History

Section C

[1]
 Pakistan & Its Initial Problems
th
Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947. Quaid-e-Azam became the first Governor
General. Pakistan has started from scratch so faced several problems from start.

Geographical Problems:
Pakistan was composed of two wings i:e East & West & there was 1000 miles distance of
Indian Territory b/w these two wings. Karachi was declared as capital of Pakistan so it
was difficult to control East Pakistan from West. Apart of this many princely states joined
Pakistan such as chitral, Swat and Hunza with no distinctive boundaries.

Political Problems
After independence the politicians of Pakistan were inexperienced how to run the affairs of
state. The govt of Pakistan was lacking buildings for the govt offices, furniture & the
stationery as well. Skilled people were reluctant to come Pakistan as they were not sure about
their future in this newly established country thus Pakistan faced administrative problems as
well.

Social Problems:
There were five provinces in Pakistan with different languages and cultures such as Sindhi,
Punjabi, Balochi and Pashtun so there was diversity in the culture of Pakistan .This promoted
provincialism which was becoming a threat for the unity of Pakistan. Islam was the only
uniting force amongst all the people so it was difficult task for the government to unite all
these people as a single nation who were speaking different languages and were following
different cultures.

Economic Problems:
After independence, Pakistan inherited a weak economy as there was not even a single
manufacturing unit. Karachi was the only developed city with sea port. The economy of
Pakistan was dependent on agricultural sector but this sector was not producing enough wealth
to be invested for industrialization in Pakistan. East Pakistan was producing 70% of world's
jute crop but there was not even a single jute processing mill in Pakistan. Mostly jute mills
were in Calcatta which was given to India during partition of Bengal in 1947. Apart from
this, Punjab was producing cotton but textile industries were not there in Pakistan,

Division of Military Assets:

At the time of partition, Auchinleck (C-in-C) of British Indian army wanted a united army for
both India & Pakistan but Quaid refused so army was divided on religious bases so Muslim
soldiers joined Pakistan’s army while Hindus soldiers joined Indian army so Pak army got a
strength of 150000. Army was divided on religious lines so Pak army got strength of 150000.
4000 officers were required but Pak had only 2500 trained officers. Military assets were
divided with ratio of 64% to 36%. Weapons were supplied delay and mostly were obsolete.
Before partition, India had 16 ordnance factories but none was there in Pakistan.

[2]
Division of Financial Assets:
There were 4 Billion rupees in Reserve Bank of India & Pakistan got a share of 750 Million
rupees. India paid 200 M to Pakistan in 1st installment but refused to transfer the remaining
amount by stating that Pakistan will purchase weapons and will use these weapons in the
valley of Kashmir against India. Gandhi was keen to transfer the amount so he announced a
hunger strike which compelled Indian govt: to transfer 500 M to Pakistan in 2nd installment
but still did not pay remaining amount of 50 M.

Canal Water Dispute:

The partition of Punjab created canal water dispute b/w India & Pakistan. By Redcliff Award,
Ferozpur and Madhopur were intentionally given to India as there were canal head works of
Ravi and Sutlej to control flow of water So India threatened Pakistan to stop the flow of water
in these rivers. India aimed to destroy the agriculture of Pakistan. This issue was solved
permanently in 1960 through the mediation of World Bank known as Indus Water Treaty.
According to this treaty, Indus, Jehlum and chanab were given to Pakistan while Ravi, Sutlej
and Beas were given to India.

Refugee Crises:
After partition Muslims started migration towards Pakistan. This migration speed up by the
attacks of Hindus and Sikhs on Muslim population. Their properties were set to fire. After
the announcement of Redcliff Award, this migration further enhanced as people realized that
they are living in wrong place. It is known as world biggest migration of human history as
millions of people migrated across the border. Pakistan received a huge influx of refugees.
So it was difficult for govt of Pakistan to provide shelter, food and medicines for the
refugees as Pakistan inherited a weak economy and Pakistan was also facing financial
problems as well.

Q: ‘The formation of a government was the most important problem faced by the
newly established country of Pakistan in 1947.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for
your answer. [14]

Level 1: Pakistan got independence in 1947 and faced immediately too many problems. One
of those was the formation of govt.

Level 2: Apart of this, Pakistan also faced financial problems, division of military assets,
refugee problems, canal water dispute and princely state issues (Kashmir)

Level 3: Explain the formation of govt.

Level 4: Explain other mentioned problems.

Level 5: opinion

[3]
Q: Why was Pakistan faced with a refugee problem in 1947? [7]

After independence, Pakistan received a huge influx of refugees because of Redcliff Award,
oppressive policies of Hindus and Sikhs and weak economic position of Pakistan.

One of the reasons was the announcement of Redcliff Award as Muslims came to know that
they are living in wrong place so they started migration towards Pakistan because Muslims
wanted to live in Pakistan.

After Independence, Hindus and Sikhs started oppressive policies against Muslims
community as they wanted India purely as Hindu state. There were organized killing attempts
on Muslim community by Hindus and Sikhs.

After independence, the economic position of Pakistan was very weak and received a huge
influx of refugees so it was difficult for Pakistan to accommodate those refugees, to provide
food, drinking water, health facilities and jobs.

[4]
 (I) Accession Of Princely States

• Kashmir Issue.
One of the major issue b/w India & Pakistan was the Kashmir issue. The ruler of Kashmir
"Hari Singh" was Hindu but majority of population were Muslims. Hari Singh started
oppressive policies against Muslims so Muslims started migration to Pakistan. He wanted to
convert Muslims population into minority. Freedom fighters from tribal area entered in valley
to assist Muslim fellows. Hari Singh asked help from India. India agreed on condition that
first Hari Singh should accede to India. The Indian force entered in valley which was not
acceptable to Pakistan so war was started b/w Pakistan & India. Cease fire was arranged by
UN & it was decided that referendum should be held in Kashmir to decide whether to join
Pakistan or India which was not held still. The case is still pending in UN files.

• Junagarh Issue

Another princely state issue b/w India & Pakistan was Junagarh. It is located to South East of
Karachi. Its ruler was Muslim but population was Hindus. The Muslim ruler (Mahabat
Khanji) announced to accede to Pakistan but India did not accept this. The Indian govt: in
sighted the local population against ruler & blockade was imposed by Indian forces. This
blockade created food shortage in the state. The Indian forces entered in state & ruler had to
flee Pakistan.

• Hyderabad Issue
Hyderabad was densely populated & income generated province. Its ruler was Muslim known
as "Nizam" but population was Hindus. Nizam wanted to accede to Pakistan but Mount
Batten rejected this as this state was surrounded by Indian Territory. Indian govt: pressurized
Nizam to sign a treaty of defense & foreign affairs. Further pressure was applied by Indian
govt: so Nizam filed a case in UNO. Before to start hearing, Indian troops entered in state and
annexed it.

Quaid-e-Azam as Governor General of Pakistan (1947-48)

Quaid-e-Azam became the 1st G.G of Pakistan. He tried his efforts to strengthen Pakistan.

 F o r m a t i o n of Government:
Quaid-e-Azam became the 1st G.G of Pakistan & Liaquat Ali Khan was nominated as 1st
Prime Minister. Karachi was declared as capital of Pakistan. An Assembly was formed to
work out for the constitution of Pakistan known as constituent assembly. Jinnah also
organized the civil services of Pakistan and advised the officers of civil services to serve
this nation with sincerity and dedication. He rented buildings from private sector for the
govt offices and arranged Special trains to bring skilled people from India with dignity.
Apart from this, the govt of Pakistan signed an agreement with TATA airline to bring skilled
people from India.

[5]
  Building Nation:
The first task was to settle the refugees so Quaid shifted his o f f i c e to Lahore to give
h i s full attention towards refugees. He set up Quaid relief fund & requested rich people to
donate for the settlement of refugees. Quaid-e-Azam wanted unity in Pakistan so he negated
provincialism and racism and advised people to think themselves as Pakistani first. He called
himself as Protector General in order to give confidence for non-Muslims that he will protect
their rights in Pakistan. A p a r t f r o m t h i s . H e removed forces from Tribal area to give
them confidence that they are also Pakistani and also gave them responsibility to protect
Western border which was taken as honour by tribal people.

 Establishing the Economy:

Quaid gave his serious attention towards the economy of Pakistan so he established state
Bank of Pakistan on 1st July 1948. Being agro-based country, Quaid settle down the canal
water dispute with India. He gave industrial policy for industrialization of Pakistan & also
sent delegations to other countries to get economic aid.

 Security of Country:

For the security of Pakistan Jinnah tried to strengthen the army of Pakistan. He hired 500 British
officers to fill the gap of trained officer. Douglas Gracey was the first C-in-C of Pakistan army.
Short commissions were also offered fill the gap of trained officers and to reduce
the dependency on British officers. Apart from this, Pakistan was compensated
with 60M rupees for ordnance factory so Jinnah inaugurated first ordnance
factory at Wah (Taxilla) .

Failures of Quaid

Although Quaid worked hard to made stronger Pakistan but in some areas he was failed.
• Could not solve the princely state issues.
• Could not draft the constitution
• Could not settle down the canal water dispute permanently

Q: How successful was the Govt of Pakistan to solve initial problems after
independence? Explain your answer. [14]

Exam-type Questions (comprehension question)

If u will work in cooperation, forgetting the past, burying the hatchet, you are bound to
succeed. If you change your past and work together in a spirit that every one of you- no
matter to what community he belongs, no matter what relations you have had in past, no
matter in his colour, cast or creed….there will be no end to progress you will make.
Part of Jinnah’s address to the constituent assembly in August 1947.

Q. According to source what was Jinnah advising the constituent assembly to do in

August 1947? [3]

[6]
Exam-type Questions

Source: A library being divided at the time of partition in 1947.

Q. What does source tell us about India and Pakistan in 1947? [5]
It tells us that India and Pakistan were not getting well. It does this because we can see that
they even felt to go through their libraries and divide up all the books between the two
countries. If they had been on good terms, they would have found a better way to do this.

[7]
 Exam-type Questions (comprehension question)
If we are to exist as a nation and give shape to the dream of Pakistan, we will have to face
the problems with determination and force. Our people are disorganized and disheartened
by the difficulties we face. Their morale is low and we will have to work harder to pull
them out of their despondency and galvanize them to action. All this throws a greater
responsibility on government servants, to whom our people look for guidance.
From a speech by Jinnah to government officials in October

1947. Q. According to Source A, what problems faced by Pakistan in 1947?

[3]

Q. What does Source B tell us about Muslim refugees in 1947? [5]

Lots of people are moving because the train is crowded and people are sitting on the roof. It
looks dangerous because the refugees are clinging to the sides of the train and they may fall off
when the train moves. Many refugees lost their lives while travelling by train from India to
Pakistan in 1947 when partition was announced.

[8]
 Early Ministries (1948-58)

Governor Generals of Pakistan

(i) Khwaja Nazim-ud- Din (1948-51)
(ii) Malik Ghulam Mohammad (1951-55)
(iii) Eskandar Mirza (1955-58)

Prime Ministers of Pakistan

i. Liaquat Ali Khan (Aug 1947---Oct 1951)

ii. Khwaja Nazim-ud-Din (Oct 1951--April 1953)
iii. Muhammad Ali Bogra (April 1953--Aug 1955)
iv. Chaudry Muhammad Ali (Aug 1955--Sep 1956)
v. Hussain Shaheed Suharwardi( Sep 1956--Oct 1957)
vi. Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar (Oct 1957--Dec 1957)
vii. Feroz Khan Noon (Dec 1957--Oct 1958)

Khwaja Nazim ud Din (G.G)

Liaquat Ali Khan (PM )
Objective Resolution

Objective Resolution was passed in 1949 by the work of Basic Principal Committee.
It is also known as first step to draft constitution of Pakistan.
 Muslim should lead their lives according to the teaching of Islam.
 It proposed a full religious freedom for non-Muslims.
 It proposed fundamental rights for all citizens of Pakistan.
 It proposed independent judiciary in Pakistan.

Public Representation Officer Disqualification Act (PRODA)

This Act was implemented in Pakistan in 1949 to wipe out corruption from the public offices.
According to this law, if any public officer was blamed to be involve in corruption so there
should a judicial inquiry against that officer ordered by G.G or P.Gs. If he found guilty so
should be dismissed from public office but this law was misused in Pakistan.

Iiaquat-Nehru Pact (1950)

Liaquat Ali Khan visited India and met with Indian PM “Jawahar Lal Nehru” and signed a
pact known as Liaquat-Nehru Pact. In this pact, both countries agreed to improve relations
and to protect the rights of minorities within the respective boundaries. Moreover both agreed
to introduce Visa system and to stop free passage of refugees across borders.

[9]
 Rawalpindi Conspiracy:
After independence, Pakistani officers were not happy by the involvement of British officers
in Pakistan army so some of the army officers planned to dismiss the govt of L.A.K and to
install a military rule in Pakistan. This conspiracy was discovered by General Ayub Khan.
Those officers who were involved were court-martial and sent to jail so the govt of L.A.K
survived.

Assassination of LAK
In 1951 LAK was addressing public gathering at Company Bagh Rawalpindi. He was shot
twice at chest by a professional killer known as Akbar Khan and thus LAK died on spot.

Malik Ghulam Mohammad (G.G)

Socio-Economic Development:

Planning Commission of Pakistan started a program for the socio and economic development.
Under this program, industries were set up such as Jute industry at Narayan Ganj in east
Pakistan and also mining stared for the extraction of minerals such as Oil and Gas in West
Pakistan. This created jobs for locals which upgraded their living standard and also brought
infrastructure development such transport and communication system in Pakistan.

Constitutional Work

Constitutional work was also done during that of time.

• Objective Resolution was made the part of constitution.
• It proposed that head of the state must be a Muslim.
• It proposed bi-cameral legislature. House of Unit and House of People.
• It proposed that cabinet is answerable to the N.A.
• The national language will be settled by assembly.

Dismissal of KND
During 1951-53 there was shortage of food due to severe flooding and drought in Pakistan. This
created panic in people so law and order got worse. KND was dismissed on the ground that his
govt was failed to overcome food crises and to strengthen economy.

SEATO & CENTO

Pakistan became the member of SEATO and CENTO in 1954 and 1955 respectively to stop
communism. USA and Europe provided financial and military support for Pakistan being as
member of these organizations but it affected badly on the relations of Pakistan and Russia.

Constitutional Crises of 1954-55

Muhammad Ali Bogra (PM) passed a resolution in assembly to cut the powers of G.G in the
absence of Malik Ghulam Muhammad. As a reaction M.G.M dismissed national assembly so
speaker of assembly “Molvi Tameez ud din” challenged this in Sindh High Court which gave
decision in favor of M.T.D. Immediately M.G.M retaliated and challenged the decision of
Sindh high court in federal court. Federal court trialed that case and gave decision in favor of
M.G.M.

Q: Describe the constitutional crises of 1954-55. [4]

[10]
 Eskander Mirza (G.G)
One Unit System
One unit system was proposed by MAB in 1954 and was implemented by G.G Eskander Mirza
in 1955. According to this system, all provinces and princely states in West Pakistan were
merged to form a single unit known as One Unit System. It was claimed that this system will
negate provincialism and will bring efficient governance in Pakistan but this system was
objected by East Pakistan as they claimed that one unit system is designed to reduce their
majority in assembly. Later this system was also objected by smaller provinces of West
Pakistan as well.
Constitution of 1956
The important features are as under.
• Semi Rigid Constitution: 2/3 majority in assembly was required to amend the
constitution.

• Parliamentary System: it proposed parliamentary system in which P.M and his

cabinet was given responsibility to run the affairs of state.

• Independent Judiciary: it proposed independent Judiciary which

c omposed of Supreme Court, High courts and lower courts.

• Basic Human Right: It guaranteed all human rights like freedom of speech, freedom
of association, freedom of getting education, freedom of practicing religion etc.

• Islamic Provisions: Objective Resolution was made the part of this constitution. It
proposed that president must be a Muslim. It also declared country name as Islamic
Republic of Pakistan and banned drinking alcohol and gambling in the country.

• National Languages: it proposed that both Urdu and Bengali should be national
languages.

Modernization:
EM took many steps for the development of Pakistan. Karachi airport was completed in 1955 and
railway system was also up graded. Telephone system was further expanded in Pakistan. He also
brought reforms in education and health sectors in Pakistan.

Political Crises:
E.M dismissed too many Prime Ministers which brought political instability in Pakistan such
as Mohammad Ali Bogra, Chaudry Mohammad Ali, Hussain Shaheed Suharwardi,
I I Chudrigar. This also encouraged army to intervene in the politics of Pakistan. So General
Ayub Khan imposed first martial law in Pakistan

Q: Which of the following played an important role in the development of Pakistan?

(i) Liaquat Ali Khan
(ii) Malik Ghulam Mohammad
(iii) Eskander Mirza

Explain your answer with reference to three of the above. [14]

[11]
 Reasons for delay in drafting constitution

Pakistan took long time to draft its first constitution. Number of reasons was there.

 Selfish Attitude of Politicians:

After the death of Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan, politicians were in-experienced and could
not perform their duties well. They fought with one another in order to get more powers.
They preferred their personnel interest over national interest and did not pay attention to
draft constitution so the framing of constitution got delay in Pakistan.

 Demands of East Pakistan:

East Pakistan was also a reason for delay in framing of constitution. They wanted enhanced
representation in assembly by having more population than west Pakistan and also wanted
Bengali as national language of Pakistan as compared to Urdu which was not acceptable for
West Pakistan. A lot of time was wasted by Pakistan to settle these issues and thus
constitution got delayed.

 Role of Ulamas:
After independence, Ulamas worked as a pressure group in the politics of Pakistan.
Ulamas objected every time on the constitutional proposals that these not sufficient Islamic
and more Islamic laws should be added in the constitution. They also demanded that Ahmadis
should be declared as non-Muslim in the constitution so because of ulamas objections, the
framing of constitution got delay

Reasons for many Govts During 1951-58

There were several reasons for many govts during 1951-58.
Selfish Attitude of Politicians:
After the death of Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan, politicians were in-experienced and could
not perform their duties well. They fought with one another in order to get more powers.
They preferred their personnel interest over national interest and could solve initial
problems faced by Pakistan.

Political Crises:
There was great political uncertainty in Pakistan at that time. Malik Ghulam Muhammad
dismissed the constituent assembly for first time in the history of Pakistan to keep power in
h i s o w n hand. The era of Eskander witnessed downfall of several ministries which
brought political uncertainty in Pakistan.

Conflict b/w East and West

Conflicts between East and West Pakistan was also a reason for downfall of many govts in
Pakistan. Karachi was the first capital of Pakistan which was far away from East Pakistan so
they were not happy. East Pakistan also w anted more representation in assembly and
Bengali as an official language which was not acceptable for West Pakistan.

[12]
 Reasons for Imposition of Martial Law
th
On 7 Oct 1958, Martial law was imposed by G: Ayub Khan. The reasons were as under:

 Selfish Attitude of Politicians:

After the death of Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan, politicians could not perform their duties
well. They fought with one another in order to get more powers. They preferred their
personnel interest over national interest. Even Muslim League had lost its control in various
parts of Pakistan & thus the govt: became powerless. Due to their infighting, these politicians
could not capitalize administration which encouraged GAK to impose martial law.

 Political Crises:
There was great political uncertainty in Pakistan at that time. Malik Ghulam Muhammad
dismissed the constituent assembly for first time in the history of Pakistan to keep power in
h i s o w n hand. The era of Eskander Mirza witnessed the downfall of several ministries
which brought political uncertainty in Pakistan. This Political instability b r o u g h t
economic c r i s e s . Foreign investors were reluctant to invest in Pakistan. There was
severe flooding in East Pakistan. Moreover less agriculture output crises further weakened
the economy.

 Law & Order Situation:

Law & order situation was not good. Flooding & food crises worsened law & order situation.
Apart of this, Ulamas were also protesting against Ahmadies & were demanding that they
should be declared non-Muslims. Political govts were failed to control law and order so GAK
imposed martial law in Pakistan

Q: Why did G: Ayub Khan declare martial law in 1958? [7]

[13]
 General Muhammad Ayub Khan (1958--1969)

General Ayub Khan was the first Pakistani C-in-C of Pakistan army. In 1958 he imposed
martial law and became the martial law administrator. He brought many reforms in country
and Pakistan progressed a lot.

Political Reforms:

Ayub Khan introduced Basic Democratic System which was composed of four tier structure
i:e Union Council, Tehsil Council, District Council & Divisional Council. Members of Union
councils were elected on the bases of adult franchise while these elected members elected the
members of upper councils respectively. Elected members were known as Democrats. Its
function was to collect the taxes and to carry developmental projects. This system also aimed
to strengthen democracy in the country. Under this system, inflation rate got higher and
corruption flourished at grass root level in politics.
Agricultural Reforms:
As Pakistan was an agricultural country so Ayub Khan brought Green Revolution in the
country.
• Land reforms were introduced in which a farmer was allowed to keep 500 acres irrigated
and 1000 acres un-irrigated land.
• HYVs seeds & mechanized farming was introduced in country.
• Loans were provided for farmers to purchase HYVs & fertilizers on subsidized rates.
• Pakistan also signed Indus Water Treaty with India.
 The construction of Mangla and Terbella Dam was announced and expansion of canal
network was also announced for irrigation.
The Landlords transferred their properties to their family members.

Industrial Reforms:
Ayub Khan brought industrial reforms to strengthen the economy of country.
• Oil refinery was setup at Karachi such as Pakistan and National Oil Refinery.
• Mineral Development Corporation was also setup for mineral exploration.
• Regional Corporation Development (RCD) was setup amongst Pakistan, Iran & Turkey to
enhance trade & commerce relations.
• Tax holidays were given for investors to setup industries.
• Special bonus scheme was offered for major exporters.

Although these reforms brought economic prosperity in the country but wealthy people got
benefit of these reforms as 22 wealthy families controlled wealth of Pakistan in their hands.

[14]
Educational Reforms:

G. Ayub Khan also brought revolution in educational sector as well.

• Elementary education was declared free.
• New curriculum & syllabus was designed.
• F.Sc was declared as minimum qualification for admission in professional colleges.
• National Cadet Corps training was introduced in colleges.
• Technical institutes & colleges were given under control of Technical Education Board.

Social Reforms:

G: Ayub Khan also brought social reforms.

• He appointed G: Azam Khan as rehabilitation minister to settle refugees.
• Family planning program was also started with help of USA & Western countries.
• Medical colleges & Nursing schools were also setup to provide better health facilities.
• An ordinance was passed to restrict polygamy in country to reduce birth rate.
• Minimum 18 years of age for male and 16 for female were declared to marry in Pakistan.
• Steps were taken against hoarders who were involved in hoarding such as food stuff.

Constitutional Reforms:
Ayub khan drafted a constitution known as. 1962 constitution
Salient Features:

• Rigid Constitution: it was rigid constitution. For any amendment in constitution, 2/3
majority in house plus consent of president was also required.

• Presidential system: it proposed presidential form of constitution which gave all

powers in hands of president

• Independent Judiciary: it proposed independent judiciary. It was composed of

Supreme Court, High Courts and lower Courts.

• Basic Human Rights: It guaranteed all human rights like freedom of speech, freedom
of association, freedom of getting education, freedom of practicing religion etc.

• Islamic Provision: it proposed that Quran and Sunnah would be the supreme law of
country. No law should be enacted if contradictory to Islamic laws. President must be
a Muslim and banned gambling and prostitution.

• National Languages: it proposed that both Urdu and Bengali should be national
languages.

[15]
Reasons for shifting capital from Karachi to Islamabad

Ayub Khan shifted capital from Karachi to Islamabad due to number of reasons.
One of the reasons was to reduce frequent travelling and time by Ayub Khan. As General
Headquarter of army is located at Rawalpindi so it was too difficult for Ayub Khan as Martial
administrator to travel from G.H.Q to Karachi.

As Karachi is located to the south of Pakistan so it was too difficult for people from other
provinces to access capital easily. Apart of this, due to its location, it was easily exposed to
the attacks of foreign invaders through sea.

Karachi was developed city with Port and industries so it attracted a huge influx of people
from the rest of Pakistan and thus became densely populated and encouraged the
development of slum areas. Due to such population Karachi was no more suitable place for
govt offices and foreign officials.

Foreign Policy of Ayub Khan

G.Ayub Khan established good relations with Muslims countries. RCD was setup to enhance
trade relations with Muslim countries like Iran and Turkey. Ayub Khan also established good
relations with China as border dispute was settled in north peacefully, PIA started its flight
operation to china and mutual defense agreement was also signed. For economic assistance
he also established relations with Western countries such USA and USSR and Pakistan was
receiving both financial and military aid from these countries. Furthermore, Ayub Khan
signed Indus Water Treaty with India to solve water dispute and also signed Tashkent
agreement with India to bring peace in this region.

1965 War against India

Reasons:
• Sacred hairs of Prophet (S.A.W) were stolen in Kashmir
• Indo-China war (Pakistan saw opportunity)
• Kashmir Issue
Q: Why was Pakistan failed in 1965 war? [7]

In 1965, Pakistan got in conflict with India over Kashmir issue. There were number of
reasons for failure of Pakistan. Those reasons were lack of support from Kashmiri people,
Lack of support from SEATO and CENTO and Indian Military Supremacy.

As Kashmir was the core issue between Pakistan and India so Pakistan got in conflict
with India and was aiming to liberate Kashmir from Indian occupation but Kashmiri people
did not show any interest and kept aloof themselves from that war. They did not support
Pakistan in 1965 war so that was one of the reasons for failure of Pakistan.

[16]
 Another reason for the failure of Pakistan was the lack of support from SEATO and
CENTO. Pakistan became the member of these organizations in 1954-55 respectively and
was expecting that these organizations will provide military support against India but it did
not happen.
Furthermore, Indian military supremacy was also a reason. Indian army was much
greater in number and had much more military weapons as compared to Pakistan as India
inherited 16 ordnance factories after independence. Apart of these, Russia provided a
consistent support for India against Pakistan which gave an edge to India to defeat Pakistan.

Tashkent Declaration:
It was a peace treaty signed between India and Pakistan at Tashkent in 1966. Pakistan was
represented by president Ayub Khan while India was represented by Lal Bahadar Shastri. In
this treaty both countries agreed to initiate steps for peace b/w two countries and Kashmir
issue should be solved under the UN rules. Moreover both countries agreed to occupy the
pre-war position at borders.

Q: What was the Tashkent declaration? [4]

Source B

Picture is about the Decade of Development of General Ayub Khan

(a) What does source B tell us about the Family Planning of Ayub Khan? [5]

[17]
 Downfall of G: Ayub Khan

The reasons for downfall of Ayub Khan were as under.

 Economic Injustices:
Although Ayub Khan brought economic prosperity in country but the wealth came in hands
of only 22 families of Pakistan. Those families kept hold of all assets in Pakistan. Jute crop
earned foreign exchange but that was spent on industrialization in West Pakistan. This sent a
wrong message across East Pakistan.

 Political Uncertainty:
Opposition Political Parties formed an alliance against Ayub Khan known as Democratic
Action Committee. They demanded for elections, removing emergency & provincial
autonomy. The protest created political unrest in country which became a reason for his
removal.

 Dictorial Policies of Ayub Khan:

Ayub Khan took several measures to press politicians like Elected Bodies Disqualification
Ordinance. Press freedom was curtailed & civil rights were not given to the people of
Pakistan. Political victimization was carried out by him against political opponents who
created hatred in people of Pakistan.

 Corruption in BDS:
As this system gave too many powers to members so this system promoted corruption in
electoral process. This corruption flourished to gross root level in politics. As this system was
started by Ayub Khan so blame went on him.

 Restricted Franchise:
Ayub Khan wanted democratic Pakistan but all people did not get a chance to express their
views through vote casting right as he gave limited franchise in BDS.

Q: Explain why Ayub Khan called the years 1958 to 1969, the ‘Decade of Progress’?
[7]

Reasons:
 Economic Reforms (Industrial + agriculture)
 Health & social
 Political.

Q: Why was Ayub Khan removed from power? [7]

Q: The Industrial reforms of Ayub Khan were more important than any other. Do you
agree or disagree? Explain your answer. [14]

[18]
 General Yahya Khan (1969--1971)
G: Yahya Khan replaced G: Ayub Khan as new Martial Law Administrator. He abolished
BDS, One Unit system & announced new elections on bases of one man one vote.

Six Points of Shaikh Mujeeb Ur Rehan

Six Points of Mujeeb ur Rehman were used for elections of 1971. These were as under.
• An elected government at federal level.
• Federal govt: should control the Defense & Foreign affairs
• Separate currencies for East & West Pakistan.
• Separate troops for provinces
• Provinces should collect taxes.
• Provinces should have option to sign trade agreements with other countries.

Q: What were the six points of Shaikh Mujeeb ur Rehman? [4]

Success of Awami League in 1971 Elections

The reasons for success of Awami League were as under.

 Political Injustices:
All executive powers were in the hands of West Pakistan. West Pakistani occupied key posts
in administration. Apart of this Army was also dominated by West Pakistanis. This put a
wrong impact on East Pakistanis so they cast their votes in favor of Awami League.

 Social Injustices:
West Pakistanis considered themselves superior & East Pakistanis as inferior race. Urdu
which was spoken by 6% of Pakistani population, declared as national language instead of
Bengali which was spoken by 54% population of Pakistan. This also sent a wrong message &
East Pakistanis cast their vote in favor of East Pakistan.

 Economic Injustices:
At time of partition, per capita income in East Pakistan was greater than West Pakistan but
now there was decrease in per capita income for East Pakistanis & increase for West
Pakistanis. Jute exports earned foreign exchange for Pakistan which was spent on the
development of West Pakistan. This also did not go un-notice to East Pakistanis so cast their
votes in favor of Awami League.

Civil War in 1971

War against India in 1971
Reasons for Failure in War against India In 1971

• Civil war by East Pakistanis

• SEATO & CENTO did not support Pakistan
• Indian Military supremacy.

[19]
 Separation of East Pakistan (1971)
The reasons for separation of East Pakistan were as under:

 Political Injustices:
All the executive powers were in the hands of West Pakistan. West Pakistanis occupied the
key posts in administration. Apart of this Army was also dominated by West Pakistanis. This
put a wrong impact on East Pakistanis so they started struggle to get independence.

 Social Injustices:
The West Pakistanis considered themselves superior & East Pakistanis as inferior race. Urdu
which was spoken by 6% of Pakistani population, declared as national language instead of
Bengali which was spoken by 54% population of Pakistan. This also sent a wrong message &
they started struggle to get independence from Pakistan.

 Economic Injustices:
At time of partition, per capita income in East Pakistan was greater than West Pakistan but
now there was decrease in per capita income for East Pakistanis & increase for West
Pakistanis. Jute exports earned foreign exchange for Pakistan which was spent on the
development of West Pakistan. This also did not go un-notice to East Pakistanis so they
started struggle to get independence.

 Selfish Attitude of Politician:

Politicians fought with one another in order to get more powers. They preferred their
personnel interest over national interest. Mujeeb & Bhutto fought with each other to become
Prime Minister of Pakistan and no one was ready to give any concession to each other. Thus
the infighting amongst both of these politicians divided Pakistan into two Parts.

 Role of India:
India got opportunity to exploit the conflict b/w East & West. The Hindus teachers washed
the brain of young Bengalis. The Indian government supported the followers of Makhti
Bahini whose were fighting civil war against Pakistan. Indian govt: trained the rebellions and
supplied weapons against Pakistani forces

 Geographical Factor:
Pakistan was composed of two wings, East and West and there was 1000 miles distance of
Indian territory between these two wings. Islamabad was the capital of Pakistan so it was
difficult to control East from West that’s why Bangladesh got separation.

Q: Why did East Pakistan wish to become an independent state? [7]

Q: Was the role of India the most important reason in the separation of East Pakistan in
1971? Explain your answer. [14]

Q: What was operation Search Light? [4]

It was a military operation launched by Pakistan army against Bengali rebellions in East
Pakistan. This operation aimed to get control of major cities and then to eliminate Bengali
rebellions in one month. Bengali resistance was not expected by Pakistan army and operation
caused migration of millions Bengali towards India. Later on Bengalis declared independence
and led to the creation of Bangladesh.
[20]
Exam-type Questions (comprehension question)
This may be my last message, from today Bangladesh is independent. I call upon the people
of Bangladesh, wherever you might be and whatever you have, have to resist the army of
occupation to the last. Your fight must go on until the last soldier of the Pakistan occupation
army is expelled from the soil of Bangldesh and that victory is achieved.
Part of speech made by Shaikh Mujeeb on 26 March 1947.

Q. According to source what did Shaikh Mujeeb want the people of Bangladesh to do?
[3]

Children in East Pakistan surrounded by spent artillery shells.

Q. What does this source tell us about situation in East Pakistan in 1971? [5]

It tell us that there was a very dangerous situation in East Pakistan at that time. It does this
because it shows a large number of spent artillery shells, so there must have been serious
fighting going on. We can also see children standing amongst the shells. That is a very
dangerous thing.

[21]
 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1971--1977)
On 20th Dec 1971, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto became president & civil Martial Law Administrator.
After taking office, Z.A Bhutto brought number of reforms which were as under.

Military Reforms:
Z.A Bhutto tried to reduce role of Army in politics so he removed 29 officers. C-in-C post
was replaced with new name "Chief of Army Staff" & General Tikka Khan was appointed as
Chief of Army Staff. He also established Federal Security Force to assist the police but this
was used for political victimization.

Industrial Reforms:
Z.A Bhutto wanted economic prosperity in the country so started Nationalization policy.
Under this policy, major industries like sugar, cotton, banking & insurance companies were
taken under government control. This aimed to strengthen the economic condition of country
but this policy had many draw backs as it lacked managerial skills, economic recession
through world etc.

Agricultural Reforms:
According to land reforms, a person can keep 250 acres irrigated & 500 acres un-irrigated
land. Tenants were given security against illegal expulsion. Loans were provided to farmers
to purchase seeds & chemical fertilizers on subsidized rates. Although land reforms were
good but landlords transferred properties to their family members. Many landowners used
their social position to persuade the revenue officers to declare land as owner cultivated.

Health & Social Reforms:

Z.A Bhutto opened BHUs & RHCs to provide health facilities in rural areas of Pakistan.
Training schools were established for nurses & doctors. House job was declared compulsory
for doctors after completion of their medical education. Selling of medicines under branded
name were also banned to windup the monopoly of international pharmaceutical companies
but this discouraged the multi-national companies to invest in Pakistan.

Educational Reforms:
All schools were nationalized. Free primary educations were provided. Factory owners were
given the responsibility to bear the educational expenses of children of factory workers. New
schools, collages & universities were opened to raise the standard of education but again this
sector lacked managerial skills.

Administrative Reforms:
Z.A Bhutto also brought reforms in civil service of Pakistan as he thought that civil service
was corrupt & inefficient. He made entry test compulsory to join CSP and also set unified
pay scale for different levels of CSP.

Q: The agricultural reforms were more important of Bhutto’s domestic policies. Do you
agree? Explain your answer. [14]

[22]
 Constitution of 1973

1973 constitution was drafted by Z.A.Bhutto

Salient Features:
The important features are as under.

• Semi Rigid Constitution: 2/3 majority in both houses was required to amend the
constitution.

• Parliamentary System: it proposed parliamentary system in which P.M was given

responsibility to run the affairs of state.

• Independent Judiciary: it proposed independent Judiciary which compose d

of Supreme Court, High courts and District courts.

• Basic Human Right: It guaranteed all human rights like freedom of speech, freedom
of association, freedom of getting education, freedom of practicing religion etc.

• Islamic Provisions: it proposed that Quran and Sunnah would be the supreme law of
country. No law should be enacted if contradictory to Islamic laws. President must be
a Muslim. It banned gambling and prostitution. Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
Ahmadis were declared non-Muslims in the constitution.

• National Languages: it proposed that Urdu and should be national languages.

Simla Agreement

Z.A Bhutto visited India & signed a treaty with India known as Simla agreement in 1972. In
this agreement India agreed to release prisoner of war of Pakistan & in return Pakistan
assured that Kashmir issue would be discussed mutually not involving the international
forums. Through this visit Bhutto tried to improve relations with India. Simla agreement gave
popularity for Z.A.B in Pakistan.

Q: What was the Simla agreement? [4]

[23]
(b) What does Source B tell us about the outcome of the conflict between East Pakistan
and West Pakistan? [5]

Foreign Policy of Z.A. Bhutto

Z.A Bhutto was very influential figure not in Pakistan only but also in world politics. He
started new era of good relations with china & Russia so that’s why Russia also established
steel mill in Pakistan. Pakistan also withdrew its membership from SEATO and CENTO so
relations got tensed with western countries such as USA. Z.A Bhutto had great influence in
Islamic world as well. He worked for united Muslim world & for this he made OIC as an
active and influential organization. He visited Kabul to improve relations and Pakistan
provide moral and financial aid for Afghanistan in devastating earth quake in Kabul.

Causes for Downfall OF Z.A. Bhutto

The causes for removal of Z.A Bhutto were as under.

 Political Victimization:
PPP was the first elected & democratic govt: but it did not follow the democratic norms.
Oppressive policies were carried out by Z.A Bhutto against his political rivals. FSF was used
for political victimization. Freedom of media was curtailed. These policies created feelings of
hatred in people & thus Z.A Bhutto was removed from power.

 Nationalization Policy:
The economic policy of Z.A Bhutto was nationalization. It aimed to strengthen Pakistan’s
economy but it was failed to bring the desired results. Bhutto could not find skilled persons to
run the industries effectively which reduced the foreign reserves in Pakistan.

 Political Crises:
The era of Z.A Bhutto was marked as political uncertainty in the country. Grievances were
there in smaller provinces like N.W.F.P & Baluchistan. Moreover massive rigging in the
election of 1977 provided a chance for opposition parties to launch a joint movement against
Z.A Bhutto.
[24]
  To Curb the Power of Military & Bureaucracy:
After fall of Dhaka, Pakistani army was demoralized so Z.A Bhutto removed several officers
to finish the role of army in politics & to keep strong hold on army as well. He also brought
changes in bureaucracy as well to make his position strong in the country. By having a
chance, the army retaliated and over thrown Bhutto’s govt:.

 Failure of PPP Manifesto:

The slogan of PPP in election was food, shelter & cloth but PPP govt: was completely failed
to provide these things to the people. By this PPP lost its support in people.

Q: Why was Bhutto removed from power? [7]

Reasons for Execution of Z.A.B

There were number of reasons for the hanging of Bhutto. He was blamed to be involved in
murder case, he did not appeal of mercy and Zia also wanted himself as strong leader.

One of the reasons was the murder case against Bhutto. He was blamed to be involve in the
murder case of Nawab Mohammad Ahmad Kasuri, the father of Ahmad Raza Kasuri who
was a former member of PPP so judicial trails were there against ZA Bhutto which found him
guilty.

Another reason was the denial of mercy appeal for life as Bhutto thought that it is against his
dignity to appeal for life in front of Zia as Zia was promoted by Bhutto to the rank of COAS.
As judicial orders were already there so he was executed in 1979.

Furthermore, Zia also wanted to prove himself as strong leader as rumors were there in
Pakistan that Zia can’t punish Bhutto being appointed as COAS by him so Zia upheld the
decision of Judiciary as he wanted to prove himself as a strong leader.

[25]
 General Zia-ul-Haq (1977--1988)
On 5th July Zia-ul-Haq removed Bhutto’s govt: & imposed Martial law in the country. He
tried to prove himself as a strong president of Pakistan.

Islamisation
Zia brought Islamic reforms in country due to following reasons.
 To counter Socialism
Bhutto had tried to introduce socialism in the country & Islam provides an excellent counter-
ideology to Bhutto’s belief so Zia brought Islamic reforms in order to make this society
purely Islamic and by this Zia wanted to defame Bhutto in the politics of Pakistan.

 To win the support of religious element

The introduction of Islamic measures would win the support of religious element within
Pakistan political parties. This applied in particular to Jamat-i-Islami which was influential
both in army & administration.

 To win the Support of Islamic world

When Russia attacked Afghanistan so Zia was able to portray his govt: as pro-Islamic by
fighting against Russia. Thus Zia won the support of Islamic world as well as the Western
world.

Q: Why did Zia bring a package of Islamic Reforms in the country? [7]

Features of Islamic Reforms

Federal Shariat Court

In 1979, Zia established Federal shariat Court to consider that existing laws should be in
conformity with Quran & Sunnah. The court had 5 judges, a chairman & 3 Ulamas.

Hudood Ordinance
In 1977, Hudood ordinance was promulgated in the country. Hud is an Arabic word which
means punishment so Islamic Punishments were introduced for theft, gambling, drinking,
adultery & false allegation within Pakistan. For example punishment for adultery was stoning
to death & to cut right hand for theft etc.

Zakat Ordinance
In 1980, Zakat Ordinance was issued which impose 2.5 % tax on saving over certain amount.
Zakat committees were established in villages to distribute zakat amongst deserving people.

Ushr Ordinance
In 1980, Ushr Ordinance was also issued which impose 5% tax on agricultural yield. Income
raised by this ordinance was paid to zakat fund to assist poor.

Islamic Ideology Council

Zia also set up Islamic ideology council to suggest ways in which the Legal Framework of
Pakistan could be brought closer to Islamic ideology.

[26]
Islamyat & Pakistan Studies
Islamyat & Pakistan Studies were made compulsory subjects in schools & colleges.

Preference to Hafiz-e-Quran
Hafiz-e-Quran was given additional marks for admission in colleges & professional colleges
and to join civil services of Pakistan .

Arabic Language
Steps were taken to promote Arabic language in country like news bulletin in Arabic
Language and subject.
Economic Policy of Zia

Denationalization
Zia wanted a sustainable growth of economy in the country so he started Denationalization
policy in which nationalized industries were given back to its previous owners to boost up
their confidence back.

Russian –Afghan War

Due to Afghan war, Western countries such as USA and Western Europe provided aid to
Pakistan which further strengthens Pakistan economy. Muslim world also helped Pakistan
financially in Russian-Afghan war which also strengthened the economy of Pakistan.

Remittances
Doors were opened by Gulf States for Pakistani labours, professionals and military officers.
Military officers and Pakistani labours who were working abroad especially in Saudi Arabia,
Libya, Oman, Qatar and UAE, sent remittances to boost up economy thus Pakistan enjoyed a
GNP of 6.2 % which was highest in this region.

Foreign Policy

Russia attacked on Afghanistan in 1979 so Zia decided to support Afghanistan in that war
against Russia. Pakistan became front line state in that war so relations improved with USA
and Western Europe and they provided military and financial aid to Pakistan. Muslims world
especially Gulf States also established good relations with Zia as this war was taken as Holy
War by Muslims world. Zia also kept good relations with China so China helped Pakistan to
set up Chashma Nuclear Plant. Karakoram highway was also opened to enhance trade
relations with China. Zia visited India after the murder of Indra Gandhi to reduce tension
between Pak and India. Historically it is known as Cricket diplomacy.

Political Reforms

Zia resumed political activities in Pakistan by uplifting Martial law in country. He held
elections on non party bases for local bodies and for national assembly to strengthen
democracy in Pakistan. Mr Junejo was appointed as PM and also reinstated 1973 constitution
th
with 8 amendment which gave too much power for president to dismiss PM and assembly.

[27]
Q: Economic Policies of Zia were most important of his domestic policy. Do you agree
or disagree? Explain your answer. [14]

Level 1: Zia wanted to strengthen the economy of Pakistan so brought economic reforms but

Level 2: He also focused on Islamic Reforms, foreign policy and political reforms as well.

Level 3: Explain economic policies of Zia.

Level 4: Explain other policies as mentioned.

Level 5: Opinion.

Afghan War (1980—88)

Problems for Pakistan:

• During Russian-Afghan war, Pakistan received a huge influx of Afghan refugees

which put a burden on Pakistan’s economy. These refugees also competed with locals
for jobs which also enhanced unemployment in Pakistan.

• During war, there was no check and balance on western border of Pakistan so this
facilitated the inflow of drug and Klashankov culture in Pakistan. This further
deteriorated the law and order situation in Pakistan.

• During war, Pakistan was receiving financial aid from USA and other western
countries but after war, western countries stopped this aid to Pakistan and they also
imposed sanctions on Pakistan so Pakistan faced financial crises.

Ojri Camp Disaster

On 10th April 1988, the army weapons, dump at Ojri Camp blew up. The twin cities
“Rawalpindi & Islamabad" received a shower of missiles & rockets. Hundreds of civilians
died due this incidents. Mr Junejo ordered an inquiry & promised that whoever was to
blame would be brought to justice.

Q: What was the Ojri Camp disaster? [4]

[28]
 Benazir Bhutto (1988—1990)
She was the daughter of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Ex P.M). She contested elections on behalf of
PPP and became the P.M of Pakistan in Dec 1988.

Problems faced by Benazir Bhutto:

Strong Opposition:
She won clear majority in Sindh assembly but won simple majority in national assembly. She
was the first woman P.M of Muslim world & faced strong opposition

Little Political Space:

Dictatorship came to an end but still the military and intelligence agencies had great Power.
She was given a little political space to carry her programs as she feared that she might be
over thrown.

Vote of no confidence:
Just after eleventh months of her being as P.M, she faced vote of no confidence.
Opposition parties organized a no confidence motion against her in which she survived.

Policies of Benazir Bhutto

Political reforms:
She wanted a democratic Pakistan so that’s why she brought political reforms within the
country. She lift up ban on trade unions, students unions & released political prisoners whose
were arrested in Zia regime on political bases.

Social Reforms:
She took firsts step towards spreading of social reforms by providing electricity across rural
Pakistan.. Although she promised to work for social welfare of women such as to set up
women courts, women police stations and but she could not. No new laws were introduced
for welfare of women. She could not repeal Zina & Hudood ordinance.

Economic Reforms:
She wanted to bring economic prosperity in the country that’s why reinstated labor & trade
unions. People work program was also started by her govt: for social & economic uplift of
the people. Loan was given for people to start their own business in order to reduce
unemployment in Pakistan.

Foreign Policy:
Although foreign policy was controlled by intelligence agencies but she was quite successful
in her foreign policy as Pakistan enlisted itself in common wealth countries. Pakistan
conducted 4rth SAARC Summit in which Pakistan & India signed three peace treaties. She
visited USA & met with President Bush which further improved relations.

[29]
Problems in Sindh:
She made the Sindhi as compulsory subject and more seats were reserved for Sindhi speaking
th
people in the administration. Riots were started in Karachi. On 27 May 1990 Sindh govt:
launched crackdown in Hyderabad at the center of MQM. Curfew was imposed and door to
door search operation began. Mahajar protested and fighting was broke out. In Pucca Qilla
Massacre, 31 women & Children were killed leading protest in Karachi which further led to
300 killings.

Causes for downfall of Benazir:

Benazir was removed due to following reasons.

 Corruption:
Allegations were there from opposition that Benazir gave loans to party supporters for
business. Asif Ali Zardari( husband of B.B) and Hakim Ali Zardari ( her father in law) were
accused to be involve in corruption by receiving kickbacks on govt projects so corruption was
one of the reason for removal of B.B.

 Law & order situation:

In 1990 the situation became very worse in Sindh especially in Hyderabad and Karachi. Both
parties MQM & PPP came in conflict with one another. The violence was created on ethnic
lines which led to the death of hundreds.

 Confrontation with President:

She did not work with president Ghulam Ishaq Khan & some time clashed with him. A major
disagreement was on the appointment of posts in military and judiciary. Ishaaq Khan wanted
to appoint people on these posts by himself but she totally refused this which further
enhanced the tensions. So using Article 58 (2B) Ghulam Ishaaq Khan removed Benazir from
post.

Nawaz Sharif (PM for First Term)

In general elections of 1990, IJI got majority of seats in national assembly and thus Nawaz
Sharif became Prime Minister of Pakistan for first time.

Major developments during this era:

These are as under.

Economic Policies:
Nawaz Sharif thought that private sector would boost the economy so he started privatization
of industries which had been nationalized in Z.A Bhutto’s era. Important industries like
shipping, telecommunication and air lines were given to private sector. Ghazi Barootha Hydal
Power Project and Gawadar Mini port projects were announced. Yellow Cab Scheme was
started to reduce unemployment ratio in Pakistan.

Motorway Project:
The mega project of Nawaz’s govt was motorway project for faster means of communication.
This was also design to reduce burdon on highways. The first motorway was completed b/w
Lahore and Islamabad in 1999.

[30]
Water Distribution Accord:
Nawaz called a meeting of council of common interest, in which CMs of all provinces
participated and they agreed on water distribution in four provinces.

Problems faced by Nawaz Sharif:

Economic:
Although Nawaz’s govt: announced mega projects for the economic prosperity of the country
but his govt: faced financial problems. Lack of capital for investment was one of the major
reasons. Apart from this U.S also stopped funds after end of the Afghan war. Moreover high
govt: spending & decrease in remittances from overseas workers put further pressure on
Pakistan’s economy. During that time one of bank of Pakistan (BCCI) bank of credit and
commerce international also collapsed which gave more damage to Pakistan economy.

Social:
Other problems were the Klashankov & drug culture which flourished rapidly in Pakistan
after the end of Afghan war against Russia. Both of these were very common which enhanced
the crime ratio in Pakistan. The govt: had to deal with these to whip out crime and terrorism
from country.

Cooperative Societies Scandal:

Nawaz Sharif lost support because of cooperative society’s scandal. It accepted deposits from
members and can provide loan legally for the benefit of society. Due to mismanagement,
these went bankrupt and people lost their savings. It was discovered that these societies gave
loans to Sharif family for business. Although those loans were paid back by Sharif family but
this damaged the reputation of PM.

Causes for downfall of Nawaz Sharif:

The causes for downfall of Nawaz Sharif are as under.

 Appointment of army staff:

The conflict arose between PM and president on the appointment of new chief of army staff
after the sudden death of General Asif Nawaz. Nawaz Sharif wanted to appoint the chief of
army staff but president Ghulam Ishaaq Khan wanted to appoint General Waheed Kakar so it
was one of the reasons for removal of Ghulam Ishaaq Khan.

 Eight Amendments:
Nawaz Sharif also came in conflict with president on eight amendment of constitution which
had provided powers in the hand of president to dismiss PM. According to the president’s
views, the eight amendments was strict check on PM so president did not agree to revoke
this.

 Accusation of corruption:
One of the reasons for the downfall of Nawaz’s govt was accusation of corruption. Govt was
accused to be involved in corruption by opposition while importing yellow cab. Moreover
govt was blamed to be involved in society’s scandal.

[31]
 nd
Benazir Bhutto (PM for 2 term)
nd
Benazir Bhutto became the PM of Pakistan for 2 time after elections of 1993. She
campaigned with slogan of “Agenda of change”.
Policies of Benazir Bhutto
Social reforms:
She wanted to improve the social condition of people especially women of Pakistan as she
was too concerned about the health issues of women. She announced her plans to establish
police stations, women courts and women banks. She was failed to bring any law for these
plans to take into effect.

Confrontation with opposition:

She was facing opposition in form of “train march” started by Nawaz Sharif from Karachi to
Peshawar. She arrested several opposition leaders which further enhanced her opposition.

Confrontation with family members:

She also faced problems from her family members. Her mother Nusrut Bhutto wanted that
her son “Murtaza Bhutto” should control the party affairs. She removed her mother from
leading position in PPP.

Extra judicial killings:

The three year rule of Benazir Bhutto became conspicuous by extra judicial killings in which
thousands of innocent people were killed especially in Karachi. Constitution was violated and
hatred was generated against PPP govt.
Causes for downfall of Benazir Bhutto:
The reasons are as under.

 Corruption:
The govt was charged of violating the rules of administration of the country. Her husband
“Asif Ali Zardari” was accused for receiving commissions on govt projects. It was alleged
that ministers, MNAs, MPAs and high officials were plundering national wealth with both
hands. Bhutto claimed that these charges were politically motivated.

 Extra judicial killings:

The three year rule of Benazir Bhutto became conspicuous by extra judicial killings in which
thousands of innocent people were killed especially in Karachi. The Constitution was
violated and hatred was generated against PPP govt.

 Confrontation with president:

Farooq Ahmad Khan Laghaari was the elected president of PPP. But conflict started b/w
th
president and PM on the issue of 8 amendments of constitution. So president used special
powers of constitution to dismiss Benazir‘s govt by putting strong allegation of corruption
against her.

[32]
 nd
Nawaz Sharif (PM for 2 term)
nd
Nawaz Sharif became the PM of Pakistan for 2 time after general elections of 1997.

Policies of Nawaz Sharif:

Important developments of that era are as under.

National debt retirement program:

After taking oath as PM, Nawaz Sharif started national debt retirement program throughout
the country. The program was started to relieve country from foreign and domestic debts.
People responded positively to the PM’s appeal and they contributed heavy amounts for this
program. With passage of time, this program created doubts in the mind of people as public
was not informed about details of this scheme.

Constitutional work:
Amendments were made in the constitution as Nawaz has 2/3 majority in the assembly.

(a) Thirteen amendment:

He made thirteen amendment in the constitution which took the power from president to
dismiss PM and national assembly. Nawaz also got a chance to appoint the chief of army,
navy and air force.
th
(b) 14 amendment:
This amendment aimed at ending the horse trading from the country. Sharif took step to
stop switching of politicians from one party to other party. This was known as Anti
Defection bill.
th
(c) 15 amendment:
th
According to 15 amendment, Quran and Sunnah were declared to be the supreme law of
country. It was brought to promote justice in society especially socio-economic justice
according to the principal of Islam.

Confrontation with Supreme Court:

Nawaz Sharif was defending himself in Supreme Court against accusation of corruption. The
supporters of Nawaz Sharif entered in Supreme Court with intentions that chief Justices”
Sajjad Ali Shah “should adjourn case against PM. The supporters broke through police
cordon the court house and chief justice had to flee for his safety. This greatly damaged the
reputation of PM.
Nuclear testing:
th
Nawaz govt recorded landmark on 28 May 1998 when Pakistan exploded five nuclear
bombs in Chaghai hills. Nuclear test of Pakistan boosts up the morale of Pakistani people.
Pakistani felt happy and proud. Economic sanctions were important by USA and Japan etc.

[33]
Lahore Declaration:
Another landmark of Nawaz‘s govt was Lahore declaration. In Feb 1999, Indian PM ‘” Atal
Bihari Vajpai” visited Pakistan and signed a peace treaty with Pakistan known as Lahore
Declaration. In this treaty the Indian govt agreed to have good relations with Pakistan and also
agreed to solve the Kashmir problem mutually.

Kargill Crises:
Kargill is located in Siachen area. Strategically it is very important location b/w India and
Pakistan. Freedom fighters of Kashmir captured the peaks with help of Pakistani Army. The
Indian received great loses and they were trying to capture the peaks back. U.S president Bill
Clinton asked Pakistani govt to pull down its forces from occupied Kashmir valley. The
episode came to an end with visit of Nawaz Sharif to USA. As a result the freedom fighters
came back from peaks.

Plane Conspiracy
After Kargill crises , civil military relations were not good. When G Pervez Musharruf was
coming back from a foreign visit so his plane was not allowed to land on Karachi airport by
civil aviation authority. N.S dismissed GPM and appointed a new COAS from ISI. These
orders were refused by army . Army took control of Karachi airport and the plane was landed
safely . once GPM was on ground so he announced martial law in Pakistan . N.S and other
leaders of PMLN were sent to jail . N.S was charged with plane hijacking and kidnapping
cases.

Causes for downfall of Nawaz Sharif:

The reasons for removal of Nawaz Sharif are as under.

 Losing support of people:

When Nawaz visited USA in 1999 and signed an a g r e e m e n t to pull down the freedom
fighters from Kargill peaks so by this, he lost his support in people. Apart from this Nawaz
Sharif was defending himself in Supreme Court against corruption cases so his
supporters attacked on S.C to adjourn the trials. This attack greatly damaged the reputation of
Nawaz Sharif as PM of country.

 Weak Economy of Pakistan:

Nawaz Sharif was accused to be involved in corruption like helicopter case. GPM
claimed that economy of Pakistan was in state of collapse. The self-serving policies of Nawaz
govt: have rocked the very foundation of federation of Pakistan.

 Confrontation with army:

Nawaz Sharif got in conflict with army on the issue of Kargill crises as it was started with
help of army without approval of PM. Moreover he also removed Chief of Army Staff
‘Pervez Musharrif ’ which was refused by army and thus army took over Nawaz govt.

[34]
 International Relations
Pakistan Relations with India (1947-99)
Successful:

 Liaquat_Nehru Pact (1950)

In 1950, LAK visited India and signed a pact with Nehru known as Liquat-Nehru Pact
in which both countries agreed to provide protection for minorities and to introduce
visa system.
Indus water Treaty 1960

 Tashkent Declaration (1966)

In 1966, G.A.K and LBS signed an agreement known as Tashkent declaration in
which both countries agreed to solve Kahmir issue under UN resolution and also
agreed that forces should occupy pre-war position.

 Simla Accord (1972)

In 1972, Z.A Bhutto signed a pact with Indra Ghandhi at Simla known as Simla
agreement in India agreed to release Pakistani POWs and Pakistan agreed to solve
Kashmir issue mutually with India.

 Cricket Diplomacy
After the murder of Indra Ghandi , India gathered their forces at border to threaten to
attack on Pakistan. Zia visited India to watch a cricket match of Pakistani team with
Indian team. There he negotiated with Indian govt so tension got release between
these countries. Historically it is known as Cricket Diplomacy.

 Lahore Declaration (1999)

In 1999, Indian PM Atal Bihari VAjpai visited Pakistan and signed a pact with N.S
known Lahore Declaration in which India accepted Kashmir as core issue between
India and Pakistan and both countries agreed to solve this as soon as .

Unsuccessful

 Kashmir Issue
After Independence, Kashmir became core issue between Pakistan and India. Kashmir
was dominated by Muslim population but Hari Singh wanted Kashmir as an
independent state. Indian forces entered in Kashmir which was unacceptable for
Pakistan so relations got poor right from the beginning. Pakistan and India fought war
in 1948 and 1965.

[35]
 Pakhtunistan Issue
It was a freedom movement in NWFP and the supporters of this movement wanted an
independent state of Pakhtunistan. India was proving financial and moral support for
this movement so weaken relations between these countries.

 Mukhti Bahini
It was a freedom movement in East Pakistan by Bengali Rebellions and they wanted
independence from Pakistan. India was providing military, financial and moral
support for Bengali Rebellions against Pakistan so relations were at low ebb.

 Khalistan Movement
A was freedom movement in Indian Punjab by Sikhs to get liberation from India.
India blamed Pakistan to be involved by providing support to Sikh community.

 Murder of Indra Ghandi

In 1984, Indra Ghandi was killed and Indian govt blamed Pakistan for this murder.

 Kargil Crises
In 1999, freedom fighters of Kashmir occupied the peaks of Kargil and cut the supply
line of Indian army so a war started between Pakistan and India as India blamed
Pakistan for this.

[36]
 Pakistan Relations with Afghanistan
Sucessful

 1965 War.
In 1965, Pakistan and India got in conflict so due public pressure, Afghan govt
announced to be remain neutral in that war.

 Visits of Leaders
In 1970s, Z A Bhutto visited Kabul and in return Sardar Daud also visited Pakistan
and thus both countries tried to improve relations.

 Earthquake in Afghanistan
In 1976, a devastating earthquake hit Kabul, brought too much destruction so Pakistan
provided financial aid and moral support for Afghan govt.

 Russain-Afghan War
Russia invaded Afghanistan so Pakistan became a front line state against Russian
aggression. Pakistan provided military and moral support for Afghanistan and
relations were cordial as Afghanistan was totally dependent on Pakistan.
 Pro-Taliban Policy
In 1990s, Taliban emerged a strong force in Afghanistan and got control of Kabul so
Pakistan was amongst those who accepted Taliban govt as legitimate at Kabul.
Relations were too cordial during those years.

Unsuccessful

 Refusal of Membership
After independence, Pakistan applied for membership in UNO and Afghanistan was
the first country to refuse the membership of Pakistan.

Pakhtunistan Issue
It was a freedom movement in NWFP and the supporters of this movement wanted an
independent state of Pakhtunistan. Afghanistan was proving financial and moral
support for this movement so weaken relations between these countries.

 Attack on Pakistan Embassy

In 1955, Pakistan embassy was attacked at Kabul and Afghan govt was totally failed
to provide protection so relation came at low ebb between these countries.

 Refusal of RCD
Regional Cooperation Development was an organization set up Pakistan, Iran and
Turkey to enhance Trade relations. Afghanistan was also invited but refused to join as
Pakistan was the member of this organization.
[37]
 Pakistan Relations with Iran
Successful

 Pakistan as Member of UNO

After independence, Iran was the first country, accepted as independent state.

 Members of CENTO
Pakistan and Iran were the members of CENTO and were working to stop
communism in gulf region.

 Members of RCD
Regional Cooperation Development was an organization set up Pakistan, Iran and
Turkey to enhance Trade relations.

 Kashmir Issue
As Kashmir is a core issue between Pakistan and India and Pakistan always stated that
this issue should be solved under UN Resolutions. Iran always supported Pakistani
stance on Kashmir.

 1965 War
In 1965, there was a war between Pakistan and India so Iran provided military and
moral support for Pakistan against India.

 Baluchistan Crises
In 1973, Baloch nationalist started a movement in which they were aiming to establish
a greater Baluchistan. Iran provided military support for Pakistan to suppress those
rebellions.

 Iran-Iraq War
There was a war between Iran and Iraq. As Iraq was aggressor in that war so Pakistan
provide its moral support for Iran.

Unsuccessful

 Iranian Revolution.
After Iranian Revolution in 1979, relations became worse as new Iran govt thought
that Pakistan was closely associated with Shah of Iran and USA.

 Pro –Taliban Policy

As Pakistan supported Taliban in Afghanistan and Taliban were belonging to Sunni
school of thought so relations between Pakistan and Iran were at low ebb.

[38]
 Pakistan Relations with China
Successful:

 Indo-China War
In 1962, there was war between China and India and in that war Pakistan supported
China against India which resulted in good relations between China and Pakistan.

 Mutual Trade and Defense Agreement

In 1962, both countries peacefully settle border dispute and also signed trade and
defense agreement. PIA also started flight operation to Beijing.

 Kashmir and Taiwan Issue

China always supported Pakistani stance on Kashmir that it should be solved
according to UN resolution. On other side Pakistan always supported China on
Taiwan issue.

 1965 War
In 1965, there is war between Pakistan and India on Kashmir issue so China provide
military and moral support for Pakistan against India.

 Bhutto’s Visit
In 1972, Bhutto visited china which strengthen relations between these countries and
China also converted loans into grants for Pakistan

 Karakoram Highway
Karakoram highway was opened in 1978 which enhanced trade relations between
these countries. This highway also promoted tourism in northern areas and also
promoted small and cottage industries there.

 Zia’s Visit
Zia visited China in 1986 which further strengthen relations and China signed nuclear
cooperation treaty. China helped Pakistan to set up Chashma Nuclear Power Plant.

Unsuccessful

 Civil War
After independence of China, there was civil war in China and two govt claimed for
membership in UN so Pakistan could not decide the membership of China in UN.

 Member of SEATO and CENTO.

Pakistan became the member of these organizations in 1954-55 respectively and was
receiving aid from these organization to stop communism so China was not interested
to establish relations with Pakistan.

[39]
 Pakistan Relations with USA
Successful:

 Visit of Liaquat Ali Khan

After independence, USA invited Pakistan for state visit so L.A.K visited US in
1950 and thus it was the start of relations between Pakistan and US.

 SEATO and CENTO

Pakistan became the member of SEATO and CENTO in 1954 and 1955
respectively to work against communism. Pakistan also got military and financial
aid from US being the member of these organizations.

 Peace Talks between China and USA

After independence, China became the member of communistic bloc and thus
relations were stained between China and US. By the mediation of Pakistan,
relations got improved and President Nixon (USA) paid his first official visit to
China from US.

 Russian – Afghan war.

Russia invaded Afghanistan so Pakistan became as front line state against
Russian aggression. USA also provided military and financial support for
Pakistan against Russian invasion in Afghanistan so relations were good that
rd
time and Pakistan became the 3 highest recipient of US aid.
 Brown amendment
After the visit of B.B to USA, Brown amendment was passed which allowed
financial and military aid to Pakistan.

Unsuccessful

 U2 Crises
In 1960, US spy plane took off from Peshawar air base and was shoot down by
Russian forces on Russian territory. Russia protested against Pakistan as Pakistani
soil was used. This also affected the relations between Pakistan and USA.

 Pakistan & China relations

In 1962, relations started to improve between Pakistan and China so this was not
like by USA as china was in favor of communism.

 1965 War
There was a war between Pakistan and India so USA imposed arms embargo on
Pakistan which affected relations of Pakistan and USA.

[40]
  Pakistan left SEATO
After the separation of East Pakistan, Bhutto decided to leave SEATO and
this improved relations with USSR which was unacceptable for USA.

 Burning of US Embassy.
In 1977, US embassy was burnt in Islamabad so relations came at low ebb and thus
USA suspended in 1977 and 1979.

 Nuclear Program of Pakistan

Pakistan was the first Islamic country, started nuclear program and was objected by
US. In 1998, Pakistan tested its nuclear assets at chaghai hills so USA imposed
sanctions on Pakistan and relations got stressed.

Pakistan Relations with USSR

Successful:

 Russian assistance for Pakistan

In 1960, Russia started oil exploration in Pakistan and also provided loans for
Pakistan in 1963.

 Visit of Ayub Khan

In 1966, Aub Khan visited Russia and in 1966 Pakistan signed a peace treaty with
India through mediation of Russia in which Pakistan and India agreed to solve
Kashmir issue under UN resolution.

 Pakistan Left SEATO

After separation of East Pakistan, Bhutto decided to withdraw its membership from
SEATO which pleased Russia and in return Russia provided financial and technical
assistance to set up steel mill of Pakistan at Karachi in 1973.

Unsuccessful

 Visit of Liaquat Ali Khan

After independence, Russia invited Pakistan for state visit but Liaquat Ali Khan
visited USA instead of USSR so relations got strained right from the beginning.

 Kashmir Issue.
USSR always supported Indian stance on Kashmir issue which further deteriorated
relations between Pakistan and USSR.

 SEATO & CENTO

Pakistan became the member of SEATO and CENTO in 1954 and 1955 respectively
to work against communism. Pakistan also got military and financial aid from US
[41]
 being the member of these organizations. This also affected relations between
Pakistan and USSR.

 Pakhtunistan Stunt
It was a freedom movement in NWFP and the supporters of this movement wanted an
independent state of Pakhtunistan. Russia was proving financial and moral support for
this movement so weaken relations between these countries.

 U2 Crises
In 1960, US spy plane took off from Peshawar air base and was shot down by Russian
forces on Russian territory. Russia protested against Pakistan as Pakistani soil was used
so affected relations between Pakistan and USSR.

 1965 and 1971 wars

India and Pakistan fought wars in 1965 and 1971 respectively. Russia always
supported India against Pakistan in these wars.

 Russian – Afghan war.

Russia invaded Afghanistan so Pakistan became as front line state against Russian
aggression. USA also provided military and financial support for Pakistan against
Russian invasion in Afghanistan so relations were at low ebb between Pakistan and
USSR.

 Nuclear Program of Pakistan

Pakistan was the first Islamic country, started nuclear program and was objected by
USSR. In 1998, Pakistan tested its nuclear assets at chaghai hills so USSR objected on
Pakistan for this.

[42]
 Pakistan Relations with Bangladesh
Successful:

 Bangladesh as an independent state

In 1974, Pakistan accepted Bangladesh as an independent state so the PM of
Bangladesh “Shaikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman” visited Pakistan to attend the meeting of
OIC. High commissions of both countries are operating in Islamabad and Dhaka
respectively.

 Visit of Bhutto
After independence, Bangladesh wanted share in financial and military assets so in
1974; PM “Bhutto” also visited Bangladesh to discuss these issues.

 Both are members of SAARC and Commonwealth.

Pakistan and Bangladesh are both the members of SAARC (South Asian Association
for Regional Cooperation) and commonwealth. These organizations also helped to
improve relations between these countries by enhancing trade relations.

 Aid By Pakistan.
Cyclones are frequent in Bangladesh and brought much destruction so Pakistan
provided aid for Bangladesh in 1985-88 which proved to a step to improve relations.

 Cricket Diplomacy
Cricket Diplomacy also played an important role to improve relations between
Pakistan and Bangladesh. Pakistan supported Bangladesh to member the member of
ICC.

Unsuccessful

• Civil war of 1971.

Mukhti Bahini was a freedom movement in East Pakistan which aimed to get
independence from Pakistan. Operation Search light was launched by Pakistan army
to suppress rebellions. After getting independence, Bangladesh blamed Pakistan for
their genocide and thus relations were at low ebb.

• Division of financial and military assets.

After separation of Bangladesh, both counties negotiated for the division of financial
and military assets but could not reach on agreed formula.

• Bangladesh relations with India.

After separation, Bangladesh established good relations with India so Pakistan was
not happy as India waged many wars against Pakistan because of Kashmir issue.

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 • Harsh attitude of Bangladesh govt against people who were pro Pakistanis.
After independence, Bangladesh govt took strict actions against the followers of
Jamat e Islami who were in favor of united Pakistan so Pakistan protested against the
govt of Bangladesh.

Pakistan Relations with U.K

Successful:
• Pakistan as dominion country of UK
• UK provided military and financial support for Pakistan.
• Colombo Plan in 1950.
• Pakistan and UK were members of SEATO & Cento.
• Afghan crises of 1980s.

Unsuccessful Relations:
• Unfair Redcliff Award of 1947.
• Mountbatten as first G.G of India after partition.
• British accepted Bangladesh as an independent state in 1971.
• Military rules in Pakistan.
• Pakistan nuclear programm.

Q: How successful were Pakistan relations with UK since 1947? Explain your
answer. [14]

Q: Describe the incident of U2. [4]

In 1960, one of US spy plane took off from Peshawar airbase and was shoot down by Russian
forces on Russian territory. US pilot was arrested by Russia. Russia protested against
Pakistan as Pakistan’s territory was used against Russia and also gave military threat to
Pakistan so relations came to low ebb. This incident also affected relations between Pakistan
& USA.

[44]
Q: Why did Pakistan join UN in 1947? [7]

After independence, Pakistan became the member of UN due to several reasons.

 Kashmir Issue
At the time of Partition, India occupied princely state of Kashmir which was dominated by
Muslim population. By joining UN, Pakistan wanted to get the attention of other countries to
solve the issue of Kashmir.

 Canal Water Dispute

Immediately after partition, India threatened Pakistan to stop water in eastern rivers like Ravi
and Sutlej and was trying to convert agricultural land of Pakistan into barren. Pakistan had
agro-based economy and was totally dependent on these rivers for irrigation so Pakistan
wanted to solve this issue through UN.

 Relations with Other countries

Pakistan joined UN as it was a platform by which Pakistan could establish relations with rest
of world. Pakistan could also get its financial support from developed countries and Muslim
world as well.

Q: Why did Pakistan support the Palestine cause? [7]

Pakistan always supported Palestine issue on international forum due to following reasons.

 Religious importance:
One of the reasons was the religious importance as Al-Aqsa mosque is located there and is
the first Qibla of Muslim world which was occupied by Israel.

 Pakistan Relations with Gulf States:

Pakistan and Gulf states have cordial relations and Pakistan is also a member of OIC which
has the agenda to bring harmony amongst the Muslim world.

 Muslim Country:
Israel, a non-Muslim country occupied Palestine territory which a Muslim country so
Pakistan always voiced for Palestine.

[45]
(b) Why did Pakistan leave SEATO in 1972? [7]

LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer

It wanted to 1
LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons
It was only designed to protect South East Asia. Pakistan couldn’t get
Anyone to listen to them.
2-4
LEVEL 3: Explains reasons
America saw it as only applying to Communist aggression and Pakistan realized that it would
not apply to their protection against India. Further uncertainties were caused when the
Pakistan government delayed its ratification despite the Treaty being signed by its Foreign
Minister. Therefore weaknesses were apparent. Pakistan tried to secure further aid as a result
of its membership and a permanent military force to protect member states. Both of these
were refused which further weakened Pakistan’s resolve. When the organization failed to
support Pakistan in its wars with India withdrawal seemed to edge closer. Pakistan firmly
believed SEATO should have supported it and became disenchanted with it. 5-7

Q: Why did Pakistan distrust India during 1971—1988?

Reasons:

 Indian involvement in separation of East Pakistan.

 Indian Nuclear explosion in 1974.
 Khalistan Movement in Indian Punjab.

[46]
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