequencies of interest , the in-
band response of the antenna necessarily is much greater than the out-of-band response: this
difference is clearly indicated by the CW measurements shown in figure 4. Thus , since the major
spectral content of the antenna ’s response is confined in a relatively narrow band, th e inverse
Fourier transform of the measured CW transfer function is a good approximation to the impulse
response of the antenna. Once the impulse response has been computed , it is straightforward to
obtain the transient response of the antenna for an EMP excitation with the same polarization
and direction of propagation as the CW excitation used in the experiments. That is . we m erely
perform a convolution of the incident field in figure 7 with the impulse response which was
• computed , in turn , from the CW data shown in figure 4.

For an EMP vulnerability assessment , we are interested in the response of the antenna to a
horizontally polarized EMP such as shown in figure II , arriving at a given ang le with respect to
ground. To compute the antenna response . we compute the total incident field—i.e.. the sum of
the incident and ground reflected fields—and convolve this with the impulse response. Figure 12
shows the total incident field f or an a n gle of in c i de n ce of 45 deg at a hei ght of 10 m above ground.
The response of the antenna to this field is shown in figure 13. The agreement is reasonably
• good , so that one might rely on the model predictions for a similar antenna in lieu of
experimental data.

D. E. kbell . I.o - Peri xJic Dipole Arrays . IRE Tran s it enn as and Propagation. A P-.t(May 1*0). 2M)—2 7 .
~ ~

15
~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
•~~-
-

0~90

. 076 -

0.00 •

::
-~~

~
015

C I I I I
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 - 240 270 300
TIME Ins)

Figure 11. Incident electromagnetic pulse.

0.6

-
~ E
0.4
0

0.2 -
•

T T7TTT1
-
-

~ TIME

Figure 12. Total electromagnetic pulse after ground interaction.

Inn)

16

— -----
 -_ - - . -~~~~~~

• (a) 1.C

- 0.5 -

~~ 0.25
•
-

I-

0.5 -
~

• .~~~~~~ I I .1 I I I I I
0 30 80 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
TIME (801
(b) 1.0

1.2 -

0.8 -
>
Ui
0.4 .

.0.4 -

- .0.8 -

I I I
0 30 80 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
TIME (nil

Figure 13. Log-periodic antenna transient response to total electromagnetic pulse: computed
fro m (a) continuous-wave data and (b) analytical model.

_
~~~~~~~~ -~~~~~ • - - -
~~~~~~~~~ ~~
 I

4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The EMP response characteristics of LP antenna AS-2l69 were determined from both CW
and transient measurements. There was good agreement between the transient response
computed from CW measurements and that measured. The CW measurements were sufficiently
accurate over the dominant frequencies of interest. Using the CW data as a guide , we developed
•
a semiempirical model for the antenna response; this model should prove useful in parametric
studies necessary to determine a worst-case EMP.

Measurements of the response of the antenna near an if shelter showed that the antenna
• -
response did not change significantly from that of an isolated antenna , so that the model
developed here could be used for estimating the response of the antenna near such a shelter.

Although the response of the antenna on a conducting mast to a vertically polarized incident
field is significant , the peak amplitude and energy content of the antenna response is much lower
than those for the horizontally polarized field. Hence , the latter is the only one of importance for
• a vulnerability assessment.
4
The Thévenin equivalent circuit representation of the antenna was rather simple , since we
•

were interested in the output at the antenna cable. A more comp lete treatment of the isolated
antenna would be necessary to characterize the antenna ’s terminal response. Furthermore , a
nonlinear load near the output of the antenna also could be addressed , in principle , by
determining a lumped-parameter-network representation of the antenna impedance.
•

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author thanks Roy E. Strayer , Jr ., and Charles A. Berkley, Jr., for their work in
designing and building the necessary hardware for automating the CW test facility and Mr.
Berkley for performing the experiments and part of the data analysis for the LP antenna.

18

_ _ _ _ — - - • - - - - - - -
 APPENDIX A.
.

- APPROXIMATE RESPONSE OF A CYLINDRICAL DIPOLE ANTENNA

-

A-i. INTR ODUCTION

• These steps were used in deriving the solution to the problem of the dipole antenna:

1. Discuss how the current distribution on a driven two-wire transmission line is

approximately analogous to the current distribution on a dipole antenna.
2. Derive the current distribution on the antenna using the transmission-line analogy.
3. Knowing the current distribution , compute the radiated fields.
4. Apply reciprocity to determine the received signals.

A-2. TRANSMISSION-LINE ANALOGY

Schelkunoff and Frii& discuss well how currents on a transmission line are analogous to
currents on an antenna. Basically, one can show that the input impedance of a symmetric
biconical antenna of any angle can be described in a similar manner as the input impedance of a
uniform transmission line whose length equal s the length of one antenna arm . The same
similarity holds for antennas of other shapes such as cylindrical antennas , the main difference
being nonuniformity of the equivalent line. Schelkunoff ~ has shown also that , for a cylindrical
antenna , one can derive an average characteristic impedance which can be used in determining
the input impedance of an antenna. This input impedance can be determined accurately by using
nonuniform transmission-line theory; however , in the folk wing discussion we will make a
further approximation of applying uniform transmission-line theory for computing the antenna
• impedance.

A-3. CURRENT DISTRIBUTION ON DIPOLE ANTENNA

Consider a dipole antenna oriented along the x-axis as shown in figure A-I.

2.
tO xt

I , (x .r) f (x ,r)
•
a
V (x .r ) ~~~~
V, (xl )
V (x . r )

Figure A -I . Driven dipole antenna in free space.

From the symmetry of the problem , we can place a ground plane at x = 0 perpendicular to the
antenna , with voltages VI and V2 being measured relative to this ground plane. Using the
transmission-line analogy for the dipole , we have a termination impedance of Z,/2 at x = ±1
relative to this ground plane, where I is the half length of the dipole. With these assumptions , we

S. A. Schelkunoff and H. 1 . Fnus . Antennas—Theory and Practice . John Wile y and Sons . Inc.. New York (1966).
6 5 A. Sche lkuno fT . Advanced Antenna Theory. John Wile y and So ns . Inc.. New York (195 2) .

L. •~~~~~~~~~~~
_1•• -
•
 n

•
APPENDIX A

get the following genera l solutions for the currents and voltages:
= —
B1 e~ (A -I)
• 12 (xj ’) = A2 e~~ —
B2 e~ (A-2)
V1 (x ,r) =
~4A1 e~~~ + ~4B1 e~ (A-3)
V2( xj’ ) e_ ” + ~4B2 e~~ (A-4)
~4A2
=

where
X = position along the antenna
1’ = \/~~~, propagation constant ,
= v’27 , characteristic impedance ,
~
A1.2. B12 = unknown coefficients ,
Z, Y = impedance and admittance relative to ground plane.

Our approximation will be that we can represent r and Z0 as

F ~~~~~ + a, propagation constant for lossy transmission line ,

4 120 [In ~
a
—
I]. average characteristic impedance of cylindrical dipole.

The boundary conditions for the problem are the following:

v1(— 1,r) = —11(—1 ,F)z 2/2
V2(I ,f ) =

11(0 ,F) = 12(0 ,1’)

V2(0,I’) v1(o.r)= —!1(0 , f)Z , + V0(0,F).
—

• Substituting equations (A-I) to (A-4) in the boundary conditions , we can solve for the unknown
coefficients . Finally, substituting for these coefficients in equations (A- I ) to (A-4), we get t h e
desired expression for the current distribution on a dipole antenna:
V0(0j’) [e rr R2 e 2” e ’~ }
i1(x ,r)
—
—
(A-5)
R1 R2 e_2n1 )
—
(Z1 + Z0) (I — ‘

V0(0,F) [e ~~ R2e _21 e ’”]

—
,
2(x , ) —
(A—6)
R 1 R2 e 211 )
—
~
(Z 1 + Z0) (I —

where
Z12 - 4
R1~2 reflection coefficients.
.
=
+
~~ :2 4~

20

_____ ••~~~~~~~~~ •
 n-~ - rr r —

APPENDIX A

Many textbooks discuss the current distribution on a transmitting antenna in terms of a

sinusoidal distribution:
1(xj J) = 1~ sin / 3(1 x), — x > 0,

= I 0 sin f3(1 + x), x<0,

where
• f3 jw .
We can get this form from equations (A-5) and (A-6) if we let F ff3 , R2 = 1, and
2jV0( 0j 3)
= current at antenna terminals.
‘0
(Z 1 + 4)( e ~8’ R1 e~~ ) ’
—

Our solutions in equations (A-5) and (A-6) are , therefore , more complete in the sense that the
effect of the radiation resistance of the dipole can be taken into account with R 2 and that 4
includes the effect of the load impedance. The inclusion of this effect becomes important for the
receive properties of a dipole antenna.

A-4. RADIATED FIELDS FROM DIPOLE ANTENNA

In computing the radiated fields from a dipole antenna , we use a procedure discussed in
many textbooks. First , we compute the vector potential knowing the current distribution on the
dipole. Second , we get the magnetic field fro m

• 1~~~~!~~~ x A (A-7)
Mn

fl and the electric field vector, E , from

(A-8)
at €~

• The vector potential from a given current distribution, 1(x), on the antenna can be written as

— , d.~’ , (A-9)
4,r~I
• A (i)
~~~
=., __________

r —x
where ~ is the radius vector to the point of observation. This integral is usually solved in terms of
a multipole expansion for the kernel

I.
~~~
—i’
I
•

In applying this solution to the dipole antenna shown in figure A-I , we are interested only in the
radiation in the y —z plane at x = 0 (in polar co-ordinates , 8 = in2 , using the x-axis as the polar
axis).Then we get a simple expression for the vector potential in the dipole approximation:

A~(x=0) =~~- ---— I(x ’)dx’ . (A-b )

4n r j _ 1 I

21

- A - -— - --- • —--
~~~~
—
~~~~~~
=—-
~~~~~~~~~~~
 APPENDIX A

Substituting for 1(f ) from equations (A-5) and (A-6), we get

_r
Mne V0(0, F) [I (I + R2) e 1’ + R2 e 21 11
A~(x——0) ( A —11 )
—
—

(I R 1 R2 e _211)
—
2irr (Z L + Z0) —

—
Using this vector potential in equation (A-7) . we obtain
I’r
H~(O= 90°) = -1~’ --— 1~(0,F)(I + h(F ,1,R2), (A- 12)

E9(O=90°) ~~~e 4(0,f) [I +

_ !_
+ -_ - h(F ,I,R2), ( A-13)
~~ ]
=
2irr Fr (Fr)
where
• V0(0, 1’)
1~(O ,F) = (A-l4)
(ZL + Z A )
,

I + Re _ 2r 1
Z4 = (A-IS)
~~~~
I — Re 2”
= free-space wave impedance
— (I +
h(F ,11 R2) ( A- 16)
[I
= ~~

A-5. RECEIVED SIGNALS OF CYLINDRICAL DIPOLE ANTENNA

The radiated far field of an antenna can be written in the form 3
•
jI
j~ ~
~ ’~~ 0~
J
’
—jB r
E H, (A-17)
4ir
where

• != current at the antenna terminals .

~
ii
effective vector length of the antenna.
=

Then the open-circuit received voltage 4 (V,,~) is given by

V,. = E H . (A-l8)
Equation (A-l3) reduces to the form shown in equation (A-l7) if we consider the far-field term
only and let F = ff3 and 2W = H where I is a unit vector along the x-axis.

It is interesting to compare our solutions for the antenna height and antenna impedance with
more complete solutions based on nonuniform transmission-line theory . The major differences
are that , for the nonuniform transmission-line theory, we can obtain an accurate expression for

G. Sinclair . The Transmission and Reception of Elliptically Polarized Waves . Proc . IRE , 38 (February 1950). 148—
151.
- • R. E. Col lin . The Receiving Antenna . Antenna Theory . Part I . edited by R. E. Collin and F. J. Zucker. McGraw-
Hill . Inc.. New York (1969). lOS .

22

-- --
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
. APPENDIX A

R2 in equations (A-IS) and (A-16), whereas from uniform transmission-line theory we expect a
value of R2 I. Using R2 = I and F = ff3 in equation (A- 16) , we obtain the well-known effective
length of an electrically small dipole antenna:
/31)
/ 1 sin $/
In our approximation, the antenna impedance and the effective height are given by
equations (A-IS) and (A-16), respectively. Using equation (A-18), we obtain the expressions for
the received current at the load impedance,

I
L(fU) =
Z~ +~~A ’
(A-l9)
-

and for the received voltage at the load impedance ,

VL ( j w ) = IL ( j 0)Z L. (A-20)
This solution can be rewritten in terms of R1 and R2 as
2]
IL(JW) =
E(jw)
(I, R1)
—
[1 (I + R2) e
~~~~~
--—
-

(I R1 R2 e
—
+ Ra e
21 1)
—

—
’ (A-21)

VL(Jw)
- ,
=
E(fw)
(I + R1)
[1 — (I
(I
+
—
R2) e
’’ + R2 e 21 ’ }
R1 R2 e 2 ’)
(A-22)

21
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