Grade 12 Mathematics 2019.Zp181657

Matric Revision
Getting a different perspective

on Mathematics exams
Prepared and presented
by Sarel van Greunen
©Sarel van Greunen All Rights Reserved.

-2-
Table of Contents
Functions, relations and inverses ...................................................................................................... 3
Sequences and Series ....................................................................................................................... 6
Differentiation ................................................................................................................................. 7
Exponents ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Logarithms ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Financial Mathematics ................................................................................................................... 11
Trigonometry ................................................................................................................................. 13
Euclidean Geometry ....................................................................................................................... 15
Analytical Geometry ....................................................................................................................... 21
Statistics and linear regression ....................................................................................................... 23
Exercises
Functions, relations and inverses - Questions.................................................................................. 25
Sequences and series - Questions ................................................................................................... 27
Differentiation - Questions ............................................................................................................. 29
Exponents and logarithms - Questions ............................................................................................ 31
Financial Mathematics - Questions ................................................................................................. 31
Trigonometry - Questions ............................................................................................................... 32
Euclidean Geometry – Questions .................................................................................................... 33
Analytical Geometry - Questions .................................................................................................... 36
Statistics - Questions ...................................................................................................................... 39
©Sarel van Greunen
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the
prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews
and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.
©Sarel van Greunen English Winter School June 2019 All rights reserved
-3-
Functions, relations and inverses

Definition: A relation is when a variable gets related to another variable by use of any formulae or
equation, ie x gets related to y. How y reacts to x gives us the different graphs.
A function is a special relation for which each x only has one y. The moment that that is
not the case, we have a non-function.
There are 9 different graphs you have to be able to analyse, interpret and sketch:
• Straight line
• Parabola
• Cubic
• Hyperbola
• Exponential
• Logarithmic
• Sine
• Cosine
• Tangent
There are certain questions, which you must be able to answer for all 9 graphs:
1. 𝒙-intercept:
o Let 𝑦 = 0.
2. y-intercept:
o Let 𝑥 = 0.
3. Definition/Domain:
o All 𝑥-values for which the function is defined.
4. Rang
o All y-values for which the function is defined.
5. Intersection between graphs:

o Set the y-values equal to each other or
o Use substitution to solve simultaneously.
6. Inverse relations:
o An inverse function is a reflection of a graph over the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
o Determining the equation of an inverse: Swop the 𝑥 and y’s around in your equation,
then, preferrably, you make y the subject.
o Sketching an inverse: Take the original graph’s coordinates and swop the 𝑥 and y values
around and draw the sketch.
o REMEMBER: Domain of original is Range of inverse and Range of original is Domain of
the inverse.
-4-
Specific graphs and their unique questions

• Straight lines will be handled during analitical geometry
• Parabola
Equation:
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + 𝑞 with (p;q) as stationary point;
OR
2
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
o The stationary point can be calculated either by differentiating and setting the
𝒃
derivative equal to 0 or by calcuting the axis of symmetry 𝒙 = − 𝟐𝒂 and
substituting the 𝑥-value into the original equation.
o Finding equation: To find the equation depends on what has been given to you.
It will always be given either:
▪ Turning point(p;q): 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + 𝑞
▪ 2 𝒙-intercepts(𝒙𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐): 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )
• Hyperbola
o Equation:
𝑎
𝑦= +𝑞
𝑥−𝑝
o Equations of assymptotes:
▪ Horizontal 𝑦 = 𝑞; and
▪ Vertical 𝑥 = 𝑝
o A very important thing to remember is that hyperbolas are symmetrical.
o Hyperbolas have 2 axes of symmetry:

▪ One with positive gradient: 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑝 + 𝑞
▪ One with negative gradient: 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝑝 + 𝑞
• Exponential
o Equation:
𝑦 = 𝑏. 𝑎 𝑥−𝑝 + 𝑞
o Equation of asymptote:
▪ Horizontal 𝑦 = 𝑞
o The p-value is the number of units the graph has been moved left or right
o The q-value is the number of units the graph has been moved up or down
-5-
• Logarithmic
o Equation:
𝑦 = log 𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑝) + 𝑞
o Equation of asymptote:
▪ Vertical 𝑥 = 𝑝
o The p-value is the number of units the graph has been moved left or right
o The q-value is the number of units the graph has been moved up or down
• Trigonometrical graphs
o The standard sine and cosine graphs are very similar:

▪ Period= 360˚
▪ Amplitude=1
o The standard tangent is a strange graph

▪ Period= 180˚
▪ Amplitude=∞
▪ Asymptotes of standard tangent graph at 𝑥 = 90˚ + 𝑘. 180°; 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
o There are several alterations you are going to be asked

1. Period: 𝑦 = sin 𝑎𝑥;𝑦 = cos 𝑎𝑥 or 𝑦 = tan 𝑎𝑥 then the new period is:
𝐎𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝 ÷ 𝒂
2. Amplitude: 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 cos 𝑥 then the new amplitude is b, if b is

positive. If b is negative then we make b positive and that will be the new
amplitude.
3. Move of graph:
a. Left y = cos( x + 30  ) moved graph left by 30
b. Right y = sin( x − 40  ) moved graph right by 40
c. Up y = tan x + 2 moved graph up by 2 units
d. Down y = sin x − 1 moved graph down by 1 unit
4. Very important in sketching the graph is finding the Critical points by dividing the
period by 4. This gives you the interval between “special” happenings on the
graph.
-6-
Sequences and Series

Three types of sequences
• Quadratic
• Arithmetic
• Geometric
Quadratic patterns:
Definition: Second differences are equal where the first term form an arithmetic sequence.
General Term: 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 2 + 𝑏𝑛 + 𝑐
To calculate the values of a,b and c:
𝟐𝒂 = 𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞
𝟑𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐢. 𝐞. 𝐓𝐞𝐫𝐦𝟏 − 𝐓𝐞𝐫𝐦𝟐
𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝐓𝐞𝐫𝐦𝟏
Arithmetic patterns:
Definition: All first differences are equal, i.e. you always add or subtract a constant
difference
NB: 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
General Term: 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑑 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑛
Sum of n Terms: 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
𝑛
OR 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑙)
𝑙 =Last term or n-th Term
Geometric patterns:
Definition: There exists a constant ratio, i.e. you multiply by the same ratio.
𝑻𝟑 𝑻
NB: ⁄𝑻 = 𝟐⁄𝑻
𝟐 𝟏
General Term: 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎. 𝑟 𝑛−1

𝑇
𝑟 = 2⁄𝑇
1
Sum of n Terms:
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
OR
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
𝑎
Sum to infinity: 𝑆∞ = (1−𝑟)
NB: Terms for convergence: −1 < 𝑟 < 1
-7-
Differentiation
Definition: Instantaneous rate of change
Formula: First Principles/ Ground Principles/ Definition:
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Short formula:
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 then = 𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3. 𝐷𝑥 [𝑘] = 0
Your way of writing is very important
There are some restrictions on when you are allowed to differentiate; at university level you are going
to learn strategies to handle them straight-forward, but for now you must manipulate.
NOTATION WHEN DIFFERENTIATING

1. 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑦 → 𝑑𝑥
3. 𝐷𝑥 [… ] = ⋯ {𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠}
𝑑
4. (… ) = ⋯ {𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠}
𝑑𝑥
Restrictions: Solution:
1. Brackets Multiply out
2
3
2. Roots Exponential laws e.g. √𝑥 2 = 𝑥 3
3. 𝑥 in denominator If 𝑥 is alone, split up
If 𝑥 is not alone, factorize top and cancel
Applications of differentiation
Graphs
The differentiate of 𝑓 shows the exact form of 𝑓
If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 then f is decreasing
If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 then f is increasing
If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 then f is non-moving/stationary
-8-
The last point is very important, since it gives us the formula to find any stationary or turning point,
namely you differentiate and put equal to 0.
𝑑𝑦
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 or =0
𝑑𝑥
The second derivative gives you the concavity of the graph.

If 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0 then 𝑓 is concave down, for a maximum
If 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0 then 𝑓 is concave up, for a minimum
If 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0 then 𝑓 is at a changing point
Real life applications of differentiation

Most probably the most important tool for which we use differentiation is to find the minimum and/or
maximum for a problem by
dy
f ( x) = 0 or = 0.
dx
This applies for all problems that we can model with an equation.
Differentiation is also used to measure rate of change, i.e. the rate of change in distance gives speed
and the rate of change in speed gives acceleration.
Determining the equation of a cubic graph:

• Given 3 𝑥-intercepts:
𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2)(𝑥 − 𝑥3)
• Given 2 𝑥-intercepts where 1 of the 𝑥-intercepts is also a turning point:

𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1)(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )2
where 𝑥2 is the 𝑥-value that is both 𝑥-intercept AND turning point.
• Given turning points:

1. Get the derivative of the given function;
2. Put the derivative equal to 0;
3. Substitute the different 𝑥-values of the turning points in to determine 2 different
equations;
4. Solve these equations simultaneously;
If you have any other unknowns in the functions, substitute coordinate(s) into the equation and solve
the equation(s).
-9-
Exponents
The reason for exponents is to shorten the way of writing any number.
Exponents laws
1. 32  34 = 34+ 2 = 36
2. x 6  x 3 = x 6−3 = x 3
12 22
3. ( xy ) = x y = x y
2 2 2 4
2 1
4. 3
x2 y = x 3 y 3
Basic definitions
1. x 0 = 1 except for x = 0
1 1 bc 4
2. a −2 = 2 or −1 = a1 = a a shortcut for this is, if you have a − 2 bc 4 = 2
a a a
−1
2 3
3.   =  
3 2
How to handle exponential sums:

Simplification:
• Only multiply and divide:
i. Change the bases into prime numbers
ii. Apply law 3 or 4
iii. Apply laws 1 and 2
iv. Find an answer
• Add or subtract of terms with exponents
i. Split the terms with exponents up
ii. Factorise
iii. Cancel out
iv. Find an answer
Equations:
• You handle each of the different types of equations the same as in simplification, but your
fourth steps change, instead of finding an answer, you :
o Get the bases the same;
o Leave away the bases;
o Solve the sum.
• When you have an 𝑥 as base, you simply:

o Get 𝑥 and its exponent alone on 1 side;
o Put both sides to the power of the reciprocal, inverse, of the exponent.
- 10 -
Logarithms
The madness behind logarithms is to solve exponential equations where it is nearly impossible to get
the bases the same. For this we must realise that logarithms are the inverse of exponents, ie. if you
have an equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 and you take the inverse, which means that x and y change positions, we
have 𝑥 = 2𝑦 . To get y alone we must use logs:
𝑥 = 2𝑦 becomes 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥
Logarithmic laws
1. log a 2 + log a 3 = log a ( 2  3) = log a 6
2. log b 8 − log b 2 = log b (8  2) = log b 4
3. log b x 3 = 3 log b x
log x a
4. log b a =
log x b
Definitions
1. log a a = 1
2. log b 1 = 0
1
3. log b a =
log a b
1
logb   = − logb a
4. a
log 1 a = − logb a
b
Log laws are simply there to get rid of the logs, so that we can work with all the previous years’
methods.
- 11 -
Financial Mathematics
Financial Mathematics is simply about the loan and investment of money in banks or financial
institutions. There are 2 types of investments which appears in your syllabus:
Once-off and
Periodic transactions
Once-off financial transactions include all transactions, which occur once and then interest is added
on the Principal investment or loan amount. The following will be seen as once-off transactions:
Normal investments
Loans at a bank(Not home loans)
Inflation
Depreciation
Normal investments
Simple Interest 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖. 𝑛)
Compound interest 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖)𝑛
Depreciation
Cost price/ Straight line method 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑖. 𝑛)
Reducing balance method 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑖)𝑛
Inflation 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖)𝑛
Converting between nominal interest rate and effective interest:

A beloved question to be asked is to switch between nominal and effective interest. The formula is as
follows:
𝑚
𝑖 (𝑚)
1 + 𝑖𝑒 = (1 + )
𝑚
In the formula: 𝑖𝑒 = Effective interest rate

m= How many times a year the interest is compounded
𝑖 (𝑚)= Nominal interest rate
Periodic financial transactions are also known as annuities. Here there are 2 choices, either we take
the value at the end of the period or at the beginning of the period.
𝑥((1+𝑖)𝑛 −1)
Future value 𝐹=
𝑖
𝑥(1−(1+𝑖)−𝑛)
Present value 𝑃= 𝑖
- 12 -
In the exam there will are usually one of two questions asked:
Sinking funds or
Home loans
Sinking funds
A sinking fund is a fund set up to replace an asset (Vehicle or equipment) after a period of time. Sinking
funds questions consists of four parts:
1. Replacing value How much the will cost to replace after the period (Inflation)
2. Bookvalue The value of the car(Depreciation)
3. Sinking fund value Replacing value – Bookvalue
4. Monthly installment Annuity(Sinking fund = F)
Home loans
Home loans are relatively self explanatory. You want to buy a house and are willing to pay off the debt
over a period of time, usually 20 to 30 years. The calculations are relatively simple since we use the
Present value annuity to calculate the monthly repayments.
NB!! They are going to ask of you to calculate the outstanding balance after a number of years or
payments
To calculate the balance we have a look at how many payments must be made after the time at which
the balance is asked, an example could be that if you repay a house over 20 years and we want the
balance outstanding after 11 years, then there are 9 years of monthly repayments left and hence the
n-value will be 9 × 12 = 108. We use this n-value and the present value formula to get the balance:
𝑥(1 − (1 + 𝑖)−𝑛
𝑃=
𝑖
- 13 -
Trigonometry
CAST diagram
Sin All
180˚ − 𝜃 90˚ − 𝜃
90˚ + 𝜃
Tan Cos
180˚ + 𝜃 360˚ − 𝜃
𝜃 − 90˚
Negative angles
The best strategy you can follow is just adding 360˚ to the angle, since adding a revolution doesn’t
change the angle.
Angles greater than 360

You simply subtract 360 until your angle is between 0  and 360 .
Co-functions
cos(90 − x ) = sin x
sin(90 − x ) = cos x
Identities
Quotient identity
sin x
tan x =
cos x
Square identities
sin 2 x + cos2 x = 1
sin 2 x = 1 − cos2 x
cos2 x = 1 − sin 2 x
Compound angles
cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦
sin(𝑥 − 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦
- 14 -
Double angles
sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥
cos 2𝑥 = { 2cos 2 𝑥 − 1
1 − 2 sin2 𝑥
The big problem is manipulation, the secret is changing your sum so that you can get to a stage where
you can solve your question.A very important part of your matric syllabus is being able to factorise
trigonometrical expressions. There are 2 methods you can use:
1. Substitute the cos 𝑥 and/or sin 𝑥 with another variable, like a or b; or
2. Straight factorising
Trigonomentic equations
When it comes to solving trigonometrical equations, the first step would be to get an identity alone or
factorise to solve the equation. To be able to factorise you will be expected to manipulate your sum to
get it in factorisable form.
After you have the identity alone, you must find the reference angle. You use shift/2nd function to find
the reference angle. After finding the reference angle you check in which quadrant you want to work.
Now you must see what the exact question is, if asked for:
General solutions
• sine and cosine, you add 𝑘. 360˚
• tangent is special, since you only have to work in 1 quad and then add 𝑘. 180˚
• Remember: 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
Specific solutions
• Find the general solutions
• Choose values for k such that your answer falls in the desired interval
Non-right angled triangles

Sine Rule
Formula When is the formula used
sin A sin B sinC
= = Working with 2 Angles
a b c
Cosine Rule
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc. cos A Working with 3 Sides
Area Rule
Area of ∆ABC= 1 ab. sinC When asked
2
- 15 -
Euclidean Geometry
Euclidean Geometry is that special section in Mathematics where we study the different shapes and
their properties, specifically the properties relating to the sizes of the angles and the lengths of the
sides. Definitions, theorems, axioms and proofs form the basics of Euclidean geometry. In this section
we will look at the basic theorems that you need to know to answer the questions asked in the exams.
Straight lines
B
1 2 B
1 2
𝐵̂1 + 𝐵̂2 = 180˚ 𝐵̂1 = 𝐵̂2

Reason: Angles on a straight line Reason: Vertically opposite angles
Parallel lines
Assume in the theorems that AB ∥ CD:
B A A C
D B
1
C D
1 1
B D
C A
𝐶̂1 = 𝐵̂ 𝐶̂ + 𝐵̂ = 180˚ ̂1 = 𝐵̂1

𝐷
Reason: Corresponding angles Reason: Co-interior angles Reason: Alternate angles
Triangles
A A
Isosceles ∆
B C B C
𝐴̂ + 𝐵̂ + 𝐶̂ = 180˚ If 𝐵̂ = 𝐶̂ then 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 then 𝐵̂ = 𝐶̂

Reason: Interior ∠𝑠 of ∆ Reason: Sides opp = ∠s Reason: ∠𝑠 opp =sides
- 16 -
1
B C
𝐵̂ + 𝐴̂ = 𝐶̂1
Reason: Exterior ∠ of ∆
Circle theorems
There are 9 theorems in total with quite a few of them also having converses. When answering a
question in an exam, it is quite handy to think of the theorems in 3 sections:
Center of circle theorems
Theorem 1: If AP=PB then 𝑂𝑃 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵. Theorem 1 converse: If 𝑂𝑃 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵 then AP=PB

Reason: Line from center of circle bisects Reason: Line from center of circle ⊥ to chord
chord
Theorem 2: 𝐵𝑂̂𝐶 = 2 × 𝐴̂. Theorem 3:

Reason: ∠ at center= 2 × ∠ at circ Reason: ∠ in semi-circle
- 17 -
Cyclic Quadrilateral theorems

Theorem 4: Theorem 5: 𝐵̂ + 𝐶̂ = 180˚ and 𝐴̂ + 𝐷
̂ = 180˚
Reason: ∠s on same segment Reason: Opp ∠𝑠 of cyclic quad
B
𝑥 A
D
C
Theorem 6: ∠𝐶1 = ∠𝐵
Reason: Ext ∠ of cyclic quad
Cyclic Quadrilateral Converse Theorems
Theorem 4 Converse: If the same chord Theorem 5 converse: If 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 180˚ then

subtends equal angles in the quadrilateral, the quadrilateral is cyclic
then the quadrilateral is cyclic. Reason: Opp ∠𝑠 are supplementary
Reason: Equal ∠s subtended by chord.
- 18 -
Theorem 6 Converse: If the exterior angle of

a quadrilateral equals the interior opposite
angle, then the quadrilateral is cyclic.
Reason: Ext ∠=Interior opp ∠
Tangent to circle theorems

Theorem 7: Theorem 8: 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶
Reason: Radius ⊥ tangent Reason: Tangents from same point
Theorem 9: 𝐷𝐴̂𝐵 = 𝐶̂ Theorem 9 Converse: If 𝐷𝐴̂𝐵 = 𝐶̂ , then AD is

Reason: tan-chord theorem a tangent
Reason: ∠ between line and chord=∠ in opp
circle segment.
- 19 -
Advanced triangle Geometry

This section of work consists of working with the theorems that deal with triangles, specifically
proportions, similarity and the theorem of Pythagoras.
Theorem 1: Proportionality in triangles Theorem 1 Converse: Parallel lines in triangles

If a line is drawn parallel to a side of a If a line drawn in a triangle divides the sides
triangle, then the other sides are divided proportionally, then that line is parallel to the
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶
proportionally, i.e. if BC∥DE, 𝐵𝐷 = 𝐶𝐸. other side of the triangle, i.e. if 𝐵𝐷 = 𝐶𝐸 ,
Reason: Line parallel to one side of ∆ BC∥DE.
Reason: Line divides ∆ proportionally
A A
B C B C
D E D E
Theorem 1 Special case: Midpoint theorem

If a line drawn in a triangle divides the sides in
half, then that line is parallel to the other side
of the triangle and half of the third side, i.e. if
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐷 and 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐸, BC∥DE and 𝐵𝐶 =
1
𝐷𝐸.
2
Reason: Line divides ∆ proportionally
A
B C
D E
- 20 -
Theorem 2: Equiangular triangles are similar Theorem 3: Proportionality of similar triangles

If two triangles have pairs corresponding If two triangles are similar, then their sides
angles that are equal, then the triangles are are in proportion, i.e. if ∆𝐴𝐷𝐸 ∕// ∆𝐹𝐵𝐶,
similar, i.e. if 𝐴̂ = 𝐹̂ and 𝐷
̂ = 𝐵̂ , then ∆𝐴𝐷𝐸 ∕ 𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸 𝐷𝐸
= 𝐹𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 .
𝐹𝐵
// ∆𝐹𝐵𝐶. Reason: Similarity
Reason: ∠∠ OR AA F F
A A
B C B C
D E D E
Theorem 4: Pythagorean theorem Theorem 4 Converse: Pythagorean theorem

In a right-angled triangle the sum of the If the sum of the square of the hypotenuse is
square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum equal to the sum of the square of the other
of the square of the other two sides, i.e. if two sides, then the triangle is right-angled, i.e.
𝐸̂ = 90˚, then 𝐴𝐷2 = 𝐴𝐸 2 + 𝐷𝐸 2. if 𝐴𝐷2 = 𝐴𝐸 2 + 𝐷𝐸 2 , then 𝐸̂ = 90˚.
Reason: Pythagoras Reason: Pythagoras
A A
D E D E
- 21 -
Analytical Geometry
The basic formulae for this section of work are:
Distance:
Formula: 𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
Midpoint:
𝑥2 +𝑥1 𝑦2 +𝑦1
Formula: 𝑀=( ; )
2 2
OR
𝑥2 +𝑥1 𝑦2 +𝑦1
𝑥𝑀 = and 𝑦𝑀 =
2 2
Gradient:
To find gradient there are 4 different methods:
𝑦 −𝑦
1. Two coordinates: 𝑚 = 𝑥2−𝑥1
2 1
2. Parallel lines: 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
3. Perpendicular line: 𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1
4. Inclination angle: 𝑚 = tan 𝜃
Equation of straight line

Formula: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1)where (𝑥1 ; 𝑦1 ) is a coordinate on the straight line
Inclination angle
Formula: 𝑚 = tan 𝜃 if m is negative then 𝜃 = 180˚ − reference angle
Very important, is to find ways to calculate 𝜃 by use of Grade 8-10 geometry theorems
Special straight lines

There are special lines which you must be able to find the equation for:
1. Altitudes – a line from a point of a triangle, perpendicular to the opposite side
a. Here we use the formula for perpendicular lines to calculate the second gradient
b. We then use the formula and the coordinate on the line to find the equation of the
straight line
2. Median – a line from a point of triangle, which bisects the opposite side
a. Calculate the midpoint of the bisecting side
b. Find the gradient between the midpoint and the opposite coordinate
c. Use the formula and the coordinate on the line to find the equation of the straight line
3. Perpendicular bisector – ANY line which bisects a side and is perpendicular to that side
a. Calculate the midpoint of the bisecting side
b. Calculate the gradient of the side which is bisected
c. Now use the formula for perpendicular lines to calculate the second gradient
- 22 -
Use the formula and the coordinate on the line to find the equation of the straight line
Circles:
Formula: (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2 with the centre at (𝑎; 𝑏)
Tangents to a circle
A theorem to remember is that a tangent is perpendicular to the radius where is touches the circle
a. Calculate the gradient of the radius
b. Use the formula for perpendicular lines to calculate the tangent gradient
c. Find the equation of the tangent
- 23 -
Statistics and linear regression
Definition of Statistics: The art of making sense of numbers.
Basic measurements used:

Individual stats
Individual statistics is where each number is given.
Average/Mean
The average number
∑𝑥 ∑ 𝑓𝑥
Formula: 𝑥̅ = or with frequencies(𝑓) 𝑥̅ =
𝑛 𝑛
Median
The number in the middle
𝑛+1
Formula: -th number
2
Mode:
The number that occurs most
Range:
The width of the population
Formula: Maximum – minimum
Lower Quartile(Q1)
The number on a quarter of the population
𝑛+1
Formula: -th number
4
Upper Quartile(Q3)
The number on 3 quarters of the population
3(𝑛+1)
Formula: -th number
4
Inter-Quartile Range(IQR)
The width between the upper and lower quartile
Formula: 𝑄3 − 𝑄1
- 24 -
Variance:
The square of the average number by which the numbers differ from average
∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 ∑ 𝑓(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
Formula: 𝜎2 = or if you work with frequencies: 𝜎 2 =
𝑛 𝑛
Standard deviation:
The actual number by which a number varies from the average
Formula: 𝜎 = √𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = √𝜎 2
The best way to find variance and/or standard deviation is by filling in the following table:
Number(𝒙) Frequency(𝒇) 𝒙−𝒙 ̅ (𝒙 − 𝒙̅)𝟐 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒙̅)𝟐
(1) (2) (1) − 𝑥̅ = (3) (3)2 = (4) (4) × (2)
Interval Stats:
When all the numbers are given in intervals instead of individually
All the above stays the same except the class midpoint is now used as 𝑥, instead of the actual number.
Class Midpoint
Start value+End value
Formula: midpoint = 2
Linear Regression
The main object of regression is to see the relationship that exists between two variables. We start off
by plotting the graph on a scatter plot diagram. If the relationship is linear then we need to plot a
straight line through the coordinates, i.e. draw a line of best fit.
Line of best fit

∑𝑛 ̅)
𝑖=1 𝛴(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ )(𝑦𝑖 −𝑦 1 1
Equation: 𝑦̂ = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 with 𝑏 = 𝑛
∑𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ ) 2 and 𝑎 = 𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑏 × 𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖
e. Sketch f −1
f. The equation of f −1
Functions, relations and inverses - Questions g. The minimum length of PQ
1. Sketch the following graphs:
a. y = 3x − 2 x − 5
2
4. Find the inverses of the following graphs:
b. y = 2 x − 2
2 a. f ( x ) = 3x − 1
c. y = −3x 2 − 2 x x
b. f ( x ) =
2 2x − 1
d. y =
x −1 x +1
x −1 5. Given f ( x ) = 4.2 − 2 . Determine the following:
e. y = 3.2 + 1
a. X-intercept
2. In the following sketch
b. Y-intercept
you’ve been given the
c. Equation of the asymptote
graph of
d. f(-1)
f ( x ) = −x 2 − 6x − 4 e. Sketch the graph of f
f. Give the equation of g(x) if g is f moved 2 units
a. Change the right.
graph into the
form y = a( x − p ) + q
2
b. Prove that f (x )  5 for all values of x 6. The following sketch

represents the graph of f
with f ( x ) = a ; g is the
x
3. The sketch gives the
graphs of f and g where reflection of f in the y-axis
f ( x ) = x 2 − 2 x − 3 and and h, the reflection of g
g ( x ) = −4x − 6 and in the x-axis.
a. Calculate the value of a
PQ y − axis .
b. Write down the equation of g and h
Determine: −1
c. Find the equation of f (x ) in the form y=…
a. The length of AB −1
b. The coordinate d. Sketch the graph of f (x )
−1
of C e. What is the domain of f (x )
c. For which value(s) of x is f(x)>0?
−1
d. The equation of g
©Sarel van Greunen All Rights Reserved.
- 26 -
10. Given that f ( x ) = tan x and g ( x ) = sin 2x

a. Sketch f and g for x  − 180  ; 90 
7. Given the graphs of f(x) b. For which value(s) of x is both f and g increasing
and g(x) with
f ( x ) = − x 2 − 2x + 3

for x  − 90  ; 90  
−2
and g ( x ) = +q
x−p 11. The graphs represented are:
a. Find the value of f ( x ) = a sin bx
p and q and
b. Hence, find the g ( x ) = d cos cx
coordinate of E a. Write down the
values of a, b, c and d
b. Write down 2 values
of x where sin 2 x − 2 cos 3x = 0
3
c. What is the period of g?
8. Determine the equation d. For which negative values of x will g(x) decrease
of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) in value if x increases?
12.
9. Given that h( x ) = cos( x + 30 ) and g ( x ) = −2 sin x


a. Determine without the use of a calculator the

general solution of ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)
b. Sketch the graphs of h and g for all 𝑥 ∈
[−120˚; 180˚]
- 27 -
(a) Is 𝑘 −1(𝑥) a function? Explain.

(b) Give the domain of 𝑘 −1.
Sequences and series - Questions

1. 5; 𝑥; 𝑦 is an arithmetic sequence and 𝑥; 𝑦; 81 is a
geometric sequence. All the terms in the sequence are
integers.
Find the values of x and y
2. The sum of a geometric series is 100 times the value of

its first term, while the last term is 9 times the first term.
Calculate the number of terms in the series, if
the first term is non-zero
3. Calculate the value of n if:

n
13. The sketch below shows k(x), which is formed using part of a
3
k =1
k
= 1092
parabola and a horizontal line.
- 28 -
4. The first term of a geometric sequence is 3 and the sum 9. A ball falls from a height of 10 meters; it bounces 6
of the first 4 terms is 5 times the sum of the first 2 meters and then continues to fall 3 of its previous
terms. The common difference is greater than 1 5
Calculate: height.
a. The first 3 terms of the sequence Determine after how many bounces the ball’s
b. The value of n for which the sum of n terms are height will be less than 1 cm.
765
10. A fitness test requires that athletes repeatedly run a
5. Sum of the first 50 terms of an arithmetic series is 1275. distance of 20m. They finish the distance 5 times in the
Calculate the sum of the 25th and the 26th term of this first min, 6 times in the second min and 7 times in the
series. third min. They carry on in this manner. Determine after
how minutes have the athletes ran 2200m.
6. The sum of the first n-terms of an arithmetic series is:
3n 2 − n 11. Write down the next two terms and the general term
Sn = (Tn) in the following sequences:
2
a. 3; 12; 35; 52; …
a. Calculate S10 b. 100; 80; 58; 34; …
10
b. Calculate the value of T
r =5
r , where T r is the r- 12. Given: 2;3;2;5;2;7;…. Answer the following questions:
a. Write down the next three terms
th term of the series b. Determine the 43rd term
c. Calculate the sum of the first 40 terms
7. The sum of the first and second term of an unending
geometric series is 11. The sum to infinity is 36 and the
common ratio is r. Determine the possible values of r.
8. The first two terms of a geometric series is: 𝑥 + 3 and

𝑥2 − 9
a. Determine the values of x for which the series
will converge
b. Determine the value of x if the sum to infinity is
13
- 29 -
Differentiation - Questions f. How many solutions do 𝑓(𝑥) = −5 have?

1. Determine f (x ) from first principles if
5. A clothing producer estimates that the cost (in rand) to
a. f ( x ) = x − 6 x
2
produce x shirts are given by the function
1 C( x ) = 10 + 5x + 0.001 x 3
b. f ( x ) =
2x Determine the rate at which the cost when the 100th
shirt is produced is changing.
dy
2. Determine :
dx 6. There are 40 fruit trees in an orchard. The average
1 earnings per tree in a season are 580 fruit. The farmer
a. y = ( 2 x ) − 2
3x calculates that for every extra tree you plant in the

2 x −5 orchard, the earnings per tree will decrease by 10 fruit.
b. y =
x If the number of extra trees planted in the orchard is x
the total earnings in a season is N, then:
c. xy − 5 = x 3 N = ( 40 + x )(580 − 10x )
d. y = x  − 4 2 x + t Calculate how many extra trees must be planted such
− 2x that the earnings will be at a maximum
3. Given: g ( x ) = − x 10 and
x
h( x ) = ( x + 5x )( x 5 − 5x −1 )
5 −1 7. If given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 + 11. Calculate the following:
a. Intercepts with the axes
Determine:
b. Stationary points
a. g ' ( x )
c. Point of inflection
b. h' ( x ) d. Sketch the graph
d 8. Repeat question 7 with the following graphs:
c. [ 2g ( x ) + h( x )]
dx a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 2
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥
4. Given: f ( x ) = − x 3 + 3x 2 − 4 c. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = −2𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 − 4
a. Calculate the x- and y-intercepts of f d. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3
b. Determine the turning points of f 9.
c. Draw the sketch
d. For which values of x will f be increasing?
e. What is the maximum value of − x 3 + 3x 2 − 4 if
0 x 3
- 30 -
11.
10.
- 31 -
Exponents and logarithms - Questions d. 2 x .3 x +1 = 10

3
1. Simply the following:
1
e. 3x 4 − 24 = 0
 5 2 f. 5 x +1 + 4 = 5 − x
a.  −1 −1 
+ log 3 9 2,12
 4 − 9 
27 + 12
b. Financial Mathematics - Questions
75 1. You invest R 5000 and it doubles in a certain amount of
3
years @ 12% p.a. compounded monthly. Answer the
 81x 3  4
c.  −1 
following questions:
16x  a. How much is the effective interest rate?
d. 3 log 3 40 − 2 log
1 b. For how many years was the investment?
5
e. logm 3.log9 m 2. At which monthly compounded interest rate should I
invest to double my principal amount in 4 years time?
36 x −1.49 x .8 x
f. 1
x
81 .16 x −1.98 x −1
2 3. You invest R 60 000 for 5 years @ an effective interest
10 .2 p −1 − 24 .2 p −3 rate of 10,8% pa. Calculate the following:
g.
2 p +1.3 − 2 p
a. The monthly compounded interest rate
b. Amount necessary to accumulate to the same
2. If log 2 5 = a , express log8 10 in terms of a value in 5 years, but at an interest rate of 9% pa
compounded quarterly?
3. Given: 5 n = x and n = log 2 y
a. Write y in terms of n 4. Which is a better investment option, 9% pa
b. Express log 8 4 y in terms of n compounded monthly or 9,3% pa compounded
quarterly?
c. Determine 50n +1 in terms of x and y
5. To buy a camera in 5 years time, you will need R 20 000.
4. Solve for x in each of the following equations:
What will your monthly installments be if your interest
a. log1 x + log1 ( x + 1)  −1
rate that FNB can offer you is 7,2% pa compounded
2 2
x −1 x +1 monthly?
b. 3 + 3 = 300
c. 2 2 x +1 − 3.2 x + 1 = 0
- 32 -
6. A basic car is valued at R 80 000 at present. In 3 years a. Calculate the monthly installments
time the same car will cost you R95 000. Market norm b. Balance after 11 years
for depreciation is 15% pa on reducing balance method. c. How long will it take you to repay the loan if you
Answer the following questions: pay an additional R700 pm?
a. What will the book value be after 3 years? 10. In this stage of your life you can only pay an installment
b. Calculate the inflation rate of R 7 000 pm on a new house. The bank offers you 13%
c. You want to replace the car in 3 years time, so pa compounded monthly. Will you be able to buy a
you set up a sinking fund. The bank offers you house of R 620 000 if you plan on repaying the loan
6,6% pa compounded monthly. How much will over a 20 year period?
your monthly installments be?
11. A Flat is on the market for R 4500 pm and the current
7. A Chev Aveo is available for you. In 4 years time the car rate of interest is 10,4% pa compounded monthly and
will be valued at R 125 000. Market norm for the repayment period is over 20 years. Answer the
depreciation is 10% pa on reducing balance method and following questions:
inflation is at 5% pa. Answer the following questions:
a. What is the cost of the flat?
a. Calculate the cost price? b. Balance after 9 years
b. Calculate the replacing value
c. You want to replace the car in 4 years time, so
you set up a sinking fund. The bank offers you Trigonometry - Questions
8,4% pa compounded monthly. How much will 1. Simplify each of the following expressions:
your monthly installments be? tan( −420 ). cos156 . cos 294 
a.
sin 492 
8. How many years will you have to save if you invest R 550 cos( − 720 )
pm in an annuity which yields 10% pa compounded b. if  +  = 90
monthly if you want to receive R 250 000? sin2 (180 +  ).cos( − 90 )
cos(720 +  )
c. cos( − 90 ).sin( − 180 ) +
sin(90 −  )
9. You want to buy a house of R 890 000 and the current
tan(−207 ) sin2 ( x − 360 )
rate of interest is 11% pa compounded monthly and you d. −
want to repay the loan in 20 years. Answer the following tan 333 cos x. sin(x − 90 )
questions:
- 33 -
sin( + 45 ) from T and they lie in the same horizontal space as T.
e. The height of the triangle is h.
cos(585 ).sin( − 90 )
The angle of depression to B from R is  . RBˆ A = 
2. Given that cos 61  = p , express the following in terms a. Give the magnitude of ARˆ B in terms of 
of p: 2h cos 
b. Show that AB = , and calculate h if
a. sin 209 sin
AB=5,4 units,  = 51 and  = 65

1
b.
sin( −421  )
c. cos1
Euclidean Geometry – Questions
All the Euclidean Geometry questions come from previous
3. Prove the following identities and state where the
year’s Grade 12 Examination papers set up by the Department
identity is undefined:
cos 2𝑥+1 1 of Education.
a. sin 2𝑥.tan 𝑥 = tan2 𝑥
1+cos 2𝐴 tan 2𝐴
b. =
cos 2𝐴 tan 𝐴
sin 𝑥+sin 2𝑥
c. = tan 𝑥
1+cos 𝑥+cos 2𝑥
4. Solve the following equations, find the general

solutions:
1
a. 2 sin x + −3 = 0
sin x
b. 2 sin 2x − 2 sin x + 3 cos x = 6 cos2 x
c. cos54. cos x + sin 54 sin x = sin 2x
5. In the diagram RT is the

height of a vertical tower,
with T the foot of the
tower. A and B are 2
points, with equidistance
- 34 -
- 35 -
- 36 -
b. Magnitude of Q̂
c. The coordinate of M, the midpoint of QR
d. The equation of the median PM
e. The coordinate of N if P, N and M are co-linear
and QN= 5 5 units
2. The diagram shows

∆TQR, where Q(-3 ; 3) and
R(1 ; -3). M(3 ; 3) is the
midpoint of RT.
a. Calculate:
i. Length of TR
ii. Size of R̂
iii. Size of
b. Find the following:
i. Equation of the median from T to RQ
ii. Hence, or otherwise, determine the
intersection point of the medians of the
∆TQR
c. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of RQ
Analytical Geometry - Questions
1. In the diagram we have P

(-9 ; 12), Q(9 ; 9) and R(-3;
-9) the corner of ∆PQR.
N(a ; b) is a coordinate in
the second quadrant.
Determine the following:

a. Gradient of PQ
- 37 -
Question 3
In the sketch below you are given the coordinates of A
(0; 6), B(4; −2) and C (3𝑘; 𝑘). Furthermore it is given 𝑅
that AB⊥BC.
𝑆
𝜃
𝑃
Determine:
(a) The distance 𝑃𝑄, in simplest surd form.

(b) The midpoint of 𝑃𝑅.
(c) The equation of the line 𝑄𝑅.
a) Determine the gradient of AB (d) The angle of inclination (𝜃) of line 𝑄𝑅.
b) Determine the equation of the line parallel to AB passing (e) The point 𝑆.
through (0;-4).
c) If D(3; 𝑚) is the midpoint of AC, determine thevalue of 𝑘 Question 5
Y
and 𝑚. B (2;3)
A (-3;3)
d) If M is the midpoint of AB, prove by using analytical
methods that 𝐵𝐶 = 2𝑀𝐷. θ
Question 4
In the diagram 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 is a parallelogram. With vertices
𝑃(−2; −4), 𝑄(1; −2), 𝑅(2; 3) and 𝑆(𝑥; 𝑦).
D (𝑥; 𝑦) C (6;-1)
O
- 38 -
A (-3;3); B(2;3); C (6;-1) and D(𝑥; 𝑦) are vertices of a. The coordinate of the midpoint and radius of the
quadrilateral ABCD in a Cartesian plane. circle
(a) Determine the equation of AD b. The equation of the tangent to the circle at point
(b) Determine the coordinates of D if D is equidistant T(5 ; -1).
from B and C.
3 3
(c) If it is given that the coordinates of D are (2 ; − 2),
determine the size of θ, the angle between BD and BC,
rounded off to one decimal place. 8. In the circle C(1;2) and
A(0;4):
6. The sketch shows the lines 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 = −20 and 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 +
𝑝 with 𝜃 = 60,26˚. Determine the following:
a. Equation of circle
b. Equation of BA
c. Size of 
9. In the sketch A(2 ; 3) and

B(-1 ; 6) lie on the circle
with midpoint M(c ; d)
M is also a point on the
Determine the value of: line given by 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 +
3.1) 𝛼, to 2 decimal places. 1 = 0.
3.2) k, to nearest whole number. Determine the

coordinate of M
3.3) For the graph to be on scale, what are the possible
values of p?
7. The equation of the circle is give by:

x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 6y − 12 = 0
Determine the following:
- 39 -
Statistics - Questions f. IQR

1. Age of 40 people: g. Standard deviation
h. Outliers
i. Draw a box and whisker diagram for the data
j. Comment on the shape of the set of data
k. Which of the central values is most appropriate to
use? Motivate your answer
a. Complete the table: 3. Complete the table and calculate the variation and
Interval Tally Frequency Cumulative standard deviation of the following numbers:
Frequency 12 32 3 18 14
10-19
20-29 Number(x) ̅
𝒙−𝒙 ̅)𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒙
12
30-39
40-49 32
50-59
60-69 3
b. Draw an ogive for the data
18
c. Use the letters A and B and indicate the first quartile
and median is read off 14
d. Determine the mean and the deviation of the
grouped data ̅)𝟐 =
∑(𝒙 − 𝒙
2. The following is the number of marbles by certain kids on the

playground:
4 86 27 21 29 37 29 44 31 42 4. Here is 2 learners’ marks:
35 38 41 29 40 a. 43 61 31 79
Determine the following: b. 32 22 34 28
a. Mean i. Which one has the higher average?
b. Mode ii. Which learner is more consistent?
c. Median iii. If you’re looking for a stable performer, which child would
d. Q1 and Q3 you choose?
e. Range

Grade 12 Mathematics 2019.Zp181657

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Grade 12 Mathematics 2019.Zp181657

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Grade 12 Mathematics 2019.Zp181657

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Matric Revision

Getting a different perspective

©Sarel van Greunen All Rights Reserved.

©Sarel van Greunen

Functions, relations and inverses

5. Intersection between graphs:

Specific graphs and their unique questions

o A very important thing to remember is that hyperbolas are symmetrical.

o Hyperbolas have 2 axes of symmetry:

o The standard sine and cosine graphs are very similar:

o The standard tangent is a strange graph

o There are several alterations you are going to be asked

2. Amplitude: 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 cos 𝑥 then the new amplitude is b, if b is

Sequences and Series

General Term: 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎. 𝑟 𝑛−1

Formula: First Principles/ Ground Principles/ Definition:

Your way of writing is very important

NOTATION WHEN DIFFERENTIATING

The second derivative gives you the concavity of the graph.

Real life applications of differentiation

Determining the equation of a cubic graph:

• Given 2 𝑥-intercepts where 1 of the 𝑥-intercepts is also a turning point:

• Given turning points:

How to handle exponential sums:

• When you have an 𝑥 as base, you simply:

Inflation 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖)𝑛

Converting between nominal interest rate and effective interest:

In the formula: 𝑖𝑒 = Effective interest rate

Angles greater than 360

Non-right angled triangles

𝐵̂1 + 𝐵̂2 = 180˚ 𝐵̂1 = 𝐵̂2

𝐶̂1 = 𝐵̂ 𝐶̂ + 𝐵̂ = 180˚ ̂1 = 𝐵̂1

𝐴̂ + 𝐵̂ + 𝐶̂ = 180˚ If 𝐵̂ = 𝐶̂ then 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 then 𝐵̂ = 𝐶̂

Center of circle theorems

Theorem 1: If AP=PB then 𝑂𝑃 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵. Theorem 1 converse: If 𝑂𝑃 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵 then AP=PB

Theorem 2: 𝐵𝑂̂𝐶 = 2 × 𝐴̂. Theorem 3:

Cyclic Quadrilateral theorems

Cyclic Quadrilateral Converse Theorems

Theorem 4 Converse: If the same chord Theorem 5 converse: If 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 180˚ then

Theorem 6 Converse: If the exterior angle of

Tangent to circle theorems

Theorem 9: 𝐷𝐴̂𝐵 = 𝐶̂ Theorem 9 Converse: If 𝐷𝐴̂𝐵 = 𝐶̂ , then AD is

Advanced triangle Geometry

Theorem 1: Proportionality in triangles Theorem 1 Converse: Parallel lines in triangles

Theorem 1 Special case: Midpoint theorem

Theorem 2: Equiangular triangles are similar Theorem 3: Proportionality of similar triangles

Theorem 4: Pythagorean theorem Theorem 4 Converse: Pythagorean theorem

Equation of straight line

Special straight lines

Statistics and linear regression

Definition of Statistics: The art of making sense of numbers.

Basic measurements used:

Line of best fit

b. Prove that f (x )  5 for all values of x 6. The following sketch

9. Given that h( x ) = cos( x + 30 ) and g ( x ) = −2 sin x

a. Determine without the use of a calculator the

(a) Is 𝑘 −1(𝑥) a function? Explain.

Sequences and series - Questions

2. The sum of a geometric series is 100 times the value of

3. Calculate the value of n if: