Lecture 1

Classification of
Protective Relay and

Busbar Arrangement
Tawsif Hossain Chowdhury
Classification of Protective Relays
Relays are switches that control one electrical circuit by opening and closing
contacts in another circuit.
• Based on Technology:
(a) Electromagnetic Relays
(b) Static Relays
(c) Microprocessor Based / Numeric Relay
• Based on Function:
(a) Overcurrent relays
(b) Differential relay
(c) Directional relay etc
Electromagnetic relay
• Electromagnetic relays are those relays which are operated by
electromagnetic action.
• The speed of this type of relay actually depends on the
magnitude of current flowing in the coil, and if the current is large
the relay will trip.
How does an electromagnetic
relay work?
As the below figure showed, electromagnetic relay consists of electromagnet, armature, spring,
movable contact and stationary contact.
Usually an electromagnetic relay has two circuits,
low-voltage control circuit and high-voltage working
circuit. The low-voltage control circuit includes an
electromagnetic relay coil, a low-voltage power supply
and a switch. The high-voltage working circuit includes
a high-voltage power supply, a motor and the contacts of
the electromagnetic relay. The working principle of
electromagnetic relays is not complicated, and it operates
mainly according to the principle of electromagnetic
induction. Switching on the power in the low-voltage control
circuit, the current goes through the coil of the electromagnet to generate a magnetic field. Then the armature
generates a suction force to making the movable contact and stationary contact touching. Thus the working
circuit is powered on and the motor begins to work. When switching off the power in the low-voltage control
circuit, the current in the coil will disappear and the armature under the action of the spring will separate the
movable contact and stationary contact. The working circuit is disconnected and the motor stops working.
How does an electromagnetic
relay work?
Generally speaking, an electromagnetic relay uses electromagnet to control
“on” or “off” status of the operating circuit. When placing voltage to both
ends of a coil, the coil will be flowed with current and generate
electromagnetic effect. The electromagnet will attract armature to the iron
core against tension of spring, so as to pull the movable contact of the
armature to the stationary contact (normally open contact, or NO). When
cutting off power, attraction of the electromagnet will disappear and the
armature will restore its position under tension of the spring to release the
movable contract from the stationary contact (normally closed contract or
NC). The pulling and releasing are used to control opening and closing of the
circuit. Normally open and closed contacts respectively refer to the stationary
contract is in the state of “on” when the coil is cut off from power and the
stationery contract is in the state of “off” when the coil is connected to power.
• Electromagnetic relay, basics. www.geolog.com
Solid State Relay/ Static Relay
• Relay or relay unit in which there is no armature or other moving element, the
designed response being developed by electronic, solid-state, magnetic, or other
components without mechanical motion.
• With the advent of transistors, operational amplifiers etc,
solid state relays were developed. They realize the
functionality through various operations like comparators etc.

Operation of Relay
• The essential components of static relays are shown in figure below. The
output of CT and PT are not suitable for static components so they are brought
down to suitable level by auxiliary CT and PT. Then auxiliary CT output is given
to rectifier.
• Rectifier rectifies the relaying
quantity i.e., the output from a
CT or PT.
• The rectified output is supplied to a measuring unit comprising of

comparators, level detectors, filters, logic circuits.
• The output is actuated when the dynamic input (i.e., the relaying quantity)
attains the threshold value. This output of the measuring unit is amplified by
amplifier and fed to the output unit device, which is usually an
electromagnetic one.
Advantages of Static Relay
• A major advantage with the solid state relays is their ability to provide self checking facility i.e. the relays can
monitor their own health and raise a flag or alarm if its own component fails.
• The static relay has the quick response, long life, shockproof, fewer problems of maintenance, high reliability and
a high degree of accuracy.
• Quick reset action, a high reset value and the absence of overshoot can be easily achieved because of the
absence of thermal storage.
• The risk of unwanted tripping is less with static relays.
• Static relays are quite suitable for earthquakes prone areas, ships, vehicles, airplanes, etc., This is because of
high resistance to shock variation.
• A static protection control and monitoring system can perform several functions such as protection, monitoring,
data acquisition measurement, memory, indication, etc.,
Limitations of Static Relay
• Some components are sensitive to electrostatic discharges. Even small charges can damage the components, and
therefore precautions are necessary for the manufacturing of static relays to avoid components failures due to
electrostatic discharges.
• The reliability of the system depends on a large number of small components and their electrical components so
complex.
• Static relays are costlier, for simple and single function than their equivalent electromechanical counterparts. But
for multi-functional protection, static relay proves economical.
• Highly trained personnel are required for their servicing.
• Static relays are not very robust in construction and easily affected by surrounding interference.
Numerical Relays
• It involves analog to digital (A/D) conversion of analog voltage and currents obtained
from secondary of CTs and VTs.
• These current and voltage samples are fed to the microprocessor or Digital Signal
Processors (DSPs) where the protection algorithms or programs process the signals and
decide whether a fault exists in the apparatus under consideration or not.
• In case, a fault is diagnosed, a trip decision is issued.
Numerical relays provide maximum flexibility in defining
relaying logic.
Memory is any physical device capable of storing information t like RAM
Registers are temporary storage locations inside the CPU that hold data and addresses.
(ALU) - Arithmetic logic unit
Based on Function:
Overcurrent relay:
• A relay that operates or picks up when its current exceeds a
predetermined value.
• Over-current protection protects electrical power systems against
excessive currents which are caused by short circuits, ground faults,
etc.
• Over-current relays can be used to protect practically any power
system elements, i.e. transmission lines, transformers, generators, or
motors.
Differential relay:
• A relay that, by its design or application is intended to respond to the
difference between incoming and outgoing electrical quantities
associated with protective apparatus.
• The differential relay compares the difference in the current from two
CTs around a protective area or equipment .
Directional relay :
• A relay that responds to the relative
phase position of a current with respect
to another current or voltage reference .
• Consider, for example, the high-voltage
transmission lines in Figure. The relays at
the ends of these lines could use
directional relays since fault currents on
these lines can be supplied from
generators at both ends of the system.
• Knowing the direction of current flow
helps in designing a protective scheme
that is selective and less likely to act
incorrectly
Busbar Arrangements
• Single bus bar Arrangement
• Double Busbar Arrangement
• Double bus Double breaker Arrangement
Single Bus System
Single Bus System is simplest and cheapest one. In this
scheme all the feeders and transformer bay are
connected to only one single bus as showed
Advantages of Single Bus System

1. This is very simple in design.
2. This is very cost effective scheme.
3. This is very convenient to operate.
Disadvantages of Single Bus system:

1. Failure of bus or any circuit breaker results in
shutdown of entire substation.
2. Difficult to do any maintenance.
The indoor 11 KV switchboards have quite often single

bus bar arrangement
Single Bus System with Bus Tie
• This arrangement is used when
1. Large number of circuits exists especially at lower voltage

industrial substation.
2. Substation is fed from two separate power supplies with one

supply for each bus.
• In case of loss of supply, 51 (AC time overcurrent relay) is closed.
For each bus, a differential protection has been provided. For a
bus fault, we have to open all circuit breakers on bus along with
51T (trip breaker).
Double Bus System
1. It provides additional flexibility, continuity of supply and
permits periodic maintenance without total shut down. In
the fault of one bus other can be used.
2. In double bus bar system two identical bus bars are used in
such a way that any outgoing or incoming feeder can be
taken from any of the bus.
2. Actually every feeder is connected to both of the buses in

parallel through individual isolator as shown in the figure:
3. By closing any of the isolators one can put the feeder to
associated bus.
4. Both of the buses are energized and total feeders are
divided into two groups, one group is fed from one bus and
other from other bus. But any feeder at any time can be
transferred from one bus to other.
5. There is one bus coupler breaker which should be kept
close during bus transfer operation.
• For transfer operation, one should first close the bus coupler circuit
breaker then close the isolator associated with the bus to where the
feeder would be transferred and then open the isolator associated
with the bus from where feeder is transferred.
• Lastly after this transfer operation he or she should open the bus
coupler breaker.
Double Bus Double Breaker
Arrangement
• Only difference is that here every feeder is connected
to both of the buses in parallel through individual
breaker instead only isolator as shown in the figure.
• By closing any of the breakers and its associated
isolators one can put the feeder to respective bus.
• Both of the buses are energized and total feeders are
divided into two groups, one group is fed from one bus
and other from other bus similar to previous case.
• But any feeder at any time can be transferred from one
bus to other. There is no need of bus coupler as
because the operation is done by breakers instead of
isolator.

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Classification of

Protective Relay and

• With the advent of transistors, operational amplifiers etc,

solid state relays were developed. They realize the

functionality through various operations like comparators etc.

• The rectified output is supplied to a measuring unit comprising of

• The risk of unwanted tripping is less with static relays.

for multi-functional protection, static relay proves economical.

• Highly trained personnel are required for their servicing.

• In case, a fault is diagnosed, a trip decision is issued.

Numerical relays provide maximum flexibility in defining

Advantages of Single Bus System

Disadvantages of Single Bus system:

The indoor 11 KV switchboards have quite often single

1. Large number of circuits exists especially at lower voltage

2. Substation is fed from two separate power supplies with one

2. Actually every feeder is connected to both of the buses in

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