Project Assignment 3: Report

By

Hoosen S.M

22023565

Submitted in the Faculty of Engineering: Department of Electronic Engineering

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the

Bachelor of Engineering Technology in Electronic Engineering

at the

Durban University of Technology

June 2021

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARIES

Plagiarism Declaration ......................................................................................................4

List of Figures ....................................................................................................................5

Abstract.............................................................................................................................6

CHAPTER 1: Introduction .............................................................................. 7

1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 7

CHAPTER 2: Design and Construction

2.1 Project Design..............................................................................................................8

2.2 Block Diagram of Variable Power Supply ....................................................................9

2.3 PCB Design and Prototype Layout ..............................................................................10

CHAPTER 3: Readings and recorded values................................................ 14

CHAPTER 4: Conclusion............................................................................. 15

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 Plagiarism Declaration

1. I know and understand that plagiarism is using another person’s work and pretending it is
one’s own, which is wrong.

2. This essay/report/project is my own work.

3. I have appropriately referenced the work of other people I have used.

4. I have not allowed and will not allow anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it
off as his/her own work.

Hoosen SM ____________________________
22023565
Surname and Initials Student Number

25-06-2021

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Design Of The Circuit on Multisim...........................................................................................7

Figure 2 Six Stages of the Variable Voltage Power Supply.....................................................................9
Figure 3 Prototype of the Variable Voltage Power Supply that was to be done on the Breadboard...11
Figure 4 Panel Meter and Switch connected to the circuit..................................................................11
Figure 5 Potentiometer that is used to vary the resistance of the circuit to increase or decrease the
voltage.................................................................................................................................................12
Figure 6 Ultiboard connections done with 0 vias and Copper Bottom................................................13
Figure 7 Top View of Completed Circuit on Ultiboard with 0 Vias.......................................................13
Figure 8 Bottom View of the completed circuit with Copper Bottom Connections.............................14

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 ABSTRACT

The objective of this project was to test the level of understanding of a student to
process and perceive the circuit diagram given, correctly identify the components given
and place these components on the breadboard as a prototype. The same circuit had to
be constructed on multisim to check the functionality, and then be transferred to
Ultiboard for the student to see the three-dimensional view of the finished printed
circuit board before soldering could commence. This was done to give the student a
clear and concise understanding of what the end circuit was to look like. This circuit was
to then be constructed on a Veroboard, which was given to the student. Once soldering
was completed and the circuit showed complete functionality, the circuit was to be
placed in the housing. The housing was to be constructed by the student, with holes for
the potentiometer, switch, panel meter, fuse, LED and two banana plugs that were
connected in parallel to the panel meter to read the output voltages. Once this was
accomplished, the completed product was to be submitted and a 20-page report on the
project was to be compiled, along with a 10-minute presentation with audio on how the
completion of the project was achieved.

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
The aim of this project was for the student to construct a variable voltage power
supply which was in line with the given circuit in the task manual. The components
and materials that were to be used were provided by the lecturer and the lab
technician. The aim of this report is to outline the stages that were involved in the
construction of the variable voltage power supply, the design of the completed
circuit, the design of the housing and the actions that were implemented to test the
output voltages of the circuit. The following guidelines were implanted for the
construction of this circuit:

1. This circuit was to be designed of the Multisim software and transferred to the
Ultiboard software.
2. Ultiboard was to be used to demonstrate the PCB layout.
3. A model of the circuit was to be constructed on the breadboard.
4. The completed circuit had to be built on the Veroboard and had to have
complete functionality.
5. The housing was to be created and holes drilled in the laboratory.
6. The students had to identify the 6 stages of the power supply, and name and
explain it in the report.
7. The min and max voltages were to be measured without the load resistor.
8. A load resistor was to be connected, and min and max voltages were to be
measured.
9. The reactance and current for the X-Rated capacitor was to be calculated.
10. The QLV was to be determined.
11. The load regulations had to be determined.
12. The student had to show how the probes were to be connected using a sketch
as a demonstration.

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 CHAPTER 2: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
2.1. Project Design

Figure 1 Design Of The Circuit on Multisim.

The following components were to be used to construct the circuit:

R1 – 100 Ω RESISTOR

R2 – 470 KΩ RESISTOR

R3 – 500 Ω POTENTIOMETER

R4 – 470 Ω RESISTOR

R5 – 3.3 KΩ RESISTOR

D1 – 1N5352GB DIODE

D2 – 1N5352GB DIODE

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D3 – 1N4007GP DIODE

D4 – 1N4007GP DIODE

D5 – 1N4007GP DIODE

D6 – 1N4007GP DIODE

D7 – RED LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

C1 – 2,2 µF X-RATED CAPACITOR

C2 – 2200 µF ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR

C3 – 0,27 µF CAPACITOR

S1 – TOGLE SWITCH

U1 – LM7850CT VOLTAGE REGULATOR

X1 – FUSE

RED AND BLACK BANANA PLUGS

2 PIN PLUG AND CABLE

HEAT SINK

PANEL METER

KNOB FOR POTENTIOMETER

HOUSING

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2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VARIABLE POWER SUPPLY

OUTPUT INPUT
STAGE STAGE

REGULATOR TRANSFORMER
STAGE STAGE

CLIPPING BRIDGE
STAGE RECTIFIER
STAGE

Figure 2 Six Stages of the Variable Voltage Power Supply

Stage 1 – Input Stage

230V of power is obtained by plugging the circuit into the main switch. This voltage
obtained is of an AC nature.

Stage 2 – Transformer Stage

The 230VAC power supply feeds current directly to the X-Rated capacitor and the Zener
Diodes, which acts as a transformer to step down the High AC voltage (230V) to a low DC
voltage (12V).

Stage 3 – Bridge Rectifier Stage

This converts the AC voltage signal to a DC voltage signal by generating a constant DC

signal that contains a ripple voltage.

Stage 4 – Clipping Stage

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The function of the capacitors during this stage is to filter out the signal into a smooth
DC signal by removing the ripple voltage to create a straight line.

Stage 5 – Regulator Stage

The function of the voltage regulator is to create and maintain the desired voltage
output that will not change irrespective of the changes to the output conditions. The
voltage created is maintained so that no harm is caused to the other electrical
components.

Stage 6 – Output Stage

At this stage, the banana plugs enables the student to correctly measure the minimum
and maximum output voltages.

2.3 PCB DESIGN AND PROTOTYPE LAYOUT

2.3.1. Prototype Layout

Figure 3 Prototype of the Variable Voltage Power Supply that was to be done on the Breadboard

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Figure 4 Panel Meter and Switch connected to the circuit

Figure 5 Potentiometer that is used to vary the resistance of the circuit to increase or decrease the voltage

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2.3.2. Ultiboard Diagram

Figure 6 Ultiboard connections done with 0 vias and Copper Bottom

Figure 7 Top View of Completed Circuit on Ultiboard with 0 Vias

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Figure 8 Bottom View of the completed circuit with Copper Bottom Connections

The specifications used for this design are as follows:

 70mm x 70mm board

 0 vias
 One 1x3 HDR
 All through hole components were used
 All connections were copper bottom
 29 connectors were used

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 CHAPTER 3 – READINGS AND RECORDED VALUES

STAGE 1 – 15.47VAC

STAGE 2 – 1446.871Ω

STAGE 3 – 157e-3

STAGE 4 – V = 14,921 VDC

STAGE 5 – V = 7,53 VDC

STAGE 6 – V = 12,462 VDC

The Fuse is used as an overload protection

5V – 12V

5.02V min, 12.80V max without load

Vo = 795,92V with load

QLV = 522e-3

Load regulation = 1.36e6

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 CONCLUSION

The circuit was successfully completed on all platforms, with all components working as
required.

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