Agr516 Lab Report 5

FACULTY OF PLANTATION AND AGROTECHNOLOGY
JASIN BRANCH CAMPUS
AGR 516 (PLANT BREEDING)

LABORATORY REPORT
TITLE: MENDELIAN CONCEPTS IN PLANT BREEDING: MONOHYBRID CROSS
STUDENT GROUP DETAILS
STUDENT ID STUDENT NAME

2022919889 AHMAD WAZIF BIN AHMAD RADZI
2022793579 FAYBIE BUNGIN ANAK FREDDIE
2022974757 FLORYTA BINTI MOHD TAHA @ KIT
2022905479 NUR AIN SHAZWANI BINTI MOHAMAD SAIRY
SUBMITTED TO
Lecturer : MADAM NUR SURAYA BINTI ABDULLAH

Comment :
Marks/Rubric :
Date : 30/10/2023
Title : TESTING HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM USING A BEAD MODEL
1. Introduction
Hardy-Weinberg Theorem refers to the allele frequencies that didn’t change in a population under certain
conditions. There are several conditions for this equilibrium.
- No mutation occurs
- Imigration and emigration do not occur
- Population is very large
- Mating is random
- No natural selection occurs
This theorem provides mathematical formula to calculate the allele and genotype frequencies in a not evolving
population. For population with two alleles (dominant allele, A & recessive allele, a), it is assumed that p is the
dominant allele while q is for recessive allele.
p+q=1
The frequency of each type of gamete produced is equal to the population of allele during sexual reproduction in
large populations. The probability of AA in the next generations is p2 while aa is q2. The heterozygote providing
dominant allele would be 2pq. In Hardy-Weinberg theorem, the equation is;
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
2. Objectives
1. To explain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

2. To describe the conditions necessary to maintain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
3. To estimate allele frequencies and use them to calculate genotype frequencies expected under Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium.
4. To compare observed and expected genotype frequencies.
3. Materials and Methods
Material
1. Paper bag
2. Green bean 25 pieces or any suitable beads with same size
3. Yellow bean 25 pieces any suitable beads with same size
4. Other color of beads (Pink colour)
Methods
1. INTRODUCTION
The bag of beads represents the gene pool for the population. Each bead should be regarded as a single
gamete, the two colors representing different alleles of a single gene. Each bag should contain 50 beans of the
two colors in the proportions specified by the instructor. Recorded in the space provided below the color of the
beads and the initial frequencies for the gene pool.
Color Number of beads Allelic frequency
A Green 25 0.5
a Yellow 25 0.5
a. How many diplod individual are represented in this population?

25
b. What wouldbe the color of the beans for a:
i. Homozygous dominant individual
Green
ii. Homozygous recessive individual
Yellow
iii. Heterozygous individual
Green and Yellow
2. STEPS IN DETERMINATION OF HARDY WEINBERG THEOREM

a. Hypothesis of Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
In the absence of external changes, genotype frequencies in a population stay constant across generations.
b. Randomly removed one bean from the bag (without looking) and then returned that bean to the bag, shake the
bag for several seconds, and then removed a second bean from the bag. These two beans represent two
gametes (e.g., one sperm, one egg) that will fuse to form a diploid individual in the next generation. Recorded the
diploid genotype of the individual formed from these two gametes.
Diploid:
AA = 6
Aa = 13
aa= 6
c. Return the second bean to the bag and shake the bag to replenish the gene pool. By replacing the beans each
time you sample one, the size of the gene pool remains constant and the probability of selecting any allele
remains constant and equal to its frequency in the bag. This procedure is called sampling with replacement.
4. Observation
Before calculating the results of the experiment, determine the expected frequencies of genotypes and
alleles for the population. To do this, use the original allelic frequencies for the population provided by the
instructor; recall that the frequency of A = p, and the frequency of a = q. Calculate the expected genotypic
frequencies using the Hardy- Weinberg equation. The number of individuals expected for each genotype
can be calculated by multiplying 50 (total population size) by the expected frequencies. The record results
in Table 1.
Table 1. Expected Genotypic and Allelic Frequencies for the Next Generation Produced by the Bead
Model
Parent Population New Population
Allelic frequency Genotypic number and Allelic frequency

frequency
A a AA Aa aa A a
0.5 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.5
b. Next, using the results of the experiment, calculate the observed frequencies in the new population created as
removed beads from the bag. Record the number of diploid individuals for each genotype in Table 2, and
calculate the observed frequencies for the three genotypes (AA, Aa, aa). In addition, calculate the observed
frequencies for the A and a alleles. Genotypic frequencies and allelic frequencies should each sum to 1.
Table 2. Observed Genotypic and Allelic Frequencies for the Next Generation Produced using the Bead Model
Parent Population New Population
Allelic frequency Genotypic number and Allelic frequency

frequency
A a AA Aa aa A a
0.5 0.5 0.12 0.26 0.12 0.35 0.35

5. Discussion
Testing for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) involves comparing the observed genotype frequencies in a
population to the expected genotype frequencies predicted by the HWE equations.
After this experiment was carried out, the allele frequencies and expected genotype frequencies was calculated.
The number of allele was counted which in this experiement is the beads. The counts was then divided by 2 (2N),
where N is the total number of individuals in the population. This will give the allele frequencies (p and q).
When calculating the expected genotype frequencies, the Hardy-Weinberg equations was used to calculate
expected genotype frequencies under the assumption of equilibrium:
• Expected frequency of AA individuals (p^2).

• Expected frequency of Aa individuals (2pq).
• Expected frequency of aa individuals (q^2).
These values were calculated using the allele frequencies (p and q) obtained earlier.
The observed and expected frequencies were compared. The observed genotype frequencies (the actual count of
AA, Aa and aa individuals) with the expected frequencies.
Testing for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a valuable tool in population genetics, as deviations can reveal important
insights into the evolutionary forces shaping a population. It can also provide a basis for further studies and
investigations into the genetic dynamics of a population.
6. Conclusion
The Hardy-Weinberg theorem describes the relationship between the frequencies of alleles (different versions of
a gene) in a population and the genotypes (the combinations of alleles in individuals) under certain conditions. It
provides a mathematical model for predicting how the genetic makeup of a population will change over generations
when specific factors are met.
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a useful tool for understanding how genetic variation is maintained or changes
in populations over time. If the observed frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population significantly deviate
from the expected values predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, it may indicate that some of the underlying
assumptions (such as random mating or no natural selection) are not being met, and evolutionary processes are
at work.
7. References (if any)

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FACULTY OF PLANTATION AND AGROTECHNOLOGY

JASIN BRANCH CAMPUS

AGR 516 (PLANT BREEDING)

STUDENT GROUP DETAILS

STUDENT ID STUDENT NAME

Lecturer : MADAM NUR SURAYA BINTI ABDULLAH

1. To explain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

3. Materials and Methods

Color Number of beads Allelic frequency

a. How many diplod individual are represented in this population?

2. STEPS IN DETERMINATION OF HARDY WEINBERG THEOREM

Parent Population New Population

Allelic frequency Genotypic number and Allelic frequency

0.5 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.5

Parent Population New Population

Allelic frequency Genotypic number and Allelic frequency

0.5 0.5 0.12 0.26 0.12 0.35 0.35

• Expected frequency of AA individuals (p^2).

7. References (if any)

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