Internal Combustion Engines

4.1 Introduction

Engines convert heat energy into

internal combustion mechanical energy.
combustion engines engines and
external combustion Engines are broadly classified into
are those
engines in which
engines. As implies by name internal
cylinder. These are petrol, gas and Diesel combustion takes place inside the
engime
takes place outside engines.
engine cylinder. These are steam
In external combustion
engines combustion
Internal combustion engines, gas turbines and steam turbines.
engines produce high temperature
4.2
as
compared to steam
engines.
Important terms used in
(1) Cylinder bore
Thermodynamic cycle
: The inner diameter of the
as cylinder bore. cylinder in which piston moves is known
(2) Stroke length : Piston moves in
positions of cylinder due to rotation of crank shaft. The extreme
piston known as top dead centre
are
(TDC) and bottom dead centre (BDC) as
shown in Fig. (4.1). Distance
between top dead centre
is known as stroke (TDC) and bottom dead centre (BDC)
length.

-r--TDC
SrokeZIUE-
length Cylinder
---
BDC
Connecting
rod

Crank
-Crankshalt rt
Crankease

Fig.4.1 ldeal engine

 4.2
Internal Combustion Engines 4.2
(3) Clearance volume:
d t
The volume hen piston
occupied by the working substance, when pisto
top dead centre. is known as clearance volume. It is denoted by (")
4) Swept
The volume wept by the piston. when it moves between
me: ween the top the ton
r e and bottom dead centre, is known as swept volume or displacement volume OF
stroke volume.
Swept volume =
Piston area stroke
x
length
dx
where d is diameter of
) piston.
lotal cylinder volume:
IS at bottom
The volume occupied by the working substance when piston
dead centre, is known as total
olume is equal to the sum cylinder volume. Mathematically, total cylinder
of clearance volume (,) and swept volume
():
(6) Compression ratio: The ratio
of total cylinder volume to the clearance volume is
known as compression ratio.

V+=1+ >1
(7) Mean effective pressure Mean effective is defined
pressure as constant pressure
acting on the
piston during the working stroke.
Mean effective pressure Pm Work done
Stroke Volume
(8) Air standard efficiency: Air standard efficiency is the ratio of
to heat output or work done
input or heat supplied.
Air standard efficiency Output
Heat supplied
4.3 Thermodynamic cycles

4.3.1 Otto cycle

This cycle is also known as constant volume cycle. In 1876, first
successful engine working
on this cycle was built by Nicholas A Otto. Petrol,
gas and other oil engines run on this
The ideal Otto cycle consists of two adiabatic eyce.
processes and two eonstant volume processes.
The following assumptions are made in the working of Otto cycle
(1) The working substance is assumed to be air with constant
specific hcat.
(2) The working susbstance is taken in the
engine and exhausted from engine at constant
pressure.
(3) Heat is added and rejected at constant volume.
(4) Compression and expansion processes are adiabatic.
 4.3
Oto cycle Internal Combustion Engines
processes are shown 4.3
by p-v and T-s
diagram
PsL Heat supplied
(Constant volume)
in fig. 4.2 (a) and (b)

Expansion adiabtic
Pz
PA
T

Heat rejected T T
Pi Compressiom
adiahtic
(Constant volume)

Swept volume .
T
Fig.4.2 (a) p-v
diagram for Otto cycle Fig. 4.2 (b) T-s diagram for Otto cycle
Let the cylinder
contains 1 kg air. At point 1 the is at the
stroke. piston beginning of suction
(1) Process
1-2: compression takes
place adiabatically. No heat is exchanged. In this
process temperature rises from T1 to T2 and volume reduces from v to clearance volume
V2
(2) Process 2-3 heat is
supplied at constant volume. The temperature is raised from
:

T, to T Sso that heat supplied Q2-3 <, (T3-T) =

(3) Process 3-4: expansion takes place adiabatically. No heat is

falls from interchanged. The
temperature to and volume
T, T4 increases from v, to v.
(4) Process 4-1: heat is rejected at constant volume and temperature falls from T to
T so that

Heat rejected Q4 =
e, (T4-T)
We know that Work done = Heal supplied-Heat rejected

=cy(T-T2)-c, (T-Ti)
The air standard efficiency

Work done
7Heat supplied

ey (T3-T)-c, (T4-T)
cy (3-72)
 4.4 4.4
InternalCombustion Engines
T - = 1 - ( T y T 1 - 1 )
4.1)
Process 1-2 is adiabatic
compression process so that
Y-1

T
T T/vy-
Let compression ratio
r= =
vi/V2 =
V4/V3
T2 Ti (-1 (4.2)
Process 3-4 is adiabatic expansion process so that
Y-1

T
T3=T-1 (4.3)
From equations (4.2) and (4.3) T/T =T/T
TA T3
Ti
Then equation (4.1) becomes

T1
7= 1-7
From equation (4.2), we get

1--i .(4.4)
Note (1) Air standard efficiency depends upon compression ratio (r)
only.
(2) Air standard efliciency increases with increase in compression ratio.
4.3.2. Diesel Cycle
This is also known as constant pressure cycle. This is an important cycle on which al
Diesel engines work. The ideal Diesel cycle consists of two adiabatic, a constant pressure
and a constant volume processes.
The following assumptions are made in the working of the Diesel cycle:

(1) The working substance is assumed to be air with constant specific heats.
(2) Heat is supplied at constant pressure.
(3) Heat is rejected at constant volume.
 4.6 4.6
Internal Combustion Engines
(4) Compression and expansion processes are adiabatic.
at constant
* WOrking substance is taken in the engine and exhausted from engine
pressure.
Fig. 4.3 (a) and (b) shows the Diesel p-v and T-s
cycle on
diagrams
| Heat supplied (constant pressure)

P2Pa T2

Expansion 2
(adiabatic process)
Compression
adiabatic T
P4 Process)
Heat rejected T
(constant
volume)
3

Fig. 4.3 (a) p-v Diagram for Diesel cycle Fig. 4.3 (b) T-s Diagram for Diesel eycle
Let the cylinder contains 1 kg air. At point 1 the piston is at the beginning of stroke.

(1) Process 1-2: compression takes place adiabatically and no heat is interchanged. In
this process temperature rises from T, to T2 and volume reduces from v to clearance volume

V2
(2) Process 2-3 heat is supplied at constant pressure and temperature raised from T,
to T3 supplied Q ¢, (7-T2)
Heat

(3) Process 3-4: expansion takes place adiabatically and

heat is no interchanged. In this
process temperature fals from T, to T and volume increases from to V4

(4) Proces 4-1 heat is rejected at constant volume and temperature falls from T^ to T.
Heat rejected Q4-1 = C, (T4-7)

We know that work done = Heat supplied-Heat rejected

= ep (T3-T2-c, (T4-T)

Work done
Air standard efficiencyHeat supplied

n=pl37)-c,(T4-T)
p C3-1)
 ernal Combustior Enginess
7 1-y (T4-T) 4.7
p C3-T
7= 1- TT-1

Now let
1-TTyT-1 4.7)
compression ratio is
r-

Cut off ratio is p =

process 1-2 is adiabatic

compression process so that
=-1
4.8)
Process 3-4 is adiabatic expansion process so that

4.9)
We know that for constant
pressure heating process 2-3
(By Charles's law)

p
V3
T
T3
.4.10)
T4 Ta
TTTx

Ta p/ry xp xPi=p (4.11)

put value of equations (4.8), (4.10) and (4.11) in equation (4.7)

.(4.12)

Note : (1) The efficiency of the Diesel cycle

is lower than that of Otto cycle, for the same
Compression ratio.
Diesel cycle efficiency increases
with decrease in cut off ratio for same compression
(2)
ratio.
44
Thermal efticiency

A4.1 Indicated power (I.P) :

Indicated power is the power actually developed by the engine cylinder.
X 10 xLxA Xn xN
I.P. =Pn 60 Watts
where Pm = Mean effective pressure in bar

L =
length of stroke in m

A =Area of piston in m
N =speed of the engine in r.p.m.
n = number of working strokes per minute

for two stroke engine y =1L

and for four stroke engine n 1/2 =

100pmLANXn xK kW
I.P = 60
where K is number of cylinders

4.2. Brake Power (B.P.)

It is measured by means of brake
Brake power is the power available at the
crank shafi.
brake.
Cchanism either prony brake or rope
For Prony Brake
X27tN_WI x 2nN Watts
B.P= 60
60
T W)
where T Torque in Nin
 4.12
4.12
Internal Combustion Engines
W Brake load in Newtons
I= Length of arm in meters
N = specd of the engine in r.p.m.

For rope brake B.P. - DN Watls

60

B.P - S ) 7 (D+d) N diameter of rope (d)]

consider
60

W= Dead load in Newton

where
Newton
S Spring balance reading in
drum in meter
D Diameter of brake
d Diameter of the rope in meter

N speed of the engine in r.p.m.

4.4.3. Mechanical efficiency
(B.P.) to indicated power.
It is the ratio of Brake Power
B.P
mLP friction.
less than one due to some power lost in engine
i S aways
4.4.4. Indicated Thermal efficiency
supplied by the fuel
t is the ratio of the indicated work done to the energgy
IP.
Indicated thermal efficiency 7 m C
where IP. = Indicated Power
in kg/s
m= mass of fuel,
CV= calorific value of fuel in kJ/kg

4.4.5. Brake thermal efficiency

It is the ratio of power obtained at shafi to energy supplied by fuel.

Brake thermal efficiency 7= m,x

B.P.
x CV
CP

4.4.6. Air Standard efficiency

It is the ratio of work output to heat input. Mathematically, air standard efficiency for
petrol engine
 4.13
Internal Combustion Engines 4.13
Tase1-
for Diesel engine

ase1-

4.4.7. Relative efficiency

i is the ratio
of indicated thermal efficiency to air standard efficiency.
Relative efficiency=Indicated
Air standard
thermal
efficiency
efficiency
4.4.8. Volumetric efficiency
t is the ratio of actual charge admitted during the suction stroke at N.TR to the wept
volume of the cylinder
7,

where v = admitted charge, v, = swept volume of cylinder)

This is very useful for deciding dimensions for cylinders of reciprocating machinery such
as steam engines, internal combustion engines etc.

4.5. Classification of I.C. Engines

the following basis
The classification of the internal combustion engines is done on

1. According to fuel used:

(a) Petrol engine (b) Diesel engine

(c) Gas engine (d) Bi-fuel engine

2. According to the thermodynamic cycle
(a) Otto cycle engine (b) Diesel cycle engine
(c)Dual combustion cycle engine
3. According to arrangement of cylinders
(a) Vertical engines (b) Horizontal engines

(c) Radial engines (d) V type multicylinder engines

(e) In-line multicylinder engines

() Opposed cylinder engines
(g) Opposed piston engines.
method of lgnition
4. According to the
Compression ignition engine (Diesel engines)
(a)
(Petrol and gas engines)
(b) Spark ignition engines
 4.14 4.14
Internal Combustion Engines
5.
According to the speed of the engine
(a) Low speed engines
(b) Medium speed engines
(c) High speed engines
6.
According to number of strokes per cyele
(a) Four stroke cycle engines
(b) Two stroke cycle engines
7. According to number of cylinders
(a) Single cylinder engines (b) Multi-cylinder engines
8. Acording to the cooling system
(a) Air cooled engines (b) water cooled engines
9. According to method of governing
(a) Quality governing (b) Quantity governing
(c) Hit and miss governing cngines
10. According to method of fuel injection
(a) Carburcttor cngines Petrol engines
(b) Air injection engines : Diesel engines
() Air-less or solid injection engines
11. According to the valve mechanism
(a) Over-head valve engines
(b) Side valve engines
12. According to method of starting
(a) By compressed air (b) By electrical
motor

(c) By Inertia (d) By cartridge

13. According to field of application
station etc.
(a) Stationary engine : Use at pumping station, power
marine and aircraft engines
(b) Mobile engine: Automobiles, Locomotive,
14. According to Lubrication system:
Wet sump lubrication (b) Dry sump lubrication
(a)
(c) Pressurised lubrication.

4.6 Two stroke engines

is compleled the piston or one
in wo strokes of
In two stroke engine, the woking cycle
revolution of the crankshaft. This is achieved by carrying out the suction and compression
processes in one stroke, expansion
and
exhaust processes in the second stroke. A two stroke
engine has ports instead of valves. The opening and closing of the ports are controlled by piston.

4.6.1. Two stroke cycle petrol engine.

(1)Suction stroke- In this stroke, piston while moving downwards BDC (bottom dead
centre), both the transfer port (T) and the exhaust port (E) are opened. The fresh fuel-air
mixture flows into the engine cylinder from crankcase (C) as shown by fig (4-7) (a).
 4.15
Internal Combustion Engines 4.15
(2)
Compression stroke-In this
transfer port (T) then exhaust port stroke, the piston, while moving upwards, first covers the
upwards. In this stage, the inlet (E). After that fuel is compressed as the
as shown
piston moves
port (S) opens and fresh air-fuel mixture enters into
by fig (4-7) (b). crankcases
(3)
Expansion stroke-During compression stroke the
centre), the
charge is ignited with the help of a spark piston reaches the TDC (top dead
and plug. It suddenly increases the pressure
temperature of the products of combustion and volume remains constant.
Due to rise
pressure the piston is pushed downwards with in
the heat energy greater pressure. During the expansion some of
produced is transformed into mechanical work as shown by fig 4.6 (c).
(4) Exhaust stroke-In this stroke,
piston moves downwards and exhaust port is opened.
The burnt gases(product of combustion) are exhausted from the cylinder through exhaust
port into atmosphere, as shown in fig 4.6 (d).
-Spark plug

Exhaust port
Transfer-
port (T)
Inlet port T T
Crank Crank
Crank-
case
case case

(d) Exhaust
(a) Suction (b) Compression (c) Expansion

Fig. 4.7: Two stroke cycle petrol engine

carburettor in proportionate quantity
In stroke petrol engine fuel and air are mixed in
two
Two
TDC in compression stroke through spark plug.
and ignition takes plaçe just before
Two stroke engine is generally used in very
stroke engine has major problem of scavenging.
wheelers etc.
vehicles such as scooters, motor-cycles, three
light
4.6.2 Two stroke cycle Diesel engine
moving while downwards BDC (Bottom
this stroke, the piston
(1) Suction stroke-In fresh air flows into the engine
exhaust and transfer ports are opened. The
dead centre), both
as shown in fig.
4.8 (a).
from the crankcase,
cylinder upwards tirst covers the
stroke-In this stroke,
the piston while moving
(2) Compression is compresséd as the piston mgves upwards
After that the air
the
transfer port then exhaust port.
inlet opens and the fresh air enters iqto
In this stroke the port
as shown in fig 4.8 (b).

crankcase.
 4.16
4.16
Internal Combustion Engines

Fucl injection valvc

Exhaust port
Transfer
port (T)
L -Inlet port

2
Crank
case

(a) Suction (d) Exhaust

(b) Compression (c) Expansion

Fig. 4.8 Two-stroke cycle Diesel engine.

(8) Expansion stroke-Just before the piston reaches the TDC

(during compression
stroke), the fuel is injected in the form of very fine spray into the engine cylinder. At this
pont temperature of the compressed air is sutficiently high to ignitethe fuel. Due to product
of combustion, pressure and
temperature increases suddenly and piston is pushed with great
torce. During the expansion some of the heat energy produced is transferred into mechanical
work.

(4) Exhaust stroke-In this stroke, the exhaust port is opened and the piston moves
downwards. The burnt gases are exhausted through the exhaust port into the
atmosphere.
4.6.3 Valve timing diagram
It is graphical representation of the exact movement in sequence of operutions, at which
two valves
(inlet and exhaust valves) open and close as well as firing of fuel. It is also expressed
as angular position of crankshafi.

4.6.3.1 Theoretical Valve timing diagram

In theoretical valve timing diagram for a two stroke engine, the fuel is fired at A which
is position of TDC and the expansion of gases take place from A to B. From position A to
B the crankshaft revolves 120, at B both Exhaust and Transter port open and from B to
C Exhaust andsuction take place and crankshaft revolves through 120 approximately.
Piston moves from Point B to
BDC and little upwards
at C. The takes
from C to A and both ports close at C. The crankshaft revolves 120 and piston reaches
Compression place
at point A.
 4.7 Four Stroke Engine or two revolutions of
in four strokes
n Jour stroke engine, the working cycle is completed and exhaust in each
suction, compression, expansion
CrankSnaj. IU 1s achieved by
carrying out
stroke. Four stroke engine has valves instead of ports.
4.7.1 Four stroke cycle petrol engine
enters
(1) Suction stroke--In this stroke, inlet valve opens and charge (air-fuel mixture)
(Exhaust valve has
the engine cylinder as piston moves downwards from TDC up to BDC
closed). It is shown in fig. 4.12 (a).
closed and
(2) Compression stroke-In this stroke, inlet valve and exhaust valve are

compression takes place as piston from BDC to TDC. Due to compression

moves upwards
the pressure and temperature of charge increases considerably. This completes one revolution
of crankshaft. It is shown in fig 4.12 (b).
(3) Expansion stroke--In this stroke, just before piston reaches TDC (during compression
stroke), the charge is ignited with the help of spark plug. It suddenly increases the pressure
 4.19

and
temperature of the combustion
Internal Combustion Engines
in
pressure, the piston is products but the volume remains 4.19
energy is converted into pushed down with great force. constant. So due to rise
closed. It is shown in mechanical energy. In this stroke During the
expansion, some heat
fig 4.12(c). both inlet and exhaust valves are
Spark plug
Inlet
valve
-Exhaust
valve

(a) Suction
(b) Compression (c) Expansion
stroke (d) Exhaust
stroke stroke stroke

Fig 4.12 Four-stroke cycle petrol engine

(4) Exhaust stroke- In this stroke, the exhaust valve
BDC to TDC, opens and piston moves from
upward
movement of
piston pushes out the products of combustion from
the engine cylinder to atmosphere through exhaust valve. This completes second revolution
of crankshaft.
In four stroke petrol engine, air and fuel mixed in carburettor in
are
quantity and ignition take place just before TDC in compression stroke through spark plug.
proportionate
It will be interesting to note that from thermodynamic point of view, there is no
difference between two stroke and four stroke cycle engines, all differences are purely
mechanical.

4.7.2 Four stroke cycle Diesel engine

(1) Suction stroke--The inlet valve opens and pure air is sucked into the cylinder as

the piston moves downwards from the top dead centre. It continues till the piston
reaches at bottom dead centre (BDC).
shown in fig 4.13 the inlet and outlet valves are
(b)
(2) Compression stroke-As
closed and air is compressed as the piston
moves upwards from BDC to TDC. Due to
of air increases. This complete one revolution
compression, pressure and temperature
of crankshaft.
 4.20
Internal Combustion Engines 4.20
Injector
Inie
valve Exhaust
valvc

(a) Suction (b) Compression (c) Expansion (d) Exhaust

stroke stroke stroke
stroke
Fig 4.13 Eour stroke cycle Diesel engine.
(3) Expansion stroke-Just before the piston reaches the TDC, fuel oil is
form of very fine into the injected in the
spray engine cylinder. At this point temperature of the compressed
air is sufficiently high to ignite the fuel, which
of the combustion products. Due to increase in the
suddenly increases the pressure and temperature
great force.
pressure, the piston is pushed down with
(4) Exhaust stroke-In this stroke, exhaust valve as the
TDC. This movement of the piston moves up and opensout piston moves from BDC to
from the
the pushes burnt gases to atmosphere
engine cylinder.
 49 Comparison of two stroke and four stroke engines

Four stroke engine Two stroke engine

1. One working stroke for every two One working stroke for each revolution of
revolutions of the crankshaft the crankshaft.
2 Engine is heavy. Engine is light.
3 Engine design is complicated. Engine design is simple.
4. More costly. Less costly.
5. Engine runs cooler. Engine runs hotter.
 4.24 4.24
Internal Combustion Enginés
to
6. SS mcchanical efticiency due to more More mechanical efficiency
due
ess
friction in many parts. friction in a few parts.
7. Engine is water cooled. Engine is air cooled
and fresh charge s
8.Less fuel consumption and full burning of More fuel consumption
fuel. mixed with exhaust
gases.

9 Engine requires more space Engine requires less space.

10. Complicated lubricating system. Simple lubricating system.
11. Engine creates less noise. Engine creates more noise.

12. High thermal efficiency. Lessthermal efficiency.

13. Engine consists ofinlet and exhaust valves. Engine consists ofinlet and cxhaust ports.
14. It consumes less lubricating oil. It consumes more lubricating oil.
15. Less wear and tear of the movingparts. |More wear and tear of the moving parts.
16. Heavy flywheel is required and engine runs|Lighter flywheel is required and engine runs
unbalanced. balanced.
4.10 Description of Various parts of I.C. engine
(1) Cylinder-Cylinder is an important component of engine since it has to withstand
very high pressure and temperature due to direct combustion of fuel inside the engine cylinder.
Thus the material for an engine cylinder should be such that it can retain sufficient strength
at such a high pressure and temperature. In ordinary engine, the cylinder is made of cast iron.
But for heavy duty engines, it is made of steel alloys or aluminium alloys, In case of multiple
cylinder engines, the cylinders are normally cast in one block, known as cylinder block.
(2) Cylinder head-It is fitted on one end of the cylinder, and act as a cover to close
the cylinder bore. Cylinder head contains inlet and exhaust values. It also contains spark plug
for igniting the fuel-air mixture in petrol engine and in Diesel engines, the cylinder head
contains nozzle for injecting the fuel into cylinder. Cylinder head is generally made of the
same material as cylinder block.
(3) Piston and piston rings-Piston transmits the gas force to connecting rod and then
to crankshaft. It is heart of an 1.C. engine. It has good heat conducting property and also
greater strength at higher temperatures.
Piston rings are shape and made of special steel alloys which retains elastic
in circular
properties even at high temperature. Generally twO Set of rings are mounted on the piston.
The function of upper rings is to provide air ight scal to
prevent the leakage of burnt gases
into the lower
portion, Similarly, the function ot the lower rings is to
provide effective seal
O prevent
leakage of the oil into the engine cylinder.
 Spark plug- -Rocker arm

-Valve spring
Inlet port- -Exhaust port
Inlet valve - Exhaust valve
IS -Piston rings
Cylinder- -Push rod
Water jacket
Gudgeon pin-
-Piston

Cam shaft
-Cam
Crank shaft
Connecting
rod Crank case
Crank pin-
Crank
AY

Fig. 4.17Main components of I.C. engine

device to close and open passage. In I.C.
(4) Valve and valve mechanism-Valve is a
Valves usualy
cylinder i.e. inlet and exhaust valve.
are
two valves are used for each
engine
mushroom shaped with conical seating surface as shown in fig. 4.18(a).
motion
direction from the camshaft which gets
The valve mechanism power and
gets its
cam and follower
mechanism i.e. push rod. The push rod
from crankshaft. Camshaft lifts a
rocker arm. The other end of
the rocker arm presses the valve rod.
operates one end of the
shown in fig.4.18(b)
The valve rod moves in valve guide
as

clearance or gap kept between rocker am and vabe stem

Tappet valve clearance is slight
of the valve stem.
This clearance allows for the expansion
the following factors
Tappet valve clearance depends upon

(a) length of the valve

stem

(b) Material of valve

which the engine operates.
(c) Temperature at
 4.26
Internal Combustion Engines 4.26
Screw adjuster
Rocker arm-
Head
Spring cap
Clearance
-Face Spring
-Valve
guide
Air or air fuel Valve
Stem mixture stem

Push rod
Valye
Sea
T6 cylinder
Cotter
groc

Guide-

Tappet
Cam follower-

Cam shaft Cam

Fig. 4.18 (a) Poppet valve. Fig. 4.18 (b) Overhead valve mechanismn.

(5) Connecting rod-It is linked between the piston and crankshaft, Its main function is
to transmit force from the piston to the crankshaft in working stroke. It is in tapper shape
in which upper end (smaller) is fitted to the piston and lower end (bigger) to the crank
shaft.
(6) Crankshaft and crankcase Crankshaft is the part of power transmission system,
through which the reciprocating motion of the piston is converted into the rotating motion
with the help of connecting rod. The crankshaft is made by casting or forging of heat treated
alHoy steel.
Crankcase which holds the cylinder and crankshaft of. I.C. engine also serves as a sump
for the lubricating oil.
(7) Flywheel-A flywheel is a fairly heavy steel wheel attached to the rear end of the
crankshaft. Its function is to maintain constant speed of engine. The size of the flywheel
depends upon the number of cylinders and the general construction of the engine.
 4.13 Comparison between petrol engines (S.I.) and Diesel engines (C.1.)

Variable factor Petrol engine Diesel Engine

Fuel Petrol Diesel

22 Thermodynamic cycle Otto cycle Diesel cycde
3. Compression Ratio 6 to 10 15 to25
4 Thermal efticiency Up to 26% Up to 40%
High speed engine Relatively low speed engine
Specd
6. Easy and low cranking effort Very difficult and high
Starting cranking effort
Method of This is done by varying the|In Diesel is engines quality
done by varying
Governing8 mixture throttling quantity|governing
governing the quantity of fuel.
part and full load,
On both part and full load, On both specific
Fuel consumption fuel
low specificfuel consumption|lesser
consumption.
Petrol is very costly Diesel is cheaper fuel
9 Fuel cost
10. Engine occupancy For same power less space|More space required
required
18 to 100
11. Air fuel ratío 10 to 17
12. Initial cost Low High
13. Running cost Very high Very iow
Carburettor Fuel pump and fuel injector
14. Fuel supply system
Spark ignition Compression ignition
15. Ienition system
About 35 bar
16. Pressure at end of About 10 bar
compression
17. Weight of engine Due to low compression ratio|Due to high compression
weight is light ratio weight is heavw.
18. Overheating trouble More due to low thermal|Less due to high thermal
efficiency efficiency
in heavy duty
19. Application Used in light duty vehicles|Generally usedbuses, trucks,
like scooters, motorcycles, vehicles like
cars etc. tractors, locomotives etc.
 4.14.2.4 Fuel pump for Diesel engine
I t is an important part of fuel injection system of Diesel engine. The function of fuel
pump is to meter the correct quantity of fuel and deliver it at the correct time to the engine
cylinder according to the varying load and speed requirements.
As showm in fig 4.26 the pump consists mainly a plunger and a barrel which is closed on
top by a spring loaded delivery valve connected with a passage delivering fuel to the injector.
The plunger is raised by a cam and returned by a spring.
 Combustuon
ustion Engines
Engines 4.39
During the downward stroke of the plunger, fuel enters
fills the barrel, with the from the suction chamber and
upward stroke of the plunger the fuel is compressed until the
edge of the cylindrical part of the tOP
where upon the fuel is forced out plunger covers the ports leading to the suction
for the injection noze. This is
chamber,
through the delivery valve and delivered to the feed
continued until the bottom pipe
plunger which is connected to the top part by a edge of the
cylindrical part of the
the connection to the suction groove, uncovers the port and so restores
chamber. The amount of fuel is
adjusted
requirements of engine by means of a governer, which changes angular to suit the working
in the barrel. position of the plunger
lnjector

Passage
Delivery
valye
Dellvery-
valve
spring
holder

Delivery-
valve

Supply -Spill port

port Helix
SpringE
plate

JUDDOT- Plunger
Barrel
Plunger
spring

Plunger
oat
Spring
plate Tappet
adjustment

Roller

Camshaft
Ca

Fig. 4.26. Fuel pump

4.14.2.5 Fuel injector
The fuel from the fuel pump is supplied to the fuel The fuel
injector. injector has to |
perform the following functions
 4.42
Internal Combustion Engines
(a) To atomize the fuel.
1 o distribute the fuel in such a way that there is complete mixing of fuel a d a u

(C) To prevent the injection on the walls of the cylinder and piston top

(d) Td start and

stop the fuel injection instantaneously.
A typical spring loaded fuel injector is shown in Fig. 4.29. The spring loaded valves
lifted up by the high pressure oil supplied by the pump and the fuel is injected into thc
chamber of the engine cylinder. As the of oil falls, the valve is
wston presure
e
automatically closed by the spring force. The amount of fuel injected is regulaca oy
duration of the open period of the valve.
as shown in
The pressure of the spring can be adjusted by means of the adjusting screw
gure. In case of any leakage of oil supply port,, the valve and spindle are taken
out through
the leak off connection.
Adjusting
screw

Lock nut

Leak-off
connection

-Spring

Spindle
Fuel-
inlet

- Cap nut

Fuel duct-

Stem

Nozde body. Valve

-Fuel spray

Fig 4.29 Fuel injector