Solution
Solution
Solution
Factor of safety is
• The ratio of a structure's absolute strength (structural capability) to actual applied load;
• a measure of the reliability of a particular design
• a calculated value, and is sometimes referred to, for the sake of clarity, as a realized
factor of safety.
• Factor of safety (FoS) is an engineering term used to describe a margin of safety against
failure.
• It is usually expressed as a ratio of the maximum stress that an object can sustain
before failing, divided by the stress that it is actually experiencing.
• FoS is also known as Safety Factor (SF) and is used as a guideline in many engineering
applications.
2. Conical: These springs are shaped like a cone and taper from one end to the other.
3. Hourglass: Also known as 'Garter' springs, these coils have hourglass-shaped cross sections that form
loops when fully extended.
4. Tapered: These springs have conical shapes and are used to apply pressure as they are compressed or
stretched out.
5. Spiral: These coiled springs take on a spiral shape when extended and can store large amounts of
energy due to their flexible design.
14. What are the commonly used material for sliding contact bearings?
Sliding contact bearings are used in a variety of applications and as a result, there are a number
of different materials that can be used. Some of the most common materials used in sliding
contact bearings include:
1. Steel: Steel is a common material used for both the bearing raceway and the rolling
elements. Steel is strong, durable and can handle high loads.
2. Bronze: Bronze is a popular material used in bearings due to its good corrosion resistance
and its ability to handle high loads and high speeds.
3. Brass: Brass is often used in bearings due to its high resistance to wear and corrosion. It is
also relatively soft and able to conform to slight misalignments in the shaft.
4. Plastic: Plastic bearings are often used in applications where there is a need for low friction
and where the loads are relatively low. Some common plastics used in bearings include Delrin,
Nylon, and PTFE.
5. Ceramic: Ceramic bearings are becoming increasingly popular due to their high hardness, low
coefficient of friction, and excellent wear resistance. They are often used in high speed and high
temperature applications. It's worth noting that the choice of material for a sliding contact
bearing will depend on the specific application and the conditions under which it will be used.
15. Define coefficient of fluctuation of speed.
The coefficient of fluctuation of speed is a measure of the variance or variability in the speed
measurements. It is calculated by dividing the standard deviation by the mean value. The formula for
calculating the coefficient of fluctuation of speed is as follows:
16. Drive Soderberg’s equation and state its application to different types of loadings
1. Tensile loading: In this case, the mean stress correction factor (m) is usually set to zero, as
tensile loading does not induce mean stress.
2. Compressive loading: In this case, the mean stress correction factor (m) is usually set to 0.5,
as compressive loading induces mean stress.
3. Biaxial loading: In this case, the mean stress correction factor (m) is a function of the ratio of
the maximum compressive stress to the minimum tensile stress.
4. Torsion loading: In this case, the mean stress correction factor (m) is a function of the torque
amplitude and the maximum shear stress.
application
Soderberg's equation is widely used in engineering design and analysis, especially in the
automotive, aerospace, and power generation industries. It is a valuable tool for predicting the
fatigue life of components under cyclic loading and for determining the appropriate design
margins to ensure reliable operation.
17. Design a shaft to transmit power from an electric motor to a lathe head stock through a pulley by
means of a belt drive. The pulley weighs 200W and is locked at 300 mm from the center of the
bearing. Diameter of the pulley is 200mm. Maximum power transmitted 1.5 HP.at 120 rpm. angle of
lap of belt 180 . Coefficient of friction between belt and pulley 0.3. Shock factor in bending 1.5 shock
factor in twisting 2.0. Allowable shear stress in the shaft 35 N/mm2 .
21.A mild steel shaft transmits 20 KW at 200 rpm. It carries a central load of 900 N and is simply
supported between the bearings 2.5m apart. Determine the size of the shaft, if the allowable shear
stress is 42 MPa and the maximum tensile or compressive stress is not to exceed 56 MPA. What size of
the shaft will be required, if it is subjected to gradually applied loads?
22.THE SAME AS QUESTION#18
23. Describe the difference between a screw and a bolt
The major difference between a screw and a bolt is that a screw is used to join materials together by
using its own thread, whereas a bolt requires the use of a nut in order to join two pieces of material
together. Additionally, screws are typically placed into pre-drilled holes while bolts require the use of
additional tools (a ratchet or wrench) and having to be secured with nuts. Screws are also typically
smaller than bolts, and they may vary in size depending on the application.
Proof strength is the maximum stress or load that a material can withstand before it begins to yield or
permanently deform. It is an important factor in determining the suitability of a material for a particular
application and helps engineers to determine the safety margins required to ensure that the material
will perform as expected under normal operating conditions. The proof strength of a material is often
measured through tensile testing and is typically expressed in units of stress such as mega-Pascals (MPa)
or pounds per square inch (psi).
Clamping load is the force or pressure that a device, such as a clamp, applies to an object to hold it in
place. This force may be static, meaning that it is held in place without further effort on the part of the
user, or dynamic, requiring continual application of the force until released. Clamping loads are used in
many applications including assembly and manufacturing, construction and aviation.
26.Specify suitable machine screws to be installed in a pattern of four, equally spaced around a flange,
if the clamping force between the flange and the mating structure is to be 6000 lb. Then recommend a
suitable tightening torque for each screw.
27.What would be the tensile force in a machine screw having an 8–32 thread if it is made from SAE
Grade 5 steel and is stressed to its proof strength?
Given data:
From the machiney hand book for the above stated two parameters, tensile strenght is 517.65 ksi
Also from the same table, tensile stress area is given by 0.0140 in2
= 25- (5/2)
=22.5mm
=0.0225m
33. Design a helical spring for an engine valve length of the spring when the valve in open in
45mm. and the length when closed in 55mm. spring load on the valve when open is 450N and
when closed in 300N. Minimum internal diameter of the spring is 30mm. Take permissible shear
stress = 400 N/mm2 , and G = 0.8x 105 N/mm2 .
34.A steel Belleville spring is compressed flat by exerting a load of 1000N.for the maximum
compression, the induced stress is 1200 N/mm2 . Calculate the thickness and outside diameter of
the spring if the ratio of height to thickness is 1.6. The ratio of outside diameter to inside diameter
is 5.
35.
36. A threaded fastener is made from nylon 6/6 with an M10 * 1.5 thread. Compute the
maximum tensile force that can be permitted in the fastener if it is to be stressed to 75% of
the tensile strength of the nylon 66 dry.
37
38. design a bolted joint to join the two members shown in the appropriate figure. Specify the
number of bolts, the pattern, the bolt grade, and the bolt size.
39. For a bolted assembly with eight bolts, the stiffness of each bolt is kb = 1.0 MN/mm and the
stiffness of the members is km = 2.6 MN/mm per bolt. The bolts are preloaded to 75 percent of
proof strength. Assume the external load is equally distributed to all the bolts. The bolts are M6
× 1 class 5.8 with rolled threads. A fluctuating external load is applied to the entire joint with
Pmax = 60 kN and Pmin = 20 kN.
(d) Determine the fatigue factor of safety using the Goodman criterion
40. A 50 mm diameter solid shaft is welded to a flat plate as shown in Fig. If the size of the weld
is 15 mm, find the maximum normal and shear stress in the we
41. A spring has an overall length of 2.75 in when it is not loaded and a length of 1.85 in when
carrying a load of 12.0 lb. Compute its spring rate.
42. A spring is loaded initially with a load of 4.65 lb and has a length of 1.25 in. The spring rate
is given to be 18.8 lb/in. What is the free length of the spring?
43. A spring has a spring rate of 76.7 lb/in. At a load of 32.2 lb, it has a length of 0.830 in. Its
solid length is 0.626 in. Compute the force required to compress the spring to solid height. Also
compute the free length of the spring.
44. A spring has an overall length of 63.5 mm when it is not loaded and a length of 37.1 mm
when carrying a load of 99.2 N. Compute its spring rate.
45. A spring is loaded initially with a load of 54.05 N, and it has a length of 39.47 mm. The
spring rate is given to be 1.47 N/mm. What is the free length of the spring?