BHU 3105

MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY

1. compare the teachings on salvation between Christianity and budhism (5 mks)

Christianity and Buddhism offer distinct perspectives on salvation, with differing concepts of the nature
of salvation, the means of attaining it, and the ultimate goal. Here's a comparison of the teachings on
salvation between the two religions:

a) Nature of Salvation

i. Christianity: In Christianity, salvation is often understood as the deliverance from sin and its
consequences, leading to eternal life with God in heaven. It is achieved through faith in Jesus Christ as
the Son of God and Savior, who died for the sins of humanity and rose again from the dead.

Buddhism In Buddhism, salvation (or liberation) is seen as the end of suffering (dukkha) and the cycle
of birth, death, and rebirth (samsara). It involves achieving enlightenment (nirvana), which is the state of
perfect peace, freedom from attachment, and the cessation of desires and suffering.

2. Means of Attaining Salvation

Christianity: Christians believe that salvation comes through faith in Jesus Christ, acceptance of his
teachings, repentance of sins, and receiving God's grace. Baptism is often considered a sacrament
symbolizing this spiritual rebirth and initiation into the Christian faith.

Buddhism: Buddhists seek salvation through the Noble Eightfold Path, which includes right
understanding, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration. This path
involves cultivating wisdom, ethical conduct, and mental discipline to overcome ignorance and craving.

3. Role of Deity
 Christianity: God plays a central role in Christian salvation, as believers rely on God's grace and mercy
for forgiveness and redemption. Jesus Christ is considered the divine mediator between humanity and
God, offering salvation through his sacrificial death and resurrection.

Buddhism: Buddhism is non-theistic, and salvation is not dependent on the intervention of a deity.
Enlightenment is attained through one's own efforts, guided by the teachings of the Buddha. However,
some Buddhist traditions incorporate devotional practices and reverence for Buddhas and bodhisattvas.

4. Ultimate Goal:

Christianity: The ultimate goal of salvation in Christianity is eternal union with God in heaven, where
believers experience everlasting joy, peace, and fulfillment in the presence of God.

Buddhism: The ultimate goal in Buddhism is the attainment of nirvana, which is the cessation of
suffering and the release from the cycle of rebirth. It represents the highest state of enlightenment and
freedom from the constraints of worldly existence.

In summary, while both Christianity and Buddhism offer paths to salvation, they differ in their
understanding of the nature of salvation, the means of attaining it, the role of deity, and the ultimate
goal.

2. explain the origins of chriatianity and islam ( 5 mks)

The origins of Christianity and Islam are rooted in the teachings and lives of their respective founders,
Jesus Christ and Muhammad, as well as the historical contexts in which these religions emerged.

1. Origins of Christianity:

Founding Figure: Christianity traces its origins to Jesus Christ, who was born in Bethlehem in the first
century CE. According to Christian belief, Jesus is the Son of God and the Messiah prophesied in Jewish
scriptures.

Life of Jesus: Jesus began his public ministry around the age of 30, preaching a message of love,
forgiveness, and the coming of the Kingdom of God. He performed miracles, taught in parables, and
gathered disciples around him.
 Crucifixion and Resurrection: Jesus' teachings and actions aroused opposition from religious
authorities, leading to his arrest, trial, crucifixion, and death by Roman authorities. Christians believe
that Jesus rose from the dead three days after his crucifixion, establishing the central belief in his
resurrection.

Spread of Christianity: Following Jesus' resurrection, his disciples, particularly the Apostle Paul, spread
his teachings throughout the Roman Empire and beyond. Despite persecution, Christianity grew rapidly,
eventually becoming the official religion of the Roman Empire under Emperor Constantine in the 4th
century CE.

2.Origins of Islam:

- Founding Figure: Islam traces its origins to the Prophet Muhammad, who was born in Mecca in the
Arabian Peninsula around 570 CE. Muslims believe that Muhammad is the final prophet in a line of
prophets that includes Adam, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus.

Life of Muhammad: Muhammad received revelations from Allah (God) through the angel Gabriel,
beginning at the age of 40. These revelations were compiled into the Quran, the holy book of Islam.
Muhammad preached monotheism, social justice, and moral conduct.

Hijrah: In 622 CE, Muhammad and his followers faced persecution in Mecca and migrated to Medina,
an event known as the Hijrah. This marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar and the establishment of
the first Muslim community.

Expansion of Islam: Muhammad's teachings and military campaigns led to the spread of Islam across
the Arabian Peninsula and beyond during his lifetime and after his death in 632 CE. Muslim conquests
extended Islamic rule into territories across Asia, Africa, and Europe.

Compilation of the Quran: The Quran was compiled into its final form during the reign of the third
Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan, in the 7th century CE.

Both Christianity and Islam emerged in the context of the ancient Near East, spreading rapidly and
influencing the course of world history. While Christianity emphasizes Jesus' divinity and his sacrificial
death and resurrection, Islam emphasizes monotheism, the finality of Muhammad's prophethood, and
the teachings of the Quran.
3. Discuss the budhist ways of worship ( 8 mks)

Buddhism, unlike some other religions, doesn't necessarily involve worshiping a deity or deities. Instead,
it emphasizes practices aimed at developing inner qualities such as mindfulness, compassion, and
wisdom. However, there are various ways in which Buddhists express reverence, gratitude, and devotion
within their tradition:

1. Offerings and Rituals: Buddhists often make offerings of food, flowers, candles, and incense at
Buddhist shrines or temples. These offerings symbolize generosity, gratitude, and the impermanence of
life. Rituals such as chanting, bowing, and circumambulation (walking around sacred objects or areas)
are common in Buddhist worship.

2. Meditation: Meditation is a central practice in Buddhism, aimed at cultivating mindfulness,

concentration, and insight. Different forms of meditation are practiced, including mindfulness
meditation (vipassana), loving-kindness meditation (metta), and concentration meditation (samatha).
Through meditation, Buddhists seek to develop self-awareness, overcome negative mental states, and
attain higher states of consciousness.

3. Puja: Puja, or worship, is a common practice in many Buddhist traditions. It often involves reciting
prayers, sutras (Buddhist texts), and mantras (sacred sounds or phrases). Puja may be performed
individually or collectively, often led by monks or lay practitioners. It serves as a means of expressing
devotion, seeking blessings, and cultivating spiritual virtues.

4. Veneration of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas: While Buddhism is non-theistic in its original form, many
Buddhists venerate Buddhas (such as Shakyamuni Buddha, the historical Buddha) and bodhisattvas
(enlightened beings who postpone their own nirvana to help others). Statues and images of Buddhas
and bodhisattvas are commonly found in Buddhist temples and homes, and offerings may be made to
them as a form of respect and inspiration.

5. Pilgrimage: Buddhists undertake pilgrimages to sacred sites associated with the Buddha's life,
teachings, and enlightenment. The most important pilgrimage sites include Lumbini (the birthplace of
the Buddha), Bodh Gaya (the site of his enlightenment), Sarnath (where he gave his first sermon), and
Kusinara (where he attained Parinirvana, final passing away). Pilgrimage allows Buddhists to connect
with the spiritual heritage of Buddhism and deepen their faith.

6. Dharma Study and Reflection: Buddhists engage in the study of Buddhist scriptures (such as the
Tripitaka or the Sutras) and teachings of respected Buddhist masters. Reflecting on these teachings and
applying them in daily life is considered a form of worship and spiritual practice. By understanding the
Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), Buddhists aim to transform their minds and live in accordance
with the principles of wisdom, compassion, and ethical conduct.

Overall, Buddhist worship encompasses a variety of practices aimed at fostering spiritual growth,
reverence, and connection to the teachings of the Buddha. These practices vary across different
Buddhist traditions and cultural contexts but share the common goal of awakening to the true nature of
reality and alleviating suffering.

4. Critically discuss the role of jesus and Mohamed in their religions (5 mks)

The role of Jesus and Muhammad in their respective religions, Christianity and Islam, is central and
foundational, shaping the beliefs, practices, and cultures of millions of followers worldwide. Critically
discussing their roles involves examining their teachings, historical impact, and the significance
attributed to them within their religious traditions:

1. Jesus in Christianity:

Savior and Redeemer: Christians believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God and the promised Messiah
who came to earth to save humanity from sin and offer redemption through his sacrificial death and
resurrection. His role as the divine savior is central to Christian theology, emphasizing the concepts of
grace, forgiveness, and eternal life.

Divinity: Christianity asserts the divinity of Jesus, viewing him as the second person of the Trinity
(Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) and holding him in the highest regard as both fully human and fully divine.
This belief forms the foundation of Christian faith and worship.

Teachings and Example: Jesus' teachings, as recorded in the Gospels of the New Testament, serve as
moral and spiritual guidance for Christians. His emphasis on love, compassion, forgiveness, and the
Kingdom of God shapes Christian ethics and inspires believers to emulate his example in their lives.

-Historical Impact: Jesus' life, ministry, and teachings have had a profound impact on world history,
shaping Western civilization, art, literature, and philosophy. The spread of Christianity following Jesus'
death led to the formation of churches, the development of Christian theology, and the establishment of
Christian doctrines.

2. Muhammad in Islam:
 Final Prophe: Muslims believe that Muhammad is the final prophet sent by Allah (God) to guide
humanity and complete the message revealed in earlier scriptures. He is revered as the Seal of the
Prophets (Khatam an-Nabiyyin) and the exemplar of righteous conduct (uswa hasana).

Messenger and Lawgiver: Muhammad received revelations from Allah over a period of 23 years, which
were compiled into the Quran, the holy book of Islam. His role as a messenger includes delivering the
Quranic message of monotheism, ethical conduct, social justice, and the accountability of individuals
before God.

Political and Social Leader: Muhammad's role extended beyond spiritual leadership to include
governance, diplomacy, and community-building in the early Muslim community (umma). He
established a model of governance based on Islamic principles, resolving disputes, promoting justice,
and fostering social cohesion.

-Historical Impact: Muhammad's life and teachings transformed Arabian society and laid the
foundation for the expansion of Islam. His leadership unified disparate tribes, spread the message of
Islam across the Arabian Peninsula, and established the first Muslim state in Medina. The spread of
Islam after Muhammad's death led to the formation of a vast empire, the development of Islamic
civilization, and the dissemination of Islamic culture, knowledge, and values.

Critically assessing the roles of Jesus and Muhammad in Christianity and Islam involves recognizing their
significance as religious leaders, moral exemplars, and historical figures, as well as understanding their
impact on the beliefs, practices, and societies of their respective followers. While Christians and Muslims
hold divergent views regarding the nature and mission of Jesus and Muhammad, both figures remain
central to the faith and identity of their adherents.

5. explain the hindu caste system (5 mks)

The Hindu caste system, also known as varna vyavastha, is a social hierarchy that categorizes people into
distinct groups based on birth, occupation, and social status. Although the caste system has ancient
roots in Indian society, it has evolved over time and continues to influence social dynamics in varying
degrees across different regions and communities. Here's an overview of the traditional caste system:

1. Varna Classification

-Brahmins (Priests and Scholars) The Brahmins are traditionally considered the highest caste and are
responsible for religious rituals, teaching, and preserving sacred knowledge. They are expected to lead a
life of learning, austerity, and spiritual pursuits.
 *Kshatriyas (Warriors and Administrators) The Kshatriyas are traditionally associated with
governance, military service, and protection of society. They hold power and authority and are tasked
with defending the community and upholding justice.

Vaishyas (Traders and Farmers): The Vaishyas are engaged in commerce, agriculture, and business
activities. They are responsible for economic production and trade, contributing to the wealth and
prosperity of society.

Shudras (Laborers and Service Providers) The Shudras are traditionally engaged in manual labor,
service occupations, and menial tasks. They provide essential services to society but occupy the lowest
rung of the caste hierarchy.

2. Jati or Subcastes

- Within each varna, there are numerous jatis or subcastes based on factors such as region, language,
occupation, and kinship ties. Jatis often determine one's social identity, customs, and interactions within
the community.

3.Dalits or Scheduled Castes

- Outside the traditional varna hierarchy are the Dalits, formerly known as "untouchables" or
"Scheduled Castes." Historically marginalized and discriminated against, Dalits have been relegated to
menial and degrading tasks such as manual scavenging and sanitation work.

4. Social Norms and Restrictions

- The caste system prescribes strict social norms, customs, and restrictions governing interactions
between different caste groups. Marriages, dining, and socializing are often regulated by caste
boundaries, with stringent rules against inter-caste mixing or marriage.

- Dalits faced severe social and economic discrimination, including segregation, exclusion from
religious and educational institutions, and limited access to resources and opportunities. Although legal
measures and affirmative action policies have aimed to address caste-based discrimination, societal
attitudes and practices persist.
5. Impact and Contemporary Relevance

- The caste system has had a profound impact on Indian society, shaping social relations, economic
opportunities, and political dynamics. Despite constitutional provisions abolishing untouchability and
promoting equality, caste-based discrimination and prejudice continue to persist in various forms.

- While urbanization, education, and economic development have contributed to the breakdown of
traditional caste barriers to some extent, caste identities and inequalities persist in both rural and urban
areas.

Overall, the Hindu caste system is a complex social structure that has historically regulated relationships,
occupations, and social status in Indian society. Despite efforts to address caste-based discrimination
and promote social equality, challenges remain in achieving genuine social inclusion and justice for all
caste groups.

6. compare and contast the beliefs and practices of Judaism and Christianity (5 mks)

1. Scriptures:

 Judaism: The primary sacred texts of Judaism are the Hebrew Bible, which consists of
the Torah (Law), Nevi'im (Prophets), and Ketuvim (Writings). The Talmud, a collection
of rabbinic teachings and commentary, is also considered authoritative.

 Christianity: Christians accept the Hebrew Bible as the Old Testament, alongside the
New Testament, which includes the Gospels (accounts of Jesus' life and teachings),
epistles (letters), and Revelation (apocalyptic literature). The New Testament focuses
on the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus and its implications for salvation.

2. Messiah and Salvation:

 Judaism: Jews await the coming of the Messiah, a future figure who will bring about
the redemption of Israel and the establishment of a messianic age of peace and
justice. Salvation in Judaism is primarily understood as obedience to God's
commandments and the

3. Beliefs about God:

 Judaism: Jews believe in one God (Yahweh) who is omnipotent, omniscient, and transcendent.
God is seen as the creator of the universe and the source of moral law.
 Christianity: Christians also believe in one God, but they perceive God as a Trinity—Father,
Son (Jesus Christ), and Holy Spirit. This concept emphasizes the divinity of Jesus, who
Christians believe is the Son of God and part of the Godhead.
 Judaism and Christianity share historical, theological, and cultural connections, yet they also
exhibit significant differences in their beliefs and practices. Here's a comparison and contrast
of some key aspects of these two religions: