Cambridge IGCSE™

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CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES 0654/42

Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2020

2 hours

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 120.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The Periodic Table is printed in the question paper.

This document has 32 pages. Blank pages are indicated.

DC (JC/CB) 183535/4
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1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a photomicrograph of pollen from an insect-pollinated plant.

Fig. 1.1

Describe one visible piece of evidence that shows this pollen is from an insect-pollinated
plant.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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(b) Fig. 1.2 is a diagram of a flower from a wind-pollinated plant.

anther

filament

ovary

stigma

Fig. 1.2

Describe two ways the stigma shown in Fig. 1.2 is specialised for wind-pollination.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) Pollination is the transfer of pollen. This can lead to fertilisation.

Describe the process of fertilisation in plants.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(d) A species of flowering plant has 18 chromosomes in its mesophyll cells.

Deduce the number of chromosomes in its:

male gametes in its pollen ...............................................

root hair cells. ...............................................

[2]

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(e) Plants can reproduce asexually or sexually.

Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of plants reproducing asexually in the wild.

advantage .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

disadvantage ............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 9]

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2 (a) (i) Fig. 2.1 shows the three states of matter.

Complete the labels on Fig. 2.1. [2]

.......................... boiling

solid freezing liquid .......................... gas

Fig. 2.1

(ii) Describe what happens to the total kinetic energy of the particles as the gas changes to
a liquid and then to a solid.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A scientist analyses an unknown ink sample and four dyes, A, B, C and D.

solvent front

pencil line

ink dye dye dye dye

sample A B C D

Fig. 2.2

Fig. 2.2 shows the chromatogram produced.

(i) Calculate the Rf value for dye A.

Rf value = ......................................................... [2]

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(ii) State which dye cannot be in the ink sample.

Explain your answer.

dye ...............................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) A solvent is used during chromatography.

Define the term solvent.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Table 2.1 shows the melting point of two substances, X and Y.

Table 2.1

substance melting point / °C

X 84
Y 78–82

State which substance is pure.

Explain your answer.

pure substance .........................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[1]

[Total: 9]

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3 (a) A car has two identical headlamps L1 and L2.

The lamps are connected in parallel across a 12 V battery as shown in Fig. 3.1.

L1

L2

Fig. 3.1

(i) The current passing through L1 is 5.0 A.

Show that the resistance of L1 is 2.4 Ω.

[2]

(ii) Calculate the combined resistance of the two lamps connected in parallel.

resistance = ..................................................... Ω [2]

(iii) State one reason why the lamps are connected in parallel rather than in series.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(b) The headlamps emit visible light. The frequency of some of this light is 6.0 × 1014 Hz.

Calculate the wavelength of this light.

wavelength = ..................................................... m [3]

(c) The car engine is noisy and emits sound waves that pass through the air as a series of
compressions and rarefactions.

Fig. 3.2 shows the positions of the compressions and rarefactions as the sound wave passes
through the air.

Fig. 3.2

(i) On Fig. 3.2 label the centre of a rarefaction with the letter R. [1]

(ii) Explain in terms of compressions what is meant by the frequency of a sound wave.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) The steel radiator on the car transfers thermal energy through the radiator wall by conduction.

Describe how thermal energy passes through a metal by conduction.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 12]

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4 (a) A student measures his breathing rate at rest and during exercise.

The results are shown in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1

average breathing rate / number of breaths

per minute
at rest during exercise
14 62

(i) The student exercises for 30 minutes.

Calculate the average number of breaths taken during 30 minutes of exercise.

........................ [1]

(ii) Explain the reasons for the difference in breathing rate shown in Table 4.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) Describe two ways that the composition of inspired air differs from expired air.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(b) Alveoli are the site of gas exchange.

One of the features of gas exchange surfaces is that they are surrounded by capillaries
providing a good blood supply.

(i) List two other features of gas exchange surfaces in humans.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Describe how capillaries are adapted for their function.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 10]

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5 Aluminium is used to make aircraft parts.

(a) State how aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Explain why aluminium is used to make aircraft parts.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Table 5.1 shows information about the reactions of some metals.

Table 5.1

metal reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid

gold no reaction
magnesium reacts quickly to make hydrogen gas
sodium reacts explosively to make hydrogen gas
tin reacts very slowly to make hydrogen gas
zinc reacts slowly to make hydrogen gas

(i) Use the information in Table 5.1 to complete the order of reactivity of the metals.

................................................. most reactive

.................................................

.................................................

.................................................

................................................. least reactive [2]

(ii) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid,
HCl.

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(iii) Aluminium is more reactive than zinc.

When aluminium is added to cold dilute hydrochloric acid there appears to be no reaction.

Explain this apparent unreactivity.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

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6 The nuclear fuel used in some power stations is plutonium-239.

(a) (i) Plutonium-239 decays by α-particle emission.

Use nuclide notation to complete the symbol equation for this decay process.

239
94 Pu
[3]

(ii) Plutonium-239 has a half-life of 24 000 years.

2 kg of plutonium-239 is sealed in a lead container.

Calculate the mass of plutonium-239 remaining after 120 000 years.

mass = .................................................... kg [2]

(b) The nuclear fuel releases 8.6 × 1013 J of energy.

From this, only 3.2 × 1013 J of electrical energy is generated.

Calculate the efficiency of this generation process.

efficiency = ......................................................% [2]

(c) The power station generates electricity at 25 000 V.

A transformer increases this voltage to 400 000 V before the electricity is transmitted over
large distances through transmission cables.

The number of turns on the secondary coil of the transformer is 500 000.

Calculate the number of turns on the primary coil of the transformer.

number of turns = ......................................................... [2]

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(d) When electricity has been generated at the power station the voltage is increased by a
transformer to reduce power losses in the transmission cables.

Explain why power losses in cables are lower when the voltage is high.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 11]

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7 (a) A lake is an example of an ecosystem.

Fig. 7.1 shows a food chain from a lake.

algae freshwater minnow perch pike osprey

shrimp

Fig. 7.1

(i) Identify the quaternary consumer in this food chain.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the number of trophic levels in this food chain.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain why the number of trophic levels in this food chain is unusual.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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(b) Table 7.1 shows definitions for three terms related to the environment.

Complete Table 7.1 by adding the term that matches each definition.

Table 7.1

definition term
a network of interconnected food chains

an organism that makes its own organic

nutrients
an organism that gets its energy from dead
or waste organic matter
[3]

(c) A forest is also an ecosystem.

Deforestation has negative impacts on the environment.

Landslides are one example.

Fig. 7.2 is a photograph of a landslide.

Fig. 7.2

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(i) Explain why deforestation can increase the chance of a landslide.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Describe how deforestation can lead to a decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the
atmosphere.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 12]

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8 Diamond and graphite are different forms of the element carbon.

Fig. 8.1 shows the structures of diamond and graphite.

diamond graphite

Fig. 8.1

(a) (i) Diamond is used in cutting tools.

Explain why.

Use ideas about the structure and bonding in diamond.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Graphite is used to make electrodes because it conducts electricity.

Explain why graphite conducts electricity.

Use ideas about the structure and bonding in graphite.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(b) Carbon can bond with hydrogen to form hydrocarbons.

Ethene, C2H4, is a hydrocarbon.

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in ethene.

Show all of the outer shell electrons. Do not show the inner electrons.

[2]

(c) Ethene burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.

State an effect of increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Carbon monoxide is made in a car engine.

The carbon monoxide is removed by a catalytic converter.

engine

catalytic converter

Fig. 8.2

Describe how a catalytic converter removes carbon monoxide.

Include a balanced symbol equation in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 10]
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9 A mountaineer climbs a mountain.

(a) At the top of the mountain there is some ice that is melting in the sunshine.

(i) State the melting point of water. ........................................... °C [1]

(ii) Describe, in terms of molecular motion and arrangement, how liquid water is different
from ice.

motion ...............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

arrangement ......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) On the mountain, the mountaineer is exposed to ultraviolet radiation.

Ultraviolet radiation is an electromagnetic wave.

On Fig. 9.1 write ultraviolet in the correct place in the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum.

X-rays visible light radio waves

[1]
Fig. 9.1

(c) The mountaineer observes lightning striking a nearby mountain.

(i) There is an electric field between the negative charge on a cloud and the positive charge
on the mountain.

State what is meant by an electric field.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The lightning occurs when the cloud loses some of its charge to the mountain.

The lightning flash discharges 3.0 C in 0.00012 s.

Calculate the current that passes.

current = ...................................................... A [2]

[Total: 7]
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10 (a) Fig. 10.1 is a sketch graph showing the effect of temperature on the rate of transpiration (loss
of water from leaves).

rate of
transpiration

temperature / °C

Fig. 10.1

(i) Explain the trend seen in the part of the graph labelled X.

Include in your answer a reference to water molecules and the name of the part of the
leaf where transpiration occurs.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) State one other factor that affects the rate of transpiration.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(b) Table 10.1 compares transpiration with translocation.

Table 10.1

transpiration translocation

1 .............................................................
substances moved water
2 .............................................................

direction of movement from roots to leaves

name of tissue used for

transport

Complete Table 10.1. [3]

(c) State the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis.

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 9]

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11 Ammonium sulfate is used as a fertiliser.

(a) Ammonium sulfate contains the ions NH4+ and SO42–.

Determine the formula of ammonium sulfate.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Describe why it is important that farmers use fertilisers containing nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Ammonium sulfate is made by reacting dilute sulfuric acid with ammonia.

Ammonia is made in the Haber process.

Nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas as shown in the equation.

N2 + 3H2 2NH3

(i) Explain why a temperature of 450 °C is used rather than a temperature of 800 °C. Do not
include cost in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain why a temperature of 450 °C is used rather than a temperature of 200 °C. Do not
include cost in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) State why iron is needed in the Haber process.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]

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12 (a) A cyclist accelerates along a straight road from a speed of 4 m / s to maximum speed.

The combined mass of the cyclist and bicycle is 80 kg.

Fig. 12.1 is the speed-time graph for the bicycle and cyclist.

10

7
speed
6
m/s
5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
time / s

Fig. 12.1

(i) Use Fig. 12.1 to calculate the acceleration at 2 s.

Show your working.

acceleration = ................................................ m / s2 [2]

(ii) Calculate the resultant force acting on the cyclist and bicycle during this acceleration.

force = ..................................................... N [2]

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(iii) Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the cyclist and bicycle during the 12 second
period in Fig. 12.1.

kinetic energy = ....................................................... J [3]

(b) Fig. 12.2 shows a section through a plastic reflector on the bicycle. A ray of light from a car is
incident on the flat surface of the reflector.

incident ray from car

air

plastic

Fig. 12.2

The incident ray is totally internally reflected.

Continue the incident ray on Fig. 12.2 to show the path of the ray of light until it leaves the
reflector. [2]

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(c) Fig. 12.3 shows a metal nut on the bicycle wheel.

A B

Fig. 12.3

The nut must be turned by either spanner A or spanner B.

State why spanner B will turn the nut more easily than spanner A.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 10]

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13 Polymers are made from small molecules called monomers.

(a) The structure of a polymer is shown.

H H

C C
n
H CH3

Draw the structure of the monomer.

[1]

(b) Poly(ethene) is an addition polymer.

Nylon is a condensation polymer.

Describe the differences between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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(c) A mixture containing 3.9 g of ethene and 4.0 g of steam is allowed to react.

Ethanol, C2H6O, is made.

C 2H 4 + H 2O C 2H 6O

Determine the limiting reactant in this reaction.

Show your working and explain your answer.

[Ar: C, 12; H, 1; O, 16]

limiting reactant ........................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 6]

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© UCLES 2020 0654/42/M/J/20

 The Periodic Table of Elements
Group

© UCLES 2020
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
1 2

H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
32

rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131

0654/42/M/J/20
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium flerovium livermorium
– – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232 231 238 – – – – – – – – – – –

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).