Pharmocodynamics
Pharmocodynamics
Pharmocodynamics
Drug Metabolism
Drug Metabolite
(Active) (Inactive)
Quetiapine fumarate (Seroquel®) Sulfoxide metabolite
PHARMACOKINETICS
Excretion of Drugs
Dosage forms:
• Liquids (solution, elixir, suspension)
• Tablets (for swallowing and/or chewing)
• Coated tablets
• Capsules
• Caplets
• Time-Release Capsules
• Immediate-Release Capsules
Drug forms-Solutions
Oral dosage forms comprise liquids (solutions, suspensions, and
emulsions), semi-solids (pastes), and solids (tablets, capsules, powders,
granules).
A solution
- is a mixture of 2 or more components that form a homogeneous
mixture.
Advantages of solutions over other dosage forms.
- absorbed faster
- cause less irritation of the GI mucosa.
- Oral solutions provide a convenient means of drug administration
to neonates and young animals.
Drug forms-Solutions
Disadvantages of solutions over other
dosage forms:
- susceptibility to microbial
contamination
- hydrolysis in aqueous solution of
susceptible active ingredients.
- In addition, the taste of some drugs is
more unpleasant when in solution.
Drug forms- Suspensions
A suspension is a coarse dispersion of
insoluble drug particles, generally with a
diameter exceeding 1 µm, in a liquid (usually
aqueous) medium. Particle size is an important
determinant of the dissolution rate and
bioavailability of drugs in suspension. In
addition to the excipients described above for
solutions, suspensions include surfactants and
thickening agents.
Drug forms- Suspensions
Advantages of using suspensions over other dosage forms:
- Useful for administering insoluble or poorly soluble drugs
- or in situations when the presence of a finely divided form of
the material in the GI tract is required.
- The taste of most drugs is less noticeable in suspension than
in solution, due to the drug being less soluble in suspension.
- Surfactants wet the solid particles, thereby ensuring the
particles disperse readily throughout the liquid.
Disadvantages
- The disadvantages of sugar coating are the time and expertise required in
the coating process and thus increases size, weight and shipping costs.
Sugar coating increases the weight by 30-50%
Drug forms- Tablets
Film Coating - Film coating is deposition of a thin
film of polymer surrounding the tablet core.
-More favored over sugar coating. Weight increases by 2-
3%
Advantages:
- improved packaging efficiency,
- prevention of cross contamination
- reduced tablet breakage and chipping.
Oral ingestion
Inhalation
Intravenous (i.v.)
Intramuscular (i.m.)
Intradermal
Intrathecal
Skin Application
• Ointments
• Sun protective lotion
• Local anesthetics
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
Transdermal Systems
Physiological/pathological basis of
inflammation, fever and pain.
Microbial agents
Noxious chemicals
Thermal or other physical trauma
Anything ending with the word “itis” means inflammation so
inflammation in the brain is called meningitis, inflammation of
the liver is called hepatitis, and inflammation of the joints is
called arthritis.
Inflammation- Characteristics
3. Inflammation can also occur if you burn yourself or
have a physical injury.
4. Inflammation is characterized by redness, swelling,
heat and pain. All these characteristics of inflammation
are induced and regulated by a huge number of
chemical mediators.
5. Injuries due to noxious chemicals can also cause
inflammation - say for example harsh chemicals when
come in contact with the skin lead to irritant contact-
dermatitis.
Physiology of Inflammation
Main mediators of inflammatory process are
biochemicals - histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine,
prostaglandins and bradykinins.