Who is jose rizal?

Jose Rizal was a Filipino nationalist, writer, and revolutionary who played a pivotal role in the
Philippines' quest for independence during the late 19th century. Born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba,
Laguna, Philippines, Rizal was a polymath with diverse talents in literature, medicine, and the
sciences.

His literary works, particularly the novels "Noli Me Tangere" (Touch Me Not) and "El Filibusterismo"
(The Reign of Greed), served as powerful critiques of Spanish colonial rule and social injustices in the
Philippines. Rizal's writings sparked nationalistic sentiments and contributed to the intellectual
foundation of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonization.

How did Rizal became who he was?

 Rizal was born in the 19th century a time marked by significant changes in the world

 He grew up amidst the Philippines struggles for independence and the shifting social,
economic and political landscape of the time.

 This changes played a role in shaping his perspective

 To better understand how Rizal became who he was, lets look back at was happening in the
19th Century

The 19th Century

- Is also know as birth of modernity because the term modernity its emphasizes the breaks
from traditional ways of life and the emergence of new ideas, attitude and institutions that
marked the transition to a new era.
(For example;
From monarchy to democracy
Feudalism to capitalism)

Part of Age of Evolution

- during this time new modes of production, transportation and communication were
introduced
(shifting from manual labor to machine labor this transformation resulted in new forms of
work and leisure as well as urbanization and the growth of cities)

Political evolution

- political evolution happen between America and French during late 18 th and 19th century
both were heavily influenced by the enlightenment , philosophical movement that valued
reason, rationality and individualism. The wave of political challenge the power of the
monarchy and paved the way of new forms of governance based on individual right
nationalism and freedom
While different parts of europe were flourishing spain was experiencing a slow decline.
Why?

ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT

(Before the spanish occupation our forefathers have been already trading with the
chinese,Japanases,Indians, Cambodians and mollucas. The Spanish crown saw an
oportunity to profit from this trade and eventually close the ports of manila to all
countries except apaculpo Mexico.

This created a monopoly and Hence the birth of Manila Aclapuclo Trade or Galleon treade)

GALLEON TRADE
(Galleon Trade)

It was a government monopoly of two trading ships, one navigated from Acapulco in Mexico
to Manila for 120 days with some 500,000 pesos worth of merchandise and the other sailed
from Manila to Acapulco for 90 days with some 250,000 pesos worth of goods.

• Philippines sent mangoes, tamarinds, rice, carabao, Chinese tea textiles, tuba (coconut
wine) to Mexico while guava, avocado, papaya, pineapple and etc. was sent by Mexico to
Philippines.

Spain became a Mercantilist Power

(But not forever)
Why?
 By the late 18th century the galleon trade faced tough competition as the other
nation become self suffecient and preffered direct trade.
 Also spain was dependent on silver mines on its colonies in south America slowly
dwindled

 Revolts particularly in the war of Independence in mexico took place in New World,
thus shifting the foucus and priority of consumers away from the trade

With the old trade sysytem no longer sustainable. The Galleon Trade was enededby
decree during the first decade of 19th Century

OPENING OF THE EXPORT CROP ECONOMY AND MONOPOLIES

In 1834 The philippine economy open to the wold commerce

The phillippines become the supplier of raw materials for the industries of the west by
utulizing its underutilized land sources to venture into cash crop agriculture.
 What is cash crop agriculture?
- (Is a type of farming where crops are primarily for sale rather than for personal
consumptions

British. Dutch and americantrading companies invested a large capitalin our country for
thelarge scale of production of different products

To make the transaction easier,foreign investor need people who are already in Philippines.

Such as Chinese,Meztisos and rich natives.

They help them with acquisition of lands, mobilzation of labor,transportation of crops and retail
trade)

SUEZ CANAL

In 1858, Ferdinand de Lesseps formed the Suez Canal Company for the express purpose of
building the canal. Construction of the canal lasted from 1859 to 1869. The canal officially
opened on 17 November 1869.

(The opening of the suez canal, construction of steel bridge and safer and faster gave way
to more intensive production of crops which provided a huge advantage in commercial
enterprises. When the suez canal was opened the distance between europe and the
Philippines was considered shortened)

POSITIVE EFFECTS OF OPENING OF THE EXPORT CROP ECONOMY AND MONOPOLIES

1. THE PHILIPPINES WAS OPEN FOR WORLD COMMERCE

2. FOREIGNER WERE ENGAGED IN MANUFACTURING AND AGRICULTUR
3. THE PHILIPPINE ECONOMY BECAME DYNAMIC AND BALANCED
4. RISE OF NEW INFLUENTIAL AND WALTHY FILIPINO MIDDLE CLASS
5. PEOPLE WERE ENCOURAGED TTO PARTICIPATE IN THE TRADE
6. MIGRATION AND INCREASE IN POPULATION WERE ENCOURAGED
During 1825 he total of the trade of Philippineswas only 2.8 million pesos
In 1875 it was 31.1 million pesos and by the 1985 it had grown to 62 million pesos

What does all of this have to do with Rizal?

The fast tempo of economic progressin the Philippines during the 19th century facilitated by
industrial Revolution resultedto the rise to a new breed of rich and influential filipino
This made inquilino class wealthy which include the Rizal patriach,the family Mercado
 Effect of Economic progress to the mercado family(ano nga ba ang naging epekto ng
economic progress sa buhay ni Rizal?)

In mid 18th century tha average holding of an inquilino was only 2.9 hectares but in the
1890’s When the father of Rizal moved to camba laguna the hacienda they hold is over 390
hectares.
(The family mercado became the most affluent family in Calamba.
This enabled the family tolive a prosperous and comfotable life, thus giving Rizal children
more time and focustoward education.)

SOCIAL STRUCTURES OF THE PHILIPPINES UNDER SPAIN

3 groups of social ranking

Highest Class
- The people in this class are the spaniards, peninsulares and the friars
(full blooded spaniards that were born in spain)

Middle Class

- The people in this class are natives, mestizos and creoles

( mestizos are those who have spanish parents and filipino or chinese parent)

Lowest Class
- The people in this class are the Filipino Indios is a term used to refer to the poor people of
the country who were viewed as inferior and treated as second class netizens
Because of the Spanish colonial government discrimination against Indios limited their
opportunities and social mobility.

EDUCATION

Education is considered as status symbol, this priviledge people belong to the highrst racial
class

EDUCATION TIMELINE

The colonial
Successful of
government in
manila issued a educational work of
1846 decree onprimary 1886 Spain inthe
education philippines

The decree was

1863 not completely 1896
The aptitude
successful
to learn of
the indio was
remarkable
 (Explantion q ito hehe)
1846 – during the 19th century year 1846 even the smallest village the indios find a
facilities just to learn to read write.theaptitude to learn of the indio is remarkable one is
you will see them on hier tenderest age tracing letters with a sharrpened bamboo.

1863- the first educational systenm for the student and the country, established of the
educational decree

1886- the decree was not succesful because there are townwhere it is impossible to
maintain attendance at school, the primary cause is the laziness of the parents, lack of
teacher,lack of supplies and lack of school materials.

1896 –the success of educational work of spain in the philippines. The filipino learned to
be self determined and they learned to defend their native land.

During the 19th century in Rizal's context, education in the Philippines underwent significant
changes and challenges under Spanish colonial rule. Key aspects include:

Limited Access:
- Education was generally limited to the elite and those affiliated with the church. The
majority of the Filipino population, especially the indigenous people and peasants, had
limited or no access to formal education.
Religious Influence:
- The educational system was heavily influenced by the Catholic Church. Religious orders, such
as the Dominicans, Augustinians, and Jesuits, played a major role in providing education, and
religious teachings were integrated into the curriculum.
Language of Instruction:
- Spanish was the medium of instruction in schools, making it a barrier for many Filipinos who
spoke local languages. This language barrier contributed to the limited access to education.

RISE OF CHINESE MESTIZO

Known People who are chinese mestizo

1. Epidido Quirino
2. Ramon Magsaysay
3. Ferdinand E. marcos
4. Dr. Jose Rizal
5. 5.General Emilio Aguinaldo
6. Apolinario Mabini
The rise of Chinese mestizos in the Philippines during the 19th century was a result of
various factors that contributed to the intermingling of Chinese and Filipino cultures.
Intermarriage played a pivotal role, fostering a growing population with mixed Chinese and
Filipino ancestry. Economic opportunities were another driving force, as many Chinese
immigrants engaged in trade and commerce, establishing connections that often led to
cross-cultural marriages.

The Chinese mestizos became a distinct social group embodying a fusion of Chinese and
Filipino cultures. This fusion extended to traditions, customs, and languages, creating a
unique identity that contributed to the rich cultural tapestry of the Philippines. The diversity
of professions embraced by Chinese mestizos, from business and trade to various other
fields, further enriched the social fabric.

Social status was influenced by the economic success of some Chinese mestizos, leading to
their increased visibility and prominence in different spheres of society. Access to education
played a crucial role in their social mobility, allowing them to integrate into various aspects
of Filipino society. This integration was not only economic but also cultural, as Chinese
mestizos became part of the broader Filipino community.

(The historical connections between Chinese and Filipino communities are intricate and
multifaceted. The blending of cultures resulting from the rise of Chinese mestizos left a
lasting impact on the social and ethnic landscape of the Philippines. It contributed to the
diversity and dynamism of Filipino society, highlighting the interconnected histories of
these two communities and their influence on each other's cultural heritage. The legacy of
Chinese mestizos remains evident in the Philippines today, reflecting the enduring nature
of these historical interactions.)

The Rise of Inquilinos

The rise of the inquilino during the 19th century in the Philippines was intricately
tied to the profound changes in the economic and social fabric of the time. With the
decline of the Galleon Trade and the subsequent shift to an export crop economy,
large haciendas, or agricultural estates, became prominent. These estates were
primarily owned by Spanish colonial authorities and wealthy elites, leading to the
concentration of landownership.

Inquilinos, often lacking the means to own land, became tenant farmers, cultivating
parcels rented from these landlords. This economic arrangement resulted in a
significant degree of economic dependence, creating a hierarchical relationship
where landlords held considerable power and control over the inquilinos. The
primary crops cultivated by inquilinos—such as sugar, tobacco, and abaca—were
cash crops in demand for export. Consequently, the economic fortunes of inquilinos
were tied to the global market and the profitability of these crops.

Tenancy arrangements typically involved inquilinos paying a portion of their harvest

as rent to the landowners. This economic dependency could lead to challenges,
especially during periods of poor harvests or market fluctuations. As a result, a social
stratum emerged, with wealthy landowners occupying a position of economic and
social power, while the inquilinos formed a lower economic stratum with limited
social mobility.

(Over time, discontent among inquilinos and other marginalized groups gave rise
to social movements advocating for land reform and improved working conditions.
These movements were integral to the broader social and political changes
occurring in the Philippines during the 19th century, setting the stage for reformist
and revolutionary sentiments. The rise of inquilinos reflects the complexities of the
changing economic landscape, unequal power relationships, and the subsequent
socio-political movements that shaped the course of Philippine history.)