History P1 Review Book & Guess Paper by Salman Hashmi

Grand Salman Hashm
For Classes: 033501336
WORKSHOP
HISTORY
PAKISTAN STUDIES 2059/0448
REVIEW BOOK 2024-25
PREPARED BY
SALMAN HASHMI
+92 335 0133663
Pakistan Studies with SALMAN HASHMI
HISTORY REVIEW BOOK 2024-25 PAGE 1 GRAND WORKSHOP
Important Topics 2024 CAIE Exams

History 2059 & 0448/P1
O Level & IGCSE
SH – Salman Hashmi
Compulsory Source based questions from Section 3 or 1
Majority Questions from Section 2: Q3 & Q4
Important Past Papers: 2020 J & 2021 J
Section 1:
 3 Reformers
 Arrival of British & EIC 1600-1700
 British Expansion 1750-1850 (How & Why)
 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
 Languages
Section 2:
 Formation of Muslim League 1906 & Simla Deputation 1906
 Khilafat Movement 1919
 1927-1929 Simon Commission, Nehru Report, 14 Points
 Round Table Conference 1930-32
 Reforms/Act 1909,1919,1935
 1937-39 Elections & Congress tyranny
Section 3:
 Problems & Solutions of the nascent country
 Ayub Khan
 1971 Bangladesh War & Yahya Khan 1969-71
 Zia ul Haq
 Benazir Bhutto both tenures
 Take over by Musharraf 1999
 Chapter 16 – Relations: India, USA, China & USSR
Important Notice: “Guess Papers solely relies on predictions therefore we encourage students to
thoroughly prepare for their exams by covering full syllabus and Past Papers 2018-2023.”
Published on 13th April 2024
www.cietutors.com @cietutors +92 335 0133663 CIE O & A Levels - Salman Hashmi
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SECTION 1: EIC:
Trading company, Charter granted in 1600 by Queen
Elizabeth I, started off in “surat”, permission to trade in 1612,
Aurangzeb rule (1658-1707)
x ruled in favor of muslims moved to Bombay in 1664, grew powerful in the 18th
x other religious groups infuriated century
x imposed tax on non muslims (jizya) x 1858
destroyed hindu temples
x successors were greedy and lazy x British takes controls of EIC due to
x after his death, muslim power and influence x huge volumes of trade, couldn’t be left in the hands
disintegrated of a private company.
x muslim groups then set up (revival needed) x Fear of Russian expansion in central asia
x Thus the government expanded further into
Afghanistan to counter this threat, prestige at stake,
further expansion became inevitable due
to defeat of afghans
Before 1830 x The English wanted to establish influence in the
sub-continent to oust the dutch and Portuguese x
x no knowledge about islam for muslims,
Also difficult to break into spice trade in East
deteriorated into helplessness, disorganized
Indies due to dutch dominance, India good
x Punjab under sikh rule
alternative
x shah Waliullah-translation of Quran to Persian
x Trading interests protected
(main language)
x also published books Reasons for downfall of Mughal empire

x Syed ahmad brailvi – jihad movement (armed
struggle to liberate nwfp and Punjab from sikh) x Emperors known for living a lazy, weak, corrupt and
x Muslims couldn’t practice islam extravagant lifestyle, don’t care about empire’s
x Haji Shariatullah- faraizi movement (muslims economy
should perform religious obligations) x Absence of definite line of succession led to
x faraizis grew in number (hindus alarmed) x internal turmoil and fighting
his work carried on by son x Akbar’s religious policy x
Expense of deccan wars
x No military coordination x
Financial inefficiencies
1830’s
x Vastness of the empire made it easy for
x Titu Mir, horrified by muslim farmers oppression in invasions
west bengal in 1830’s,
Outcomes to stop British Invasion:
x Small army near Calcutta
x Provoked British, died in battle 1831 x Successes:

o power of local nawabs
o Early success of tipu sultlan o
Mid 1800’s Ranjit singh
x Failures:
x british claimed most of India in the beginning of o Strength of british army
1800’s, but mughal’s lost all their territory by 1850 o Eventual failure of tipu sultan and ranjit
x Industrial revolution – better weapons, better singh conquests of british against weaker
coordination and dominance asserted, not much opposition
opposition
Doctrine of Lapse: General Dalhousie most associated with
it, if a ruler dies with no natural heir associated, English
have the right to annex the land e..g. oudh
Marathas Reforms from British between 1773 – 1856
x Lived in the Deccan x Macauley – western schools, british ideas

x Devoted to Hinduism superior
x Skilful warriors (hindi guerrilla fighters) x Above idea insensitive, as it would alienate
x Defeated Mughal army in 1737, took control of delhi most Indians
and Bengal x Does not consider their cultural and religious
x By 1760, most powerful people feelings
x Defeated by afghans in 1761 in Panipat x Missionaries came to convert Indians x
Resented by sikhs, muslims etc
Ranjit Singh x Local languages (persian, Sanskrit replaced) x
x Annexed Punjab, Kashmir, most of Afghanistan x Social reforms (suttee and female infanticide
Signed treaty with British in 1809 banned)
x Britain worried about Russian Expansion x x Co-education resented
Britain annexed Sindh and later Punjab x Purdha forced to abandon x
Doctrine of Lapse
Tipu Sultan x Railway revolutionised communication
x More profits for british (transporting raw
x Son of Haider Ali, both resisted British Rule x
materials to ports)
He had French support, British concerned x
x Advantages for Indians as well, famine reduced
Tiger of Mysore
x Won important victories against british (anglo

mysore wars)
x Negotiated treaty of mangalore Battle of Plassey
x Treatment of conquered non-muslim subjects
controversial
x 1756
x Remained enemy of British
x French encouraged Nawab of Bengal to attack EIC
x Forced into humiliating treaty in third anglo
base in Calcutta
mysore war, lost control of previously
x Captured, but couldn’t keep control
conquered territories
x Robert Clive sought to retake it with a lot of
x Finally defeated in 4th war by combined effort of soldiers, bribes to nawab’s key man
Nizam of Hyderabad and British, died in 1799 x Led to battle of Plassey
Robert Clive x EIC started controlling trade
x Clive made governor of Bengal
x General in EIC and armed forces in India
x Defeated French
x Plassey outlined his qualities as a leader and British Success in Invasions from 1750 – 1850:
soldier
x Battles Plassey and Buxar, vast riches of Bengal
x British supremacy in Bengal after Clive made
retrieved
governor
x Trading links, network of roads, railways, better
x Increased power of merchants
communication, soldiers could travel easily
x Established Oudh as buffer state between
x Favourable trading rights with local nawabs x
Marathas and Bengal
Better resources
x Reforms introduced
x Some rulers even cooperated with british (spies)
x Civil reforms, dual system government, private
maybe
trade system abolished
x Better weapons etc
x Found not guilty of plundering india
x Introduced governor generals, more control
x Got addicted to opium and committed suicide in 1773
The Indian Cotton Industry: Battle of Kanpur (1857):
x Indian production of cotton discouraged, british

x Sepoys in Delhi refused to take cartridges x
production favoured
Given long prison sentences
x Only allowed to grow to supply british looms x
x Led to revolt by fellow sepoys, killed their
Skilled workers had to work in EIC
officers, Nana Sahib led
x High tariffs prevented Indian goods from
x British surrendered after 3 weeks
reaching Britain
x 300 women and children slaughtered and
x No duty on british goods reaching india
soldiers, remainder kept as prisoners
Zamindars: x British took revenge x
Sahib escaped
x Landlords/taxcollectors Sutte:
x Wealthy, some had private armies
x After death of Aurangzeb, unwilling to make x Hindu tradition
payments to any government in delhi x Ritual burning of widows on funeral pyre of
x Beard tax annoyed muslims husbands
x Oppresed muslims from 1800 onwards x British ignored practice to not offend high caste
hindus
x In 1813 became voluntary, would only get
Causes of War of Independence: banned if hindus themselves opposed to it
x British forced Indians to adapt to new norms without x Outlawed in 1829 by EIC, later in rest of India by Lord
consultation (cultural feelings not taken into account) Bentinck
x Christian Missionaries taught Christianity forefully, x Remained legal in some princely states, though
expected other religions to be given up isolated incidents did occur
x Educational reforms x SIR SYED AHMED KHAN

Co-education
x English as official language, replacing x Wrote many books to show that muslims were only
persian and Sanskrit in 1832 partly to blame for war of independence
x Purdha abandoned, Indian custom for centuries x x Wanted democratic rights, but this could only be
Doctrine of Lapse under Dalhousie done with separate electorates
x New musket cartridge coated in pig and cow fat, x British should try to understand muslims better x
muslms and hindus both despised Sir Syed used “Nadarath” to describe British
meaning “helper”, in an attempt to remove
misunderstanding between them
Failure of War of independence: x Also improved position of muslims through
education
x Lack of unity between Indians
x Punjab and local rules helping british x Muslim-Anglo Oriental College, 1876. Became University
of Aligarh, provided knowledge for future leaders
x British had better coordination, weapons etc. x
Diplomatic and military mechanisms used to x Believed muslims would never win election due to
majority being hindu population, strove for separate
limit extent of conflict
electorates and seats for muslims
x No single leader, Bhadur Shah not accepted by
x Forerunner for future demand of separate
Hindus
homeland for Muslims
x Many thought Bhadur Shah did not have strong
x If muslims wanted to improve their status, they had to
leadership skills, more of a figurehead
accept more British ideas and take advantage of British
x Rani of Jhansi and Bhadur worked alone
education, and their social and economic conditions
x Indian princes more focused on restoring their own
could be improved by taking up posts in the army and
power, depended upon British
civil service
x If this isn’t done, others would prosper
x He wrote tabyin al kalam and tried to explain the x Sindhi

similarities of Christianity and Islam x was felt that the literature and work undertaken by
x Was offended by a book he read in Britain about the authors in such areas as Sindh should be kept alive
Prophet x First written in “Marwari” and “Arz Nagari” then
x As a result, wrote his own work switched to Arabic
x Founder Scientific society of Ghazipore x Sindh Literary Board, 1948
x Wanted to make scientific writings available to x Printed many books and magazines in this
muslims by translating from English to Urdu language
Aligarh Movement x Sindhiology department set up at Sindh

x The Aligarh Movement was the push to establish a University Jamshoro.
modern system of education for the Muslim x Sarmast academy established in memory of
population of British India Sachal Sarmast
x Was established as Sir Syed wanted to improve x After 1972 riots, government was to give special
relations between muslims and british importance to promotion of Sindhi
x Wanted to improve social and economic positions of x Balochi
muslims by getting them into western education, taking x Language was declining
up posts x Gov felt that it should not die x
x Wanted to increase political awareness between Balochi Literary Association
muslims x Broadcasted through radio
x Also wanted to make them aware of Hindu policy of xAlso promoted through Quetta television station
cooperation with British xPoets came up: Atta Shad, IshqShamin, Gul Khan
Nazir and Azad, Jamal Din.
Hindi-Urdu Controversy
x Pashto
x Hindus wanted Hindi as official language in 1867 x Boosted after independence, poets contributed to
x Sir Syed and Muslims took offense to this, as Urdu held the freedom struggle
a lot of meaning to them x Played a huge role in movement for
x Even scientific society Hindus were hoping for the independence
journals to be published in Hindi
x Sir Syed was thinking that Hindus were working
against interests of Muslims
x Led to two nation theory
URDU AND REGIONAL LANGUAGES
x Urdu
x considered language of muslims for 300 years
x Associated with Pakistani movement throughout
struggle with hindus and British
x Uniting force after independence, as government is
committed to using it in all levels of society
x Punjabi
x Regional language of Punjab
x Popular among sufi poets due to their romantic folk
poetry, poems contributed to popularity of Punjabi
x Government ensured its development by
supporting the institutions that were using it
SECTION 2
Bengal Partition: Simla Deputation/Delegation:

x Of 54 million people in Bengal, 42 million were
Hindus x Muslims demands for separate representation and
x Seemed sensible to divide on religious grounds x electorates accepted by British
Easier to govern, as it was becoming large x Muslim-British relations improved
x Could pose some administrative problems if not x Paved the way for demands for a separate
divided homeland
x Easier to administer as a new british government was x Removed previous bad feelings from those parties x
in power Guaranteed muslims a separate political role, led to
x Muslims believed this would end Hindu oppression x creation of Muslim League
Reversed in 1911
x Hindus thought of it as a “divide and rule” by

Lucknow Pact:
British, would weaken Hindu unity
x Held mass rallies and meetings to put pressure on

x Agreement on scheme of constitutional reforms
British, terrorist activities
reached between Muslim League and Congress
x Attempted to assassinate Lord Minto, boycotted
x Realized that co-operation: might lead to self rule x
British goods (Swadeshi Movement, threw british
Hindus acknowledged Muslims had a right to a
cloth in bonfires, series of strikes by Indian workers,
separate electorate x
wearing locally produced clothes)
Beacon of hope
x Hindus objection was so prominent, British
x Montague Chelmsford Reforms:
reconsidered
o Establishing legislative councils with a system of
x Viceroy who originated the idea no longer
diarchy
viceroy, easier to change policy
o First time British mentioned the possibility of self rule
o Congress and Muslim League still not impressed,
Morley Minto Reforms
hoped for more concessions
o British reserved most powers for itself
x Became law in 1909 as Indian Councils Act
x Self-rule was still an aim, cordial relationship
x British intended Indians could voice their opinion
sustained
more in councils
x Nehru report:
x Hindus wanted more
x 1928, constitutional guarantee of fundamental rights
x Hindus were hoping for self rule, as they were the
including freedom of conscience and liberty, central
majority, it would be led by Hindus (dominant force)
government responsible for peace and order,
x Separate electorates for Muslims granted Hindus
Dominion Status, India to become a federation with
annoyed and resented Muslim’s higher position in
a 2 chamber parliament, protection of minorities,
councils
vote for all men and women.
x Saw it as a concession too far
x Nehru report ended this hope

Muslim League:
x Minimal muslim representation x
x Founded in 1906
Dominion status
x Muslim rights wouldn’t be advanced if dependent on
x No need for separate electorates
Congress, only advanced Hindu views
x Alienated the muslims, marked the end of
x Congress was saying India should be treated as a cultural
cooperation between congress and muslim
whole, Hindi should be declared official lang
league
x Muslims would be disunited and disorganized if no
x Quaid-e-Azam produced his 14 points, in which he
group created
proposed 3 amendments to the report
x Hindu nationalist groups arose, which tried to
x Refused
forcibly convert muslims
x This marked the “parting of ways”
x Therefore, a number of prominent Muslim leaders
founded Muslim League
Rowlatt Act: x x Muslims infuriated, pressure on british reduced and

1919 weakened the movement
x No right of appeal x 1920 - Thousands of muslims were migrating to
x Right to arrest without a warrant and detention Afghanistan in religious protest, but rejected entry x
without bail Had to go back to India, most muslims lost jobs,
x People could be ordered to live in a particular place, homeless, or died on the way back
stopped from holding meetings x Some leaders imprisoned: Maulana Muhammad Ali,
x Fear of communist style revolution, Indian protests made organization less effective
x Hindus and Gandhi especially were using the
Amritsar Massacre: movement for their own benefits
x General Dyer, banning of public meetings in the city, x Muslim support for the movement slowly
20000 crowd gathered, Jallianwala disintegrated
x Bagh park, narrow entrances etc., no warning, x decision of the Kamal Ataturk to form a nationalist
troops fired on crowd, the well, government, no caliphates, in Turkey
x High casualties, further measures followed the x 1924- the end had been seen in the refusal of Lloyd
meeting, response of Dyer. George to accept the demands of the Movement.
All India Khilafat Conference (1919): Simon Report (1927)

x Led by Ali brothers, main purpose was to maintain x Chaired a commission to introduce further political
Turkish Empire reforms in India
x Maulana Abul Kalam and Gandhi represented x No Indian representation in the commission x
congress Opposed
x Gandhi hoped to unite muslims and hindus in a non x Membership had been carefully selected to oppose self-
violent campaign against british rule
x Delegation sent to Britain, making sure they were x Congress, ML boycotted it
aware of Muslim support for Khalifa x Governors to choose ministers with majority
support
Khilafat Movement: x Provincial Prime Minsters free from control from
Causes: governors
x Muslims held caliphate of Turkey in high regard x x NWFP to be given legislative council but no
Not prepped to see turkey split government
x British government ensured that the status of caliph x Value friendship with Congress more than British
would be respected in order to secure Muslims concession
involvement in World War I alongside Allies x Not on equal terms with British in framing new
x This promise was not kept x constitution
Turkish Empire broken up x Not satisfied with being only petitioners.
x Institution of Caliphate abolished
x After war, reports from Europe suggested that Government of India Act 1935:
British and French wanted to punish Turks for x Provincial autonomy granted
support of Germans x Every provincial government was able to devise their own
x Several Indian muslims imprisoned in war as well, programs and be responsible for their own legislature
contributed to anger felt x Ministers had control over all departments unless
x Khilafat movement founded
the governors wanted to veto a bill they disliked x
Failures: Kind of a drawback, as ministers didn’t have full
x 1921 - Chaura Chauri (village in United Province) control
Incident: x Hindus thought of it as slavery
x Trouble between locals and british soldiers at x Nonetheless, additional voting rights were given to the
Tirur Police station population, 5 times the previous number, 35 mil in total
x 21 officers killed x But still only 25% of population could vote
x Gandhi thought it was getting too violent, ended
support for Swaraj Movement.
x Federal government provided provisions for the first time, x Gandhi was insisting that he represented the
which meant princely states could participate in political whole of India and Congress
affairs x Conference broke up due to British saying a solution
x External relations and defence key decisions were still would be implemented if no resolution reached
controlled by british
x Therefore third conference held

Provincial Elections of 1937:
x Congress won absolute majorities in 5 provinces Failures:
x Largest party in 4 others x x 1st:
Muslims disappointed x Congress boycotted it
x Only won 109 seats which were in reserve for x Deadlock on federal system
Muslims x Minorities sub-committee couldn’t reach a
x First election where ML fought, lessons learnt, conclusion
realized reforms were needed x 2nd:

x Knew its support lied in areas where muslims were a x Gandhi stubborn, disagreed with most
minority things, 14 points refused
x Image problem (ML members rich aristocrats x New british government less keen to reach a
relating to poor illiterate muslims) compromise in India
x Congress atrocities x Gandhi still didn’t agree to minority rights x
3rd:
x Congress absent again
Congress Rule: x Jinnah couldn’t attend due to personal
x Hated by Muslims due to: issues
x Atrocities committed
x Abused and killed by Hindus x Successes: x

Azaan banned 1st:
x Organized attacks in Mosques x Federal system for India approved Sindh to
x Bande Matram became National Anthem x have a separate identity and government
Wardha Scheme,
x 2nd:
x Forced to study in temples x Minorities entered into an agreement on
Jinnah’s 14 Points their demands
x Produced because:
x Set out demands for any future negotiations Wardha Scheme: x
between Muslims and British By Gandhi
x Set the basis for muslim demands for a separate x Hindu sole language
homeland x Basic education system
x Also convinced that Hindus and Muslims were 2 x No religious studies

different nations x Cotton spinning in curriculum
x Bowing before pic of gandhi

Round table conferences:
Why were these held? Day of Deliverance (December 1939): x
Lack of unity between muslims and hindus
x British unsure what to do next, held these x Justified:
conferences x Atrocities against muslims in congress rule x
x Rejection of simon commission by Indians Bande matram
another reason to hold x Wardha scheme
x British Labour government support Indian x Attempts to convert to Hinduism x
nationalism, hope for the conferences Unjustified
x Less progress due to congress not attending first x Unity between Muslim League and Congress
conference irreconcilable
x Lord Irwin met Gandhi so that another x Chance of a future with India less likely
conference may be held
x Congress had resigned partly because Britain stated x All parties agreed to the principle of executive
that India was at war with Germany. Therefore the council, method of selection was the sticking point
ML was able to celebrate because
Britain was probably more concerned with the war x Two parties couldn’t reach any agreement x
than the future of India Muslims called for new elections
New Elections
Cripps Mission x Results demonstrated Congress got majority
Hindu vote and ML got majority muslim vote x

x British wanted support for second world war, india to be ML equal player
given: Clement Attlee and Punjab violence
x Dominion status x British would leave subcontinent by 1948 –
x India to be given constituent assembly to draft up the Attlee
constitution x Subsequent violence in march 1948 in Punjab
x No Pakistan in the plan x Convinced Nehru that independent state should be
x Led to quit india resolution done asap
x Formalized in the 3 june plan

How did the name ‘Pakistan’ originate?
x Chaudhry Rehmat Ali devised the name. Direct Action Day:
x Stated in pamphlet ‘Now or Never’ in 1933. x 16th August 1946
x By end of the year most Muslims within India knew the x Held to stop British from giving into congress x
name and its importance. Concerned they would be asked to form a
x Punjab, Afghania (NWFP), Kashmir, Sindh and government
Balochistan. x Quaid called for a peaceful protest
x Muslim League thought his ideas were impractical and x But serious rioting, thousands of deaths x
ignored by Jinnah. British concerned a civil war would occur
x A change of mind grew regarding partition Quit
India Movement:
Cabinet Mission Plan: x
x Both Muslims and Hindus opposed Cripps Mission x 1946
Full control not given to congress, and independent x Pethick Lawrence (Sec of State), Cripps, (President of
state not given to Muslims Trade), Alexander sent to India to find a settlement
x British were negotiating from a weak position acceptable to all
x Congress took advantage, asked the British to leave the x Found little common ground between both parties x
subcontinent immediately Interim (provisional government proposed)
x Imprisonment of many people x British withdrawal organized
x Proposal rejected, modificiations made, which

Factors leading to independence congress rejected
x Plan dropped
Gandhi-Jinnah Talks
x Gandhi wanted independence first, partition Chaudary Rehmat Ali:

discussion would follow later x Studied law in Cambridge Uni x
x Jinnah the reverse Jinnah refused to meet him
x Quaid knew that his bargaining position would be x Produced phamphlet in 1933 (Now or never)
weaker if he went along with Gandhi x Used “Pakistan” as name for separate homeland (P for
x Gandhi insisted that he spoke for all of India and Punjab, A for Afghan, K for Kashmir etc.)
couldn’t accept muslim as separate nation x Wanted a separate federation of muslim states with
x Mostly a failure, as Jinnah wanted 6 provinces but independence
Gandhi was only prepared to give 3 x Pakistan National Movement x
x Equal footing between muslim league and Ahead of his time
congress for the first time x Muslim league adopted his idea of a separate
Lord Wavell initiated Simla Conference homeland in 1940
x Idea to form 7 states of commonwealth of pak SECTION 3:

nations rejected
Problems faced by Pakistan during 1947-1948:
Jinnah’s Achievements: x Canal water dispute
x 14 points of 1929 x India controlled water supply to Pakistan
x After 1937, decided to reform ML x Threatened agriculture in the Punjab, irrigation
x Membership grew significantly by 1938 system depended on 6 rivers and 30 canals, some of
x Without the growth, ML wouldn’t bear the fruit which were in India.
when it did x April 1948 India shut off waters flowing into Pakistan
x Used Lahore Resolution (1940) to ensure that ML from Firozpur headworks, threatening millions of
would only accept partition as a solution acres of agricultural land in Pakistan.
x Opposed Cripps Mission (dominion status) x Some waters reinstated in May 1948 but not
x Ensured British knew the needs of minorities permanently until 1959 and Indus Water Treaty.
x Gandhi-Jinnah talks broken up in 1944 without x Problem dragged till 1959
agreement, but Gandhi knew ML was an important x Muslims faced terrible atrocities x
organization Fled to Pakistan
x Due to continuous pressure from ML and Jinnah, 1947 x Needed shelter and food, put pressure on the
June plan of separate states, India and Pakistan was set up government
x Shortage of property and experienced personnel x
Dr. Allama Iqbal Made running government extremely difficult
x Poet, Philosopher, Politician x x Pakistan had been awarded 750 Million Rupees but only
Practised law in England received 200
x Knighted by the British 1922 due to poetry x Enormous strain
x Poetry awakened determination, nationhood of x Divison of armed forces and assets were handled in the
Muslims same way
x Believed in two nation theory x Border problems uncertain (Kashmir) x
x 1927 appointed General Secretary of ML x Caused problems
Allahabad speech (separatism) in 1930
x Opposed British control of India Solutions to problems faced by Pakistan during 1947-1948:
x Encouraged Muslims that they’d need a strong x Successes:
political party to challenge congress x Quaid-e-Azam relief fund to help refugees
x Adopted by Jinnah to lead the ML x He toured the provinces to motivate people
x Declared himself protector general of religious
minorities
x State bank set up
x Civilservices reorganized
x Joined UN to direct their attention towards
Kashmir problem
x Karachi made capital x
Failures:
x Kashmir and Princely States not resolved x
Canal water dispute not resolved till 1959
x Millions made homeless or died due to partition
Provision of Education in 1947-1988: x

70% population illiterate
x Children did not go to school at all
x Meant poor economy and workforce
x Due to lack of gov investment (less than 3%
invested)
x Primary classes substantially less funding compared to x Changed the constitution, became president, but
secondary and higher scrapped it after in 1958 and introduced martial law
x Most private schools for wealthy population x x Introduced one unit policy
Military expenditure highture high x More efficiency and economic development in West
x Education expensive Pakistan, but totally ignored East Pakistan
x Children had to buy their own books, had to drop out x Rule became increasingly unpopular x
Lost the support of many politicans
x Appointed Ayub Khan as PM in 1958 x
Social problems from 1947-1988 x Was forced to resign by Ayub Khan
Cultural differences
x Refugee problems x 1956 Constitution:

Population growth x Adopted by 2nd Constituent Assembly, a
x Age expectancy compromise between Muslim League and United
x Infant mortality rates Front, Islamic Republic of Pakistan pronounced
x Mirza became President who could choose the
Islamisation between 1947-1988 Prime Minister.
x Liaquat Ali Khan Objectives Resolution 1949 x x President had to be a Muslim and had emergency
Used to deflect criticism from religious powers and could dissolve National Assembly.
minorities who said that the constitution wasn’t x There was a cabinet (advisory only) and a National and
Islamic enough Provincial Assembly.
x Introduced human rights and Islamic values x x Constitution scrapped in 1958 and martial law
Zia: Pakistan needed a government with strong declared.
Islamic values
x 1956 and 1973 constitutions Ayub Khan:
x 1962 constitution failed to establish an Islamic x 1959 – Basic Democracies introduced (four tier
system structure of government) allowing elections at
x Martial law in 1969 (Zias ultimate failiure) various levels
x no political parties to take place in the elections held
Martial Law (1958) Dec 59 to Jan 60
x A lot of prime ministers between 1956-1958 x newly elected Bangladeshis would be able to vote
x Ayub Khan thought that the army should be given in the referendum whether he would remain
control until stability and questions answered president
x East Pakistan (Bangladesh) wanted more say in the x 95% said yes
government which increased tensions x Successful – martial law lifted
x Iskandar Mirza lost support of politicians and was x 1962 – Oil refinery established Karachi x
scared Suharwardy would unite Punjab and Bengal Mineral development corporation
against him x Export bonus scheme
x Turned to military and Ayub Khan for help x Land redistributed to farmers with medium sized
farms
Malik Ghulam Mohammad x Agriculture revitalized
x 6 year plan x National growth rate rose by 7% x
x Covered agriculture, transport, power, industry x Crop outputs at record levels
Economic development x Economy grew three times faster than any south
x Severe problems faced as well Asian country
x Rioting, food shortages, drought x However, new wealth just in the hands of a few and the
x Government found difficulty in dealing with these general population didn’t benefit
problems. x Decade of progress (1958-1969):
x Resigned in 1956 due to illness x Medical facilities improved, attempts made to
control the population through family planning
Iskandar Mirza: programme
x Introduced as governor general in 1956 x Economic growth through western loans
x Agricultural reforms Reasons for the creation of Bangladesh:

x Economic factors:
xTried to deflect criticism on government by x Most wealth concentrated in the west, also
highlighting reforms that benefited the rich government expenditure
x Took action on goods being hoarded and resold on x Resentment in east Pakistan x
the black market at inflated prices Weaker industrial base
x Fixed the price of milk x Regular floods
x Helped families manage their weekly budget x x Led to more depression in the area, leading to
Housing programmes for refugees discontent
x Womens rights due to reforms affecting divorce, x East mainly produced one of the biggest
women marriage age reduced to 16 resources, jute, at that time
x Wasn’t seeing many returns x

Political factors:
Difficult to agree on a new constitution in 1950: x They were underrepresented in the army and civil
x East Pakistan disagreed with drafts in 1950 as they service (undemocratic government)
thought they were underrepresented x Political parties on both sides believed in
x Objected to Urdu being the National Language (no regionality instead of national sovereignty
Bengali) x Demands of six points rejected by Ayub Khan
x Opposition from local and provincial politicians as they x Caused more resentment, felt they were under
had no input on who would be the head of state repression
x Religious groups also rejected (new constitution x East wanted to negotiate its own trade
wouldn’t put that much emphasis on Islam) agreements with other countries and have its own
armed forces.
Constitutional Crisis of 1954-1955 x Mujib-ur-Rehman arrested x
x Bogra (PM) had little experience Awami League
x GG Ghulam Mohammed expected him to support his x Awami league won a majority in East Pakistan x
authority (puppet) They wanted a federal form of government for
x Bogra wanted to curb the power themselves, separate currencies, armies,
x Bogra introduced amendment to 1935 Gol Act, separate from Pakistan
trying to take away some power x They wanted to control everything except
x Caused political crisis foreign and defence policies
x GM declared state of emergency, dissolved x The intervention of Indian troops in East Pakistan in
assembly December resulted in a swift conclusion to the fight
and Bangladesh became independent.
x Legal challenges, GG won though
x 1970 Elections
x Yahya Khan wasn’t allowing Awami League to
Islamabad becomes capital:
take over National Assembly x

x Government officials would be moved away from Awami won landslide victory
commercial districts in Karachi to avoid any unwanted x Was in a position to form government
influences x Even though Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and PPP won
x Seemed appropriate to move power base from elections in west, most likely wouldn’t have
developed north to underdeveloped south (Punjab) influence in future gov
x Ayub Khan also wanted to stay close to military base in x Relations after divide:
case of martial law x 1974 – PM Mujib-ur-Rehman invited to OIC in
x Karachi had a very humid/hot climate Lahore, Pakistan officially recognized BD
x Didn’t represent the needs of a capital city x x Agreed to view each other as muslim friends and
Buildings were not upto a standard resolve their differences
x Layout of port wouldn’t did not allow it to take x 1975/6 – exchange of ambassadors, agreement
functions of a modern capital reached to cooperate on trade
x Position of coast meant it would be vulnerable to
attacks in the coast
x 1986 – trade reached $40 million, 1985 1988, x New Constitution in 1973:
Pakistan first country to provide aid to BD x Offered opportunities for professionals,
amidst climate academics and specialists to work together
x Safeguarded minorities interests by giving them
status in senate
x Done in order to restore parliamentary democracy
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto: (was suspended due to martial law)
x Though when things went wrong, he Bhutto was

x Why did he come to power x blamed
Army defeated by India x x Arrested
Yahya Khan disgraced x Main political power remained with the party and
x Bhutto took the opportunity to seek power with Bhutto in particular
x Pakistan lost east Pakistan, Yahya Khan and the x Blame was on him
army were blamed, Bhutto took advantage x Education problems
x Programmes of reforms appealed to the x Bhutto was accused of conspiracy to murder a
electorate political opponent through FSF
x Won an overall majority in the assembly x x Found guilty
Took control of army x Refused to plead for clemency to the president
x Established power
x The FSF (secret police) established his power Zia-ul-Haq
base x Soviet invasion of 1979 in Afghanistan (Afghan
Miracle)
x Simla Agreement (1972) x x Led to west working very closely with Pakistan x
July 1972 Provided economic and military support in
x Bhutto and Indian Gandhi return for an anti-soviet base
x India agreed to return prisoners of Pakistan to x Zia standing in west increased, sold military
Pakistan if Kashmir problem would be discussed in assistance to other Muslim countries
India and not with International bodies such as the x Zia seen as leader of a muslim nation
UN x Pakistan became a leading country in world
x Improved Pakistan’s international reputation and politics
increased Bhutto’s popularity by bringing home x Led to huge sums of money coming in to pay for
prisoners of war refugees and armed forces
x Economic progress
x Social Reforms: x By 1985, about 50,000 Pakistanis were working in
x Free education the Middle East as a result of this policy
x New schools built x Reforms
x Private schools nationalised x Introduced Islamic laws to produce a strong and
x Aim to increase literacy rate and academic stable government based on Islamic values
standards x Ignored political process x
x Overcrowding in existing schools while new ones were Very strict Islamic laws
being built x Economic affairs mostly successful as nationalisation
x Not very successful as it was expensive, and had to programmes were reversed and private sectors were
be done quickly (teachers recruits needed quick) forced to reinvest
x Families resented, loss of earnings x Between 1977 and 1986, the average growth rate
x Tried to improve infant mortality and life was 6.2%, amongst the highest in the world at that
expectancy rates by introducing Rural Health Care time.
units and Basic Health Care units x Pakistanis working overseas contributed to this
x Pharma companies banned from using company growth by sending money home to their families
names, medicines became cheaper x Zia tried to build up investors
x Profits of chemists fell drastically, international x Efforts made to increase efficiency of
businesses refrained from investing government industries
x There was a need by Zia to legitimize his presidency x Confronted by provincial governments as she had to work
by declaring legal all the military actions since 1977, in a coalition with MQM which was a party for Muslims
and when the 8th amendment was passed, after who migrated from India to Pakistan and settled in Sindh
martial law, Zia remained the president, x Angered PPP members in Sindh
unchallenged and also gave him the power to x Violent protests led to MQM leaving coalition and
dismiss the prime minster joining the opposition
x Implemented laws which punished people for x Majority support gone
blasphemy x Further violence and deaths led to her gov getting
x Islamic Education implemented to raise Islamic dismissed
awareness x Her gov blamed for the breakdown of law and order
x Wanted to distribute wealth among needy by
Islamic taxes (Zakat) Fell from office again in 1996:

x Opposed by all sides, her own party, her mother and her
brother who was killed by the police, raised suspicion of
x Hudood Ordinances: x gov involvement (none involved arrested, some
1977 promoted)
x Zia’s Islamisation Programme x Nawaz mounted a personal attack on Benzair
x Various punishments for various crimes regarding her business interests and political
x Such as offences against Property Ordinance, Zina methods, also held rallies
Ordinance, Qafq Ordinance, Prohibition x A lot of violence and killing, reflected badly on her gov
Ordinance,
x Islamic punishments against gambling, drinking, x Zardari rumoured to be in shady business dealings,
adultery etc. undermined her position
x Pak economic problems led to a request of a loan from

x Difficulty in ruling in late 1980s: the IMF which resulted in strict financial controls, her
x Breakdown of law and order, difficult to manage gov blamed
x Violence grew, killings in major cities (karachi) x

Drug trafficking grew Nawaz Sharif
x Increase in corruption in society x Fell from office in 1993:
x Provinces became difficult to administer x x Cooperative societies scandal:
NWFP was becoming critical of the gov x Mismanagement of the societies led to loss of
x Explosion in arms dump in Camp Ojhri led to PM savings of millions of people
Junejo to administer a complaint, Zia couldn’t handle x Many of the societies had given loans to the
this, dissolved the national assembly Itifaq group
x Led to political crises for Zia x Damaged his rep x
Kalashnikov Culture:
Benazir Bhutto x Guns easily available
x Crimes, terrorisms, kidnappings
Pucca Qila Massacre: x x Issues regarding the refugees from the
May 1990 afghan-soviet war
x Hyderabad x Drug abuse increased x

x 40 supporters of MQM killed by police including Economic factors:
children and women x Increased investment to increase jobs x

x Led to Ghulam Ishaq Khan (president) to dismiss her gov Few loans repaid
x US aid ceased at the end of the soviet war
x BCCI scandal:
Fell from office in 1990: x Collapse of the BCCI bank led concerns
x Criticised for alleged corruption of her husband, regarding the bank’s lending practices
Zardari x Investors lost huge sums of money x
x PPP leaders suspected of being involved x Shariat bill:
Tainted her own rep
x Opposition to increased role of religion in x Afghanistan voted against Pakistan joining UN in

the gov 1947.
x Relation with the president x Afghanistan did not always adhere to a trade
x Nawaz disagreed with the appointment of a new agreement with Pakistan;

army chief of staff and eight amendment x Diplomatic relations between the two countries
were withdrawn in 1955 but later renewed.
x During the Afghan–Russian War, planes entered
x Problems faced: Pakistani airspace and some of the Pakistani
x Divided nation frontier areas were bombed.
x Supporters of Benazir wanted him to fail x x After the war, law and order was hard to restore in
Gave support to Taliban in Afghanistan, Afghanistan; problems spread into the border region
damaged relations with the US relating to drugs, armed robberies, kidnappings and
x Refused to hand over Osama bin Laden who had gun battles between rival gangs.
bombed the US Embassy in Kenya x There was an increase in Islamic militancy
x Pak also tested nuclear weapons, which angered following support given to the Taliban in
countries who then halted aid to Pak, and brought Afghanistan.
Sharif criticism
x Difficult to promote economic/religious ideas at the

time x United Nations
x Accused of involvement in death of Asif Nawaz, x Felt that shining an international spotlight on the
commander in chief Kashmir issue might solve it
x Lost aid from other nations in 2nd term after x Pakistan took it upon itself to become the
nuclear testing speaker of the Asian states and movements
x Failures in Kashmir especially the Muslim countries
x Blamed Musharraf whom he tried to sack, x World bank and Canal water dispute x
overthrown Palestinian Cause:
x Identified themselves with the fellow
General Musharraf: Palestinians as fellow muslims who should be
x Came to power in 1999 supported in their cause
x Army refused to accept any criticism from Nawaz on the x Objective of OIC is to promote harmony and
Kashmir issue peace between Muslim countries
x Sharif tried to overthrow Musharraf when he was in Sri x Incident of Al-Aqsa mosque discussed and aid
Lanka, army decided to intervene and overthrew Sharif offered to Palestine
x Bloodless coup, allowed life to go back to normal x At the second conference of 1974, more specific
support was forthcoming
WORLD AFFAIRS SINCE 1947 x x India relations:
Afghanistan Relations x Agreement regarding border between East
x During Zahir Shah’s time in office relations between Bengal and Assam 1948
Afghanistan and Pakistan were friendly and during x Minorities Agreement 1950 x
the 1965 War remained neutral Simla Accord 1972
x Pak unhappy with Simla agreement following
despite pressure from other powers. the war
x There were good relations when an Islamic foreign x Pakistan shocked at India’s nuclear test
policy was introduced, leading to visits between both programme, raised fears that their neighbours had
countries by Bhutto and later Zia-ul-Haq and Daud in a nuclear programme
1970’s. x Relations became worse when India suspected that
x There was humane treatment in Pakistan of Afghan Pak was training Sikh extremists when Indira Gandhi
refugees following outbreak of Afghan– Russian War was assassinated by a Sikh in 1984
x Afghanistan had territorial claims to part of the North x 1965 – Pakistan never expected a full scale war with
West Frontier Province (NWFP) following India over Kashmir
establishment of Pakistan in 1947. x Plans to encourage an uprising in India occupied
Kashmir was not a success
x Indian troops attacked, Lahore unprepared x x Soviet war of 1979 sought a lot of aid for Pak x
By 1971, India had developed a huge army Third highest recipient of US aid
x Used in the Civil War over east Pakistan dispute, x 1993 Clinton restores sales of aircraft in return for
confirmed the army’s superiority Pakistan stopping production of
x Kargil Conflct 1999 x weapongrade uranium

USSR: x US provided military aid to India for their war
x Successes: against China, damaged relations
x Soviet oil exploration in Pakistan in 1961 x Pakistan turned to China for friendship in 1962 x
x India accept Western arms in Indo-Chinese War US places embargo on India and Pak during the
1962 1965 war, badly affected Pak x
x £11 million loan to Pakistan in 1963 Bhutto leaves SEATO
x Ayub Khan visits USSR in 1965 – improves x American aid suspended in 1977 and again in
understanding 1979
x Soviets hold Peace Conference between x US President George Bush blocks aid to Pakistan due
Pakistan and India 1966 to nuclear weapons in 1989
x Soviet arms supplied to Pakistan from 1968 x x 1992 US comes close to declaring Pakistan as a state
Bhutto visits USSR in 1972 sponsor of terrorism and places economic sanctions
x USSR support for building a steel mill x on the country
Failures: x 1998 US condemns Pakistan’s nuclear weapons tests
x Liaquat Khan visits USA rather than USSR in x China
1949 x Successes
x Soviet pro-Indian stance on Kashmir x Support for China in joining UN in 1962
x Pakistan joins USA-sponsored military pacts in x Boundary issues settled in 1963 agreement x
1954 and 1955 1960s – trade developed, $60 million long
x USSR gives economic and technical term interest free loan regarding import of
assistance to India machinery
x Pakistan refuses USSR aid in 1956 x 1963 – China permitted PIA to use any
x USA spy plane scandal 1960 – plane took off airport amidst opposition from US
from Pakistan x Increased visitors from China, (engineers,
x Spy flights over USSR journalists etc)
x Gary Powers shot down xPak provided full support to China during its war
xFlown from a US base in Pakistan with India in 1965 including military aid
xUSSR angry with Pak, threatening x Karakoram highway served as a trade link x
military action 1986 – nuclear power treaty signed
x Told US that they could no longer use x Failiures
airbase unless aircraft destination known x Pakistan was Pro USA in 1950
x Pakistan involvement in USA-Chinese diplomatic x Concerns in 1950 regarding border issues x
ties in 1971 leads to greater pro-Indian support Voted against china admission to UN in
by USSR 1959, condemned military action in Tibet x
x Pakistan support for Afghanistan in war with China withdrew support in 1971 from
USSR in 1979 Pakistan due to opposition from USSR,
x USSR unhappy with Pakistan’s nuclear which supported India
programmes x 1990s – India wanted to develop relations
x USA with more countries, like India
x 1950 – Liaquat Ali Khan visits USA x China hinted that Pak might have to
x Willing to join USA’s anti communism pack in compromise on Kashmir
return for military aid x China concerned Pak might stir up muslims
x 1996 Bhutto visits US and gains $388 million in living near the border in China
military equipment x Great Britain and Commonwealth
x Joins SEATO AND CENTO
x British personnel remained in Pakistan post Bangladesh crisis and was mainly designed to prevent
1947 communist aggression in South East Asia.
x Britain helped broker a peace deal in 1945 x Pakistan also failed to secure aid through the organisation
x Margaret Thatcher visited Pakistan in 1981, , as well as a permanent military force to protect its
£46m aid for Afghan refugees in Pakistan members. As a result Pakistan left in 1972.
x Important trading partner x Membership of CENTO lapsed in 1979 mainly as a
x Commonwealth member until 1971, aid given to Pak result of the failure of the USA to join the organisation.
by richer Commonwealth countries
x Britain refused to get involved with the Kashmir
problem, got involved in Afghan-Soviet war and
supported Pakistan, provided aid
x Pakistan criticism over Suez crisis
x British abstains from UN due to Bangladesh
issues
x By 1986, there was some £376m worth of trade
between Pakistan and the UK Pakistan re-joined the
Commonwealth in 1989.
x Pakistan was suspended from the
Commonwealth in 1999 due to the military
coup.
Pakistan relations with international organizations:

Successes
x As a member of the UN Pakistan has raised the question of
Kashmir on several occasions and also became the
spokesperson for many Asian states who had not gained
independence during the 1950s.
x It has supported the Palestinian cause and has also
contributed to a number of UN peacekeeping forces
throughout the world.
x Its membership of CENTO was treated enthusiastically
because many of its fellow members were Muslim
countries.
x Membership of OIC has reinforced the image of
Pakistan as one of the world’s leading Muslim
nations and has provided it with much needed
interest free loans and grants
x This has also been the case through its membership of
RCD.
x Has received financial and technical support from the
World Bank through the Indus Water Treaty in 1959 as
well as finance to help establish hydro-electric and soil
reclamation programmes which has been vital for the
stimulation of Pakistan’s economy and industries.
Failures
x The downside of Pakistan’s membership of the UN is its
failure to gain a solution to the Kashmir problem.
x Membership of SEATO failed to secure any protection
for its problems with India or during the

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Grand Salman Hashm

For Classes: 033501336

Important Topics 2024 CAIE Exams

Published on 13th April 2024

x also published books Reasons for downfall of Mughal empire

x Provoked British, died in battle 1831 x Successes:

Marathas Reforms from British between 1773 – 1856

x Lived in the Deccan x Macauley – western schools, british ideas

x Won important victories against british (anglo

The Indian Cotton Industry: Battle of Kanpur (1857):

x Indian production of cotton discouraged, british

x Educational reforms x SIR SYED AHMED KHAN

x He wrote tabyin al kalam and tried to explain the x Sindhi

Aligarh Movement x Sindhiology department set up at Sindh

URDU AND REGIONAL LANGUAGES

Bengal Partition: Simla Deputation/Delegation:

x Hindus thought of it as a “divide and rule” by

x Held mass rallies and meetings to put pressure on

x Nehru report ended this hope

Rowlatt Act: x x Muslims infuriated, pressure on british reduced and

All India Khilafat Conference (1919): Simon Report (1927)

x Therefore third conference held

realized reforms were needed x 2nd:

x Abused and killed by Hindus x Successes: x

x Also convinced that Hindus and Muslims were 2 x No religious studies

x Bowing before pic of gandhi

Hindu vote and ML got majority muslim vote x

x Formalized in the 3 june plan

x Proposal rejected, modificiations made, which

x Gandhi wanted independence first, partition Chaudary Rehmat Ali:

x Idea to form 7 states of commonwealth of pak SECTION 3:

Provision of Education in 1947-1988: x

x Refugee problems x 1956 Constitution:

x Agricultural reforms Reasons for the creation of Bangladesh:

x Wasn’t seeing many returns x

take over National Assembly x

attacks in the coast

x Though when things went wrong, he Bhutto was

Islamic taxes (Zakat) Fell from office again in 1996:

x Pak economic problems led to a request of a loan from

x Violence grew, killings in major cities (karachi) x

x Hyderabad x Drug abuse increased x

children and women x Increased investment to increase jobs x

x Opposition to increased role of religion in x Afghanistan voted against Pakistan joining UN in

x Nawaz disagreed with the appointment of a new agreement with Pakistan;

x Difficult to promote economic/religious ideas at the

x Kargil Conflct 1999 x weapongrade uranium

x Joins SEATO AND CENTO

Pakistan relations with international organizations:

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