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Guía Quimica 3

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GUÍA QUIMICA

HYDROGEN

It is the very FIRST element in the periodic table.

MOST of the Earth’s HYDROGEN is combined with oxygen as WATER (H20).

IONIC BONDING

In an IONIC BOND, a positively charged ion is attracted to a negatively charge ion.

ION: An electrically charged element.

CATION: a positively charged ion.

ANION: a negatively charged ion.

IONIC COMPOUND: A compound that is composed entirely of ions. They have high melting point
and they tend to be brittle.

OCTET RULE

The OCTET RULE states that atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons in order to acquire a full
set of VALENCE ELECTRONS.

VALENCE ELCTRONS: These are the OUTERMOST ELECTRONS that make the bonding in a
chemical reaction

TYPES OF BONDS

IONIC BOND: A bond between two ions with a difference of electronegativity ABOVE 0.5. In this
type of bond electrons are DONATED from one ion to the other.

COVALENT BOND: A bond between two ions with a difference of electronegativity BELLOW 0.5.
In this type of bond electrons are SHARED from one ion to the other.

LEWIS DOT DIAGRAMS

These diagrams are used to represent visually the VALANCE ELECTRONS of an ion.

STUDY THE CRISSCROSS METHOD FOR BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS


COVALENT BONDING

A covalent bond is formed by a shared pair of electrons between two atoms.

MOLECULE: A GROUP of atoms that are UNITED by COVALENT BONDS

MOLECULAR SUBSTANCE: A SUBSTANCE that is made of MOLECULES

POLAR COVALENT BONDS: A COVALENT BOND where the there is a difference in


electronegativity no more than .5, usually between DIFFERENT ELEMENTS. This little difference
in electronegativity causes one side of the bond to be more positive than the other without
turning it into an IONIC BOND

NONPOLAR COVALENT BONDS: A COVALENT BOND usually between the same ions or those
which DON’T have a significant difference in electronegativity to turn it POLAR. Therefore,
THERE IS NO POSITIVE NOR NEGATIVE SIDE TO THE COMPUND FORMED

STUDY COVALENT BOND EXCERCISES

NAMING CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

-Chemist name a COMPOUND according to the ATOMS and BONDS that compose it.

-For example: K (POTASSIUM), and I (IODINE), form the molecule “KI” or called “POTASSIUM
IODIDE”. Mg (MAGNESIUM), and Cl (CHLORINE), form the molecule “MgCl2” or called
“MAGNESIUM DICHLORIDE”.

-It is important to add the appropriate numeric preffix to accommodate the number of atoms
involved.

-Numeric prefixes: mono (1), di (2), tri (3), tetra (4), penta (5), Hexa (6), hepta (7), octa (8), nona
(9) , deca (10).

-For example: N (NITROGEN), and O (OXYGEN), form the molecule “NO2” or called “NITROGEN
DIOXIDE”. P (PHOSPHOROUS), and O (OXYGEN), form the molecule “P2O5” or called
“DIPHOSPHOROUS PENTAOXIDE”.

PERIODIC TABLE NEEDED FOR THE EXAMN IN ENGLISH!

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