computer

A computer is a machine that can be instructed to carry

out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer
programming. Modern computers have for ability to follow generalized sets of
operations, called programs. Forse programs enable computers to perform an
extremely wide range of tasks. A "complete" computer including for hardware,
for operating system (main software), and peripheral equipment required and used for
"full" operation can be referred to as a computer system. This term may as well be
used for a group of computers that are connected and work togeforr, in particular
a computer network or computer cluster.

Computers are used as control systems for a wide variety of industrial and consumer
devices. This includes simple special purpose devices like microwave
ovens and remote controls, factory devices such as industrial robots and computer-
aided design, and also general purpose devices like personal computers and mobile
devices such as smartphones. For Internet is run on computers and it connects
hundreds of millions of oforr computers and forir users.

Early computers were only conceived as calculating devices. Since ancient times,
simple manual devices like for abacus aided people in doing calculations. Early in
for Industrial Revolution, some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious
tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms. More sophisticated electrical machines did
specialized analog calculations in for early 20th century. For first digital electronic
calculating machines were developed during World War II. For
first semiconductor transistors in for late 1940s were followed by for silicon-
based MOSFET (MOS transistor) and monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip
technologies in for late 1950s, leading to for microprocessor and for
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 Program no.8

Question: Create a 3-page document. Using hyperlinks. Insert bookmark

Types of Computer Memory: Primary and Secondary

Although many types of memory in a computer exist, the most basic distinction is between
primary memory, often called system memory, and secondary memory, which is more
commonly called storage.

The key difference between primary and secondary memory is speed of access.

 Primary memory includes ROM and RAM, and is located close to the CPU on the
computer motherboard, enabling the CPU to read data from primary memory very
quickly indeed. It is used to store data that the CPU needs imminently so that it does
not have to wait for it to be delivered.

 Secondary memory by contrast, is usually physically located within a separate storage

device, such as a hard disk drive or solid state drive (SSD), which is connected to the
computer system either directly or over a network. The cost per gigabyte of secondary
memory is much lower, but the read and write speeds are significantly slower.

Over several periods of computer evolution, a wide of array of computer memory types has
been deployed, each with its own strengths and weaknesses.

Primary Memory Types: RAM and ROM

There are two key types of primary memory:

1. RAM, or random access memory

2. ROM, or read-only memory

Let's look in-depth at both types of memory.

 Program no.8

1) RAM Computer Memory

The acronym RAM stems from the fact that data stored in random access memory can be
accessed – as the name suggests – in any random order. Or, put another way, any random bit
of data can be accessed just as quickly as any other bit.

The most important things to understand about RAM are that RAM memory is very fast, it can
be written to as well as read, it is volatile (so all data stored in RAM memory is lost when it
loses power) and, finally, it is very expensive compared to all types of secondary memory in
terms of cost per gigabyte. It is because of the relative high cost of RAM compared to secondary
memory types that most computer systems use both primary and secondary memory.

Data that is required for imminent processing is moved to RAM where it can be accessed and
modified very quickly, so that the CPU is not kept waiting. When the data is no longer required
it is shunted out to slower but cheaper secondary memory, and the RAM space that has been
freed up is filled with the next chunk of data that is about to be used.

Types of RAM

 DRAM: DRAM stands for Dynamic RAM, and it is the most common type of RAM used
in computers. The oldest type is known as single data rate (SDR) DRAM, but newer
computers use faster dual data rate (DDR) DRAM. DDR comes in several versions
including DDR2 , DDR3, and DDR4, which offer better performance and are more
energy efficient than DDR. However different versions are incompatible, so it is not
possible to mix DDR2 with DDR3 DRAM in a computer system. DRAM consists of a
transistor and a capacitor in each cell.

 SRAM: SRAM stands for Static RAM, and it is a particular type of RAM which is faster
than DRAM, but more expensive and bulker, having six transistors in each cell. For those
reasons SRAM is generally only used as a data cache within a CPU itself or as RAM in
very high-end server systems. A small SRAM cache of the most imminently-needed data
can result in significant speed improvements in a system

The key differences between DRAM and SRAM is that SRAM is faster than DRAM - perhaps two
to three times faster - but more expensive and bulkier. SRAM is usually available in megabytes,
while DRAM is purchased in gigabytes.

DRAM uses more energy than SRAM because it constantly needs to be refreshed to maintain
data integrity, while SRAM - though volatile – does not need constant refreshing when it is
powered up.

2) ROM Computer Memory

ROM stands for read-only memory, and the name stems from the fact that while data can be
read from this type of computer memory, data cannot normally be written to it. It is a very fast
type of computer memory which is usually installed close to the CPU on the motherboard.
 Program no.8

ROM is a type of non-volatile memory, which means that the data stored in ROM persists in
the memory even when it receives no power – for example when the computer is turned off.
In that sense it is similar to secondary memory, which is used for long term storage.

When a computer is turned on, the CPU can begin reading information stored in ROM without
the need for drivers or other complex software to help it communicate. The ROM usually
contains "bootstrap code" which is the basic set of instructions a computer needs to carry out
to become aware of the operating system stored in secondary memory, and to load parts of
the operating system into primary memory so that it can start up and become ready to use.

ROM is also used in simpler electronic devices to store firmware which runs as soon as the
device is switched on.

Types of ROM

ROM is available in several different types, including PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.

 PROM PROM stands for Programmable Read-Only Memory, and it is different from true
ROM in that while a ROM is programmed (i.e. has data written to it) during the
manufacturing process, a PROM is manufactured in an empty state and then
programmed later using a PROM programmer or burner.

 EPROM EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, and as the
name suggests, data stored in an EPROM can be erased and the EPROM
reprogrammed. Erasing an EPROM involves removing it from the computer and
exposing it to ultraviolet light before re-burning it.

 EEPROM EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory,

and the distinction between EPROM and EEPROM is that the latter can be erased and
written to by the computer system it is installed in. In that sense EEPROM is not strictly
read-only. However in many cases the write process is slow, so it is normally only done
to update program code such as firmware or BIOS code on an occasional basis
Question no. 1

Difference between software, hardware and firmware?

software hardware firmware

Software is the set of user Hardware is the physical Firmware is the semi permanent
programs running on a system component of a system that the software running on a system that
that are designed to be updated software and firmware run on or may or may not be updated often
often by those users that can be updated often and usually requires a higher level
of skills and effort

Question no.2
 Program no. 7

Question: Make a table of contents of complete syllabus of the subject Computer Application.

Solution:

1. Unit 1
a. Basic of computer
i. Characteristics of computer
ii. Input output devices
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Firmware
4. Human ware
iii. Function of different units of computer
iv. Classification of computer
b. Computer Memory
i. Primary Memory
1. RAM
2. ROM
ii. Secondary Memory
1. Hard Disk
2. Optical Disk

2. Unit 2
a. Computer software
i. Types of software
ii. Introduction to operating system
iii. Functions of OS,
iv. Types of OS
v. Booting procedure
vi. Start up sequence
b. Window OS
i. Introduction to GUI
ii. Important term like directory
iii. File
iv. Volume
v. Label
vi. Drive name
c. Translators & languages
i. Compiler
ii. Interpreter and assembler
iii. Types of computer language

Computer application lab file

 Program no. 7
3. Unit 3
a. Desktop components
i. Introduction to word processor
ii. Presentation software
b. Advance Excel
i. Introduction features
ii. Application and advance functions of excel
iii. Creating tables
iv. Graphs and charts
v. Table formatting
vi. Worksheet management
vii. Sort and filters tools
viii. Subtotal
ix. Mathematical function
x. Statistical function
xi. Date and time function
xii. Text functions
xiii. Financial functions
xiv. Analyze data with pivot tables
xv. Create and manage scenarios and summaries

4. Unit 4
a. Computer Network and IT applications
i. Data communication concepts
ii. Types of communication media
iii. Concepts of computer network
iv. Internet
v. Intranet
vi. Extranet
vii. Network topologies
viii. Networking devices
ix. OSI model
b. Information technology and society
i. Application of information technology in railways
ii. Airlines
iii. Banking
iv. Online banking system
v. Insurance
vi. Inventory control
vii. Financial system
viii. Hotel management
ix. Education
x. Entertainment and health
xi. Security issues in information technology

Computer application lab file

 Program no. 7

Question: Make a table of contents of complete syllabus of the subject Computer Application.

Solution:

1. Unit 1
a. Basic of computer
i. Characteristics of computer
ii. Input output devices
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Firmware
4. Human ware
iii. Function of different units of computer
iv. Classification of computer
b. Computer Memory
i. Primary Memory
1. RAM
2. ROM
ii. Secondary Memory
1. Hard Disk
2. Optical Disk

2. Unit 2
a. Computer software
i. Types of software
ii. Introduction to operating system
iii. Functions of OS,
iv. Types of OS
v. Booting procedure
vi. Start up sequence
b. Window OS
i. Introduction to GUI
ii. Important term like directory
iii. File
iv. Volume
v. Label
vi. Drive name
c. Translators & languages
i. Compiler
ii. Interpreter and assembler
iii. Types of computer language

Computer application lab file

 Program no. 7
3. Unit 3
a. Desktop components
i. Introduction to word processor
ii. Presentation software
b. Advance Excel
i. Introduction features
ii. Application and advance functions of excel
iii. Creating tables
iv. Graphs and charts
v. Table formatting
vi. Worksheet management
vii. Sort and filters tools
viii. Subtotal
ix. Mathematical function
x. Statistical function
xi. Date and time function
xii. Text functions
xiii. Financial functions
xiv. Analyze data with pivot tables
xv. Create and manage scenarios and summaries

4. Unit 4
a. Computer Network and IT applications
i. Data communication concepts
ii. Types of communication media
iii. Concepts of computer network
iv. Internet
v. Intranet
vi. Extranet
vii. Network topologies
viii. Networking devices
ix. OSI model
b. Information technology and society
i. Application of information technology in railways
ii. Airlines
iii. Banking
iv. Online banking system
v. Insurance
vi. Inventory control
vii. Financial system
viii. Hotel management
ix. Education
x. Entertainment and health
xi. Security issues in information technology

Computer application lab file

 Program no. 7

Question: Make a table of contents of complete syllabus of the subject Computer Application.

Solution:

1. Unit 1
a. Basic of computer
i. Characteristics of computer
ii. Input output devices
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Firmware
4. Human ware
iii. Function of different units of computer
iv. Classification of computer
b. Computer Memory
i. Primary Memory
1. RAM
2. ROM
ii. Secondary Memory
1. Hard Disk
2. Optical Disk

2. Unit 2
a. Computer software
i. Types of software
ii. Introduction to operating system
iii. Functions of OS,
iv. Types of OS
v. Booting procedure
vi. Start up sequence
b. Window OS
i. Introduction to GUI
ii. Important term like directory
iii. File
iv. Volume
v. Label
vi. Drive name
c. Translators & languages
i. Compiler
ii. Interpreter and assembler
iii. Types of computer language

Computer application lab file

 Program no. 7
3. Unit 3
a. Desktop components
i. Introduction to word processor
ii. Presentation software
b. Advance Excel
i. Introduction features
ii. Application and advance functions of excel
iii. Creating tables
iv. Graphs and charts
v. Table formatting
vi. Worksheet management
vii. Sort and filters tools
viii. Subtotal
ix. Mathematical function
x. Statistical function
xi. Date and time function
xii. Text functions
xiii. Financial functions
xiv. Analyze data with pivot tables
xv. Create and manage scenarios and summaries

4. Unit 4
a. Computer Network and IT applications
i. Data communication concepts
ii. Types of communication media
iii. Concepts of computer network
iv. Internet
v. Intranet
vi. Extranet
vii. Network topologies
viii. Networking devices
ix. OSI model
b. Information technology and society
i. Application of information technology in railways
ii. Airlines
iii. Banking
iv. Online banking system
v. Insurance
vi. Inventory control
vii. Financial system
viii. Hotel management
ix. Education
x. Entertainment and health
xi. Security issues in information technology

Computer application lab file

SR.NO NAME ENGLISH MATH TOTAL PERCENTAGE GRADE
1 VINAY 31 40 71 71 B
2 SURAJ 45 45 90 90 O
3 RITIK 25 30 55 55 D
4 ABHISHEK 30 35 65 65 C
5 GURMAN 42 45 87 87 A
 PROGRAME N0. 9

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 =
.
 =
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 =

Computer application lab file

 Manpreet sir

Question no.1

What is the start up sequence in booting of the computer system ?explain?

The boot sequence starts by accessing the computer’s BIOS on windows PCs or the system ROM on a
macintosh. The BIOS and ROM contain basic instruction that tells the computer how to boot up.
These instructions are then passed to the computer’s CPU, which begins loading information into the
system RAM. Once a valid boot disk or startup disk is found, the computers begins loading the
operating system into the system memory. After the operating system finishes loading, the
computer is ready to be used.

Question no.2

What is flash memory? What are its strengths over magnetics & optical storage?

Flash memory is a long life and non volatile storage chip that is widely used in embedded system. It
can keep stored data and information even when the power is off. It can be electrically erased and
reprogrammed. Flash memory was developed from EEPROM( electrically erasable programmable
read only memory). It don’t requires constant power to retain information . flash drives are less
bulky and cumbersome to move from one computer to another
Insert a 7-column, 6-row table to create a calendar of current month and do:
1. Enter the names of days of the week in first row of the table.
2. Centre the day name horizontally and vertically.
3. Change the font and font size as desired.
4. Insert a row at the top of the table.
5. Merge the cells in the row and enter the current month and year using a large font size.
6. Shade the row.
7. Enter the right-align the dates for the month in appropriate cells of the table.
8. Change the outside border to a more decorative border. Identify two important dates in the
calendar and shades them

December
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31
Question: Create a table in MS-Word with the following entries:
S.No, Name, M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5 and apply the following operations on it.
1. Calculate the minimum marks in M1& M3
2. Calculate the Maximum marks in M2 & M5.
3. Find the sum of total marks obtained in each subject.

4. Insert a new column named grade in the table.

5. Sort the table with respect to column grade

6. Convert the table into text.

POINT NO. 1

S NO. NAME M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
1 RITIK 33 54 47 85 56
2 SURAJ 45 65 58 95 75
3 MANU 95 68 86 48 74
4 HARSH 89 47 54 48 68
5 PRIYANSHU 48 58 97 78 56
MIN 33 47

POINT NO. 2

S NO. NAME M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
1 RITIK 33 54 47 85 56
2 SURAJ 45 65 58 95 75
3 MANU 95 68 86 48 74
4 HARSH 89 47 54 48 68
5 PRIYANSHU 48 58 97 78 56
MAX 68 75

POINT NO. 3

S NO. NAME M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
1 RITIK 33 54 47 85 56
2 SURAJ 45 65 58 95 75
3 MANU 95 68 86 48 74
4 HARSH 89 47 54 48 68
5 PRIYANSHU 48 58 97 78 56
AVERAGE 70.8
 POINT NO. 4

S NO. NAME M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 GRADE

1 RITIK 33 54 47 85 56
2 SURAJ 45 65 58 95 75
3 MANU 95 68 86 48 74
4 HARSH 89 47 54 48 68
5 PRIYANSHU 48 58 97 78 56
 Computer Lab

Program no.14

Question: crate a column chartfor the sales report of ABC Pvt Ltd Apply the following

Properties of column chart such as

1. Fill colour
2. Border colour
3. Border style
4. Size

Solution:

ABC Pvt Ltd.

S.NO. Employee ID Employee Name Age Experience
1 E005 Suraj Prakash 32 12
2 E006 Manisha Verma 28 5
3 E007 Priyanshu 26 3
4 E008 Harsh 24 2