Section 3

Q. How successful was Pakistan in solving the problems of the newly built state
of Pakistan?
A) POLITICAL
• Poor Administration and Infrastructure
• India inherited civil servants, governments and even officials from the British.
Pakistan had none of these

✓ Karachi was made capital of Pakistan

✓ Jinnah had experienced government officials transported to Karachi in special

trains and planes
✓ Jinnah became Governor-General and Chief Executive

✓ He was also President of the Constituent Assembly and chaired Cabinet

meetings

✓ Liaquat Ali Khan was made PM and a Cabinet and Constituent Assembly were
set up to frame constitution of Pakistan
✓ Civil Services were recognized and the Civil Service Rules were drafted
• Constitution was not made: framework for constitution was delayed
• Constituent Assembly members were dumb, wealthy landlords which delayed
constitution making

RADCLIFFE AWARD
• Many Muslim Majority areas (e.g. Gurdaspur, Ferozepur) were given to India
• This aggravated the refugee issue
> Led to Kashmir Dispute
> Ferozepur led to Indus Water Dispute
GEOGRAPHICAL
• Two parts, 1000 miles apart
> Hard to administer
> Differing cultures
✓ Jinnah tried to fix this through speeches

✓ Jinnah insisted on Urdu as national language

ECONOMIC
• Pakistan lacked proper Industries
• It was not a wealthy country and its major industry, agriculture, did not produce
enough of a surplus to create the wealth needed for industrialization
• An exception of this was Jute production in East Pakistan: but Pakistan was not
given a single Jute Mill, and all Jute Mills were given to India.
• Economy also suffered because of the Canal Water Dispute
✓ Jinnah established the State Bank of Pakistan to help develop the economy

✓ Also reached a compromise with India on the Canal Water Dispute

SOCIAL
• Pakistan consisted of 5 different regions
• Each had different traditions, cultures, languages and lifestyles
✓ Jinnah tried to fix this through speeches

✓ Jinnah insisted on Urdu as national language

• Pakistan lacked both proper educational industries and health services
DIVISION OF FINANCIAL AND MILITARY ASSETS
• It was agreed that the assets would be divided in the ratio of 17:5 to India and
Pakistan respectively
• It was also agreed that Pakistan would be paid Rs.750 million out of the 4 billion
in the Reserve Bank
• The first Rs.200 million were paid; then war broke out on Kashmir and India
refused to pay the rest
✓ Gandhi used the threat of hunger-strike and forced the Indian government to
pay a further Rs.500 million
• Pakistan also needed armed forces and military equipment. It was agreed that
they should be split 36% to 44% between Pakistan and India
• A big problem for Pakistan was that its army of 150,000 men needed 4000
officers: there were only 2500 trained Muslim officers

✓ Jinnah was forced to take 500 British officers temporarily

• All 16 ordinance factories were given to India and it refused to hand any over;
consequently, Pakistan had no factories capable of making military goods

✓ Jinnah made them pay Rs.60 million in lieu of ordinance factories

• The military supplies which India agreed to hand over did not arrive at times, or
when they did, they were often worn, damaged and obsolete

CANAL WATER DISPUTE

• Most of the headworks of Pakistan’s rivers lay in India
• India promised not to interfere with the supply of water to Pakistan
• On April 1948, India stopped the water supply (Bari-Doab Canal) to Pakistan
• This threatened Pakistan economy
✓ Jinnah reached a temporary agreement with India on the Canal Water Dispute
on May 1948
• Issue was not resolved until 1959

PRINCELY STATES + KASHMIR ISSUE

• Hyderabad (Deccan) and Junagadh, though wanting to join Pakistan, were
unfairly accessed by India
• The most serious disagreement between India and Pakistan concerned the state
of Kashmir, where the majority population was Muslim but the ruler was Hindu
• The Muslim population was not treated well and they rose in rebellion
• The Maharaja turned to India for help to crush the Muslims, India agreed after
the Maharaja agreed to accede to India
• Pakistan could not accept this, so sent troops to Kashmir to help the Muslims
• Neither side was strong enough for a long war and the matter was taken to the
UNO
• India agreed to hold a referendum in Kashmir ‘once the situation was
normalized’. This referendum was never held and the Kashmir Dispute continues
up to this day
• Jinnah and the Pakistan government failed to solve this problem

REFUGEE ISSUE
• Unfair Radcliffe Award (e.g. Gurdaspur and Ferozepur) made things worse
between Muslims and non-Muslims and millions of people found themselves
living in the ‘wrong’ country
• Partition had been made on religious lines in hopes of easing tensions between
Muslims and Hindus: instead it made matters worse
• So began the largest migration in the history of mankind and also some of the
worst scenes of communal violence
• Millions of men, women and children died as a result of the violence or rigors of
the long journey
• Nearly 20 million people were made homeless and both India and Pakistan
faced enormous problems
• Pakistan alone received 2 million refugees in 1947

✓ Jinnah called himself the ‘Protector-General’ of religious minorities and

ensured justice and equality of non-Muslims
✓ To help newly arrived refugees Jinnah set up a Relief Fund to rehabilitate them
as quickly as possible

✓ Jinnah shifted the center to Lahore to aid the refugees

✓ Liaquat-Nehru Pact was signed, which ensured safety of minority groups within
each country

Written:
When Pakistan came into existence in August 1947, it faced many difficulties. The
most important problem was the formation of a central government of Pakistan.
There were no offices, no office equipment and no office workers. The central
government offices were set up in army barracks and hired residential buildings.
However under the guidance of Quaid – e – Azam and with courage and
confidence, the difficulties were overcome and the government of Pakistan
started functioning smoothly. Quaid – e – Azam and Liaqat Ali Khan became the
Governor general and Prime Minister respectively. Karachi was made capital of
Pakistan Jinnah had experienced government officials transported to Karachi in
special trains and planes. Jinnah was also President of the Constituent Assembly
and chaired Cabinet meetings
The problem of refugees was a very big problem. Communal riots had started in
Indian Punjab and Delhi. Millions of Muslims had the leave their homes and had
to run to Pakistan. The Pakistan government set up camps for the refugees and
looked after them for several months. They were gradually settled in the new
country. Under the guidance of Quaid-e- Azam a new department was created for
rehabilitation of the refugees. Nearly 20 million people were made homeless and
both India and Karachi alone received 2 million refugees in 1947. Jinnah called
himself the ‘Protector-General’ of religious minorities and ensured justice and
equality of non-Muslims. To help newly arrived refugees Jinnah set up a Relief
Fund to rehabilitate them as quickly as possible. The Liaquat-Nehru Pact was
signed, which ensured safety of minority groups within each country.
Pakistan also needed armed forces and military equipment. It was agreed that
they should be split 36% to 44% between Pakistan and India, and the army forces
were given the right to vote which state they wanted to serve in. The equipment
given to Pakistan was obsolete and consisted of unusable machinery and
equipment. Pakistan had to suffer a great loss and had to start from a scratch. A
big problem for Pakistan was that its army of 150,000 men needed 4000 officers:
there were only 2500 trained Muslim officers. Jinnah was forced to take 500
British officers temporarily. All 16 ordinance factories were given to India and it
refused to hand any over. consequently, Pakistan had no factories capable of
making military goods. Jinnah made them pay Rs.60 million in lieu of ordinance
factories
In the division of financial assets again the Indian leaders showed great
dishonesty and unfairness. Of the 4 billion rupees in the reserve bank, the money
was to be divided at a ratio of 17:5, giving 750 million to Pakistan. The first 200
million was paid, but then war broke out over Kashmir and india withheld the
rest. It was only after Gandhi threatened to go on hunger strike unless the rest
was paid did india give 500 million. 50 million rupees was not paid to this day.
Canal water dispute also arose in April 1948 when India stopped the supply of
water in the canal, the bari-doab canal, coming out or River Ravi and River Sutlej,
because their head-works were located in India. A large agricultural area of
Pakistan was badly affected. After lengthy negotiations this problem was solved
with the cooperation of World Bank under the Indus Water Treaty in 1960.
The accession of three princely states of Junagarh, Hyderabad and Kashmir
created great problems for Pakistan. The ruler of Junagarh formally acceded to
Pakistan. But the population was mostly non-Muslim; therefore, India occupied
the state with the help of armed forces. The state of Hyderabad wanted to remain
independent. But in September 1948, the Indian army forcibly occupied the state.
Kashmir had an overwhelmingly Muslim majority population. But the Hindu
Maharaja formally acceded to India against the wishes of the people. India
airlifted her troops and occupied the state capital Srinagar. Kashmir still remains a
disputed territory. India does not obey the resolutions of the Security Council
which has ordered a free and fair plebiscite in Kashmir. Four wars have been
fought between India and Pakistan and two agreements were finalized, but the
problem of Kashmir remains unsolved mainly because of unfair and stubborn
attitude of India.
Social problems were another major issue for Pakistan. Pakistan consisted of 5
different provinces and were divided amongst themselves; into Punjabi, Balochi,
Sindhi, Pakhtun, and Bengali. Each province had their own culture, tradition, and
language. Jinnah tried to solve the problem through speeches and insisted on
making urdu the national language as a uniting force.
Economic problems also troubled Pakistan. The problem was that Pakistan lacked
proper Industries. It was not a wealthy country and its major industry, agriculture,
did not produce enough of a surplus to create the wealth needed for
industrialization. An exception of this was Jute production in East Pakistan: but
Pakistan was not given a single Jute Mill, and all Jute Mills were given to India.
Economy also suffered because of the Canal Water Dispute. Jinnah established
the State Bank of Pakistan to help develop the Economy.
Over all, it is safe to say that despite all the problems it faced, Pakistan was
successful in solving these issues and stabilizing itself as a Nation.
Q) Economic Problems were the biggest problems faced by the newly emergent
state of Pakistan. Do you agree?
A) Pakistan was underdeveloped with very little industry. Only Karachi had the
modern port but much of Pakistan had no linked to the industrialization that had
taken place in central India. Around 90 % people lived in the country side and only
ͺ towns had a population of 100,000. Pakistan’s agriculture didnt produce enough
of a surplus to create the wealth needed for industrialization. Only jute export
produced the major source of foreign exchange earnings for Pakistan but the
problems created by partition are exemplified by the fact that in 1957 Pakistan
didnt have a single jute mill. All the jute mills were in the new India.
Pakistan was mainly made up of 5 different regions. Some historians have gone as
far as suggesting that really it was 5 different nations. Certainly there were five
different population groupings. (i) the Pakhtuns in the north (ii) the Balochs in the
west (iii) the Sindhis in the south (iv) the Punjabis in the north east (v) the
Bengalis in the east These people had different traditions, cultures, languages and
lifestyles. Baluchistan and Bengal in 1947 were not completely sure that they now
wanted to transfer allegiance to a new Pakistan, where once again the official
language Urdu would not be the one they spoke.
Lord Mountbatten gave the right to 462 princely states to choose between India
and Pakistan. Their location and their religion made the choice a straightforward
one. In 1947 the northern areas of Dir, Swat, Chitral, Amb and Hunza joined
Pakistan. Bahawalpur also joined Pakistan; Sylhet in East also joined Pakistan
through referendum. Hyderabad was the largest of the princely states with a
population of 160 million. It was wealthy with revenue of 160 million rupees.
Nizam wanted to join Pakistan but he was pressurized to join India due to non-
Muslim population there. In august he filed a complaint before UNO. But before it
could be heard Indian troops captured Hyderabad. Junagarh was a small state on
the coast, 300 miles south of Karachi. Its prince was Muslim but population was
non-Muslim. Prince announced to join Pakistan in 1947.But Lord Mountbatten
informed Pakistan that the accession of Junagarh was an encroachment on Indian
sovereignty and territory. Ultimately Indian troops surrounded the state and took
the control. Pakistan protested to the UNO about the illegal occupation but the
matter remains unresolved. The most serious disagreement between India and
Pakistan concerned the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Its boundaries with Tibet,
China, Afghanistan and Russia gave it great strategic importance. Most of the 4
million inhabitants of Kashmir were Muslims but the maharaja was Hindu. In
September 1947 he started a campaign to drive many Muslims out of Kashmir.
Over 200,000 fled to Pakistan and finally the Muslims rose in rebellion. The
Maharaja was forced to turn to India for help to crush the Muslims. Indian help
came and the Maharaja Hari Singh agreed to accede to India. Pakistan also sent
troops to help Kashmir (Muslims).Neither side was strong enough for a long war.
So in January 1948 the matter referred to the UNO.A ceasefire was arranged on
Jan. 1949 and Kashmir was divided between India and Pakistan. India retained the
largest area of Kashmir including the capital Srinagar. Indian Prime Minister Nehru
agreed that a referendum would be held in Kashmir to determine the wishes of
the people, once the situation has normalized. This referendum has not been held
yet
It was agreed that the assets were to be divided on the ratio of 17 to India and 5
to Pakistan. This reflected the relative size and populations of the country. In June
1947 it was agreed that Pakistan would be paid 750 million rupees of the 4 billion
rupees in the reserve bank. First 200 million rupees were paid but later on India
refused to pay the rest saying Pakistan would only use it to buy arms to fight
against India. Gandhi was determined that the division of assets should be fair
and took steps to persuade India to pay the due money. He used the threat of a
hunger strike and successfully persuaded the Indian government to pay a further
500 million rupees. Armed forces and the military equipment were split 36 % to
64% between Pakistan and India. The armed forces personnel were given
freedom to opt for whichever country they wanted. Muslim regiments went to
Pakistan and non- Muslim to India. Pakistan’s army comprising on 150,000 men
and had only 2500 trained Muslim officers. It required 4000 officers; ultimately
Jinnah had to hire 500 British officers temporarily. All 16 ordinance factories were
in India, and it refused to hand over any. Pakistan had no factory for making
military goods. Eventually India agreed to pay 60 million rupees in lieu of handing
over ordnance factories. The military supplies which India agreed to hand over
were often old, worn, damaged and obsolete.
The canal water dispute had its origin in the partition of Punjab in 1947.West
Pakistan relies upon irrigation from a series of canals which draw water from the
3 main rivers in the area, the Indus, the Jhelum, and the Chenab. The problem for
Pakistan was that the flow of water was controlled at a series of headworks lay in
the part of east Punjab (India).Soon India and Pakistan indulge into a canal water
dispute. Pakistan called for the matter to be settled by international court of
justice but India refused. In May 1948 a temporary agreement was reached and
India agreed to allow water from east Punjab to flow into west Punjab.
In the years immediately before partition there was widespread violence between
Muslims and the nonMuslims communities across India. The summer of 1947 saw
rioting which led to numerous deaths. When the boundary Award was announced
in august 1947 things became worse. Millions of people found themselves living in
the wrong country and became victims of communal attacks. That year witnessed
the largest migration of mankind and also some of the worst scenes of communal
violence. Over 20 million people had moved from India to Pakistan or in other
direction by Jan. 1948.Many Muslim historians believe that Hindus and Sikhs had
an organized program for the massacre of Muslim refugees. A million men,
women and children died as a result of the violence or the rigors of the long
journey. Nearly 10 million people were made homeless. Karachi alone received
nearly 2 million refugees in 1947.That was impossible for Pakistan to provide
accommodations to that mass number of people. In September 1947 the
authorities in Delhi had to declare martial law as non-Muslim refugees had begun
a slaughter of local Muslims. India and Pakistan were so concerned about the
communal violence that they began to cooperate in trying to control it.
India inherited government buildings, furnishings even officials from the British.
Pakistan had none of these. India had officials, members of the Indian national
congress, with political experience to take over the government. In Pakistan, the
constituent Assembly members were mostly wealthy landlords with little political
experience. Pakistan lacked both the administrative and the government
machinery to run the affairs of a new country Quaid-e-azam would need to find a
capital, a government and officials to ensure the efficient government of the new
state. Perhaps the major problem was that the Quaid-e-azam had suffered from
tuberculosis.
Pakistan was split into two separate parts almost a thousand miles apart. East
Pakistan comprised of most of Bengal and the Sylhet which voted in a referendum
to join Pakistan. West Pakistan comprised of west Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and
the NWFP. The princely states of Dir, Swat, Chitral, Amb, Hunza, Gilgit and
Bahawalpur also joined Pakistan. These two wings of Pakistan were separated by
about a 1000 miles of land that belonged to India. There was nothing common
between these two wings except religion.
In my opinion, The biggest problem Pakistan had to face were the Economical
hardships it faced. A stable economy was necessary to run the nation and the
government, while providing a stable future for it’s people and so it became the
mmost urgent issue that had to be solved.
Q) Which of the following contributed most in stabilizing Pakistan in the early
years:
i) Liaqat Ali khan
ii) Ghulam Muhammad
iii) Iskander Mirza

Ans) LIAQUAT ALI KHAN AS PRIME MINISTER (1948 – 1951)

➢ SUCCESSES
> Objectives Resolution introduced in constituent assembly. Guaranteed Islamic
State with Islamic laws, justice, basic human rights, religious freedom. Accepted
by basic principles committee thus start to constitution making was begun
> Objectives resolution appeased Ulemas with the Islamic references. Support for
LAK’s government increased.
> The Resolution became the preamble of the 1956, 1962, 1973 constitutions. Still
used today, importance can thus be judged.
> LAK gave surplus budgets to Pakistan.Thus kept a strong economy in tough
financial conditions
> Appointed Ayub Khan as Commander in Chief of Pak Army .Sated demands of
Pakistani CnC instead of General Gracey
> LAK signed the Liaqat-Nehru pact for the minority protection .Thus helped fix
minority issue
➢ FAILURES
> Objectives resolution had no time frame for completion .Thus it was not there
when it was sorely needed (e.g. in 1956)
> First report of basic principles committee rejected .Furthered the division
between East and West Pakistan .Constitution making was delayed
> PRODA introduced, gave power to dismiss people from office .Meant to prevent
corruption, but gave officials power to remove opponents .Jinnah’s vision of
democracy damaged

MALIK GHULAM MUHAMMAD AS GOVERNER GENERAL (1951 - 1955)

Was Finance Minister, took control after LAK’s assassination after persuading
Khawaja Nazimuddin.

➢ SUCCESSES
> Introduced a 5 year and a 6 Year plan for development. Development of
Economic Sectors like Agriculture, Industry (e.g. EP Jute Mill, important as Jute
was main export).Helped to Develop Pakistan economically
> Large reserves of Natural Gas were discovered at Sui, Balochistan in 1952, this
strengthened Pakistan’s economy as now the fuel requirements of Pakistan’s
industries could be met and power sector requirements were easily fulfilled
> Managed to alleviate rioting due to food shortages by persuading the US to
send a million tons of Wheat.

➢ FAILURES:
> Rioting happened due to shortage of food. As well as due to Ahmadis present in
the govt. Civil govt could not control these riots.
> Military Help was sought by MGM which opened the door for future martial
laws.
> 1952 Khawaja Nazimuddin presented the second report of the Basic
Principle Committee in Assembly. This said assembly would have East West seat
parity, disliked by higher
population of East Pakistan. Stated Prime Minister of Pakistan must be a Muslim,
angered non-Muslims
as they could no longer attain the highest Govt post. Constituent Assembly
disliked Council of Ulemas who had Constitutional power to amend and change
laws.
> MGM dismissed KN from power despite his support. Undemocratic and unfair,
shows his want for power.
> In 1954, PRODA was repealed by Bogra, annoyed MGM. He retaliated by
dissolving the Assembly. The dissolving of the Constituent Assembly was
troublesome since this delayed constitution making

ISKINDAR MIRZA AS GOVERNER GENERAL (1955 – 1956)

/ PRESIDENT (1956 – 1958)

➢ SUCCESSES AND FAILURES:

> Introduced “One Unit Scheme” which made all the separate provinces into one
province. Pakistan now had 2 provinces.
+ Helped Constitutional Crisis of dividing seats between the two sides.
- EP demanded more seats because majority.
- Criticized by smaller units as smaller units felt that they’d be dominated by
Punjab, the biggest and most developed.
> Constitution of 1956 brought in, stated that Pakistan would be an Islamic state,
Muslim President
+ Satisfied Ulemas who wanted a purely Islamic State
- Minorities disappointed and felt like second class citizens.
+ Both Urdu and Bengali recognized as national language
> Communication and telecommunication projects started
+ Karachi airport created, Railway and Telephone services improved. Thus,
Pakistan was modernized
> Political Actions:
- Dismissed 4 PM’s in 2 years,
- Brought in Ayub Khan when he feared East Pakistan politicians
- Abrogated his own constitution

Written:
Liaquat Ali Khan's contributions to the struggle for independence were numerous.
After independence, he was thus the natural choice for the premiership. Liaquat
Ali Khan was appointed as the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. Being the first
Prime Minister of the country, Liaquat Ali Khan had to deal with a number of
difficulties that Pakistan faced in its early days. He helped Quaid-i-Azam in solving
the riots and refugee problem and in setting up an effective administrative system
for the country. He established the groundwork for Pakistan's foreign policy. He
also took steps towards the formulation of the constitution. He presented The
Objectives Resolution, a prelude to future constitutions, in the Legislative
Assembly. The house passed it on March 12, 1949. It is considered to be the
"Magna Carta" in Pakistan's constitutional history. Liaquat Ali Khan called it "the
most important occasion in the life of this country, next in importance, only to the
achievement of independence". Under his leadership a team also drafted the first
report of the Basic Principle Committee and work began on the second report.
During his tenure, India and Pakistan agreed to resolve the dispute of Kashmir in a
peaceful manner through the efforts of the United Nations. According to this
agreement a ceasefire was affected in Kashmir in January 1948. It was decided
that a free and impartial plebiscite would be held under the supervision of the
UN. After the death of Quaid-i-Azam, he tried to fill the vacuum created by the
departure of the Father of the Nation. The problem of religious minorities flared
during late 1949 and early 1950, and it seemed as if India and Pakistan were
about to fight their second war in the first three years of their independence. At
this critical moment in the history of South Asia, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan
met Nehru to sign the LiaquatNehru Pact in 1950. The Liaquat-Nehru Pact was an
effort on his part to improve relations and reduce tension between India and
Pakistan. In May 1951, he visited the United States and set the course of
Pakistan's foreign policy towards closer ties with the West. An important event
during his premiership was the establishment of National Bank of Pakistan in
November 1949, and the installation of a paper currency mill in Karachi. Liaquat
Ali Khan was unfortunately assassinated on October 16, 1951. Security forces
immediately shot the assassin, who was later identified as Saad Akbar. The
question of who was behind his murder is yet to be answered. The government
officially gave Liaquat Ali Khan the title of Shaheed-i-Millat.
MGM Introduced a 5 year and a 6 Year plan for development. Development of
Economic Sectors like Agriculture, Industry (e.g. EP Jute Mill, important as Jute
was main export).Helped to Develop Pakistan economically. Large reserves of
Natural Gas were discovered at Sui, Balochistan in 1952, this strengthened
Pakistan’s economy as now the fuel requirements of Pakistan’s industries could
be met and power sector requirements were easily fulfilled. He Managed to
alleviate rioting due to food shortages by persuading the US to send a million tons
of Wheat. However, his government was not completely successful. Rioting
happened due to shortage of food and due to Ahmadis present in the govt. Civil
govt could not control these riots. Military Help was sought by MGM which
opened the door for future martial laws. In 1952 Khawaja Nazimuddin presented
the second report of the Basic Principle Committee in Assembly. This said
assembly would have East West seat parity, this was disliked by higher population
of East Pakistan.It also Stated Prime Minister of Pakistan must be a Muslim, which
angered non-Muslims as they could no longer attain the highest Govt post. The
Constituent Assembly disliked Council of Ulemas who had Constitutional power to
amend and change laws. MGM dismissed KN from power despite his support. This
was considered Undemocratic and unfair, and showed his desire for power. In
1954, PRODA was repealed by Bogra, which annoyed MGM. He retaliated by
dissolving the Assembly. The dissolving of the Constituent Assembly was
troublesome since this delayed constitution making.
Iskandar Mirza was sworn-in as the first President under the 1956 Constitution.
During his regime not only was the first Constitution of Pakistan finalized, but also
all the provinces and princely states of West Pakistan were knitted together to
form One Unit of the West Pakistan Province. During his tenure from 1956 to
1958, President Iskander Mirza brought about various cabinet changes and
advocated a controlled democracy for Pakistan. Muhammad Ali Bogra was the
first Prime Minster under Iskander Mirza. Bogra could not stay at this position for
long; he resigned and went back to the U. S. A. where he was reinstated as the
Ambassador of Pakistan. After Bogra, Chaudhry Muhammad Ali became the next
Prime Minster. It was under his premiership that the establishment of One Unit
was given practical shape and the Constitution of 1956 was introduced. Huseyn
Shaheed Suhrawardy, I. I. Chundrigar and Malik Feroz Khan Noon succeeded him
as Prime Ministers under Iskander Mirza's despotic rule. Due to severe political
instability and continuous replacing of premiership, President Iskander Mirza
turned towards General Ayub Khan, the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces
of Pakistan. At midnight between October 7 and 8, 1958, the President of
Pakistan abrogated the Constitution and imposed Martial Law in the country. This
brought an end to the term of Malik Feroz Khan Noon, which lasted for less than a
year. The Parliamentary Government came to an end in Pakistan, thus setting the
stage for the recurrence of Martial Law again and again in the future. In collusion
with the Commander-in-Chief, Muhammad Ayub Khan, Iskander Mirza abrogated
the Constitution on October 7, 1958 and declared Martial Law. Iskander Mirza and
Ayub Khan began the new era with apparent unanimity. Although the two were
responsible for bringing about the change, they had different views on dealing
with the new situation. Share of power soon led to a struggle between the two,
which ended with Iskander Mirza being arrested and exiled to Britain where he
later died.
In my opinion, Liaqat Ali khan contributed most to the development of Pakistan as
a nation, as he was not hungry for power and worked primarily for the people. His
reforms were made for the people and in order to establish a proper Constiuition.
Q. Why constitution making was delayed in 1950/Why basic principles
committee criticized?
> Parity of seats between East and West criticized by East Pakistan .claimed they
deserved higher seats
> It suggested Urdu as national language .Rejected by E.P, they wanted Bengali
> Stronger Central Govt criticized .Provincial leaders wanted provincial autonomy.
Q. Why the One Unit Scheme was introduced:
> People of the 4 provinces were loyal to their own local people and area,
Mirza believed that creating one province would unify and increase patriotism.
> Government expenditure would be reduced since there would be only one
provincial govt.
> Constitution easier to agree upon.
Q. Why the One Unit Scheme was unpopular:
> E,P saw it as move to take away their majority, as now seats were equal
> Smaller units of WP saw it as a threat to their separate identities. Feared Punjab
Domination. Feared that their resources would be used by other provinces.
Q. What were the factors that delayed Constitution making 1947 – 1956:
> Refugee Issue
> Constituent Assembly members were landlords
> Objectives resolution had no time frame
> Basic Principles Committee first (1950) and second (1952) reports rejected
> 1954-1955 Constitutional Crisis
> Untimely death of Jinnah and LAK
Q. Why was Martial Law declared in 1958?
> Rapid change in PM’s: Suhrawardy » I.I. Chundrigar » Feroze Khan Noon. Caused
Administrative problems, Ayub thus felt the need to step in.
> Iskandar Mirza’s desire to stay in power, he found that Suhrawardy had united
the political leaders of Punjab and Bengal against him he turned to the military so
he could retain power.
> Ghulam had given himself the right to dismiss power after the case of the
dissolving of the constituent assembly in 1954, “As the situation demanded it”.
This pave way for Ayub and Iskandar’s martial law for the nation’s interest
Q) What was PRODA?
A) It was an act for debarring of a government officer from public office for a
suitable period of time if he is judicially found guilty of misconduct in public office
or any representative capacity in any matter. By this Act complaints could be
made to the G.G or provincial Governors who could order an enquiry by judges.
Anyone found guilty under PRODA was debarred from office. The law was
designed to eliminate corruption. However, it was used by politicians in order to
remove their competition.
Q) : Were the social reforms of Ayub Khan the most important of his domestic
policies during the Decade of Progress between 1958 and 1969? Explain your
answer.

A) ➢ POLITICAL:
> Introduced Basic Democrats system, 80K in number, half from East half from
West Pakistan
+ Excellent System as common people problems would be easily communicated
+ Better position for Pakistan, as voting done for Ayub improved his position as
leader, thus he could remove Martial Law
+ Also good since now he could say he was democratic
> Constitution of 1962
- Renamed to “Islamic Republic of Pakistan”, failure since he came
undervpressure.
- President-al form of Govt, as he had executive, judicial/lawmaking power.
Undemocratic, as these powers should be divided.
- If problems happened in the future, he would be blamed. Happened in 1968.
+ This Constitution had certain measures to placate EP e.g.:
✓ Bengali and Urdu were both accepted as national language,

✓ National Assembly sessions were to be held in both Dhaka and

Islamabad

✓ If the President was from West Pakistan, then the speaker of the National
Assembly was from East Pakistan
+ Cultural Rights were maintained
- Parity of seats maintained.

➢ ECONOMIC
> Agriculture: 1959 Land reforms and Green Revolution
+ Land reforms of 1959 set a bar for lands (12.5 < Land < 500 irrigated / 1000
unirrigated), made larger farms into more efficient smaller farms
- Land reforms remained on paper because landlords passed on land to relatives,
tenants.
+ Green revolution encouraged farmers to use modern methods (e.g. HIV seeds,
mechanization, fertilizers and pesticides, irrigation etc.). Farmers were also given
loans. Output increased, better income, better economy
- Many tenants became jobless (due to mechanization)
- Mostly enjoyed by the rich, the poor were unable to reap its benefits
> Industrial: Oil Refinery, Growth Rate, 22 Families
+ Established Oil Refinery in Karachi, Pakistan could now import crude oil instead
of refined oil
+ Mineral Development Cooperation was set up for the exploration of mineral
deposits
+ Export Bonus Scheme was set up offering incentives to industrialists who
increased exports
+ Positive Economic Policies led to growth rate of 7% (best in Asia, 3x that of
India)
- Only 22 families controlled 66% of Pakistan’s industrial assets and 80% of
banking and insurance companies (most were from West Pakistan); hence poor
couldn’t benefit
- Pakistan became increasingly dependent on foreign aid
➢ SOCIAL
+ With American aid first family planning problem was started, any decrease in
population growth can be attributed to him
- Ulemas opposed it, considered it Un-Islamic, so largely unsuccessful
+ Action taken against refugee problem, General Azam Khan was appointed as
Rehabilitation minister and 75,000 refugees were settled
+ Extensive literacy program: new schools and colleges were built and curriculum
was reorganized
+ Medical facilities were improved: more medical and nursing training schools led
to increase in no. of doctors

➢ FOREIGN POLICY
+ Signed Indus Water Treaty under the UN
+ Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) highway constructed between
Pakistan, Iran and Turkey, improving relations and all agreed to cooperate in
different sectors
+ Tashkent Accord signed to stop 1965 war in Russian City Tashkent, relations
improved with India and Russia
Written:
The first step in Ayub Khans constitutional reforms came with the introduction of
the Basic Democracies order on 26 Oct. 1959. That was 4 tier systems in which
ordinary people elected union council members, who in turn elected district and
divisional members. Later it was stated in the 1962 constitution that the 80,000
elected Basic Democrats would also form the Electoral College for the election of
the president and members of the central and provincial legislatures. At the end
of 1959, Ayub asked the basic democrats for a vote of confidence in him and on
17 Feb. 1960 he was confirmed as president. He then announced the creation of a
constitution commission to make recommendations for a new constitution. The
new constitution was announced on 1 March 1962. Ayub described it as
combining democracy with discipline”. In reality it set up a presidential form of
government. The new constitution renamed to “Islamic Republic of Pakistan”,
failure since he came undervpressure. President-al form of Govt, as he had
executive, judicial/lawmaking power which was considered undemocratic, as
these powers should be divided among the provinces. This Constitution also had
certain measures to placate East Pakistan; Bengali and Urdu were both accepted
as national language, National Assembly sessions were to be held in both Dhaka
and Islamabad. If the President was from West Pakistan, then the speaker of the
National Assembly was from East Pakistan. It also provided parity in seats.
Since partition the capital had been Karachi. However, Ayub khan wanted to
create a new capital that was built in a scenic area, was closer to the Army base in
Pindi, and was further from the borders so to keep safe in case of attack. In 1959
the site of Islamabad was chosen to replace Karachi as the Capital of Pakistan. In
1967 Islamabad was officially made the capital. Work on the city’s principal
buildings, streets, and facilities continued and were completed by the mid-1970s.
It is a modern and carefully planned city. The city is divided into 8 largely self-
contained zones.
Ayub Khan also introduced a number of agricultural reforms. A law was passed
saying that no farm could be smaller than 12.5 acres or larger than 500 acres
(irrigated) or 1000 acres (unirrigated). This meant that many smaller farmers
found their land was redistributed. However the resulting larger farms did
produce a steady rise in food output. Big landlords were forced to find tenants for
parts of their land and this too raised productivity as the tenants and smaller
farms were often more efficient than the larger , poorly run farms. Four dams
were built to help irrigation. Loans were also given to farmers to build wells.
Productivity was further increased due to mechanization and ayub khan called his
government the era of green revolution.
Industrial development was also considered. This was carried out with the help of
loans from more industrialized western countries.(USA, Germany, UK) In 1962 an
oil refinery was established in Karachi and a Mineral development Corporation set
up for the exploration of mineral deposits. In 1964 an Economic union was
formed with Iran and Turkey, the Regional cooperation development (RCD) (to
develop ties in Trade, Commerce and industry). An Export Bonus Scheme was set
up offering incentives to industrialists who increased exports. The average annual
rate by which the economy grew in the 1960 was 7 %, three times that of India.
But the new wealth created, did little to benefit the large numbers of Pakistanis
living near the poverty line. It was revealed that just 22 families controlled 66 % of
Pakistanǯs industrial assets.The same families also controlled 80 % of Pakistanǯs
banking and insurance companies. A small elite group of 22 of wealthy Pakistani
families had almost complete control of Pakistan’s wealth. 18 of these families
belong to West Pakistan.Industry was improving rapidly but Pakistan was
increasingly dependent on foreign aid.
Ayub khan also introduced new social reforms. New curriculum for schools and
new textbooks were published. Government began an extensive literacy
programme, building new schools and colleges. Ayub khan appointed General
Azam Khan the Rehabilitation Minister to settle 75,000 refugees in newly built
dwellings near Karachi. Laws were passed that factory owners had to provide
accommodations for their workers at a reasonable rent. Family Planning
Programmes were also launched (funded by America). Medical facilities were also
improved. Medical and Nursing schools were also set up to increase the number
of doctors and nurses.
In my opinion, agricultural reforms were Ayub Khan’s most successful reforms as
they provided Pakistan with an opportunity to increase the yield of crops and
brought about an increase in agricultural products.
Q) the geographical position of East Pakistan was the most important reason for
the creation of Bangladesh in1981. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for
your answer. (14)
A) ➢ ECONOMIC:
> When the government took steps to help boost the economy, the measures
seemed to favor WP
> More than twice as much foreign aid and capital investment went to WP
> Largest export, Jute was grown in EP, but most of the budget spending was on
the border disputes with India in WP. EP had no such issues and were angry and
felt deprived of their own share in foreign trade
> During Ayub’s rule it was revealed that just 22 families controlled almost all of
Pakistan’s banking + industrial assets. Most of these were from WP, which was
not unnoticed by EP

➢ SOCIAL:
> Differences between art, music, dress style of the West and East alienated both
sides. The West insulted Bengali dresses/dress styles. West went on to consider
themselves culturally superior.
> This was worsened by the language issue: Jinnah himself insisted on Urdu as
the national language and it was supported by WP, but EP wanted Bengali as it
was spoken by the majority (56% of entire Pakistan)
➢ POLITICAL + MILITARY:
> Although EP were a majority in the Constituent Assembly, GGs and PMs were
always from WP
> This was also true in appointments in positions of Armed Forces
> President Yahya Khan started military action against EP to suppress their
opposition. 1000s were killed, situation was aggravated and made worse rather
than ended. It was obvious that one unit was not possible, EP disliked rule from
Islamabad (WP). They announced independence in a broadcast
> YK postponed the first assembly session after 1970 elections. He feared the
formulation of Bangladesh, and EP felt that they had been betrayed the right to
form a government. Awami League won with a clear majority
> Demands of six points of Awami League were rejected by Ayub. In 1966 and
leader Sheikh Mujeeb was arrested, the biased nature of the government became
clear to the East Pakistanis.
> EP had been faced by continuous flood in 1970; the Bengali govt didn’t get the
relief in time and attempts of WP to rescue and help were half-hearted. The locals
thus felt neglected
> Six points of Mujeeb were accepted by Bengalis and they had looked forward
for it to be accepted as the Govt, only to be disappointed
> Intervention by Indian troops in December 1971 resulted in loss of Pakistan in
the 1971 war
> East Pakistan was angry with the many dismissed previous prime ministers by
Iskandar Mirza such as Suhrawardy
Written:
East Pakistan was at a distance of 1600 km from the west wing with a large hostile
Indian territory in between. Had East Pakistan been contiguous to west Pakistan,
the separation would never have taken place. Political grievances of the people of
east Pakistan was one of the most important reasons .the province had a larger
population (56%) but their political power was in the hands of west wing
politicians. They had the grievances of underrepresentation. They demanded
more seats in the central assembly and the greater share in the cabinets because
of the larger population.
They were always more ministers from the west wing than from east Wing in all
cabinets. The long presidential rule of ayub khan increased their sense of
deprivation. After the election of 1970 when Awami League won majority of seats
in the national assembly Mujib was not allowed to become the PM of Pakistan
and to from his cabinet.
The other important reason was economic. The export of raw jute from EP was
the main source of foreign exchange earnings and revenue to central
government. This earning was spent more on the development of the west wing.
And the east wing received a small share of development funds.
Greater and faster industrial development took place in west wing. The industrial
units opened in EP mostly belonged to the industrialist of West Pakistan. The
result was that there was the continual transfer of capital from east wing to west
wing. Most of the banks insurance companies and big commercial firms had their
head offices at Karachi. There was greater prosperity in west wing and more
poverty in east wing
The behaviors of west pak. Administrative officers who were posted in East
Pakistan were hateful and humiliating with the Bengalis. Hatred developed
between the people of east Pakistani people and west Pakistani people. India’s
hostile propaganda also poisoned the minds of the people of EP. In the armed
forces Bengalis share was only 10 percent. People of EP felt deprived .East
Pakistan’s share in central government services was only 15 percent The language
problem was also an important reason. It was a big hurdle in creating solidarity
and unity in the Pakistani nation.
Indian military intervention became the immediate reason. Indian army attacked
and entered in EP from many sides in Nov. 1971. This resulted in surrendered of
Pakistani army in 16 Dec 1971 when Bangladesh created.
Q) Why did Mujib-ur-Rehman give his six points?
> To achieve Provincial autonomy: said he believed WP was dominating EP
through the central Govt, he thus wanted to achieve political rights
> Mujib wanted that taxes be collected by provinces and not the center, since he
believed that EP unfairly spend the revenue on the development of WP. Thus, he
gave his points for the economic independence of EP so they would not be
exploited by WP.
> He believed that these points contained the main demands of EP (Provincial
autonomy, Minority rights, Separate currencies etc). Thus, he made the points to
gain support of EP in the elections.
Q) education reforms were the most important of ZAB’s domestic policies
between 1971 and1977. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. (14)
• Changes in the Military:
+ Removed Important Military Officers from power, brought in supporters and
improved Rule. (Tikka Khan replaced with Gul Hassan as Chief of Army Staff)
- Established Federal Security force (FSF), misused by him to get rid of opponents,
accused of murdering an opponent and hanged
• Constitutional / Political:
+ Approved by everyone; it was democratic and strengthened his government
+ Pakistan renamed to ‘Islam Republic of Pakistan’, and President and PM should
be Muslims; approved by ulemas and Jamaat-e-Islami
+ Lower House (National Assembly) had seats equal to population, but Upper
House (senate) had seats equal in provinces. This helped minorities and stopped
Punjabi Domination
- One of the main weaknesses of the new constitution was that the focal point of
political power lay with the party leadership and Bhutto in particular. When things
went wrong the blame was clearly laid at his feet
• Agriculture:
o Bhutto believed that improved technology and better farming methods had
raised production, so landowners could maintain their income in smaller, more
productive areas of land
o He cut the ceiling of land ownership (originally < 500 irrigated / 1000
unirrigated, now < 250 irrigated / 500 unirrigated).
o The surplus land could be sold to smaller peasant farmers to make better
profits.
o Unfortunately, this was undermined by the cunning of the landowners, who
transferred the landholding to members of the extended family before the reform
was introduced
o Bhutto introduced ‘Security of tenure’ giving tenants the first right of purchase
of land farmed by them
o This meant that landowners could not sell land to a third party who might then
evict the tenants
o Once again, however, this reform was undermined by the landowners and there
was a mass eviction of tenants from farms before the reform was introduced to
prevent them from receiving security of tenure
• Industries:
+ Nationalization: 70 major industrial units were brought under government
control, inflation decreased from 25% to 6% and economic growth increased
- Lack of experts and qualified managers to run these since there was no
education system to produce qualified teachers
- Many industries became sick industries as the government did not efficiently
supervise them
• Education:
+ Free Education was provided
+ New schools were to be built and all private schools were nationalized
- The administration needed to coordinate this reform was not in place
- Child Labour tendencies meant that this was unlikely to succeed (People could
not afford to send children to school instead of sending them to work)
- Building of new schools and the recruitment of new teachers could not be
achieved quickly and was also very expensive
- Literacy rate increased by a measly 1% even after 5 years
• Health Reforms:
+ IFM was really high, life expectancy was really low. Bhutto reduced these
through Rural Health Centers (RHCs) in villages and Basic Health Units (BHUs)in
urban areas, which provided free health care
+ All medicines had to be sold under medical names: This was cheaper and more
affordable
- However, it also meant less investment by foreign companies (many closed
down their operation in Pakistan) and substandard medicines
• Administration:
+ Bhutto wanted a modern and efficient civil service to administer reforms, so he
reorganized the Civil service of Pakistan (CSP) into smaller number of levels and
unified pay scales
- Reorganized CSF into numerous levels and let anyone join at any level without
working their way up, but opponents accused him of doing this to let him appoint
his own people at positions he wanted

➢ FOREIGN POLICY:
+ Simla Agreement of 1971, Pakistani prisoners of war were returned
+ Kashmir agreement, improved Indo-Pak relations and Pakistani Image
+ Soviet Union visit in 1972, they agreed to build a steel mill in Pakistan
Written:
The standard of education was very deplorable. Only 50 % children attending the
school and literary rate were 25 %. Bhutto’s government outlined ambitious goals.
(i) to eradicate ignorance (ii) Education for all including women, mentally
impaired and illiterate adults. (iii) To ensure that the curriculum meets Pakistan’s
social, economic and political needs. (iv) To ensure uniformity of education (v) To
raise the self confidence of the common man. (vi) To raise aspiration for higher
education. (vii) To develop each person’s personality and potential. (viii) To
develop Pakistani culture and identity. Government nationalized all private
schools and colleges to remove discrepancies. More schools were built to provide
free primary education for all. However, these reforms were not so successful. In
remote areas these policies were not implemented effectively. Only 13 % budget
was allocated for education which was not sufficient. Education was free but even
then rural people couldn’t afford the loss of earnings they faced it they sent a
child to school instead of sending it out to work. Standard of education was not
maintained due to high strength of students and availability of trained teachers
was insignificant. Instead of all the government efforts the literacy rate was not
increased more than 1 %.
Pakistan had the highest infant mortality rate and life expectancy was very low. In
august 1972 Bhutto launched a health scheme designed to correct these
anomalies. (i) He introduced Rural Health Centre (RHCs) and Basic Health Units
(BHUs) in urban areas to provide more widespread healthcare. The plan was to
set up 1 RHC for every 60,000 people and 1 BHU for every 20,000 people. (ii)
Training colleges for doctors and nurses were expected to admit students on
merits. Once qualified, doctors had to work the first year wherever the
government placed them. (iii) The sale of medicines under brand names was also
banned which reduced the costs of medicines. Medicines were made available
without prescription. However, these reforms also created new problems. There
were always a shortage of doctors and nurses. The removal of brand names from
medicines also saw a fall in the income of chemists and many international drug
companies closed down their operations in Pakistan as they could not make
profits.
Bhutto also introduced agricultural reforms. Bhutto believed that since improved
technology and better farming methods had raised production so landowners
could maintain their income on smaller, more productive, areas of land. He
therefore cut the ceiling to 250 acres from 500 acres irrigated and 500 from 1000
acres un-irrigated. The surplus land could be sold to the smaller peasant/farmers
to make better profits. However, The cunning big landlords started transferring
their holding to their members or to their trusted tenants. Bribery and corruption
emerged among patwaris. Bhutto also wanted to give tenants security of tenure
of the land they farmed. The tenants can purchase their farmed land from
landlord but cannot sell to a third party who might then evict the tenants. Such a
measure encouraged tenants to make improvements on their lands as they knew
they knew they would not be evicted.
Bhutto also came up with industrial reforms. Bhutto wanted to bring down
inflation from 25 %. For that he introduced the programme of nationalization. The
sugar, cotton, vegetable oil and rice industries together with the banking and
insurance sectors were taken under the government control. 70 major industrial
units were placed under the control of a Federal Ministry of production. These
changes were designed to help the government in the following ways: (i) Control
industrial output and channel investment into industrialization. (ii) Raise the
workers living and working standards including the provision of cheap housing.
(iii) Allow the workers to set up unions. (iv) To erase the inequalities that had
collected most of the industrial wealth into a few hands.20 industrial houses
owned ͺ80 % of Pakistan’s large scale industry. (v) Create wealth to help fund
other government reforms. (vi) Raise the popularity of the PPP. However, there
were a number of problems. Pakistan’s education system was not yet producing
sufficiently educated workers to take managerial positions in the industries under
the Federal Ministry of Production. Capable factory owner were often replaced by
civil servants with little understanding of commerce. The changes took place at a
time when the world was going through a recession .the nationalized industries
faced a declining demand for their goods across the world and private companies
were forced to close. Despite these problems Bhutto’s industrial reforms did have
some success and inflation fell to just 6 % in 1976. Economic growth also began to
increase.
Q. Why Bhutto came to power in 1971?
> Army had been defeated by India and was at a low ebb. Yahya (Martial Law
Administrator and President) had been disgraced. Bhutto took the opportunity to
seek power.
> Also EP had been lost, and became Bangladesh. Yahya and army were blamed.
Bhutto decided to take advantage of this and force Yahya down and attempt to
shape Pakistan.
> His program of reforms: Food, Clothing and Shelter was attractive and appealed
to the electorate. Thus, he won a majority in WP in the national assembly in 1970
elections. So, it was his democratic right
Q. Why Bhutto fell from power in 1988:
> Bhutto rigged the elections of 1977, which was apparent with PPP’s “shocking”
landslide victory. In some areas, the results were announced even before the
votes were counted. This effected his credibility and sowed the seeds for his
decline.
> Greatly angered the opposition alliance, the PNA which began large scale strikes
and demonstrations in all parts of Pakistan. This instability gave Zia, the Chief of
army staff a reason to take over by imposing Martial Law which ended Bhutto’s
government.
> The economic policies (Industrial: nationalization and Agricultural) and
educational reforms angered the populace and began to work against his rule.
Q. Why Bhutto was executed in 1979:
> When Zia released Bhutto, he tried to reassert his political power by gaining the
support of the people. This was a threat to the rule of Zia.
> Moreover Bhutto, along with 3 others was accused of murdering a political
opponent by sending the FSF. The trial took place, lasted for 2 years, found Bhutto
guilty.
> Bhutto had threatened Zia that he would charge him for tampering with the
constitution, Zia feared punishment under article 6 of the constitution. This got
Bhutto executed.
Q) Was the promotion of Islamic values the most important achievement of
General Zia-ul-Haq’s domestic policies between 1977 and 1988? Explain your
answer. [14]
A) • Islamization:
❖ Hudood Ordinances: different Islamic punishments for different crimes e.g.
amputating the right hand for theft, 80 lashes of cane for adultery etc.
+ Reduced Crime Rate rapidly, pleased the Ulema.
- Partially Implemented (Amputation) or implanted wrong (4 witnesses)

❖ Federal Shariat Court: set up to consider existing laws and decide whether they
were in keeping with Islamic principles. If the court decided it was not, the law
would be repealed
+ Satisfied Muslim circles who believed Zia tried to make Islamic Judiciary.
❖ Zakat Ordinance: Deducted 2.5% of savings from bank accounts of every
Pakistani on 1st Ramzan.
- Shia side claimed it was Un-Islamic because involuntary, they disliked it and
sectarian divisions began.
+ Implemented a pillar of Islam, helped poor Muslims
❖ Islamiyat & Pakistan Studies compulsory:
+ Shows his commitment to Islamization for future generations
- Course was unbalanced, crappy and overburdened; children learnt it only to
pass.

❖ Candidates who took Pakistan CS examinations were given extra marks for
being Hafiz of Quran
+ Good incentive
– Bad for non-Muslims
❖ Other incentives: Radio Pakistan introduced Arabic courses and daily news
bulletin in Arabic on Pakistan Television
• Economic:
> Denationalized Industries
+ Reduced burden on government, since they became sick Industries
+ Offered them to private sector, increasing industrial growth
> Promised no further nationalization + Fair compensation if it did
+ Removed fear from and increased foreign investors
> Remittances sent from Pakistanis Abroad who went due to his policies.
+ Around 3 – 4 billion earned, helped F.E
+ Economic Growth was above 6% highest in the world.
• Political:
❖ Changes in Judiciary:
> Introduced Military Courts, even though he had promised to make judiciary
impartial, but tightened grip on it as well as the provincial constitutional order
(PCO), which made judges take an oath and weren’t allowed to take a decision
against Zia’s govt.
> Established Islamic Parliament “Majlis-e-Shura”. Only advisory, no real power,
but helped him win over potential opponents by appointing them in parliament,
increasing his support.

❖ 8th Amendment to the Constitution of 1973

+ Gave president extensive powers, he could dismiss the PM + Cabinet, could
dismiss assembly. Government of Junejo was a mere puppet, many PM’s were
dismissed for “lame reasons”, thus strengthening his rule.
- Presidents misused this power too often in future and dismissed the elected
governments: Benazir in 1990 AND 1996, Nawaz in 1993. Thus, political instability
increased.
• Afghan Miracle:
> In 1979, Russians invaded Afghanistan
+ Agreed to help the U.S. Lots of imports of economy, military, it was the summit
of Pak-US relations
+ Improved Afghanistan’s relations with Pakistan as they gave shelter to 3 million
refugees who fled to Pakistan to escape the war.
Written:
In his first address to the nation, he declared that Islamic laws would be enforced
and his attention would be devoted towards establishing the Islamic society for
which Pakistan had been created. General Zia wanted to bring the legal, social,
economic and political institutions of the country in conformity with the Islamic
principles, values and traditions in the light of Quran and Sunnah, to enable the
people of Pakistan to lead their lives in accordance to Islam. The Government of
Zia-ul-Haq took a number of steps to eradicate non-Islamic practices from the
country. He introduced the Zakat, Ushr, Islamic Hadood and Penal Code in the
country. The Government invited eminent scholars to compile laws about Islamic
financing. The Zakat and Ushr Ordinance to Islamize the economic system was
promulgated on June 20, 1980. Zakat was to be deducted from bank accounts of
Muslims at the rate of 2.5 percent annually above the balance of Rupees 3,000.
Ushr was levied on the yield of agricultural land in cash or kind at the rate of 10
percent of the agricultural yield, annually. The Government appointed Central,
Provincial, District and Tehsil Zakat Committees to distribute Zakat funds to the
needy, poor, orphans and widows. Shias were exempted from Zakat deduction
from their accounts due to their own religious beliefs. The Zakat was to be
deducted by banks on the first day of Ramazan. A Federal Shariah Court was
established to decide cases according to the teachings of the Holy Quran and
Sunnah. Appeals against the Lower and High Courts were to be presented before
the Shariah Court for hearing. Blasphemy of the Holy Prophet (S. A. W.) would
now be punishable by death instead of life imprisonment Zia-ul-Haq selected his
Majlis-i-Shoora in 1980. It was to be the Islamic Parliament and act as the
Parliament of Pakistan in place of the National Assembly. Most of the members of
the Shoora were intellectuals, scholars, ulema, journalists, economists and
professionals belonging to different fields of life. The Shoora was to act as a board
of advisors for the President. A number of other Islamization programs were
carried out including the teaching of Islamic Studies and Arabic, which were made
compulsory. Pakistan Studies and Islamic Studies were made compulsorily for B.
A., B. Sc., Engineering, M. B. B. S., Commerce, Law and Nursing students. For
professional studies, extra marks were given to people who were Hafiz-e-Quran. A
Shariah Council consisting of ulema was established to look into the constitutional
and legal matters of the State in order to bring them in line with Islamic thought.
Since Islam does not allow interest, On January 1, 1980, Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
introduced a "Profit and Loss Sharing System" according to which an account
holder was to share the loss and profit of the bank. The media was also targeted.
Television especially was brought under the Islamization campaign, news in Arabic
were to be read on both television and radio, female anchor persons were
required to cover their heads, the Azan was relayed regularly on radio and
television to announce time for prayers. In the armed forces, the status of the
religious teachers was raised to that of a Commissioned Officer. This was done to
attract highly qualified individuals from the universities and religious institution to
serve on such assignments. As the government grew further in its Islamic
leanings, the numbers of mosques were increased. Ordinance for the sanctity of
Ramazan was introduced to pay reverence to the holy month of Ramazan. The
Ordinance forbade public drinking and eating during the holy month of Ramazan.
A three months imprisonment and a fine of Rupees 500 were imposed for
violating the Ordinance. A program to ensure the regularity of prayers called the
Nizam-i-Salaat was launched by General Zia himself. Zia's Government introduced
the Hadood Ordinance for the first time in Pakistan, which meant the
punishments ordained by the Holy Quran or Sunnah on the use of liquor, theft,
adultery and qazf. Under this Ordinance, a culprit could be sentenced to lashing,
life imprisonment and in some cases, death by stoning.
In economic affairs Zia announced the policy of denationalization of industries.
Some nationalized industries were returned to the owner. Incentives were given
in the form of fiscal and monetary concessions, and in import of machinery and
raw material. Foreign investment was welcomed and full protection was granted.
Industrialization gradually started and Zia’s policy was successful. Steel mill was
completed and Karakorum highway was built. Industrial and agricultural
production showed an increase. Therefore it can be said that Zia had most success
in economic affairs.
In 1979, Russian forces invaded Afghanistan. Communism came to the threshold
of Pakistan when forces led by Babrak Karmel overthrew the Government of
Afghanistan. Some 120,000 Russian troops entered Afghanistan .The Afghan
people organized a resistance force against this blatant aggression. The Soviet
forces suffered greatly in terms of manpower and material, and the Afghan War
proved expensive even for a world power like the Soviet Union. General Zia stood
against the spread of communism. The arms provided to Afghanistan freedom
fighters were also provided to the Pakistan Army. As a result the Pakistan Army
became better equipped. Ultimately Negotiations on Afghanistan were carried
out under Zia's Government, and the Geneva Accord was signed on April 14,
1988, under which the Soviet Union agreed to withdraw its forces in two
instalments .The Soviet Government lived up to its commitment of withdrawal of
forces according to the agreed timetable. The victory in Afghanistan was achieved
at a great cost to Pakistan. It had to look after and feed more than three million
Afghan refugees that had crossed over to Pakistan. The refugees were a great
economic burden on Pakistan. Not only this but, they also caused the problem of
drugs and gunrunning in the country.
The most successful of Zia’s reforms were his Islamization policy. He was
successful in implementing various Sharia Laws in Pakistan, most of which are still
applicable.
Q. Why Zia introduced Islamisation:
> Bhutto had attempted to introduce socialist measures into Pakistan e.g.
nationalization of industries etc. Islam would provide an excellent counter-
ideology to Bhutto’s beliefs, as Zia wanted prove that he was a better leader than
Bhutto as he worked according to Pakistan’s Islamic Ideology.
> Zia was aware that many Islamic political parties e.g.: Jamaat-e-Islami were
influential in both Civil Service and the army. Therefore, he introduced Islamic
measures to strengthen his rule by gaining their support.
> When the Russians invaded Afghanistan in 1979, Zia decided to fight against the
“Pagan” communists. However, he needed support of Muslim countries for his
“Jihad” in Afghanistan. Therefore, he introduced Islamic Reforms to prove that he
was a pure Islam leader of a Muslim Country.
Q) Was Benazir Bhutto’s first government of 1988-1990 more successful than
her second government of 1993-1996. Explain your answer. [14]
A) BENAZIR BHUTTO: FIRST TENURE (1988 – 1990)

➢ SUCCESSES:
> Restored Political System and democracy in Pakistan by ending ban on trade
and student unions during Zia’s time and releasing Political prisoners. Thus,
provided freedom of speech and restored political and democracy system in
Pakistan.
> Set up first woman bank for females. Created job opportunities for females and
helped protect their rights in a very male dominated society.
> Started Integrated Research Program on missile development in Pakistan. First
military satellite “Badr-1” with the help of the Chinese. Thus, provided missile
system and satellite surveillance to Pakistan Army
> She hosted the 4th SAARC conference in 1988 in Islamabad. All member
countries attended, as well as Rajiv Gandhi (Indian Prime Minister). This improved
relations with India and created consensus on major issues like narcotics/drugs
➢ FAILURES:
> Problems of unemployment, inflation, poor health and education increased. She
had originally made promises to stop the spread of these but ultimately failed in
doing anything. This disillusioned the Pakistani People who stopped supporting
her.
> Serious Conflict with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan on appointment issue. The
president had discretionary powers to appoint armed forces chiefs and judges of
superior court, but Benazir wanted to appoint these herself. The refusal of the
President to allow this created tension between both and weakened political
system in Pakistan.
> Confrontation with Nawaz Sharif, who was heading the opposition alliance (IJI
Islami Jamhuri Itehad). They made the government in Punjab and he became
Chief Minister. Political opposition increased so much that they both wanted to
remove each other from power, this confrontational path against opposing
parties further weakened Benazir’s political system.
> She faced corruption and nepotism charges, her husband Asif Ali Zardari was
accused of corruption, bribery, blackmailing and kickbacks. Her mother was
appointed as the senior Minister with a portfolio, and her father in law was
chairman of the parliamentary public accounts committee. These charges badly
affected her reputation and opposition exploited these charges against her to
eventually remove her from the government.
> Serious conceptual differences arose between the P. P. P. Government and the
Establishment. Less than two years later, on August 6, 1990, her Government was
accused of corruption and dismissed by the President, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, who
exercised his power through the controversial Eighth Amendment of the
Constitution.

SECOND TENURE (1993 – 1996)

➢ Successes:
> visit of the U. S. first Lady Hillary Clinton and her daughter Chelsea in 1995.
Hillary's visit considerably changed the world's perceptions about Pakistan and
highlighted Pakistan as a liberal, modern and forward-looking country.
> In April 1994, Benazir visited the U. S., and projected Pakistan's stance on the F-
16 fighter planes withheld by the U. S. despite payments. Her visit resulted in the
passing of the Brown Amendment by the U. S. Senate on September 21, 1995,
easing restrictions on Pakistan. It also helped in attracting foreign investors
➢ Failures:
feud with Nusrat Bhutto who wanted Mir Murtaza as head of PPP and successor
as PM on his return from long exile in 1993. He put up fierce opposition against
her govt and against Asif Ali Zardari. He was killed in 1996 near his house by Sindh
Police, and the policemen involved were not arrested and some were even
promoted. This high- profile murder/lawlessness justified Farooq Ahmed Leghari’s
actions of dismissing her govt.
> Nawaz Sharif of PMLN gave her fierce opposition. He along with Mir Murtaza
Bhutto organized opposition against her, and the started the “Train march” from
Karachi to Peshawar in 1994-1995. Nawaz was able to gather much attention, and
targeted the poor economic performance of Benazir’s govt and Zardari’s
corruption. He also organized labour and industrial strikes in 1994. This spread of
violence and killing in major city under these strikes made her arrest her
opposition leaders, this made her politically weak and unpopular and led to
Leghari dismissing her,.
>She clashed with the Superior courts and their judges. In 1996, the Supreme
Court and 4 provincial high courts ordered the sacking of 24 judges appointed by
her govt. The Supreme Court further ordered the federal government to appoint
judges on permanent basis rather than on an acting basis and also to take
seniority of judges into account with their appointments. This dismissal created a
political crisis as two highest pillars of state were in a dispute thus making the
whole political system weaker and invited criticism, lending strength to her
opposition.
> Things were not going well between the President and Benazir's Government.
Differences soon appeared and the Government felt that there was interference
in the political matters of the Government by the President. President Farooq
Leghari dismissed Benazir Bhutto's Government on charges of corruption and
mismanagement on November 5, 1996, under the Article 58(2) b of the Eighth
Amendment

Question: What was the Pucca Quilla massacre?  [4]

On 27th May the Sindh government launched a crackdown in Hyderabad the
center of MQM power. A shoot on sight curfew was imposed and a police house
to house search for the MQM agitators’ started. The Muhajirs projected against
this treatment and fighting broke out. Thirty one women and children were killed
leading to retaliations in Karachi and elsewhere and over 300 more people died.

Question: Why did Benazir Bhutto fall from office in 1990? [7]
She was criticized by many for the alleged corruption of her husband Asif Ali
Zardari and PPP leaders were suspected of being involved; this tainted her own
reputation.
She also faced nepotism charges, these charges badly affected her reputation and
the opposition exploited them by asking the president to remove her from office.
Serious conflicts with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan over appointment issues of
armed forces chief and judges if supreme court. This created tensions between
them and weakened her power.
She came into confrontation with provincial governments especially as she had to
work in a coalition with the MQM which was a party that represented Muslims
who had migrated from India to Pakistan and settled in Sindh. This angered many
PPP members in Sindh. Violent Protests throughout Pakistan led to the MQM
leaving the coalition and joining with the opposition which meant that her
majority was gone. Further violence and deaths led to her dismissal because she
and her government were blamed for the breakdown of law and order.
Question: What problems did Benazir Bhutto face as prime minister of Pakistan?
[4]
During both her terms between 1988-90 and 1993-96 Benazir faced opposition
from politicians who wanted her to fail. She was in conflict with Nawaz Sharif the
opposition leader, her alliance with MQM had ended also. Husband Zardari
accused of corruption badly affected her reputation. Divisions within her party
(PPP), IJI criticized government of being close to USA. Confrontations with
provincial governments, violent protests, and Coalition party MQM joined with IJI,
Pucca Qila massacre.

Question: Why did Benazir Bhutto fall from office for a second time in 1996?  [7]
She was opposed by her own party the PPP and especially from her mother and
brother who wanted Murtaza Bhutto as head of PPP and successor to Bhutto.
Therefore when Mir Murtaza was killed by police in Karachi the opposition
blamed her for being involved in her brother’s killing.
Nawaz Sharif mounted a personal attack on Bhutto focusing on her business
interests and political methods and also held rallies and demonstrations in several
cities with her brother Mir Murtaza Bhutto. There was much violence, strike and
killing which reflected badly on her government. She started to arrest her
opposition leaders, this made her very unpopular and politically weak.
Pakistan’s economic problems led to a request for a loan from the IMF which led
to strict financial controls that were blamed on the government.
Finally the government refused to carry out the Supreme Court’s decision to
dismiss 20 judges appointed by the government which caused a political crisis.
The dismissal of the Chief Minister in the Punjab after he had upset the PPP also
attracted much criticism of Bhutto’s handling of the matter.

Question: Describe the problems caused by family feuds which the Benazir
Bhutto governments faced. [4]
Quarrelled with her mother Begum Nusrat Bhutto over control of the PPP, with
Begum favoring Benazir’s brother Mir Murtaza as leader. As a result Begum was
removed from a leading role in PPP. Murtaza went into exile and founded the Al-
Zulfikar Organization. He used this to criticise Benazir. He also opposed her
husband’s involvement in the PPP because of the allegations of corruption against
him. Zardary was accused of paybacks on property and government deals and
being involved in political murders. Known as Mr. 10%. Murtaza was arrested on
his return to Pakistan on charges of terrorism in 1993. In 1996 he was killed in a
police ambush and a judicial review of the incident found government
involvement in it.

Q) Nawaz Sharif’s second government of 1996-1998 was more successful than

his first government of 1990-1993. Do you agree? Explain your answer [14]
NAWAZ SHARIF: FIRST TENURE (1990 – 1993)
➢ SUCCESSES:
+Started national reconstruction program to develop industries
✓ Reversed the effects of Z.A Bhutto’s nationalization policy.
✓ More than 50 industrial units and two banks and PTCL were privatized.
✓ The burden on the national treasury was removed and the confidence of
private sector was restored.
+Initiated Ghazi Barotha Hydro Power Project + Gwadar Mini-Port Project on
Makran Coast.
✓ This hydropower project could produce 1450MW.
✓ Stimulated the economy with the help of large-scale projects.
+Constructed the motorway between Islamabad and Lahore, first motorway in
South Asia.
✓ This facilitated Industries and reduced burden on existing road network
+ He also opened industries such as shipping, electricity supply , airlines and
telecommunication.
✓ Improved transport sector.
+ He imported thousands of yellow cabs to overcome unemployment. Cheap
loans were provided.
+ Started the nuclear program which was completed in 1998
+ In an attempt to end the Afghan crisis, the "Islamabad Accord" was reached
between various Afghan factions. A No Air Attack accord was also signed with
India in 1991
➢ FAILURES:
• Cooperative societies were state owned and accepted by deposits from
members and provided them with loans for business. But this failed due to
mismanagement and funds went to Sharif’s family. Savings of the poor were
wasted and Nawaz’s reputation was damaged.
• Shariat Bill was passed in 1991 to make Quran and Sunnah the law, but there
was little done to enforce the law. The bill was criticized by political opponents
because of Islam’s increased role in the govt, and religious parties opposed it as
no concrete measures were taken to enforce the laws.
• Conflicted with President Ishaq Khan in 1993, as he wanted to appeal the 8th
amendment which reduced president’s powers and wanted to appoint his own
army chief but Ishaq placed General Abdul Waheed Kakar before he could. Thus,
tension and clashes between these and foundation weakened of
govt. It became a major cause of ending Nawaz’s rule and thus a failure.

SECOND TENURE (1997 – 1999)

➢ SUCCESSES:
+Nawaz Sharif also signed an accord with the government of PHILIPPINES for the
peaceful use of Atomic energy. 
+On 23rd of March 1997, the summit conference of OIC took place in Islamabad. 
+Government also announced a new trade policy and allowed import of raw
materials from India. 
+First Women University was also established in Rawalpindi in January 1999. 
+Bus service also began between India and Pakistan. 
+Motorway project was also completed during the second term of Nawaz Sharif
+Introduced 13th amendment f the constitution.
✓ Repealed 8th amendment, which had given unfair powers to the President to
dismiss Prime Ministers, Cabinet, Assemblies. Had been used to dismiss 4 PMs.
✓ It brought back the original shape of the 1973 constitution, and provided
political stability to Pakistan.
➢ FAILURES:
• General Jahangir Karamat was dismissed and replaced with Pervaiz Musharaf by
Nawaz due to his suggestions being considered military intervention. The
dismissal of this 4-star general damaged civil military relationship and paved the
way for a military coup.
•Pakistan’s nuclear policy was badly criticized by US and other European
Nations .reduction in overseas aid, high government spending and a decrease in
remittances from overseas workers in Middle East placed severe pressure on
Pakistan’s finances

Question: Why did Nawaz Sharif fall from office in 1993? [7]
He attempted to solve Pakistan’s unemployment problem by providing cheap
loans to people to buy taxis that he had imported. Few of the loans were paid
back but most were not repaid which put a strain on the economy. This was made
worse when he tried to finance major investment projects that depended upon
foreign aid especially from the USA. This aid was in decline and placed a severe
strain on Pakistan’s finances..
The mismanagement of the Cooperative societies led to millions of Pakistanis
losing their money and again the government was blamed. In particular his
family’s association with loans that were made led to his image being harmed.
Cooperative Societies accepted money from members and could give loans for
purposes which could benefit of the society and its members. Mismanagement of
these led to a major collapse in which millions of Pakistanis lost money by 1992.
In Nawaz Sharif’s state of Punjab, 700,000 poor people lost all their savings when
the societies went bankrupt. The societies had loaned billions of rupees to Nawaz
Sharif’s family business. He repaid the loans but his reputation was damaged and
was one of the reasons why he lost office the following year (1993).
Violence in Pakistan that related to drugs and the use of guns led to  a strong
response from Sharif but his actions were criticized by the opposition parties for
being too repressive.
 Sharif came into conflict with the President over the appointment of an army
chief of staff and also with the 8th Amendment.
As a result of these policies Sharif and his government were blamed and he was
dismissed from office.

Question: Why did General Musharaff come to power in 1999? [7]

Sharif was giving support to the Taliban in Afghanistan and this damaged relations
with the US, as he refused to hand over Osama bin Laden, suspected of bombing
the US embassy in Kenya.
Pakistan also tested nuclear weapons, which angered a number of countries who
halted aid to Pakistan and brought Sharif much criticism. This impacted the
economy of the country
The plane conspiracy became an immediate reason for Musharraf coming into
power. Musharaf was returning from an official tour to Sri Lanka his plane was not
allowed to land. At this time Nawaz Sharif replaced Musharif with the ISI Chief
Ziauddin Butt. The corps commanders did not accept this and took over the
Karachi airport, PTV and the Prime Minister. This act angered the army, they
retaliated and removed him from office.
Military started covert operation with the help of local fighters and captured the
heights of Kargil and Drass region in India. Nawaz accused the military of hiding
this operation from him. International pressure especially from US on him was the
get the army to with draw. The withdrawal created serious difference between
the military and the civil government, which led to a military coup

Question: What problems did Nawaz Sharif face as Prime Minister during the
1990s? [4]
The PM failed to transport the Yellow cab scheme in which taxi drivers would get
soft loans and instalments. This was a major failure because people didn’t pay the
instalments (return the loan), causing a major economic crises to the government
and inviting a lot of criticism from the opposition. This became a major reason for
his dismissal.
State owned cooperative societies accepted deposits from members and gave
them loans in time of need. But this was exploited by Nawaz and his family, they
gained all this money of the people. This affected his reputation and people
wanted to remove him because of corruption.
Conflict with President Ishap Khan in 1993, as he wanted to appeal the
8th amendment which would reduce the powers of the President. He also wanted
to appoint General Abdul Waheed Kakar as the army chief and stop the President
from appointing anyone else. This created tensions and clashes between them
and it weakened the government

Q) How successful were Pakistan’s relation with India?

• India is the closest neighbor of Pakistan.

• Pakistan shares a 2000 KM border with India that is spread from the Arabian Sea
to the Mountains in Kashmir.

• The relationship between both countries is strained from the start.

• Kashmir issue is the main reason behind the bad relations as both countries
have fought several wars because of it. 

• In 1948 an agreement was signed for the neutral tribunal to demarcate the
exact borders in Assam and East Bengal.

• In 1948, there was a war for Kashmir, then in 1965.

• In 1950, an agreement was signed between Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan;
according to this agreement, both countries were responsible for protecting their
minorities.

• In 1960, the Indus Water Treaty was signed between the two countries.

• In 1966, the Tashkent Agreement was signed to resolve disputes peacefully.

• In 1971, India intervened in Pakistan’s Civil War and supported East Pakistan as
a resulted Pakistan lost its East Wing.

• The Simla Agreement was signed by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto to free the War
Prisoners.

• In 1974, India tested its nuclear device.

• The hatred between both countries made Pakistan step up its nuclear game.

• In 1998, India tested 5 of its nuclear devices.

• In the same year, Pakistan also tested its nuclear device at Ras Koh hills.

• In the 1980s India accused Pakistan of supporting Sikhs of India who were
demanding a separate homeland for themselves, Khalistan.
• There was an assassination against Indira Gandhi, and Rajiv Gandhi Pakistan for
his mother’s death.

• In 1999, the Kargil conflict further increased the hostility between both
countries. 

• There are strong cultural ties between the two countries.

Written:
India is the closest neighbor of Pakistan sharing a common border of over 2000
Kms from Arabian Sea to the mountains of Kashmir. But their relations have been
tense and strained right from the time of partition because of three main reasons.
Firstly, the Congress leaders never wanted the partition of the subcontinent.
Therefore they created every hindrance for the state of Pakistan. Unfair and
unjust methods were adopted in the division of assets in order to destabilize
Pakistan. Large scale planned massacre of Muslims in East Punjab and Delhi
created massive refugee problem for Pakistan. Canal water dispute was created.
Relations have been of unfriendliness and mistrust from the very beginning.
Secondly, the problem of Kashmir has poisoned the relations. War broke out in
1948 and in 1965 over this issue. After the 1965 war both countries signed the
Tashkent Agreement, but they again clashed in 1971 when India gave a severe
blow to Pakistan through military intervention in former East Pakistan and
Bangladesh was created. This was followed by Simla Agreement. But the basic
problem of Kashmir remained unsolved. Thirdly, India is a large country which is
much ahead of Pakistan in industry, technology and military strength. Therefore
India wants to dominate over all neighboring countries including Pakistan and
wants to impose her will on them. India adopts a stubborn attitude in all matters
and disregards treaties and agreements at her free will.
The Indus Water Treaty 1960 was an important agreement. It helped Pakistan to
solve her canal water problem. But India started building Wular Dam and Salal
Dam on Jhelum and Chenab rivers which was against the Indus Water Treaty.
During 1980s, when Russian forces invaded Afghanistan, relations became more
strained because India sided with Russia while Pakistan supported Afghan
Mujahidin who were fighting against Russian forces.
In September 1981, a no war pact was suggested by Pakistan but India did not
agree. Dangers of military attack on Pakistan and on her nuclear installations were
averted by diplomatic steps. In 1988 an agreement was signed for not attacking
each other’s nuclear installations. Another agreement was signed in 1991 to
supply advance information about military exercises, troop’s movement and on
prevention of air space violations.
On the other hand, the public of both countries has a keen desire of good
relations. There have been strong cultural relations between the two countries.
Cricket and hockey matches are played. Singers and artists exchange visits.
Pilgrims of one country visit sacred places in the other country. Divided families
are eager to visit their relatives. Pakistan has always expressed her intentions to
have friendly relations with India and wants to solve all problems through
peaceful negotiations. It is clear that without solving the Kashmir problem all
efforts of lasting peace and friendly relations would be fruitless

Q) How successful are Pakistan’s relations with Russia / USSR:

• Pakistan's relation with the USSR has seen many ups and downs.

• From 1947 to 1950, Russia has remained neutral when it comes to Pakistan.

• Russia invited the then Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan to visit
Moscow.

• At that same time, Liaquat Ali Khan also received an invitation from the USA.

• Liaquat Ali Khan chose to visit Washington and as a result relation with Russia
suffered.
• By 1950, the Soviet Union started siding with India on the Kashmir Issue.

• In 1950, Pakistan joined SEATO and CENTO and Russia this as a firm declaration
by Pakistan in support of the USA.

• In 1955, Russia officially backed India over the Kashmir Issue.

• Since Russia was keen to establish good relations with Pakistan; in 1956, it again
approached Pakistan and offered its aid with a promise to build steel mill only if
Pakistan broke its alliance with the USA.

• Pakistan refused Russia’s offer because of their condition.

• In 1961, the relation between the two countries started elevating, Russia
offered Pakistan to explore for oil as a gesture of goodwill.
• When India started a war with China and accepted the USA's support in it,
Russia became more inclined to strengthen its ties with Pakistan.

• In 1963, Russia gave Pakistan a loan of 11 million pounds and also reverted its
stance on the Kashmir issue to neutral.

• Ayub Khan visited Russia to strengthen the relations with Russia further.

• From 1969 to 1971, the relation between the two countries experienced
another low.

• In 1971 Russia supported India with military aid and it resulted in the defeat of
Pakistan and it lost its East Wing.

• From 1972 to 1977, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto worked towards forming a good
relationship with Russia.

• Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto never liked the USA, and he visited Russia in 1972. 

• Russia also set up a steel mill in Karachi, Pakistan.

• The good ties with Russia experienced another low when in 1979 in the war of
Afghanistan; Zia-ul-Haq accepted the support of the USA. 

• In 1984, Russia began bombing raids on Pakistan as it disapproved of the

nuclear program of Pakistan.

• The hostile relations between the two countries continued till 1988 since in the
same year Russia withdrew from Afghanistan.

• In 1991, many high-level trips were exchanged between the two countries.

• In 1994, the Russian foreign minister visited Pakistan.

• Russia backed off from giving unconditional support to India.

• In 1998, Pakistan’s Prime Minister accepted Russia’s invitation and visited

Moscow.

• In 2003, Pervez Musharraf visited Russia. 

• In 2007 Mikhail Fardkov visited Pakistan.

• In 2018, the bilateral trade between the two countries reaches 800 million
dollars.

Written:
Relations between Pakistan and USSR have remained strained from the very
beginning. In 1950 Liaquat Ali Khan received an invitation to visit the U.S.S.R. But
this visit did not take place and Liaquat Ali Khan visited USA instead. At this Russia
got inclined towards India which caused great difficulties for Pakistan in later
years. Relations further worsened when Pakistan entered into CENTO and SEATO
pacts which were designed to check any possibility of Russian expansion. Russia
openly supported India on Kashmir issue and also supported the Pakhtoonistan
movement.
One of the most serious incidents in Soviet-Pakistan relations occurred in May
1960 when an American spy plane, known as U2, flew from an American airbase
near Peshawar and was shot down while flying over U.S.S.R. Russia gave a very
stern warning to Pakistan.
In 1962 the India-China war helped to improve Pakistan's relations with Russia
who was greatly annoyed by India's acceptance of arms from USA. U.S.S.R agreed
to give a loan of 150 million dollars to Pakistan for oil exploration. Trade
agreements also took place
Relations improved when President Ayub Khan visited Russia in April 1965. After
the India-Pakistan War of 1965, the Tashkent agreement was signed between the
two countries through the efforts of Russian president. But during 1971 crisis
Russia fully supported India with military assistance and Pakistan lost its Eastern
Wing
Z. A. Bhutto visited Russia in 1972 and relations improved. Russia helped Pakistan
in setting up a steel mill at Karachi, which has been a great asset to Pakistan.
In December 1979 Russian troops invaded Afghanistan and relations between the
two countries deteriorated badly after this because Pakistan was helping the
Mujahideen who were fighting against the Russian troops. Russian planes
bombed Pakistan territory in NWFP. Thus till 1988 Pakistan was not successful in
having good relations with the U.S.S.R. However, after the withdrawal of Russian
troops from Afghanistan in 1989 the relations have improved.

Q) How successful are Pakistan’s relations with USA?

A) • In 1947, Pakistan decided to ally itself with the USA.
• However, at that time the USA was busy with India to form an anti-communist
alliance and did not show much enthusiasm to ally with Pakistan.

• The lack of enthusiasm was because the USA was in support of a united India
before 1947.

• Liaquat Ali Khan was frustrated with the USA's attitude towards Pakistan and
decided to visit Russia in 1949.

• Following the visit to Russia, Liaquat Ali Khan immediately received an offer to
visit the USA.

• In 1950, Liaquat Ali Khan visited the USA and planned to build Pakistan Embassy
there.

• India was reluctant to sign an anti-communist alliance with the USA in return for
economic and military aid.

• Pakistan took it as an opportunity and signed the alliance as a result aid started
flowing in Pakistan.

• In 1954, the Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement was signed by the USA and
Pakistan. 

• In 1954, SEATO was established and Pakistan became its member.

• In 1955, the Baghdad Pact was also signed which was later renamed as CENTO
(The Central Asian Treaty Organization).

• In 1972, Bhutto withdrew Pakistan from SEATO.

• In 1962, China and India were at war and the USA supported India with military
aid.

• This made Pakistan unhappy and Ayub Khan visited China in 1962.

• In 1965, Ayub Khan also visited Russia.

• Even though, Ayub Khan displeased the USA by forming good ties with Russia
and China; he is also considered an ambassador for building a good relationship
with the USA. 

• Ayub Khan allowed the USA to build airspace in Pakistan. 

• But when Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto came to power things changed as he never liked
the USA.

• When Martial Law was imposed by Zia-ul-Haq things got, even more, worse
between the two countries as the USA did not approve of Military reign.  

• In 1979, the US Embassy in Islamabad was burnt to ashes.

• In the same year, things got better between the two countries when Russia
attacked Afghanistan and Ayub Khan decided to fight the war with American Aid.

• In 1988, when the Geneva Accords were signed, Pakistan lost its strategic
importance to the USA.

• Since Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was very motivated to make Pakistan a nuclear power,
it also angered the USA.

• The Pressler Amendment stated that the USA can aid only those countries that
are not Nuclear power and are not trying to be one.

• That was one of the reasons that aid during Benazir’s rule was very low.

• In 1996, the USA's defense secretary declared the Pressler Amendment a

mistake.

• In 1996, Hillary Clinton and her daughter visited Pakistan and the relations
between the two countries improved.

Written:
Close and good relations existed between Pakistan and USA from the very
beginning; especially after Liaqat Ali Khan's visit to USA in 1950 the relations
became cordial. Pakistan needed food grains and military equipment which USA
could supply. On the other hand, USA wanted a supporter in the region against
communism. Therefore, in 1954 and 1955, Pakistan signed the SEATO and CENTO
pacts which were meant to check Russian expansion. With the help of these pacts
Pakistan received financial and military assistance from U.S.A
Relations worsened in 1962 because USA gave huge military aid to Bharat against
China. Pakistan's protests were of no avail. Relations also worsened because
Pakistan turned to China in 1962 for friendship and Ayub Khan made a visit to
China. During the 1965 War, USA did not help Pakistan and instead stopped the
usual aid. Relations gradually improved when Pakistan played an important role in
bringing USA and China closer in 1969 during the period of Yahya Khan. In 1971
crises again Pakistan received no help from USA, and in 1972 Mr. Bhutto left the
SEATO pact.
In 1979, the American Embassy in Islamabad was attacked by a mob and relations
worsened. This was the lowest point of Pakistan - USA relations. All American aid
programmes were suspended or cancelled. Pakistan had to pay Rs.20 million by
way of compensation. But soon after the relations improved when Russia
attacked Afghanistan in December 1979. Pakistan supported and helped the
Afghan freedom fighters (Mujahideen) who fought against Russian aggression.
Massive military and financial aid came to Pakistan from USA for this purpose. But
after the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, Pakistan's importance
gradually decreased and American aid was also reduced.
However, on the whole, Pakistan has been successful in having good relations
with USA between 1947 and 1999

Q) How successful were Pakistan’s relations with England?

A) • After the formation of Pakistan in 1947, the country maintained good ties
with the United Kingdom as a result of the colonial attachment of more than 100
years.

• Pakistan joined CENTO and SEATO and the UK was also a very important
member of these organizations.

• In 1965, to solve KUTCH and RANN dispute with India, the UK played an integral
role.

• In the 1965 war with India, UK remained neutral but terminated the sales of
weapons to Pakistan.

• In the 1971 war, the UK took the neutral role and advised Pakistan to find a
political solution to the crisis.
• During the Afghan War, the UK offered unconditional financial support to
Pakistan for the settlement of the Afghan refugees.

• The UK has remained a crucial trading partner and an important ally of Pakistan.

• In 1972, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto withdrew Pakistan from the Commonwealth i.e. an
organization for all the former British colonies including the UK.

• Pakistan remained cut off from the Commonwealth from 1972-1988.

• In 1989, Benazir Bhutto rejoined Pakistan in the Commonwealth.

• The Commonwealth has also supported Pakistan with aid including countries
like Australia, New Zealand and Canada.

• Pakistan received substantial aid for the Mangla Dam, Warsak Project and the
development of irrigation and railway system.

Written:
Pakistan maintained good and friendly relations with Britain because of the
colonial attachment of more than 100 years. Pakistan joined SEATO and CENTO of
which UK was a very important member. In 1965 Britain played an important role
in finalizing an agreement to solve RANN OF KUTCH dispute with India. Britain
remained neutral in 1965 war although it suspended sale of arms to Pakistan.
Britain again remained neutral during 1971 crises and advised Pakistan to have a
political solution. During the Afghan crisis the British government was firm in
support of Pakistan and offered formidable financial assistance for Afghan
refugees.
Britain gave much assistance in educational sector through the agency of British
Council. Britain remains an important trading partner of Pakistan on account of
old colonial links. For historic, economic and political reasons, Britain has
remained a valuable ally of Pakistan between 1947 and 1988. The Commonwealth
is an organization of all the former British colonies including UK itself. It was a
useful platform for states to exchange views. However, Pakistan withdrew from
the commonwealth during Z. A. Bhutto's time on the point of recognition of
Bangladesh. During the period of 1972- 1988 Pakistan remained cut off from the
Commonwealth. But later Pakistan rejoined the Commonwealth during the time
of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1989.
The richer Commonwealth countries have always supplied Pakistan with
economic and technical aid. Government of Canada, New Zealand and Australia
have been providing valuable financial and technical assistance to Pakistan.
Substantial aid has been given to Pakistan for Warsak Project, Mangia Dam and
for development of railway and irrigation systems. On the whole, Pakistan has
been successful in having good relations with Britain and Commonwealth
countries.

Q) How successful were Pakistan’s relations with China?

A) • During the early years of Pakistan, there were not very friendly ties between
the two countries because Pakistan was under the USA's influence.

• In 1950, Pakistan recognized China’s communist government.

• Pakistan also supported China in regaining the UNO membership.

• In 1959, Pakistan displeased China why condemning the military action in Tibet.

• In 1963, to avoid any conflict the boundary between the two countries was
demarcated.

• In the 1960s, a series of trade agreements were signed.

• China granted Pakistan with 600 million dollars of interest-free loans and
became the largest importer of Pakistan's cotton.

• Pakistan developed the Heavy Mechanical Complex at Texela and imported

industrial machinery.

• Regular flights to China were started by the Pakistan International Airport that
also helped in improved business ties between the two countries.

• The Karakoram Highway helped in tourism and trade between the two
countries.

• China supported Pakistan on its stand towards the Kashmir issue.

• In 1971 crises, under the influence of Russia, China did not support Pakistan.

• In 1986, China and Pakistan signed the Nuclear Cooperation Treaty.

• China gave Pakistan the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant situated at Mianwali.

Written:
Pakistan recognized the communist government of China in 1950 and supported
it in regaining the UNO membership. During 1956-60, leaders of both countries
visited each other's country to strengthen economic and cultural relations. In
1963, the boundary line between the two countries was demarcated to avoid any
conflict in future. A series of trade agreements were signed in 1960s. China
granted $60 million interest free loan and became the world's largest importer of
Pakistan's cotton. Pakistan imported industrial machinery and developed the
Heavy Mechanical Complex at Taxila. Pakistan International Airline started regular
flights to China which resulted in increased business. KaraKoram Highway is the
road link that flourishes trade and tourism between the two countries. China has
supported Pakistan's stand on Kashmir issue. During the 1965 war with India,
China supplied military aid to Pakistan along with diplomatic assistance. In 1986,
the two countries signed a nuclear cooperation treaty which is an indication of
very good relations. China gave the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant to Pakistan,
constructed near Mianwali and which started operation in 1999.
Now coming to the weaker side, Pakistan did not have good relations with China
in its early few years after independence due to pro-American policies (USA and
China were rivals). In 1959 Pakistan condemned military action in Tibet which was
displeasure for China. In the 1971 war with India, China did not support Pakistan
due to former USSR pressure that supported India. During 1990s China wanted
Pakistan to resolve its issue of Kashmir with India. Perhaps she wanted a
compromise which was a cause of resentment for Pakistan
Conclusively, it can be said that as a whole Pakistan has maintained cordial
relations with China. The two countries have been living in harmony. Delegations
from almost all walks of life exchanged visits. Up to 1999, there were strong
economic, trade and cultural ties between the two countries. And Pakistan
received significant military and industrial equipment from China.

Q) How successful are Pakistan’s relations with Bangladesh?

A) • Bangladesh came into existence as separate countries after a war between
both the countries in 1971.

• In the initial years of Bangladesh's formation, the relation between both the
countries remained strained.
• Pakistan was reluctant to recognize Bangladesh as an independent country for 2
years.

• In 1974, at the second summit of OIC at Lahore, Pakistan recognized

Bangladesh.

• In 1975, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited Bangladesh and proper diplomatic relations
were formed between the two countries.

• In 1976, the communication links and air services established between the two
countries.

• In 1979, trade agreements were signed.

• During the rule of President Zia-ur-Rahman, good relations developed.

• In the floods of 1985 and 1988, Pakistan offered material and food aid to
Bangladesh.

• Pakistan imports jute goods, jute, and tea from Bangladesh.

• Pakistan exports sports goods, machinery, cloth and spare parts to Bangladesh.

• Both countries support each other on international forums.

• Bangladesh supports Pakistan on the Kashmir issue.

• Both are members of SAARC.

Written:
Bangladesh was created after a lot of hostilities when the former East Pakistan
got separated in December 1971. In the beginning relations remained strained
and Pakistan did not recognize Bangladesh for 2 years. It was on the occasion of
the OIC Summit Conference at Lahore in Feb. 1974 that Pakistan recognized
Bangladesh. Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman was called to attend the OIC Conference.
Proper diplomatic relations started in 1975 after the visit of Z. A. Bhutto to
Bangladesh. Bangladesh demanded division of assets from Pakistan but did not
agree to share any liabilities.
Communication link and air services were started in 1976. Close relations
developed during the period of president Zia-ur-Rehman. Pakistan offered food
and material assistance in 1985 and 1988 floods. In 1979 trade agreements were
signed. Trade between the two countries has been steadily increasing.
Bangladesh exports tea, jute and jute goods to Pakistan. Pakistan exports
machinery, spare parts, and cloth and sports goods to Bangladesh
Bangladesh and Pakistan support each other on international forums. Bangladesh
supports Pakistan on the Kashmir issue. Both are members of the SAARC
organization under- which a number of agreements have been finalized for the
promotion of trade, tourism and exchange of cultural programmes. Trade
delegations of both countries exchange visits regularly and the trade between
them has been gradually increasing.

Q) How successful are Pakistan’s relations with Iran?

A) • Pakistan shares its western border with Iran.

• From the very beginning, they share air, road and rail links.

• Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan.

• In 1950, King Raza Shah and Liaquat Ali Khan exchanged visits.

• From medieval times, there exist strong cultural ties between both countries.

• Iran and Pakistan both are inclined to form good ties with the USA.

• In 1954, both countries joined CENTO.

• Many trade agreements have been signed between the two countries.

• In 1965, Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) was established that

strengthen economic and cultural bonds.

• Iran helped Pakistan during the War of 1965 and 1971.

• Iran supported Pakistan on the Kashmir issue.

• In 1979, an Islamic Revolution came in Iran and the country became very hostile
towards the USA that also affected its relationship with Pakistan.

• An Iranian diplomat was also killed in Lahore.

• When a democratic government was set up in Iran the relationship improved.

• In 1979, Pakistan and Iran withdrew from CENTO.

• During the invasion of Russia in Afghanistan from 1979 to 1988, Iran supported
Pakistan.

Written:
Iran is our neighboring country on the western side sharing a long boundary with
Baluchistan. Rail, road and air links existed between the two countries from the
very beginning. Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan when it came into
existence. Liaquat Ali Khan and King Raza Shah exchanged visits in 1950.
Very strong cultural ties existed between the two countries since medieval times.
Persian was the court and official language for many centuries in India before the
British brought the English language in 1835. Urdu language is deeply influenced
by the Persian language.
Both Iran and Pakistan had leaning towards USA and the West and both joined
the CENTO pact in 1954. Several trade agreements for trade and exchange of
media information have taken place. In 1965, RCD was established and cultural
and economic relations were strengthened. Now ECO has replaced RCD. Iran
helped Pakistan during 1965 and 1971 crises. Iran always supported Pakistan on
Kashmir issue.
During the Islamic revolution in Iran in 1979, relations became cool because Iran
became very hostile towards USA. An Iranian diplomat was killed in Lahore which
poisoned the relations between the two countries for some time. But relations
improved greatly after a democratic government was set up in Iran. Both Iran and
Pakistan decided to withdraw from the CENTO pact in 1979. Iran supported
Pakistan during the Russian invasion of Afghanistan during 1979 - 1988 periods.
However, Iran remains our trusted ally and very cordial relations exist between
the two countries.

Q) How successful are Pakistan’s relations with Afghanistan?

• Pakistan shares a border with Afghanistan in the north-west.

• Both the countries have strong language, religion, cultural and historic bonds.

• Kabul and Kandahar were parts of India during the Mughal rule.
• When Pakistan came into existence, Afghanistan showed a hostile attitude
towards Pakistan under the influence of India and Russia.

• In 1947, Afghanistan opposed Pakistan’s membership in UNO.

• Afghanistan refused to accept the Durand Line as the boundary between the
two countries.

• In 1956, Iskander Mirza and then Ayub Khan visited Afghanistan to form good
ties with Afghanistan.

• In 1955 and 1961, Pakistan Embassy in Kabul was attacked violating diplomatic
relations.

• Afghanistan and Pakistan restored good ties during Ayub Khan’s rule.

• Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s reign also experienced good relations with Iran.

• In the 1965 and 1971 wars, Afghanistan remained neutral.

• During the time of successive Prime Ministers in Afghanistan, the relation

between the two countries experienced a downfall.

• In 1979, Russian invaded Afghanistan and Pakistan supported the Mujahideen in

Afghanistan.

• During the Afghan War 1979 – 1988, Pakistan also gave shelter to 3 million
Afghan refugees.

• Pakistan paid a heavy price Afghan and Russian planes bombed Pakistan’s
territories several times.

• Drug trafficking also affected Pakistan severely.

Written:
Afghanistan is the immediate neighbor and shares a long border with Pakistan in
the north-west. There have been strong historic bonds of religion, culture and
language between the two countries. Kabul and Kandahar have been parts of
Indian Kingdom during the Muslim and Mughal rule. Pushto speaking people live
on both sides of the border which is called the Durand Line. Afghanistan is a land
locked country and her foreign trade passes through Pakistan using the port of
Karachi
But the Afghan government has been hostile and unfriendly from the very
beginning under the influence of Russia and India. Afghanistan opposed Pakistan's
membership to United Nations in September 1947. She strongly supported the
'Pakhtoonistan' separatist movement which was a clear attempt to weaken and
destabilize Pakistan. The Afghan government refused to accept the Durand Line as
the international boundary line between the two countries. In spite of this
Pakistan has been trying to establish good relations with the brotherly Muslim
country. Gen. Iskandar Mirza in 1956 and later Ayub Khan visited Kabul for this
purpose.
Twice diplomatic relations were broken in 1955 and in 1961 when Pakistan
Embassy in Kabul was attacked and damaged. However, relations were restored
and normalized during Ayub Khan's period and further improved during Z.A
Bhutto's period. Afghanistan remained neutral during the 1965 and 1971 India-
Pakistan wars. Z. A. Bhutto and King Zahir Shah exchanged visits, but soon King
Zahir Shah was deposed and exiled in 1973. Sardar Daud also visited Pakistan.
During the period of successive prime ministers of Afghanistan relations remained
strained
In December 1979, Russian forces invaded Afghanistan. The Afghanistan
government was pro-Russian, but the people rose up and took up arms against
the Russian forces. The Afghan-freedom fighters (Mujahideen) were given full and
whole-hearted support by Pakistan with arms, supplies and training. Pakistan also
gave shelter to over 3 million Afghan refugees on humanitarian grounds and they
were housed in refugee camps near Peshawar and Quetta. Pakistan however had
to pay heavy price for this. Soviet and Afghan planes bombed Pakistani territories
several times and drug trafficking and proliferation of arms became common in
Pakistan. Afghanistan was caught in civil war after the withdrawal of Russian
troops. While Pakistan has been willing to develop good relations with any stable
government in Afghanistan in future

Q) What has Pakistan done to resolve the Palestine Issue?

A) The Palestine problem has been the cause of unrest for the entire Muslim
world. The people and government of Pakistan continue with their support and
have always acknowledged the right of the Palestinian people. Pakistan has
always spoken strongly in favour of the Arab cause in the United Nations, the
Security Council and at all other international forums such as NAM etc.
At all OIC meetings Pakistan has stressed for the protection of the rights and
interests of the Palestinian people and has always pressed for a just and
honorable solution of the problem. Pakistan has always demanded that Israel
should vacate the occupied Arab territories and should stop its expansionist
designs. Also Israel should stop the killing of innocent Palestinian people.
During the Second OIC summit Conference at Lahore in 1974, the Israeli attitude
was strongly condemned. It was demanded that Israel should withdraw from
occupied Arab territories and the former status of Jerusalem should be restored.
Pakistan recognizes the PLO as the true representative of the Palestinian people.
Pakistan does not recognize the state of Israel and has never shown any intention
to develop diplomatic relations with thatstate.

Q) What is the OIC?

A) it was established when Jews set fire to a part of the Al-Aqsa Mosque in 1969.
It was established after Muslims around the world realized that to protect the
Muslim World necessary steps must be taken. • In 1969, the first Summit was
held at Rabat, Morocco and in it, the Middle East situation was discussed. In
1974, the second Summit was held at Lahore, Pakistan and in it, the Palestine
issue was discussed. Moreover, in the second Summit, it was decided to set up an
Islamic Development Bank and a committee was established to eliminate the
disease, poverty, and illiteracy from the Muslim World. Till now, a total of 21
Summits has been held. The last Summit was held at Mecca, Saudi Arabia in 2019.
The OIC is also responsible for the advancement of educational, cultural, scientific
and trade interests of the Muslim World.

Q) Why did Pakistan Join the UNO?

Pakistan was a newly born independent state, which emerged on the world map
on 14 August 1947 as the largest Muslim country in the world. Pakistan was eager
to be recognized as a sovereign state by all nations of the world. Therefore
Pakistan wished to join the UNO as soon as possible. From the very beginning
Pakistan got involved in arguments for the rights of Kashmiris. It also raised the
question of Hyderabad and Junagarh in the Security Council. Therefore Pakistan's
membership of UNO was essential. Pakistan also wanted to play its role in peace
keeping in the world under the charter of the UNO, and was against any act of
territorial aggression, colonialism, nuclear arms race and racial discrimination all
over the world. With these purposes and ideals, Pakistan joined the United
Nations in September 1947.
Q) What is SAARC?
A) The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic
and geopolitical organisation of eight countries that are primarily located in South
Asia. first summit was held in Dhaka on 8 December 1985, when the organisation
was established by the governments of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives,
Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Since then the organisation has expanded by
accepting one new full member, Afghanistan, and several observer members. The
SAARC policies aim to promote welfare economics, collective self-reliance among
the countries of South Asia, and to accelerate socio-cultural development in the
region