24

V1 Average and Instantaneous Rate of Change

Imagine driving on I75 North and passing mile marker 60 at 2pm and mile marker 190 at 4pm, having
made no stops.

We could look at the average speed you were driving during those 2 hours: = = 65 𝑚𝑝ℎ.

But realistically you did not drive 65mph during the whole 2 hours. You sped up to pass a car or slowed
down if there was a bit of traffic. Say you look at down at your speedometer at 3pm and saw you were
doing 75mph at that specific time. This would be called your instantaneous speed at 3pm.

Definition
Average Rate of Change
∆
For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the average rate of change from 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 𝑎 + ℎ is (using slope formula 𝑚 = ∆ )

𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ ) − 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ ) − 𝑓(𝑎)

=
distbetween X X2
(𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝑎+ℎ−𝑎 ℎ

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Instantaneous Rate of Change

For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the instantaneous rate of change at x=a is (if the limit exists),
𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ ) − 𝑓(𝑎)
lim
→ ℎ
Note: if rate of change is written alone, it always refers to the instantaneous rate of change.

Slope of secant line = average rate of change

Slope of tangent line = (instantaneous) rate of change

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 1. Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 − 1.
b. Find the slope of the secant line through x=2 and x=5
c. Find the slope of the secant line through x=2 and x=3
d. Find the slope of the tangent line through x=2

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V2 Definition of the Derivative

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an𝒇 𝒂𝒕X𝒙, denoted 𝑓 (𝑥), by WAYS TOASK
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For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), we define the derivative
Differentiate FIX
𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ ) − 𝑓(𝑥) anygeneral y
𝑓 (𝑥) = lim 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 find IR.Cof FX
find F X
→ ℎ
If 𝑓 (𝑥) exists, then 𝑓 is said to be differentiable.
And II
The process of finding the derivative is called differentiation.
The derivative is obtained by differentiating the function.

1. Using the definition of the derivative, differentiate the following functions.

𝑓 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 1

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Super important: derivative = (instantaneous) rate of change = slope of tangent line

 V3 Definition of the Derivative Applications
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1. Find the equation of the tangent line at 𝑥 = 1 for 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 3𝑥 .
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2. Find the x-values where the tangent line is horizontal for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 3𝑥 . 1Derivative

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3. A 5-year projection of population trends suggests that t years after 2010, the population of a certain
community will be P thousand, where

a. At what average rate will the population be growing between 2010 and 2012?
b. At what instantaneous rate will the population be growing in 2012? Is the population increasing or decreasing
at this time?

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V4 Basic Differentiation Properties

Differentiation Rules
Notation: 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑦 = HOVline
Constant Rule: For any constant c, X L
Power Rule: For any real number n,
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On
Properties of Derivatives
Constant Multiple Rule: If c is a constant and f(x) is differentiable, then so is cf(x) and

Sum Rule: If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable, then so is the sum f(x) + g(x) and its derivative is given by

That is, the derivative of a sum is the sum of the separate derivatives.

1. Differentiate.

𝑓(𝑥 ) = −15 𝑦=
FX O
𝑦=𝑥
y 5

𝑓 (𝑥) = 3𝑥
FX 3
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2. Differentiate.
a. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = + 7
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b. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 8

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V5 Basic Differentiation Properties Applications

1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 7.
a. Find the equation of the tangent line at x=1.
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b. Find the values of x where the tangent line is horizontal.

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2. It is estimated that x months from now, the population of a certain community will be
P(x) = x2 + 20x + 8,000
a. At what rate will the population be changing with respect to time 15 months from now?
b. By how much will the population actually change during the 16th month?

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3. A company’s total sales (in million of dollars) t months from now are given by
𝑆(𝑡) = 0.04𝑡 + 0.6𝑡 + 𝑡 + 5
a. Find 𝑆′(𝑡)
b. Find 𝑆 (5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆′(5) (to two decimal places). Write a brief interpretation of these results.

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