Chapter 11

How successful was the establishment of an independent nation between
1947 and 1948?

IMMEDIATE PROBLEMS FACED BY PAKISTAN
GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEM
DESCRIPTION
➢ The newly built Pakistan did not possess natural borders. East and West Pakistan were
at more than 1000 miles apart from each other. The regions between the two wings
comprised of the lands that belonged to India. India created political tensions between
both the things until the independence of Bangladesh in 1971.
➢ East and West Pakistan had different cultures and traditions. Although Islam was a
common religion, but it was not a strong binding force. There were always debates as to
which language should become the official language. The people of East Pakistan wanted
Bengali to have the same status as Urdu.
➢ Due to cultural differences, the Muslims of East Pakistan were very different from the
Muslims of Punjab. In fact, many Muslims of West Pakistan believed that the Muslims of
East Bengal are more like Hindus rather than Muslims due to their syncretic cultural
practices.
EFFORTS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM

➢ Jinnah tried to visit East Pakistan but people there remained unsatisfied.
➢ This problem remained persistent until 1971 when East Pakistan got independence.
POLITICAL PROBLEM/GOVERNMENT FORMATION
DESCRIPTION
➢ Most of the official political apparatus of the British era went in the hands of India.
Pakistan clearly lacked political buildings, furnishings, sound leaders etc. It implies that
the new nation had to start from scratch which required both time and resources that
Pakistan lacked.
➢ Members of congress had a great deal of political experience. After partition, league did
not have members who could effectively run the government. This was because much of
league’s support came from rural India rather than urban. In fact, the constituent
assembly of Pakistan mainly consisted of wealthy landowners and aristocrats. Qualified
and skilled people required to run the state were all now in India.
➢ The geographical distance between both the wings made it difficult to govern the country
as one polity. The people of West Pakistan always remained disappointed with the
government decisions that predominantly represented the views and interests of West
Pakistan. There was political injustice between the two wings. For example, although EP
had most people, however, the government officials and army leaders always came from
WP.
AFFILIATIONS:
PTM | BASE | ACCEL | GNOSIS ACADEMY | NOON ACADEMY | ACCEL | RW ACADEMY
1947 and 1948?
➢ Jinnah responsibly sent special trains to bring back qualified people to Pakistan from
India.
➢ Jinnah signed an agreement with TATA Air of India to bring qualified people to India.
➢ Jinnah hired furnished private buildings to be used as government offices. Necessary
equipment was also installed in these offices for public meetings.
➢ Jinnah himself became GG and asked LAK to become PM which was an achievement of
Jinnah as a politician.
ECONOMIC PROBLEM
DESCRIPTION
➢ Pakistan lacked economic hubs as most of the population (according to some estimates
more than 85%) lived in rural regions.
➢ Only 7 cities like Karachi were a bit developed while others were totally undeveloped.
➢ The economy was agro-based and could not fund the expensive processes of becoming
an industrialized country.
➢ 10% of industrial enterprises, 6.5% of industrial workers, 5% electrical capacity and
10% of mineral deposits were only provided to Pakistan.
➢ In 1947, East Pakistan was producing about 70% of the world’s Jute which was a source
of foreign exchange earning but due to partition and boundary award all mills were got
situated in India and Pakistan received none.

➢ Jinnah asked his government to set up the State Bank of Pakistan on July 1st, 1948.
➢ Jinnah sent delegates to foreign countries to ask for funding.
➢ Jinnah reached a temporary agreement with India over canal water dispute so that
Pakistan’s agricultural income could continue.
➢ In 1948, Jinnah announced Industrial policy to attract private investors.
THE ACCESSION OF THE PRINCELY STATES
BACKGROUND
➢ In 1947, Mountbatten gave chance to the 462 princely states to choose either Pakistan or
India as they could not be given independence.
➢ In 1947, northern states of Dir, Chitral, Amb, Hunza etc joined Pakistan.
➢ Further, Bahawalpur also joined Pakistan and Gilgit, Kalat etc too.
➢ However, there were three princely states on which decisions proved to be difficult as
they did not join either of the country by July 1948.
HYDERABAD
AFFILIATIONS:
1947 and 1948?
➢ 82,000 square miles was its area.
➢ 160 million people.
➢ Rich state and generated 160 million rupees of revenue.
➢ Muslim ruler known as “Nizam” of Hyderabad wanted to join Pakistan.
➢ It had boundary with Indian territory and since the majority population was Hindu,
Mountbatten wanted to give it to India.
➢ In August 1948 Hyderabad filed a complaint in UNO but Indian forces entered Hyderabad
and after a brief resistance Hyderabad army surrendered in 13 September 1948.
JUNAGADH
➢ Located 300 miles South of Karachi.
➢ Muslim ruler with title “Nawab Khan Ji” who wanted to join Pakistan, but Mountbatten did
not want this to happen as it was surrounded by Indian provinces.
➢ Majority population was Hindu who wanted to join India.
➢ Indian provinces imposed economic blockade which resulted in food shortage.
➢ By the end of October 1947 the ruler of Junagadh was forced to leave the state.
➢ In November 1947 Indian army occupied the state ignoring the protest of Pakistani
government.
➢ Pakistani took the matter in UNO which is still unresolved.
KASHMIR
➢ Largest princely state with an area of approximately 84,471 square-miles.
➢ It had strategic importance because of its boundaries with Tibet, China, Russia, and
Afghanistan.
➢ Gulab Singh from Dogra dynasty was loyal to the British and thus was allowed to purchase it
from the British government for 7.5 million Rs under the “Treaty of Amritsar”
➢ Majority population was Muslim who wanted to join Pakistan.
➢ In 1947, Hari Singh was the current ruler and when the locals wanted to join Pakistan, he
started killing Muslims which also resulted in thousands of Kashmiri Muslims migrating to
Pakistan.
➢ Soon, Hari Singh turned to India for help as the Pakistani army was helping the Kashmiri
Muslims to fight against his oppression.
➢ India offered help only if Hari Singh would agree to make Kashmir a part of India. This was
accepted by Hari Singh and so the Indian forces landed in Kashmir.
➢ Indian army fought the local Kashmiris who were successful in liberating a part of the
region which became known as “Azad Kashmir”.
➢ Pakistani forces also entered into this war and Pakistan got important posts.
➢ Due to bad situation India made an appeal to UNO on 1st Jan 1948 and a ceasefire took
place on the condition of plebiscite but India rejected UNO proposals in 1949.
➢ In 1954 a fake plebiscite was held, unacceptable to Pakistan refused to accept it.
➢ In 1965 another war broke out on Kashmir issue, and it is still unsolved.b
AFFILIATIONS:
1947 and 1948?
UNFAIR DIVISION OF ARMED AND MILLITARY ASSETS
DESCRIPTION
➢ After partition was announced, the British CIC, Field Marshal Auchinleck, was asked by
Muslim league to divide the armed and military assets fairly. Auchinleck, however, was
not willing to divide the Indian armed forces.
➢ It was then decided that distribution ratio between Pakistan and India would be 36% and
64%. This was, however, not rightly followed. For instance, 16 Ordinance factories were
all given to India and Pakistan received none. Similar example is of the inadequate
number of army officers (2500) which were given to Pakistan whereas the country’s
army (150,000 men) needed 4000 officers.
➢ Worn out and used equipment was given to Pakistan. This too was delivered quite late.
➢ Pakistan: 6 armor, 8 artillery, 8 infantry; India: (14 armor, 40 artillery, 21 infantry)

➢ Pakistan was given 60 million Rs which the country used to establish an ordinance
factory at Wah Cantt.
➢ Jinnah was forced to take 500 British officers for some time. This helped to manage
Pakistan army; however, Jinnah received much criticism for allowing British to be a part
of Pakistani army. Another effort by Jinnah was to allow Pakistani cadets to receive short
trainings so that the need of officers could be fulfilled.
WHY DIVISION OF ARMED FORCES WAS A PROBLEM FOR PAKISTAN?

➢ Firstly, because Pakistan did not receive its due share of the armed forces and military
assets. Field Marshal Auchinleck resigned before the military asset division took place.
Consequently, Pakistan received no ordinance factory, insufficient army staff and
officers. This shortage was a serious problem for the new state.
➢ Secondly, Pakistan was having a border dispute over Kashmir with India due to which it
needed an army to be prepared if a war breaks out over Kashmir it would be at a
disadvantage. Therefore, the unfair division of armed forces was a key problem for
Pakistan.
➢ Thirdly, the Pakhtoonistan issue in which certain tribes of NWFP wanted independence
or merger with Afghanistan was a severe threat. To keep the Pathan forces under control
so that they may not seek independence, the unfair division was a problem.
UNFAIR DIVISION OF FINANCIAL ASSETS
DESCRIPTION
➢ In 1947, the Reserve Bank of India had Rs. 4 billion.
➢ Pakistan was expected to receive Rs. 750 million.
AFFILIATIONS:
1947 and 1948?
➢ India allowed Pakistan to receive Rs. 250 million on the advice of Sardar Patel but the
remaining amount was not given as India claimed that Pakistan would use it wage a war
against it on Kashmir issue.
➢ Gandhi then used threat of hunger strike to pressurize Indian government to pay
Pakistan its due share. Following this threat, Pakistan received Rs. 500 million more.
➢ The remaining Rs. 50 million are not paid hitherto.

➢ Major chunk of the due amount was received.
➢ Pakistan still has not received the remaining Rs. 50 million.
THE CANAL WATER DISPUTE
DESCRIPTION
➢ After partition, all the canal headworks were in the Punjab region which was now a part
of India.
➢ In 1948, just one year after the partition, India threatened to stop water supply to
Pakistan.
➢ This threat was serious as Pakistan had an agro-based economy and disturbance to water
supply would also cause a famine in Punjab.
➢ Both countries tried to have mutual talks (bilateral negotiations) but they failed due to
non-cooperative attitude of the Indian government.

➢ In 1948, a temporary agreement was reached, and India promised to supply water until
Pakistan made alternative arrangements.
➢ This problem was resolved through the mediation of the World Bank.
➢ During Ayub Khan’s tenure, In 1960, an agreement was signed known as “Indus Water
Treaty”.
➢ Under this treaty Pakistan was given rights of Indus, Jhelum and Chenab and India was
given Ravi, Satluj & Beas. During the transitional period Pakistan was expected to
construct two dams, five barrages, one gated siphon and eight link canals.
➢ The construction cost was to be met by Australia, Canada, USA, UK, Germany, and New
Zealand.
➢ India was also expected to pay some of the cost. The remaining amount was to be met by
Pakistan.
➢ This entire project was to be supervised by WAPDA (Water and Power Development
Authority).
AFFILIATIONS:
1947 and 1948?
WHY CANAL WATER DISPUTE ROSE FOLLOWING THE PARTITION?
➢ The Radcliffe Award was an unjust boundary award which gave rise to this issue. The
unfair partition of Punjab resulted in the canal headwork on river Ravi (Madhopur
headwork) and on river Sutlej (Ferozpur headwork) to get located in India while the
canals flowing from it entered Pakistan which resulted in this issue.
➢ On April 1st, 1948, India stopped the water supply to Pakistan, going against its wordings
of not stopping the water supply. India claimed that since headworks were located on
their territory, they had complete rights over the waters while Pakistan claimed that it
had the right to use the waters because its economy was an agro-based.
➢ India wanted to create problems for the newly established Pakistan, especially economic
problems. The able Pakistani government had sensed this and thus wanted to stand up
for their rights as per international law. Hence, the two countries fall into dispute with
each other.
REFUGEE PROBLEM/CRISIS
DESCRIPTION
➢ After partition in 1947, many people found themselves living in the incorrect countries.
➢ Soon, violence grew, and Hindus wanted to throw Muslims out of India and Muslims in
Pakistan wanted to throw Hindus out.
➢ As such, a million people were killed across both borders.
➢ Thus, people started migrating and it is reported that millions of people (some say 10
million people) migrated. Only Karachi alone received 2 million people in 1947.
➢ Muslim migrants who left India were brutally murdered and raped by extremist Hindus
and Sikhs.
➢ State-sponsored killings were made in pro-Hindu princely states.
➢ Muslim migrants who left India were chased in trains and publicly killed.
➢ Muslim migrants became hopeless and homeless.
➢ Pakistan was in a weak condition to take care of the needs of these migrants as it lacked
medical facilities, food provisions and shelter.

➢ Jinnah relocated himself from Karachi to Lahore to keep a direct eye on migration.
➢ With his permission, the government announced “Quiad-e-Azam” relief fund in which
elite classes of the society were asked to donate for the cause of the poor.
➢ Satellite towns were also established to give shelter to the homeless people.
WHY WAS PAKISTAN FACED WITH A REFUGEE PROBLEM?

➢ The roots lie in the Boundary Award which was announced by Cyrill Radcliffe which
unjustly gave Muslim majority areas like Gurdaspur and Ferozpur to India where
extremist Hindus and Sikhs started oppressing the local Muslims who could not be
offered aid by Pakistan across the border. All such Muslims left their homes, land and
AFFILIATIONS:
1947 and 1948?
businesses and joined the migrating caravans towards Pakistan. This burdened the newly
established govt of Pakistan.
➢ Secondly, communalism had put Muslims to a serious disadvantage. State-sponsored
Muslim massacres, rapes, slaughtering etc left Muslims with no option but to migrate to
a safer place and thus they migrated to Pakistan in bulk, and it is reported that Karachi
alone received 2 million refugees.
➢ When the prince of Junagadh wanted to join Pakistan, India intervened. Similarly,
Kashmir had about 85% Muslim population but when its Hindu maharajah decided to
join India, fighting broke out against him. These incidents further intensified the
movement of refugees to Pakistan.
➢ Since partition was made on the religious lines, several Muslims migrated willingly to
Pakistan so that they could practice their religion freely and live a peaceful life. Likewise,
there were many Muslims who wanted to join the country for which their ancestors had
given their lives. So, Pakistan had to face the refugee crisis.
ACCOMODATION PROBLEM
DESCRIPTION
➢ The migrants were in the millions.
➢ Pakistan lacked buildings for their accommodation.

➢ Jinnah asked private investors to work in the construction industry for better
accommodation facilities.
CONSTITUTION PROBLEM
DESCRIPTION
➢ There were many problems which Pakistan had to face.
➢ The government was not able to focus on the making of the constitution.
➢ Lack of permanent constitution created chances of unscrupulous interference in
democratic progress of Pakistan.

➢ The constitution could not be formulated until 1956.
AFFILIATIONS:
1947 and 1948?
HEALTH PROBLEMS
DESCRIPTION
➢ Only two hospitals were operational in Lahore and a few in Karachi.
➢ Rural regions of the country lacked medical facilities completely.
➢ Only a few trained doctors were available.
➢ Shortage of medical staff to cure the injured migrants.
EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS
DESCRIPTION
➢ British had not built any schools in the regions which were awarded to Pakistan.
➢ Except the Punjab university or Government College, there was no reputable educational
institution.
➢ Literary rate in Pakistan was way too low.

➢ The Aligarh movement, the Nadvat-ul-Islam and Anjuman Himayat-e-Islam filled the gap
in the field of education.
WHY PAKISTAN FACED SO MANY PROBLEMS IN THE PROVISION OF EDUCATION?

➢ Pakistan had conflicts with India and thus a large portion had to be spent on military
asset development as it also did not receive adequate share at the time of partition.
Consequently, little spending on education has been there. During the first three decades
after independence, Pakistan was only spending 2% of budget on education which, by
1990, had grown to 2.9%. However, even after the mass nationalization of the 1970s,
state expenditure on education never rose above 3% of the budget.
➢ Illiterate parents did not recognize education as a merit good and wanted their childeren
to make a living. For instance, child labour on farms was highest in rural areas. This
prevented the growth of education amongst youth.
➢ Frequent government changes and political instabilities have restricted successful
execution of educational schemes in Pakistan. The government has provided the least
facilities to the teachers for their training and development. Thus, the supply of teaching
staff has also been low which has in turn restricted the growth of education.
➢ Private schools in urban areas are run on commercial basis charging high fees making it
beyond the reach of common man. Because of these reasons education in Pakistan is still
in backward state.
AFFILIATIONS:
1947 and 1948?
PAKHTOONISTAN ISSUE
DESCRIPTION
➢ The Red Shirts Movement leaders in NWFP wanted to seek independence and form
Pakhtoonistan comprising of NWFP, Baluchistan, and part of Kabul.
➢ These leaders wanted to have a tribal system alone. There was a risk that it would divide
the newly built Pakistan.

➢ Jinnah flew to meet them and discuss the issues.
➢ He forced them to be united and do not divide Pakistan.
➢ He also asked the government not to interfere in the internal matters of these tribal
people.
➢ The problem was therefore solved initially.
PAKISTAN AND THE UN, 1947
DESCRIPTION
➢ The UN was founded after WW2.
➢ Pakistan joined the UN in 1947 for a number of reasons.
WHY PAKISTAN JOIN THE UN IN 1947?

➢ The Radcliffe Award unfairly gave Kashmir to India which resulted in serious disputes
between both the countries. Pakistan wanted to have Kashmir as part of its territory and
resolve the issue. Pakistan thought that it be more likely to resolve the issue if it is able
to draw the attention of the international community. Thus, it joined the UN.
➢ Moreover, Pakistan also joined the UN to resolve other issues like Canal Water Dispute
and the Indian accession of the princely states of Junagadh and Hyderabad. Pakistan was
an agro-based economy and believed that India’s threat to stop water supply from the
canal headworks in Ferozpur and Madhopur can be resolved if international pressure is
put on India. Likewise, Pakistan wanted justice on the issue of Hyderabad and Junagadh.
➢ Furthermore, Pakistan wanted to represent itself as the spokesperson of many Asian
states and movements, especially Muslim countries. Thus, it joined the UN in 1947.
➢ Lastly, Jinnah wanted to establish the image of Pakistan as a strong Muslim country in
the eyes of the international community so that the rights of Pakistan as a nation are
globally recognized. Thus, Pakistan joined the UN in 1947.
AFFILIATIONS:
1947 and 1948?
TOPICAL QUESTIONS
1. What was the Canal Water Dispute? [4]
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2. What was the Kashmir issue? [4]
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3. What was the Indus Water Treaty? [4]
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4. Describe the refugee crisis of 1947? [4]
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5. Describe the social problems faced by Pakistan in 1947. [4]
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AFFILIATIONS:
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6. Describe the economic challenges Pakistan faced in 1947.
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7. What was the Radcliffe Award? [4]
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8. Why was Pakistan faced with a refugee problem in 1947? [7]
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9. Explain the reasons which led to the canal water dispute between India and Pakistan? [7]
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10. Explain why Pakistan join the UN in 1947? [7]
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11. How successful was Pakistan in solving the problems of Partition during 1947 and 1948?
Explain your answer. [14]
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12. The formation of a government was the most important problem facing the newly
established country of Pakistan in 1947. Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14]
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13. Assess the government efforts to solve the initial problems faced by Pakistan following
its independence in 1947. [14]
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AFFILIATIONS:

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How successful was the establishment of an independent nation between

1947 and 1948?

EFFORTS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM

POLITICAL PROBLEM/GOVERNMENT FORMATION

EFFORTS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM

EFFORTS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM

WHY DIVISION OF ARMED FORCES WAS A PROBLEM FOR PAKISTAN?

EFFORTS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM

THE CANAL WATER DISPUTE

EFFORTS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM

EFFORTS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM

WHY WAS PAKISTAN FACED WITH A REFUGEE PROBLEM?

EFFORTS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM

EFFORTS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM

EFFORTS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM

WHY PAKISTAN FACED SO MANY PROBLEMS IN THE PROVISION OF EDUCATION?

EFFORTS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM

WHY PAKISTAN JOIN THE UN IN 1947?

1. What was the Canal Water Dispute? [4]

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