ELECTRICAL SUBSTATIONS

By Engineer Ahmed Mahdy

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 Course Content

1. We will discuss function, classification and voltage of electrical substations.

2. We will discuss its main components like power transformers, conductors, insulators, switch
gears, current transformer, capacitor voltage transformer and voltage transformer.
3. We will discuss the different types of circuit breakers, relays and their classification according
to time, construction and function.
4. We will discuss the difference between circuit breaker and fuse, in addition to their
applications.
5. We will understand the definition of IP or ingress protection.
6. We will explain the grounding system including the effect of current on human body,
components of grounding system, types of electric hazards and classification of earthing
system.
 Course Content

1. We will measure the earthing resistance by Megger and three point method.
2. We will learn how to do an earthing system using Etap program.
3. We will learn about the ring main unit and its importance in electrical power system.
4. We will discuss the types of switches used in electrical power system and substations.
5. We will discuss the overhead transmission lines, underground cables and difference between
them.
6. We will learn about busbars in power system, its importance, its different schemes and how to
select them.
7. We will understand the lightning arrester and wave trap which are used in substations.
8. We will discuss the air and gas insulated substations.
9. We will discuss how to design an electrical substation and single line diagram of 66/11 kV
substation.
 What is Electrical Substation?

1-A substation is a Part of an Electrical Generation,

transmission, and Distribution System.

2-Substations Transform Voltage from High to Low or

the Reverse, according to their Place in the Power
System.

3- The First Substations were connected to Only one

Power Station.
 What is The Function of Substation?

▪ Protection of transmission system.

▪ Controlling the Exchange of Energy.
▪ Ensure steady State & Transient stability.
▪ Load shedding and prevention of loss of synchronism.
▪ Maintaining the system frequency within targeted limits.
▪ Voltage Control; reducing the reactive power flow by compensation of reactive power, tap-
changing of their Transformers.
▪ Data transmission via power line carrier for the purpose of network monitoring; control and
protection.
▪ Help in Fault analysis and improvement in that area of field.
 Classification of substations

1- Classification based on voltage levels:

e.g. : A.C. Substation : EHV, HV, MV, LV; HVDC Substation.
2- Classification based on Outdoor or Indoor:
Outdoor substation is under open sky. Indoor substation is inside a building.
3- Classification based on configuration:
Air insulated outdoor substation or
SF6 Gas Insulated Substation (GIS)
Composite substations having combination of the above two.
 Classification of substations

4- Classification based on application:

A- Step Up Substation: Associated with generating station as the generating voltage is
low.
B- Primary Grid Substation :Created at suitable load center along primary transmission
lines.
C- Secondary Substation :Along secondary transmission line.
D- Distribution Substation: Created where the transmission line voltage is step down to
supply voltage.
E- Bulk supply and industrial substation: Similar to distribution sub-station but created
separately for each consumer.
F- Mining Substation: Needs special design consideration because of extra precaution for
safety needed in the operation of electric supply.
Voltage and Substations

▪ Primary Substations receive power from EHV lines at 400KV, 220KV, 132KV and
transform the voltage to 66KV, 33KV or 22KV (22KV is uncommon) to suit the local
requirements in respect of both load and distance of ultimate consumers. These are
also referred to ‘EHV’ Substations.
▪ Secondary Substations receive power at 66/33KV which is stepped down usually to
11KV.
▪ Distribution Substations receive power at 11KV, 6.6 KV and step down to a volt
suitable for LV distribution purposes, normally at 415 volts.
 Substation parts and equipment

1-Outdoor Equipment:
▪ Incoming Lines and Outgoing Lines.
▪ Bus Bars.
▪ Transformers.
▪ Bus post insulator & string insulators.
▪ Circuit-beakers, isolators, Earthing switches, surge arresters, CTs, VTs.
▪ Station Earthing system.
▪ Overhead earthwire shielding against lightening strokes.
▪ Galvanised steel structures for towers and equipment supports.
Substation parts and equipment

2- Main Office Building.

3-Switchgear and Control Panel Building.
4-Battery Room and D.C. Distribution System.
5-D.C. Battery system and charging equipment.
6-Mechanical, Electrical and Other Auxiliaries:
▪ Fire fighting system.
▪ Diesel Generator.
 What is a Transformer?

▪ One of the Most Important Components in the Entire Power

System.
▪ There are Millions of Transformers in our Power System.
▪ It is Considered as the Backbone of the Power System due to
its huge Importance.
▪ It is used in electrical circuits to change the voltage of
electricity flowing in the circuit. Transformers can be used
either to increase the voltage (called "stepping up") or
decrease the voltage ("step down").
How Does it work ?
Why do we Step up and Step down the Voltage?

▪ This is because high voltages improve efficiency by reducing heat loss in the power
lines. But high voltages are too dangerous for use in the home, so step-down
transformers are used locally to reduce the voltage to safe levels.
▪ As Apparent Power Generated “S”= 3 *V * I*CosPhi.
▪ at Constant Power : As V increases , Current Decreases which decreases Losses In
Power System.
▪ Losses are Directly with (I^2 * R) so Losses decreased and Also Heat Decreased.
 Lightening Arrestor

▪ It is an Instrument that is used in the incoming lines so that

to prevent the high voltage from entering the main station.
▪ High Voltage is Very dangerous to the instruments used in
the substation. The instruments are very costly so lightening
arrestors are used to prevent damage.
▪ They don’t the lightening fall on the station , they pull it and
ground it to the earth.
▪ They have an angle from 30 to 45 forming shape of cone.
Instrument Transformers

▪ It is Used to transfer voltages or currents in the power lines to values which are
convenient for the operation of measuring instruments and relay.
▪ Protection devices as relay operates at low voltage 110v and current nearly 5 A.
▪ Line voltage is very high example 220KV , 66KV,11KV,…. , the current is in range of
hundreds or thousands of amps , so we need devices to step down voltage and current.
▪ We Use current Transformers and Voltage transformers to decrease V and I.
Current Transformers
Voltage Transformer
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT)

-A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT or CCVT), is

a transformer used in power systems to step down extra
high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for metering
or operating a protective relay.

- CVTs are Single Phase devices used for Measuring Voltage in

excess of one Hundred Kilovolts where the use of voltage
transformers will be uneconomical
 Wave Trap

▪ Wave Traps are used at sub-stations using Power Line

Carrier Communication (PLCC).
▪ PLCC is used to transmit communication and control
information at a high frequency over the power lines.
▪ This reduces need for a separate infra for communication
between sub-stations.
▪ Wave Trap also Traps the unwanted waves.
 Bus Bars

• An electrical bus bar is defined as a conductor or a group of conductor

used for collecting electric power from the incoming feeders and
distributes them to the outgoing feeders.
• In other words, it is a type of electrical junction in which all the
incoming and outgoing electrical current meets.
• Thus, the electrical bus bar collects the electric power at one location.
• Electrical bus bar is available in rectangular, cross-sectional, round and
many other shapes. The rectangular bus bar is mostly used in the
power system.
• Copper and aluminum are used for the manufacturing of the electrical
bus bar.
 Circuit Breaker and Relays

▪ Circuit Breaker is used to Break the Circuit if any Fault occurs in any of the instruments.

▪ Relays Detect abnormal conditions and initiate corrective action as quickly as possible to
protect power system.

▪ Relays are considered the Brain and Circuit Breakers are the Muscles.

▪ Relays feels the faulty conditions and send signal to Circuit Breaker to operate.

▪ Types of Circuit Breakers:

1- Air Circuit Breaker.

2-Vaccum Circuit Breaker.

3-SF6 Circuit Breaker.

4- Oil Circuit Breaker and Min Oil Circuit Breaker.

 Principle of Operation

Pick Up Current:
It is the minimum current in the Relay coil at
which Relay starts to operate.
If the current through the Relay coil is less than the pick-up
value then Relay won't operate.
if the current through the Relay coil is more than the Pick-
up current, Relay will operate.
Types of Relays according to Function

▪ Current, voltage, frequency

Operates if input meets setting .
▪ Distance
Uses voltage and current to measure impedance to fault.
▪ Differential
Looks at imbalance between inputs
Common for power transformers and generators
Can be used for transmission lines
Types of Relays according to Construction

▪ Electromechanical
It consists of Moving Mechanical parts.
▪ Static or electronic
It consists of Electronic components as BJT, Mosfet, Diodes,….
▪ Digital or microprocessor
Device may include additional features not available with electromechanical or
electronic relays, it composed of Logic Gates.
 Types of Relays according to Time characteristics

▪ Instantaneous Relay
Relay operates as soon as operating value is met
▪ Inverse time Relay
Time is Inversely Proportional to Current ,
as Current increases, time of relay decreases.
▪ IDMT Relay(Inverse definite minimum time relay)
inverse characteristic of current vs Time,
up to certain increased value of current
after which the time is definite.
 Isolator

▪ It is used to protect the Transformer and other instruments in the Line.

▪ It isolates the Extra voltage to the ground , thus any extra voltage can not enter the Line.
▪ Isolator used after Bus for Protection
▪ Isolator is installed before and After Circuit Breaker.
▪ Isolating Switch isolates circuit at No Load but Circuit Breaker at Normal Loading conditions
and Fault Conditions.
Isolator
DC Power Supply

▪ All Substations include Auxiliary Power Supplies.

▪ AC power is used in Substation building’s Power, Lighting, Heating and Ventilation
and switch gear operation.
▪ DC Power is used to feed essential Loads as Circuit breaker trip circuit, relays ,SCAD
system and communication Equipment.
What Is IP Or Ingress Protection?
 Selection Of Busbars In Substations

▪ Busbars are used in electrical panel boards to connect the incoming feeders to the outgoing
feeders in distribution systems.
▪ Also it is used to connect high voltage and low voltage equipment.
▪ Busbars are easy to install, don’t need trays and they are cost effective especially when the
ratings and distances increase.
 Selection Of Busbars In Substations

▪ Position of the bars (Horizontal or Vertical)

▪ The current that busbar shall carry in normal operation.
▪ The rated short circuit current that busbar shall withstand in fault condition.
▪ The rated peak current that busbars shall withstand in case of lightning.
▪ The temperature of the atmosphere and the head dissipation of each component connected to the
busbars.
▪ The Ingress Protection or the IP of the switchgear of the panel board containing the busbars.
▪ The number of sections or bundles per phase.
▪ Icw is the short circuit withstand current.
▪ Ip is the peak short circuit withstand current.
 Example on Busbar selection

▪ Calculate the busbar rating for an Air CB of 2500 A, assuming required IP54 and an ambient temperature of 40 C°.

Solution:

By going to the tables,

if we assume 50x10 then required number of busbar per phase=2500/1080=2.3 which means 3 busbar required.

If we assume 80x10 then required number per phase=2500/1590=1.57 which means two busbars per phase.

So this is considered as optimum number, and it will stand current of 2530 A.

 Electrical Conductor

▪ The conductor is the type of metal which allows the electrical current to flow through it.
▪ There are two main types of electrical conductor:
▪ UGC or underground cables.
▪ Overhead transmission lines.
Construction Of Underground Cables
 Conductor

▪ Conductor can be made of Aluminum or Copper.

▪ Copper has higher conductivity and higher current carrying capacity than the Al.
▪ So it means for same cross-sectional area, the Copper has smaller area.
▪ Al is much cheaper than Copper.
▪ Connection between cables is simple in case of copper but difficult in Al due to formation of
aluminum oxide.
 Insulators

▪ Prevent electric breakdown by effect of electric field.

▪ Prevent thermal breakdown by effect of heat dissipation.

1. Dry paper wounded around the conductor but it has low dielectric strength due to voids so it
absorbs humidity.
2. Paper oil, where the paper is immersed in oil to fill voids and increases its dielectric strength up to
10 times of dry paper.
3. PVC, poly venyl chloride, max temperature of 70 c°.
4. XLPE, cross linked poly ethylene, up to 90 c°, both of PVC and XLPE used in LV cables.
 Armouring

1. It is used as mechanical protection for cables.

2. It can be made of AL or steel.
3. Cu wires are introduced in armour to interrupt the magnetic circuit.
 Bedding

1. To protect sheath from armour.

2. Made of cotton or PVC.
 Lead Sheath

1. Used for earthing the cable.

2. But outer sheath or serving sheath is used for protection against humidity.
 Materials Of Overhead Transmission Lines

▪ AAC: all aluminum conductor ( pure aluminum).

▪ It has high degree of corrosion resistance and is also used
within the railway and Metro industries.
▪ AAAC: all aluminum alloy conductor ( alloy to improve
mechanical and electrical characteristics.
▪ ACAR: aluminum conductor alloy reinforced.
▪ They have great mechanical strength and overall electrical
conductivity is between 56% to 60%.
▪ ACSR: aluminum conductor steel reinforced.
▪ These types of conductors are much use for long spans of
transmission lines because these lines got high tensile
strength.
 Materials Of Overhead Transmission Lines

▪ Aluminum conductors are more preferable than copper in

overhead transmission lines.
▪ They are much cheaper than copper.
▪ They are lighter than copper in weight.
▪ They have larger diameter than copper so lower corona
effect.
 Insulators Of Overhead Transmission Lines

▪ Suspension type insulator

▪ For high voltages (>33 kV),

▪ It consists of a number of porcelain discs connected

in series by metal links in the form of a string.

▪ Can be made of glass or ceramic.

▪ The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of

this string while the other end of the string is secured
to the cross-arm of the tower.

▪ Each unit or disc is designed for low voltage as an

example 11 kV.

▪ The number of discs in series would depend upon the

working voltage.

▪ If the working voltage is 66 kV, then six discs in series

will be provided on the string.
 Insulators Of Overhead Transmission Lines

▪ Pin type insulator

▪ Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution
of electric power at voltages up to 33 kV.
▪ Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type insulators
become too bulky and hence uneconomical.
Insulators Of Overhead Transmission Lines

Suspension Type Pin Type

Cost V>33 KV V<33 KV

Replacing Damaged units only. The whole unit.

Manufacturing Easier. Complicated.

Flexibility More flexible. Less flexible.

Supported voltage Any voltage by varying number Limited voltage, maximum of

of units. 36 Kv.
Tower Arm Longer and more expensive, as Short and cheap.
flexibility allows conductors to
swing.
Advantages of cables compared to overhead transmission lines

▪ Public safety: Any unfavorable weather conditions like lightning, storm,etc may result
in overhead lines getting short circuited or towers falling.
▪ Radio interference: overhead lines interfere with communication lines.
▪ Lesser fault occurrence as they are buried in underground.
Disadvantages of cables compared to overhead transmission
lines

▪ Charging current of cables is more(due to higher capacitance) compared to

overhead lines of same voltage level. This limits the use of cables for high voltage
levels.
▪ Insulation cost: Underground cables are insulated by PVC or XLPE but transmission
lines exposed to air with no insulation.
▪ Size of conductor is higher in case of underground cables due to many layers used.
▪ Erection: Digging is required. In comparison, an overhead line requires construction
of transmission towers only.
▪ Fault detection: Faults in over head lines can be easily detected and cleared while
the same is not the case for underground cables, we need certain equipment to
detect faults exactly in underground cable.
 Switch Gear

▪ It is a general term covering primary switching and interrupting devices together with its
control and regulating equipment.
▪ Power switchgears include circuit breakers, disconnecting switches, CT, VT and relays.
 Circuit breakers

▪ Electrical power networks are protected and controlled by circuit breaker inside electrical
grid substation.
▪ In substations the protection relay scheme can be complex, protecting equipment and
busses from overload or ground/earth fault.
▪ Circuit breakers can be divided to low (up to 2 Kv), medium (up to 72 Kv) and high
voltage (more than 123 Kv) types.
▪ Types of circuit breakers according to interrupting medium as MCCB or molded case
circuit breaker, miniature circuit breaker or MCB, Air circuit breaker, vaccum circuit
breaker, oil circuit breaker and SF6 circuit breaker.
 Miniature And Molded Case CBS

▪ MCB has current rating less than 100 A, trip settings can
not be adjusted.
▪ MCCB has rating less than 1000 A, trip settings can be
adjusted easily.
▪ Both of them are used in low voltage only.
 Large Oil Circuit breakers

▪ Advantages
1. Efficient in arc interruption.
▪ Disadvantages
1. Fire hazards due to oil.
2. Requirement of large amounts of oil.
3. Periodic replacement of oil.
▪ It has large oil type and minimum oil type.
 Vacuum Circuit breakers

▪ These breakers use vacuum as the interrupting medium due to its high
dielectric and diffusive properties.
▪ Small contact travel and less weight of moving parts.
▪ Very long life time.
▪ Silent operation.
▪ No explosion hazard.
▪ High speed of dielectric strength recovery.
▪ Usable at any voltage up to 230 kV.
▪ Problem is that uneconomical above 36 kV and can not be repaired.
 Air Blast Circuit breakers

▪ Air blast flows at very high speed and pressure which in arc
interruption.
▪ Its disadvantage is high noise.
 SF6 Circuit breakers

▪ Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is an alternative to air as an

interrupting medium.
▪ SF6 is a colorless nontoxic gas, with good thermal conductivity
and density approximately five times that of air.
▪ The principle of operation is similar to the air blast breakers,
except that the SF6 gas is not discharged into the atmosphere.
▪ Advantages
1. Short arc duration time.
2. Good insulating properties.
3. Silent operation as it is not discharged to atmosphere.
4. SF6 is chemically stable, non toxic and inflammable.
5. SF6 is less bulky than Air but more expensive.
Selection Of Circuit Breakers
 Fuses

▪ They are used as an overcurrent protection devices

which protects circuit against short circuit.
▪ It opens the circuit by cutting the fusible link inside it
by the effect of the heat dissipation produced by short
circuit current.
▪ Needs to be replaced after fault clearing.
 Difference Between Fuse And Circuit Breaker

▪ Circuit Breaker can be used repeatedly after fault clearing but fuse can be used only
once.
▪ Circuit breaker works on electromechanical principles but fuse works on thermal
properties.
▪ Circuit breaker is expensive but fuse is cheap.
▪ Circuit breaker is quick to reset but fuse needs to be replaced manually.
▪ Circuit breakers are used in protection of plants, electrical machines, transformers and
generators.
▪ Fuses are used in medium voltage applications as overhead line protection, substations,
heavy industry and low HP motors.
 Switches

▪ They are used for isolation, load interruption and transferring service between different
sources of supply.
▪ Example: isolating switches, load break switches and ATS or automatic transfer switch.
 Isolating Switch

▪ Mechanical switching device which is not designed to make or to break

the current.
▪ This means it can’t switch in the presence of load and can not be used
to open the circuit during faults.
▪ It switches on and off at no load only.
▪ Its function is to isolate during maintenance, to protect labor against
electricity.
▪ During operation, the isolating switch is the first to be closed and last to
be opened.
▪ This means during faults, the circuit breaker first clears the fault then
isolating switch is opened.
▪ When fault is cleared, it is the first to be closed then the circuit breaker.
 Load break Switch

▪ Mechanical switch device capable of making and breaking

currents under normal no fault circuit conditions.
▪ It is used for control and sometimes can be used as circuit
breaker at lower voltages.
▪ An air switch can be modified to include an interrupter as SF6
or vacuum for higher voltage and current levels.
 ATS Or Automatic Transfer Switch

▪ This type of switch is primarily used for emergency and stand by power generation
systems rated at 600 V or lower.
Bus Bar Schemes

1- Single Bus
2- Main Bus and Transfer Bus
3- Double Bus Double Breaker
4- Double Bus Single Breaker
5- Ring Bus
6- Breaker and Half
 Single Bus

▪ This substation configuration consists of all circuits connected to a single bus.

▪ Failure of a single circuit breaker will also result in an outage of the entire bus.
▪ Maintenance of any circuit breaker requires shutdown of the corresponding
circuit/line
▪ Maintenance of the bus requires a complete shutdown of the bus.
▪ Simplest and least expensive of all configurations.
▪ Less installation area and it can be easily expanded.
▪ Lowest Reliability.
 Main Bus and Transfer Bus

▪ One or more busses is added to the single bus substation scheme.

▪ Transfer bus is energized by closing the isolator switches to the transfer bus.
▪ More Reliable than Single Bus
▪ Flexible in Operation and Maintenance.
▪ Higher Cost due to extra bus and Switches.
 Double Bus Double Breaker

▪ This configuration utilizes two buses and two breakers per circuit.
▪ Both buses are normally energized and any circuit can be removed for
maintenance without an outage on the corresponding circuit.
▪ In case of Failure of one of the two buses, all of the circuits
can be fed from the remaining bus and isolating the failed bus.
▪ Greatest Service Reliability but Highest Cost.
▪ This scheme is typically found in EHV transmission substations
or generating stations and Heavily loaded area.
 Double Bus Single Breaker

• Substations utilizing this configuration are supplied with two busses.

• Each circuit is equipped with a single breaker and is connected to both

buses using isolators.

• A tie breaker connects both main buses and is normally closed, allowing for
more flexibility in operation.

• A fault on one bus requires isolation of the bus while the circuits are fed from
the opposite bus.

• The double bus single breaker scheme is more expensive.

• requires more installation space than the single bus configuration.

Ring Bus
 Breaker and Half

▪ This configuration uses two main buses, both of which are normally
energized with three breakers connected between the buses.
▪ The breaker and half configuration is very flexible, Highest reliability, and more
economical in comparison to the Double Bus Double Breaker scheme.
Types of Substations according to Configuration

1- Air Insulated Substation

2- Gas Insulated Substation(GIS)

 Air Insulated Substation

▪ Air is Used as a Primary Insulation Medium

▪ Popular where Space Constraints and Environmental restrictions are Not an issue.
▪ Exposed to Environment.
▪ Not Completely Protected from Electrical Shock hazards.
Disadvantages of Air Insulated Substation

1- Wastage of Large Areas.

2-Large Planning and Execution Time.
3-Regular maintenance is required.
4-Insulation deterioration with time due to pollutants.
5- Large dimensions due to low dielectric strength of Air.
Gas Insulated Substation(GIS)

▪ Sulphur Hexafluoride Gas used as insulating Gas (SF6).

▪ Used for Voltages 72.5 KV, 145 KV, 300 KV, 420 KV and Above.
▪ Equipment's as CBs, Bus Bars ,Isolators, CTS,VTS,….. Are all filled with SF6.
▪ SF6 is Non Toxic, non flammable and Stable.
▪ Very Long Life time.
▪ Insulating properties nearly 3 times of Air.
Gas Insulated Substation(GIS)

▪ Used when we don’t have sufficient space.

▪ Difficult Climate and ambient conditions.
▪ Higher Reliability than AIS
▪ Safety from Electric Hazards
▪ More Expensive than AIS
▪ Used indoor and Area Required 1/10 of Ordinary Substations.
▪ High level of maintenance is required. This requires highly skilled personnel
Design of Substations

General Requirements:
1-Installation and Equipment must withstand electrical , mechanical and climatic
influences at site.
Design Should include :
1- Purpose of the installation.
2-Customer requirements such as Power Quality, Reliability and availability.
3-Ability to withstand transient conditions such as Switching actions,……
4-Safety of Substation personnel and the public
5-Ease of extension and maintenance.
Steps of Design

1-Collecting Data:
▪ Making Assumptions based on existing consumption.
▪ Assess Possible Growth of Loads (Load Forecasting)
▪ Identify List of connected loads and requirements.
▪ Identify Load Factor and diversity factor.
▪ Provide additional capacity for future load growth but investment cost will increase.
 Steps of Design

2- Selection of Distribution voltage and Transformer Rating

▪ If we receive and distribute at same voltage then there is no need of transformer.
▪ Receiving at Higher voltage, it involves Transformer , we step down the voltage and
change it using OTLC(ON Load Tap Changer).
▪ Transformer size/s must be selected according to the maximum expected load and
possibility of future expansions.
Steps of Design

▪ Commonly available ratings for substation transformers

Rated powers:
▪ 25 kVA, 50 kVA, 100 kVA, 250 kVA, 400 kVA, 630 kVA, 800 kVA, 1000 kVA, 1250 kVA,
1600 kVA, 2000 kVA
Primary voltages (line-to-line):
▪ 6 kV, 7.2 kV, 10 kV, 12 kV, 22 kV, 24 kV, 31.5 kV, 33 kV, 34.5 kV, 35 kV, 36 kV
Secondary voltages (line-to-line): 380 V, 400 V
Steps of Design

3- Choosing Bus Configuration.

4- Selection of substation equipment
▪ Ratings of circuit breakers
▪ Ratings of switch disconnecters (Load-break switches)
▪ Ratings of isolators (Disconnecters)
▪ Characteristics of voltage transformers (VTs)
▪ Characteristics of current transformers (CTs)
5- Ensure Spare equipments as CB, Future transformers and feeders.
 Steps of Design

6- For Factories we prefer duplication of everything.

Example: Multiple bus sections with Bus couplers,
Feeders, Transformers and Protection devices.
Expensive but Flexible.
Steps of Design

7- Substation Layout
Make sure of the Presence of
▪ Earth Clearance: Clearance between live parts and earthed structures.
▪ Phase Clearance : Clearance between different phases.
▪ Isolating Clearance: Clearance between Isolator contacts.
Example

▪ Consider that you would like to choose a transformer to supply power to a factory
which requires maximum of 270 kVA of power at 400 V on the LV side and no
expansion is considered for near future.
▪ The power will be provided by connecting the factory to 33 kV MV voltage level.
Choose the transformer.
Solution:
Selected transformer size for the factory:
▪ 400 kVA, 33 kV/400 V
Single Line Diagram Of Substation 66/11 KV
Substation Feed From A Distribution Point
 Capacitor Bank

▪ In power system, the power that we are consuming is a combination of two types of
powers, one is Active power (P) and the other one is Reactive power (Q).
▪ For example, for running an induction motor we need both active as well as reactive
power.
▪ The active power is responsible for the rotation of the motor, and the reactive
power is responsible for the magnetization of the field inside the motor for
electromagnetic conversion.
▪ When the reactive power demand increases beyond the desired value,
▪ The voltage drops at the load, this will cause the motor to withdraw more current to
produce same torque, so more current means more voltage drop as V=I*Z.
▪ If this voltage drops below a certain specified level then there is chance of power
failure and it may lead to black out or voltage collapse.
▪ We supply that extra Reactive power to the load by the help of capacitor bank, this
reduces the load on the generating station.
▪ The main purpose of providing capacitor bank in case of power system is to supply
reactive power to the system and are installed at the receiver end.
▪ The capacitor banks are called Static VAR Compensator.
 Ring Main Unit
▪ It is considered as standard piece of switchgear in
distribution system.
▪ Busbars in are connected together to form a ring in order
to increase reliability and flexibility of power system.
▪ Ring main units come in standard ratings of 11/22/33 kV,
630/1250 A, 21 kA/3 sec