CH 10

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9780521740494c10.xml CUAU033-EVANS September 9, 2008 13:11
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C H A P T E R
10
Circular functions I
E
Objectives
10.1
PL
To use radians and degrees for the measurement of angles
To convert radians to degrees and vice versa
To define the circular functions sine, cosine and tangent
To explore the symmetry properties of circular functions
To find standard exact values of circular functions
To understand and sketch the graphs of circular functions
Measuring angles in degrees and radians

M
The diagram shows a unit circle, i.e., a circle of radius one unit.
y
The circumference of the unit circle = 2 × 1
= 2 units 1 B
∴ the distance in an anticlockwise direction around
the circle from
SA
C A
x
A to B = units –1 O 1
2
A to C = units
3
A to D = units –1 D
2
Definition of a radian
In moving around the circle a distance of one unit from A to P, the angle POA is defined. The
measure of this angle is one radian.
One radian (written 1c ) is the angle subtended at the centre of the unit circle by an arc of
length one unit.
253
Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-61252-4
2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
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254 Essential Advanced General Mathematics
Note: Angles formed by moving anticlockwise around

y
the circumference of the unit circle are defined as
positive. Those formed by moving in a clockwise
1 P
direction are said to be negative.
1 unit
1c
x
–1 O A 1
E
–1
Degrees and radians

The angle, in radians, swept out in one revolution of a circle is 2 c .
∴
∴
∴
Example 1
2 c = 360◦
c = 180◦
1c =
180◦

PL
or 1◦ =
c
180
Convert 30◦ to radians.

M
Solution
c
Since 1◦ =
180
30 × c
∴ 30◦ = =
180 6
SA
Example 2
c
Convert to degrees.
4
Solution
180◦
Since 1c =

c × 180
∴ = = 45◦
4 4×

Note:Often the symbol for radian, c , is omitted. For example, angle 45◦ is written as rather
4
c
than .
4

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Chapter 10 — Circular functions I 255
Exercise 10A
Example 1
1 Express the following angles in radian measure in terms of .
a 60◦ b 144◦ c 240◦ d 330◦ e 420◦ f 480◦
Example 2
2 Express in degrees the angles with the following radian measures.
2 5 7 5 9 11
a b c d 0.9 e f g h 1.8
3 6 6 9 5 9
E
3 Use a calculator to convert the following angles from radians to degrees.
a 0.6 b 1.89 c 2.9 d 4.31 e 3.72 f 5.18 g 4.73 h 6.00
4 Use a calculator to express the following in radian measure.

a 38◦ b 73◦ c 107◦ d 161◦
e
e 84◦ 10
a −
5
3
3
a −360◦
f
PL
b −4
b −540◦
f 228◦
−11
6
c −240◦
g
c −3
23
6
g 136◦ 40
5 Express in degrees the angles with the following radian measures.

6 Express each of the following in radian measure in terms of .

d −720◦
d −
h
−23
6
e −330◦
h 329◦
f −210◦
M
10.2 Defining circular functions: sine and cosine
Consider the unit circle. y
The position of point P on the circle can be described by relating
1
the cartesian coordinates x and y and the angle . The point P P(θ)
on the circumference corresponding to an angle is written P(). 1 y
SA
Many different angles will give the same point, P, on θc

the circle, so the relation linking an angle to the x
–1 O x 1
coordinates is a many-to-one function. There are, in
fact, two functions involved and they are called sine
and cosine and are defined as follows: –1
y
The x coordinate of P, x = cosine , ∈ R
The y coordinate of P, y = sine , ∈ R 1
P(θ) = (cosθ, sinθ)
Note:These functions are usually written in an 1
c sinθ
abbreviated form as follows: θ
x
x = cos –1 O 1
cosθ
y = sin
Note: cos (2 + ) = cos and
sin (2 + ) = sin , as adding 2 results in a return –1
to the same point on the unit circle.
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Example 3
Evaluate
3
a sin and cos b sin − and cos −
2 2
5 7 9
c sin and sin d sin and cos 27.
2 2 2
Solution
a In moving anticlockwise through an angle of , the position is P() which is
E
(−1, 0)
∴ cos = −1
sin = 0

3 3
(0, 1)
c sin

5

2
7
PL
b In moving clockwise through an angle of

sin −

cos −
3
2
2

=0
1
=1

= sin 2 = sin 2 +
2

2
3
2

, the position is P −

= sin = 1
2
3
2
which is
M
sin = sin 3 = sin 2 + = sin = −1
2 2 2 2

9
d sin = sin 4 + = sin = 1
2 2 2
cos(27) = cos (26 + ) = cos = −1
Exercise 10B
SA
Example 3
1 For each of the following angles, t, determine the values of sin t and cos t.
3 3 5
a t =0 b t= c t =− d t=
2 2 2
9 7
e t = −3 f t= g t= h t = 4
2 2
2 Evaluate, using a calculator (with calculator in Radian mode).
a sin 1.9 b sin 2.3 c sin 4.1 d cos 0.3
e cos 2.1 f cos (−1.6) g sin (−2.1) h sin (−3.8)
3 For each of the following angles, , determine the values of sin and cos .
5 27 9
a = 27 b =− c = d =−
2 2 2
11
e = f = 57 g = 211 h = −53
2
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10.3 Another circular function: tangent B

Again consider the unit circle. y
C(1, y)
If a tangent to the unit circle at A is drawn, then the
1 P(θ)
y coordinate of C, the point of intersection of the
extension of OP and the tangent is called tangent tan θ
(abbreviated to tan ). By considering the similar sin θ
θ A
triangles OPD and OCA: x
–1 O D 1
tan sin cos θ
=
E
1 cos
sin
∴ tan = –1
cos
Now when cos = 0, tan is undefined.
∴
PL 3
Domain of tan = R\{ : cos = 0}.
Example 4
5
Hence tan is undefined when = ± , ± , ± , · · ·
2 2 2
Use a calculator to evaluate, correct to two decimal places

a tan 1.3 b tan 1.9 c tan (−2.8) d tan 59◦ e tan 138◦
M
Solution
a tan 1.3 = 3.60 (Don’t forget calculator must be in Radian mode.)
b tan 1.9 = −2.93
c tan (−2.8) = 0.36
d tan 59◦ = 1.66 (Put calculator in Degree mode.)
tan 138◦ = 0.90
SA
Exercise 10C
Example 4
1 Use a calculator to find, correct to two decimal places
a tan 1.6 b tan (−1.2) c tan 136◦ d tan (−54◦ )
e tan 3.9 f tan (−2.5) g tan 239◦
2 Evaluate
7
a tan b tan (−) c tan
5 2
d tan (−2) e tan f tan −
2 2
3 For each of the following values of find tan .
a = 180◦ b = 360◦ c =0
d = −180◦ e = −540◦ f = 720◦
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10.4 Reviewing trigonometric ratios

For right-angled triangles
opp
sin = hypotenuse
hyp opposite side
adj
cos =
hyp θ
opp
tan = adjacent side
adj
Applying these trigonometric ratios to the right-angled y
E
triangle, OAB, in the unit circle
1
opp y B
sin = = =y
hyp 1 1 y
adj x θ
cos = = =x x
–1 O x A 1
tan =

hyp
opp
adj
= =
PL
1
y
x
sin
cos –1
For 0 < < , functions sin, cos and tan are defined by the trigonometric ratios and are the
2
same as the respective circular functions introduced earlier.
Exercise 10D
M
1 Find the value of the pronumeral for each of the following.
a b c
5 6
x
8 25° 25°
x
θ
SA
d e f 10
θ x
20°
5
10
50° 6
x
g h i
5 x
5 x 7 40°
65° 70°
x

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2 a Use a calculator to find a and b, correct to four y

decimal places.
b Hence find the values of c and d. (c, d) (a, b)
c i Use a calculator to find cos 140◦ and 140° 1
sin 140◦ . 40° x
ii Write cos 140◦ in terms of cos 40◦ . 0
E
10.5 Symmetry properties of circular functions
The coordinate axes divide the unit circle y
into four quadrants. The quadrants can be
PL
numbered anticlockwise from the positive
direction of the x axis, as shown.
Quadrant 2
Quadrant 3
Relationships, based on symmetry between circular functions, for angles in different

0
Quadrant 1
Quadrant 4
x
M
quadrants can be determined.
Quadrant 2 Quadrant 1
By symmetry
sin(π – θ) = b = sinθ
cos(π – θ) = –a = –cos θ
tan(π – θ) = b = –tan θ (0, b)
SA
–a
P(π – θ) P(θ) = (cos θ, sin θ)
= (a, b)
θ
(–a, 0) 0 (a, 0)
P(2π – θ)
P(π + θ)
(0, –b)
sin(π + θ) = –b = –sin θ sin(2π – θ) = –b = –sin θ
cos(π + θ) = –a = –cos θ cos(2π – θ) = a = cos θ
tan(π + θ) = –b
–a = tan θ tan(2π – θ) = –b
a = –tanθ
Note: These relationships are true for all values of .

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y
Signs of circular functions
These symmetry properties can be summarised for the
signs of sin, cos and tan for the four quadrants as follows:
1st quadrant All are positive (A) S A

2nd quadrant Sin is positive (S) x
3rd quadrant Tan is positive (T) T C
4th quadrant Cos is positive (C)
E
Negative of angles y
By symmetry
1
cos (−) = cos P(θ)
Example 5
tan (−) =
PL
sin (−) = − sin
− sin
cos
= − tan
–1
–1
0
θ
–θ 1
P(–θ)
x
M
If sin x = 0.6, find the value of
a sin( − x) b sin ( + x) c sin (2 − x) d sin (−x)
Solution
a sin ( − x) b sin ( + x) c sin (2 − x) d sin (−x)
= sin x = − sin x = − sin x = − sin x
SA
= 0.6 = −0.6 = −0.6 = −0.6
Example 6
If cos x ◦ = 0.8, find the value of

a cos (180 − x)◦ b cos (180 + x)◦ c cos (360 − x)◦ d cos (−x)◦
Solution
a cos (180 − x)◦ b cos (180 + x)◦ c cos (360 − x)◦ d cos (−x)◦
= − cos x ◦ = − cos x ◦ = cos x ◦ = cos x ◦
= −0.8 = −0.8 = 0.8 = 0.8

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Exercise 10E
Example 5
1 If sin = 0.42, cos x = 0.7 and tan = 0.38, write down the values of
a sin ( + ) b cos ( − x) c sin (2 − ) d tan ( − )
e sin ( − ) f tan (2 − ) g cos ( + x) h cos (2 − x)
Example 6
2 If sin x ◦ = 0.7, cos ◦ = 0.6 and tan ◦ = 0.4, write down the values of
a sin (180 + x)◦ b cos (180 + )◦ c tan (360 − )◦ d cos (180 − )◦
E
e sin (360 − x)◦ f sin (−x)◦ g tan (360 + )◦ h cos (−)◦
3 Write down the values of y

1 √3
a a = cos ( − ) ,
(a, b) 2 2
b b = sin ( − ) π–θ
c
d
e
f
c = cos (−)
d = sin (−)
tan ( − )
tan (−) PL
4 Write down the values of
a
b
c
d = sin ( + )
c = cos ( + )
tan ( + )
1 √3
– ,
2 2
0
y
1
θ
θ
–θ
(c, d )
x
x
M
d sin (2 − ) 0
e cos (2 − ) π+θ 1
(c, d )
10.6 Exact values of circular functions

A calculator can be used to find the values of the circular functions for different values of .
SA
For many values of the calculator gives an approximation. Consider some values of such
that sin, cos and tan can be calculated exactly.

Exact values for 0 (0◦) and (90◦)
From the unit circle y
2

When = 0, 1 When = ,
2
sin 0 = 0
sin =1
cos 0 = 1 sin θ 2
tan 0 = 0 θ
x cos = 0
–1 0 cos θ 1 2

tan is undefined
2
–1

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Exact values for (30◦) and (60◦)
6 3
Consider an equilateral triangle ABC of
side length two units. In C
√
ACD, by Pythagoras’ theorem DC = AC2 − AD2 = 3
√
◦ AD 1 ◦ CD 3
sin 30 = = sin 60 = = 30° 30°
AC 2√ AC 2 2 2
◦ CD 3 ◦ AD 1
cos 30 = = cos 60 = =
AC 2 AC 2√
3 √
E
AD 1 CD
tan 30◦ = =√ tan 60◦ = = = 3
CD 3 AD 1 60° 60°
A B
1 D 1

Exact values for (45◦)
AC
sin 45◦
cos 45◦
tan 45◦
=
=

BC
AC
AB
AC
BC
AB
=√
=√
=1
1
1
2
2
√
= 12 + 12 = 2
PL 4
As an aid to memory, the exact values for circular functions can be tabulated.
A
45°
1
C
B
M
Summary
( ◦ ) sin cos tan
0 0 1 0
√
SA
◦ 1 3 1
(30 ) √
6 2 2 3
◦ 1 1
(45 ) √ √ 1
4 2 2
√
◦ 3 1 √
(60 ) 3
3 2 2
◦
(90 ) 1 0 undefined
2
Example 7
Evaluate
5 11
a cos b sin
4 6

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Solution
5 11
a cos b sin
4 6

= − cos (by symmetry) = − sin (by symmetry)
4 6
1 1
= −√ =−
2 2
Exercise 10F
E
Example 7
1 Write down the exact values of

2 3 5 7 5
a sin b cos c tan d sin e cos
3 4 6 6 4
4 5 7 11
g sin h cos i tan
f tan
f 390◦

a sin −

3
2
3
14

PL3
g 420◦
3 Write down the exact values of
b cos

11

3
4

4
h −135◦
6
2 Without using a calculator, evaluate the sin, cos and tan of each of the following.
a 120◦ b 135◦ c 210◦
c tan

d 240◦
i −300◦
13
6
11

d tan
e 315◦
j −60◦

15
6

21

M
e cos f cos g sin h cos −
4 4 4 3
10.7 Graphs of sine and cosine

Graphs of sine functions
The graph of f (x) = sin x is given below. It has been plotted for – ≤ x ≤ 3.
SA
1
1
√2
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
–π –3π –π –π 0 π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π 9π 5π 11π 3π
4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4
–1 f (x) = sin x
–1 √2
Observations from the graph

The graph repeats itself after an interval of 2 units, i.e. f (x + 2k) = f (x) for all
x ∈ R, k ∈ Z . A function which repeats itself regularly is called a periodic function and
the interval between the repetitions is called the period of the function.

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The maximum and minimum values of sin x are 1 and −1 respectively. The distance
between the mean position and the maximum position is called the amplitude. The graph
of f (x) = sin x has an amplitude of 1.
Graphs of cosine functions

The graph of g(x) = cos x for – ≤ x ≤ 3 is as shown.
y
E
1
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
–π –3π –π –π π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π 9π 5π 11π 3π
4
PL
A dilation of factor 2 from
Hence (0, 0) → (0, 0),
2 4
2
–1
Dilations of sine and cosine functions

4 2 4 4 2 4
they axis has the rule (x, y) → (2x, y).

, 1 → (, 1) and (, 0) → (2, 0).
4 2
g(x) = cosx
4
When this transformation is applied to y = sin x, it will be ‘stretched’ away from the y axis.
M
Let (x, y) → (x , y ) under this transformation.
x
Since (x, y) → (2x, y), then x = 2x and y = y, and thus x = and y = y .
2
x
Hence y = sin x is mapped to y = sin .
2
1
A dilation of factor from the y axis will map y = sin x to y = sin 2x.
2
SA
y y y
1 1 1
x x x
0 2π 4π 0 π 2π 0 π π
2
–1 –1 –1
x
y = sin ←−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− y = sin x −−−−−−−−−−−−−−→ y = sin 2x
2
Period = 4 Period = 2 Period =
Range = [−1, 1] Range = [−1, 1] Range = [−1, 1]

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In general:
f : R → R, f (x) = sin (nx) f : R → R, f (x) = cos (nx)

2 2
Period = Period =
n n
Amplitude = 1 Amplitude = 1
Range = [−1, 1] Range = [−1, 1]
A dilation of factor 3 from has the rule (x, y) → (x, 3y).

the x axis
E
Hence (0, 1) → (0, 3), ,0 → , 0 and (, −1) → (, −3).
2 2
When this transformation is applied to y = cos x, it will be ‘stretched’ away from the x axis.
y = cos x is mapped to y = 3 cos x
y y
3
2
1
–1
–2
–3
0 π
2
PL π 3π
2
2π
x
3
2
–1
–2
–3
1
0 π
2
π 3π
2
2π
x
M
y = cos x −−−−→ y = 3 cos x
Period = 2 Period = 2
Range = [−1, 1] Range = [−3, 3]
In general:
SA
f : R → R, f (x) = a sin (nx), n, a > 0 f : R → R, f (x) = a cos (nx), n, a > 0

2 2
Period = Period =
n n
Amplitude = a Amplitude = a
Range = [−a, a] Range = [−a, a]
Example 8
Sketch the graphs of

1 x
a y = 2 cos 2 b y= sin
2 2
Show one complete cycle.

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Solution
2 1
a period = = b period = 2 ÷ = 4
2 2
amplitude = 2 1
amplitude =
2
y y
1
2
2
E
x x
0 π π 3π π 0 π 2π 3π 4π
4 2 2
–1
–2
Using the TI-Nspire

(
PL 2
Check that the calculator is in Radian mode. Open a Graphs & Geometry application
2), enter the function and select appropriate Window Settings (b 4 1) as
shown.
a f 1 (x) = 2 cos (2x)
xMin = 0
M
xMax =
√
xScale = 4
yMin = −2
yMax = 2
SA
1 x
b f 1 (x) = sin
2 2
xMin = 0
xMax = 4
xScale =
yMin = −0.5
yMax = 0.5

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Using the Casio ClassPad

Ensure that the calculator is set to Radian mode (bottom left of the screen; tap to change).
a Enter the function y = 2 cos (2x) in the
window. Tap $ to produce the
graph.
E
PL
To show one complete cycle as required,
tap 6 and make the window settings
x min = 0, max = and scale = .
The appropriate values for y should also

4
M
be set.
Do not be concerned with the setting
for ’dot’, it will take care of itself.
1
b Enter the function y = sin in the
2 2
window then tap $ to produce
SA
the graph.
The 6 settings for the graph are
shown below.

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Example 9
4
Sketch the graph of y = 5 sin 3 for − ≤ ≤ 2.
3
Solution
2
The amplitude = 5, the period =
3
E
y
–4π
3
–π
PL–2π
3
–π
3
–5
0 π
3
2π
3
π 4π
3
5π
3
The x axis intercepts can also be found by observing that one half period is
2π
x

3
.
Using the TI-Nspire

M
Check that the calculator is in Radian mode. Open a Graphs & Geometry application
( 2), enter the function and select appropriate Window Settings (b 4 1) as
shown.
f 1(x) = 5 sin(3x)
4
xMin = −
SA
3
xMax = 2
√
xScale = 6
yMin = −5
yMax = 5

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Check that the calculator is in Radian
mode.
Enter the function as shown with the
window settings shown to produce the
graph.
E
Exercise 10G
PL
1 For each of the following, write down
i the period and ii the amplitude.
M
1 1
a 2 sin b 3 sin 2 c cos 3 d 3 sin
2 2
1 1
e 4 cos 3 f − sin 4 g −2 cos
2 2
Example 8
2 Sketch the graph of each of the following, showing one complete cycle. State the amplitude
and period.

SA
a y = 3 sin 2x b y = 2 cos 3 c y = 4 sin

2
1
d y = cos 3x e y = 4 sin 3x f y = 5 cos 2x
2

g y = −3 cos h y = 2 cos (4) i y = −2 sin
2 3
Example 9
3 Sketch the graph of
x
a f (x) = sin 2x for x ∈ [−2, 2] b for x ∈ [−6, 6]
f (x) = 2 sin
3
c f (x) = 2 cos 3x for x ∈ [0, 2] d f (x) = −2 sin 3x for x ∈ [0, 2]

5 2x
4 Sketch the graph of f : [0, 2] → R, f (x) = cos
2 3
Hint: For endpoints find f (0) and f (2).
5 a On the one set of axes, sketch the graphs of f : [0, 2] → R, f (x) = sin x and
g: [0, 2] → R, g(x) = cos x
b By inspection from the graph state the values of x for which sin x = cos x.

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10.8 Further transformations of sine and

cosine graphs
Reflection in the axes
The function with rule f (x) = sin x is described as an odd function, i.e., f (−x) = − f (x). A
reflection in the y axis gives the same result as a reflection in the x axis when applied to the
graph of y = sin x.
The function with rule f (x) = cos x is described as an even function, i.e., f (−x) = f (x).
E
The graph of f (x) = cos x is mapped onto itself when reflected in the y axis.
Example 10
Sketch the graphs of

a f () = −3 cos 2
Solution
a
3
y
PL for 0 ≤ ≤ 2 b g() = 5 sin(−3)
f (θ) = –3 cos 2θ
θ
for 0 ≤ ≤ 2
M
0 π 2π
Period = π
Amplitude = 3
–3
b y
5
SA
g(θ) = 5 sin(–3θ)
θ
0 π 2π π 4π 5π 2π
3 3 3 3 2π
Period =
3
Amplitude = 5
–5

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Translations
Translations in the direction of the y axis
y
The graph of y = sin x + 1 is obtained
from the graph of y = sin x by a 2
Period = 2π
translation of one unit in the positive Range = [0, 2]
direction of the y axis. Amplitude = 1
E
x
0 π 2π 3π 4π
The graph of y = cos 2x − 2 is obtained from y
PL
the graph of y = cos 2x by a translation of two
units in the negative direction of the y axis.
0
–1
–2
–3
π 2π 3π 4π
x
M
Translations inthe direction
of the x axis

The graph of y = sin x − is obtained from y
3

the graph of y = sin x by a translation of
3
in the positive direction of the x axis.
0 x
–π π 5π 4π 11π 7π 17π
SA
6 3 6 3 6 3 6

The graph of y = cos 2 x + is obtained y
3
from the graph of y = cos 2x by a translation

of in the negative direction of the x axis.
3 0 x
–π –π π 5π 2π 11π 7π 17π 5π
3 12 6 12 3 12 6 12 3

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Example 11
On separate axes sketch the graphs of

a y = 3 sin 2 t − for − ≤ t ≤ 2 b y = 2 cos 3 t + for − ≤ t ≤
4 3
Solution
a The transformations applied y
to y = sin t are
3
E
r a dilation of factor 3 from
–3π –π π 3π 5π 7π
the x axis
4 4 4 4 4 4 t
1
r a dilation of factor from –π –π 0 π π 3π 2π
2 2 2 2
the y axis
–3
r a translation of in the positive Period = π
PL 4
direction of the x axis.
This is the graph of y = −3 cos 2t.
Note:
b Note: The transformations applied to y = cos t are
r a dilation of factor 2 from the x axis

1
r a dilation of factor from the y axis
3
r a translation of in the negative direction of the x axis.
3
Amplitude = 3
Range = [–3, 3]
M
y
–5π –π –π π π 5π
6 2 6 6 2 6
t
–π –2π –π 0 π 2π π
SA
3 3 3 3
–2
Exercise 10H
Example 10 1 Sketch the graph of each of the following showing one complete cycle. State the period,
amplitude and the greatest and least values.
√
a y = 4 cos (−2x) b f () = − 2 sin 2 c f (x) = 2 sin (−3x)
Example 11 2 Sketch the graph of each of the following showing one complete cycle. State the period,
amplitude and the greatest and least values.

a y = 3 sin − b y = sin 2( + ) c y = 2 sin 3 +
2 4

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√
d y= 3 sin 2 − e y = 3 sin 2x f y = 2 cos 3 +
2 4
√
g y = 2 sin 2 − h y = −3 sin 2x i y = −3 cos 2 +
3 2

3 For the function f : [0, 2] → R, f (x) = cos x −
3
a find f (0), f (2) b sketch the graph of f.

4 For the function f : [0, 2] → R, f (x) = sin 2 x −
3
a find f (0), f (2) b sketch the graph of f.
E

5 For the function f : [−, ] → R, f (x) = sin 3 x +
4
a find f (−), f () b sketch the graph of f.
10.9 Solution of circular function equations

Example 12
PL
Find all solutions to the equation sin =
Solution
It is clear from the graph that there are
four solutions in the interval [0, 4].

1
2
for ∈ [0, 4].
1
y
y = sinθ 1
M
The solution for ∈ 0, is = . y=
2 6 2
This solution can be obtained from a
knowledge of exact values or using θ
0 π π 2π 3π 4π
sin−1 on a calculator.
6
–1
SA
The second solution is obtained by y

symmetry. The function is positive in y = sinθ
the second quadrant and 1
1
y=
sin ( − ) = sin . 2
5
Therefore = is the second
6 θ
solution. 0 π 5π 13π 17π
It can be seen that further solutions 6 6 6 6
can be achieved by adding 2, as
sin = sin ( + 2). –1
13 17
Thus = and are also solutions.
6 6

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Using the TI-Nspire

Check that the calculator is in Radian
mode.
Use solve( ) from the Algebra menu
(b 1) as shown.
The symbol ≤ can be found in the
catalog
E
( 4), by typing , or by typing
/ .
y = 1/2.
PL
Set the calculator to Radian mode.
Enter the functions y = sin (x) and
The window settings should be as

shown. Tap $ to produce the graph.
Ensure the graph window is selected (bold
border) and tap Analysis, G-solve, intersect
M
to find decimal approximations for the
solutions. The scroll key moves the cursor
between solutions.
To find exact solutions, the window
is used.
Enter and highlight the equation
SA
1
sin (x) = . Tap Interactive,
2
Equation/inequality, solve and ensure the
variable is set to x.
The answer returned is

x = 2 ∗ constn (9) + , x = 2 ∗ constn (10) + 5 .
6 6
This may be read as

x = 2m + , 2n + 5 .
6 6

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It should be clear that there are 4 solutions to the problem. Hence, the values for each
of m and n will be required which produce a solution in the domain. In this case the
11 13 23
values are m = 0, 1 and n = 0, 1. The solutions are x = , , , .
6 6 6 6
Example 13
For the following, find two values of x in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 360.

a sin x ◦ = −0.3 b cos x ◦ = −0.7
E
Solution
a First solve the equation sin x ◦ = 0.3.
Use a calculator to find the solution for x ∈ [0, 90]; x = 17.46
Now the value of sin is negative for P(x) in the 3rd and 4th quadrants.
PL
From the symmetry relationships (or from the graph of y = sin x ◦ )
3rd quadrant
4th quadrant
◦
x = 180 + 17.46
= 197.46
x = 360 − 17.46
= 342.54
∴ if sin x = −0.3, x = 197.46 or x = 342.54
b First solve the equation cos x ◦ = 0.7.
Use a calculator to find the solution for x ∈ [0, 90]; x = 45.57
M
Now the value of cos is negative for P(x) in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants
2nd quadrant x = 180 − 45.57

= 134.43
3rd quadrant x = 180 + 45.57
= 225.57
◦
∴ if cos x = −0.7, x = 134.43 or x = 225.57
SA
Example 14
√
3
Solve the equation sin 2 = − for ∈ [−, ].
2
Solution
It is clear that there are four solutions. y
To solve the equation let x = 2.

1
Note:if ∈ [−, ] y = sin2θ
then 2 = x ∈ [−2, 2]

√ θ
3 –π –π 0 π π
Consider the equation sin x = − 2 2
2
for x ∈ [−2, 2]
√3 –1
y=–
2
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The 1st quadrant solution of the y

√
3
equation sin x = is x =
2 3 1
Symmetry gives the solutions to y = sinx
√
3
sin x = − for x ∈ [0, 2] as x
2 –2π 0 2π

x = + and x = 2 −
3 3
4 5 √3 –1
i.e., x = or x = y=–
E
3 3 2
The other two solutions are obtained by subtracting 2,
4 5
i.e., − 2 and − 2
3 3
2 − 4 5
∴ the required solutions for x are − or or or
Example 12
Exercise 10I
PL
∴ the required solutions for are − or
3
3
−
6
3
or
2
3
3
or
5
6
3
1 Find, without using a calculator, all the values of between 0 and 2 for each of the
M
following.
√ √
a 2 sin x + 1 = 0 b 2 cos x − 1 = 0
2 Find all values of x between − and for which

√
1 3 1
a cos x = − √ b sin x = c cos x = −
2 2 2
SA
3 Find, without using a calculator, all the values of between 0◦ and 360◦ for each of the
following.
√
◦ 3 1 1
a cos = − b sin ◦ = c cos ◦ = −
2 2 2
√ √
d 2 cos ◦ + 1 = 0 e 2 sin ◦ = 3 f 2 sin ◦ − 1 = 0
Example 13 4 Find all the values of x between 0 and 2 for which
a sin x = 0.8 b cos x = −0.4 c sin x = −0.35
d sin x = 0.4 e cos x = −0.7 f cos x = −0.2
5 Find all the values of x between 0 and 4 for which √

1 3
a sin x = 0.6 b sin x = − √ c sin x =
2 2

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Example 14 6 Solve the following equations for ∈ [0, 2].
√
1 3 1
a sin 2 = − b cos 2 = c sin 2 =
2 2√ 2
1 3 1
d sin 3 = − √ e cos 2 = − f sin 2 = − √
2 2 2
7 Solve the following equations for ∈ [0, 2].
a sin 2 = −0.8 b sin 2 = −0.6 c cos 2 = 0.4 d cos 3 = 0.6
8 a Sketch the graph of f : [−2, 2] → R, f (x) = cos x.
E
1
b On the graph, mark the points which have y coordinate and give the associated
2
x values.
1
c On the graph, mark the points which have y coordinate − and give the associated
2
x values.
10.10 Further sketch graphs
a y = 3 sin 2 t −

4

PL
Sketch graphs of y = sin n(t + ε) + b
and y = a cos n(t + ε) + b
Consider the graph of each of the following functions.

+ 2, ≤ t ≤
4

5
4

b y = 2 cos 3 t + − 1, − ≤ t ≤
M
3 3 3
a y b y
π
y = 3 sin 2 t – +2
5 4 π
y = 2 cos 3 t + –1
4 1 3
3 t
–π –π 0 π π
SA
2
3 6 –1 6 3
1
0 t –2
π π 3π π 5π
–1 –3
4 2 4 4
Observations
1 The graph of y = 3 sin 2 t − + 2 is the same shape as the graph of

4
y = 3 sin 2 t − but it is translated two units in the positive direction of the y axis.
4

2 Similarly, the graph of y = 2 cos 3 t + − 1 is the same shape as the graph of
3
y = 2 cos 3 t + but it is translated one unit in the negative direction of the y axis.
3

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In general, the effect of b is to translate the graph b units in the positive direction of the y axis
when b > 0, and in the negative direction of the y axis when b < 0.
Finding axis intercepts

Example 15
Sketch the graphs of each of the following for x ∈ [0, 2]. Clearly indicate axis intercepts.
√ √
a y = 2 sin x + 1 b y = 2 cos 2x − 1 c y = 2 sin 2 x − − 3
E
3
Solution
√
a To determine the axis intercepts, the equation 2 sin x + 1 = 0 must be solved.
√
2 sin x + 1 = 0
1
∴
∴ PL
sin x = − √
x=
∴ intercepts
5
4
,
2

x = + , 2 −
4
5 7
4 4
,0 ,
7
4

,0
4

√2 + 1
0
– √2 + 1
1
y
π
2
π 5π
4
y = √2 sin x + 1
3π
2
7π 2π
4
x
M
Using the TI-Nspire
Check that the calculator is in Radian mode.
Open a Graphs & Geometry application
√
( 2), enter f 1(x) = 2 sin(x) + 1
SA
and select appropriate Window Settings

(b 4 1) as shown.
xMin = 0
xMax = 2

yMin = 1 − (2)

yMax = 1 + (2)
Open a Calculator application ( 1)
to find the exact values of the x-intercepts
using solve( ) from the Algebra menu
(b 1) as shown.
The symbol ≤ can be found in the
catalog ( 4), by typing ,
or by typing / .

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Ensure that the calculator is in Radian mode.
Enter and highlight the equation
√
2 sin(x) + 1 = 0.
Tap Interactive, Equation/inequality, solve.
7 5
The required solutions x = or are found by selecting the appropriate values for
4 4
E
the constant, ‘constn(2) and constn(2)’.
b 2 cos 2x − 1 = 0
1
∴ cos 2x =
2
5 7 11
∴ 2x = , , ,
PL
x= ,
∴ intercepts , 0 ,
y
6
3 3 3
5 7 11
1
0
–1
,
6 6 6
6
,
π
3
5 7 11
6
,0 ,
6
,0 ,
5π
6
,0
π
y = 2 cos 2x – 1
7π 11π 2π
x
M
6 6 6 6
–2
–3
√
c 2 sin 2 x − − 3=0
3
√
3
∴ sin 2 x − =
3 2
2 7 8
SA
∴ 2 x− = , , ,
3 3 3 3 3
7 4
∴ x− = , , ,
3 6 3 6 3
2 3 5
∴ x= , , ,
2 3 5
2 3 2 3
∴ axis intercepts ,0 , ,0 , ,0 , ,0
2 3 2 3
y
π 2π 3π 5π
2 3 2 3 y = 2 – √3
0 x
π 2π
– √3
π
y = 2 sin 2 x – – √3
3
(0, –2√3)
y = –2 – √3
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Exercise 10J
Example 15 1 Sketch the graphs of each of the following for x ∈ [0, 2]. List the x axis intercepts of
each graph for this interval.
√ √
a y = 2 sin x + 1 b y = 2 sin 2x − 3 c y = 2 cos x + 1
√
d y = 2 sin 2x − 2 e y = 2 sin x − +1
4
2 Sketch the graphs of each of the following for x ∈ [−2, 2].
E

a y = 2 sin 3x − 2 b y = 2 cos 3 x −
4
c y = 2 sin 2x − 3 d y = 2 cos 2x + 1

e y = 2 cos 2 x − −1 f y = 2 sin 2 x + +1
3 6
10.11

a y = 2 sin 2 x +

c y = 2 cos 2 x + PL
3 Sketch the graphs of each of the following for x ∈ [−, ].

3

4

+1
√
+ 3
Rotation of a point about the origin

b y = −2 sin 2 x +

6
+1
Consider the points with coordinates (0, 1) and (1, 0) under a rotation of c in an anticlockwise
direction around the origin.
M
y
(0, 1)
π π (cosθ, sin θ)
cos + θ , sin +θ
2 2
θc
From the diagram θc
SA
x
0 (1, 0)
(1, 0) → (cos , sin )

(0, 1) → cos + , sin + and
2 2

cos + , sin + = (− sin , cos )
2 2

cos − sin
∴ The matrix defining the transformation =
sin cos

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Hence if (x, y) → (x , y )

x cos − sin x
=
y sin cos y

x cos − y sin
=
x sin + y cos
i.e., x = x cos − y sin
and y = x sin + y cos
E
Example 16

a Find the matrix, A, for rotation of about O in an anticlockwise direction, and hence find
3
the coordinates of the image of the point (1, 0) under this rotation.

Solution
a
PL
b Find the matrix, B, for rotation of about O in a clockwise direction, and hence find the

A=
cos
sin
 

3

3
3
coordinates of the image of the point (1, 0) under this rotation.
− sin

cos
1
3

3 
=
√
1
 3

2
3  
√ 
3
2√ − 2 
1 
2

1 
x
2√ − 2     2√ 
M
1
  
  =  3
 =
1 0  3 

y
2 2 2
  √ 
b − −  1 3
cos − sin
 3 3    2√ 2


B= =
− −   
SA
3 1
sin
3
cos
3 −
2 2
 √   
  1 3   1

x   1  
 =2√ 2   =  2 √ 
 3 1  0 − 3
y −
2 2 2
Example 17

1 1
 − √2 − √2 
Describe the rotation represented by the matrix 
 1 1 

√ −√
2 2

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Solution
The matrix defining a rotation of c in an anticlockwise direction around the origin is
given by

cos − sin
sin cos
 
1 1
− √ − √
cos − sin  2
=
2
Let
E
sin cos  1 1 
√ −√
2 2
1 1
Therefore cos = − √ and sin = √ , and the smallest positive solution for is
2 2
3
16
4
PL
The matrix represents a rotation of
direction.
3
4
radians about the origin in an anticlockwise
Note: This can also be described as a rotation of

clockwise direction.
Exercise 10K
5
4
radians about the origin in a
M
Example
1 For each of the following, find the matrix associated with the rotation and hence the image
of the given point under that transformation.

a rotation of about O in an anticlockwise direction, point (1, 0)
6

b rotation of about O in a clockwise direction, point (0, 1)
4

c rotation of about O in an anticlockwise direction, point (−1, 0)
2
SA
2
d rotation of about O in a clockwise direction, point (0, −1)
3
5 1 1
e rotation of about O in an anticlockwise direction, point √ , √
4 2 2
√
5 3 1
f rotation of about O in a clockwise direction, point ,
6 2 2
Example 17 2 Describe the rotation represented by each of the following matrices.
√   1 √   
3 −1 − 3 4 3
−

a  2 √2 
  2
b  √ 2  
c 5 5
1 3 3 1
 3 4
− −
2 2 2 2 5 5

3 a Find the matrix R of rotation of about O in an anticlockwise direction.
4 4
b Find the image of (2, 1) under this rotation.

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c Let R denote the matrix defining a rotation of c in an anticlockwise direction about O.

Find:
i R 3 ii R iii R 5 iv R −
4 2 6 4
4
d If 0 < < and cos = , find sin and write down the matrix R .
2 5
10.12 Applications
Example 18
E
It is suggested that the height h(t) metres of the tide above mean sea level on 1 January at

Warnung is given approximately by the rule h(t) = 4 sin t where t is the number of hours
6
after midnight.
a Draw the graph of y = h(t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 24.
4
y
PL
c What was the height of the high tide ?
b When was high tide ?
d What was the height of the tide at 8 am ?
e A boat can only cross the harbour bar when the tide is at least 1 m above mean sea level.
When could the boat cross the harbour bar on 1 January?
Solution
y = h(t)
period = 2 ÷

6
= 12
M
t
0 6 12 18 24
–4
SA
b High tide occurs when h(t) = 4

4 sin t =4
6

implies sin t =1
6
5
∴ t= ,
6 2 2
∴ t = 3, 15
i.e., high tide occurs at 3.00 (3 am) and 15.00 (3 pm)
c The high tide has height 4 m above the mean√ height.

8 4 − 3 √
d h(8) = 4 sin = 4 sin =4× = −2 3
√6 3 2
The water is 2 3 m below the mean height at 8 am.

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e First consider 4 sin t =1
6 1
Thus sin t =
6 4

∴ t = 0.2527, 2.889, 6.5359, 9.172
6
∴ t = 0.48, 5.52, 12.48, 17.52
i.e., the water is at height 1 m at 00:29, 05:31, 12:29, 17:31.
Thus the boat can pass across the harbour bar between 00:29
E
and 05:31 and between 12:29 and 17:31.
Exercise 10L
Example 18 1 The number of hours of
daylightat a point on the Antarctic Circle is given approximately
since 1 January.
a Find d
1
6
PL
by d = 12 + 12 cos t +
i on 21 June (t ≈ 5.7)
1
3
where t is the number of months which have elapsed
ii on 21 March (t ≈ 2.7).
b When will there be five hours of daylight ?
2 The depth, D(t) metres, of water at the entrance

particular day is given by D(t) = 10 + 3 sin
to a harbour at t hours after midnight on a
t
, 0 ≤ t ≤ 24.
M
6
a Sketch the graph of D(t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 24.
b Find the values of t for which D(t) ≥ 8.5.
c Boats which need a depth of w metres are permitted to enter the harbour only if the depth
of the water at the entrance is at least w metres for a continuous period of one hour.
Find, correct to one decimal place, the largest value of w which satisfies this condition.
SA
3 The depth of water at the entrance to a harbour t hours after high tide is D metres, where
D = p + q cos (r t)◦ for suitable constants p, q, r. At high tide the depth is 7 m; at low tide,
six hours later, the depth is 3 m.
a Show that r = 30 and find the values of p and q.
b Sketch the graph of D against t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 12.
c Find how soon after low tide a ship which requires a depth of at least 4 m of water will
be able to enter the harbour.
4 A particle moves on a straight line, Ox, and its distance x metres from O at time t (seconds)
is given by x = 3 + 2 sin 3t.
a Find its greatest distance from O. b Find its least distance from O.
c Find the times at which it is 5 m from O for 0 ≤ t ≤ 5.
d Find the times at which it is 3 m from O for 0 ≤ t ≤ 3.
e Describe the motion of the particle.

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5 The temperatureA◦ Cinside a house at t hours after 4 am is given by

t
A = 21 − 3 cos for 0 ≤ t ≤ 24, and the temperature B ◦ C outside the house at the
12
t
same time is given by B = 22 − 5 cos for 0 ≤ t ≤ 24.
12
a Find the temperature inside the house at 8 am.
b Write down an expression for D = A − B, the difference between the inside and
outside temperatures.
c Sketch the graph of D versus t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 24.
E
d Determine when the inside temperature is less than the outside temperature.
6 The high-water mark on a beach wall is a sinusoidal function, i.e.,

it hasarule of the form
a sin (nt + ε) + b. In this case the function is d(t) = 6 + 4 cos t− where t is the
6 3
number of hours after midnight and d is the depth of the water in metres.
PL
a What is the earliest time of day at which the water is at its highest ?
b When is the water 2 m up the wall ?
7 The graph shows the distance d(t) of the top of the hour hand of a large clock from the
ceiling at time t hours.
d (m)
5
M
2
0 12 24 t (h)
a d(t) is the rule of a sinusoidal function. Find
SA
i the amplitude ii the period

iii the rule for d(t) iv the length of the hour hand.
b At what times is the distance less than 3.5 m from the ceiling ?
8 In a tidal river the time between high tide and low tide is 8 hours. The average depth of
water in a point on the river is 4 m; at high tide the depth is 5 m.
a Sketch a graph of the depth of the water at the point over time if the relationship
between time and depth is sinusoidal and there is a high tide at noon.
b If a boat requires a depth of 4 m of water in order to sail, how many hours before noon
can it enter the point and by what time must it leave to avoid being stranded?
c If a boat requires a depth of 3.5 m of water in order to sail, at what time before noon can
it enter the point and by what time must it leave to avoid being stranded ?

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9 The population, N, of a particular species of ant varies with time. The population at time t
weeks after 1 January 2006 is given by
( (t − 10))
N = 3000 sin + 4000
26
( (t − 10))
a For N (t) = 3000 sin + 4000 state
26
i the period ii the amplitude iii the range.
b i State the values of N(0) and N(100).
E
ii Sketch the graph of y = N (t) for t ∈ [0, 100].
c Find the values of t(t ∈ [0, 100]) for which the population is
i 7000 ii 1000
d Find {t : N (t) > 5500} for t ∈ [0, 100], i.e., find the intervals of time during the first
hundred days for which the population of ants is greater than 5500.
e
PL
A second population M(t) of ants also varies with time. The population has the
following properties.
r minimum population is 10 000 at t = 20
r maximum or minimum value between t = 10 and t = 20
r maximum population is 40 000 at t = 10
r M(t) = a sin
( (t − c))
b
+ d where a, b, c and d are positive constants
Find a set of possible values of a, b, c and d.
M
SA

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Review
Chapter summary
Definition of a radian
One radian (written 1c ) is the angle formed at the y
centre of the unit circle by an arc of length 1 unit. 1
180◦ c 1 unit
1c = 1◦ = 1
180 1c
x
–1 0 1
E
–1
Sine and cosine

x coordinate of P(Q) in unit circle, y
Abbreviated to
Tangent
PL
x = cosine , ∈ R
y coordinate of P() in unit circle,
y = sine , ∈ R
x = cos , y = sin
–1
1
0 x
–1
θ
y
P(θ)
1
y
x
M
B
If the tangent to the unit circle at A is drawn then the
1
y coordinate of B is called tangent (abbreviated to tan ).
tan θ
Also by similar triangles,
1 sin θ
sin θ
tan = x
cos –1 0 A
cos θ
SA
–1
Circular functions and trigonometric ratios
y opp y
sin = = =y
hypotenuse hyp 1
opposite
adj x
1 y side cos = = =x
θ hyp 1
0 x
x θ
opp y sin
adjacent tan = = =
adj x cos
side

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Review 288 Essential Advanced General Mathematics
Symmetry properties of circular functions
y
(sin is positive) (all function are positive)
1
sin (π – θ) = b = sin θ e.g. sin θ = b
b
θ x
E
–1 1
–b
sin (π + θ) = –b = –sinθ –1 sin (2π – θ) = –b = – sin θ
Quadrant 3 (tan is positive) Quadrant 4 (cos is positive)
PL
Further symmetry properties
Negative angles
cos (−) = cos

sin (−) = − sin
tan (−) = −
sin
cos
= − tan –1
–1
1
y
θ
–θ 1
x
M
Exact values of circular functions
sin cos tan

0 0 1 0
√
1 3 1
√
6 2 2 3
SA
1 1
√ √ 1
4 2 2
√
3 1 √
3
3 2 2

1 0 undefined
2

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Review
Graphs of sine and cosine functions
y y
1 1 y = cos θ
y = sin θ
θ θ
π 2π π π 3π 2π
E
2 2
–1 –1
amplitude = 1 amplitude = 1
period = 2π period = 2π
Solutions of circular function equations of the type sin x ◦ = a and cos x ◦ = a
∴ x = 180 − 45.6 = 134.4

and x = 180 + 45.6 = 225.6
PL
e.g., If cos x ◦ = −0.7, find the two values of x in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 360.
If cos x ◦ = 0.7, then x = 45.6
Since cos is negative in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants
Sketch graphs of circular functions of the type

y = a sin n(t + ε) + b and y = a cos n(t + ε) + b y
M

e.g., y = 2 cos 3 t + −1
3 1
amplitude, a = 2
2 2 t
period = = –π –π 0 π π
n 3 3 6 –1 6 3
The graph is the same shape as y = 2 cos 3t but is translated –2

SA
i units in the negative direction of the x axis and

3 –3
ii 1 unit in the negative direction of the y axis.
Multiple-choice questions
1 In the triangle ABC, cos x is equal to

a b a A
A √ B √ C
a +b
2 2 a + b2
2 b x
√ C
b a 2 + b2 b
D E a
a a
B

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2 The period of the graph of y = 2 sin (3x − ) + 4 is

2
A B 2 C 3 D E 2
3
3 The amplitude of the graph of y = −5 cos 5x + 3 is
A −5 B −2 C 2 D 5 E 8
4 The number of solutions of 5 sin (2x − ) + 2 = 0 in the interval [0, 2] is
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 E 8
3
E
5 An angle of radians expressed in degrees (correct to two decimal places) is
11
A 49 B 154.22 C 49.09 D 0.01 E 0.00

√ 5 23
6 The solutions of 2 sin 3x + 2 = 0 in the interval , are
12 12
5 7 13 5 7 23
, , , , ,
A
7 cos

A cos
12 12 12 4 4
4 5 10 11 16 17
,
9 9
−13
6

,

13
6
◦
9
,
9
is equal to

B
8 tan (180 − ) is equal to

sin (90 + )◦
,
− 3
√
PL
2
9
,
4
C cos
B 1.83, 3.40, 3.93, 5.50
cos (180 − )◦

7 13 5 7
−7
6
,

,
12 12 4 4
D
,
−1
2
E none of the above
E sin
sin (90 − )◦

2
3
M
A B C
cos (90 − )◦ sin (180 − )◦ cos (90 + )◦
◦
cos (90 − ) cos (90 + )◦
D ◦
E .
sin (90 + ) sin (90 − )◦
9 The period of the graph of f (x) = 4 sin (3x) − 3 cos (2x) is
2
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 E
√  3

SA
1 − 3
2 2 
 
10 The transformation given by the matrix  √ is
 3 1 
2 2
A a rotation of 30◦ about the origin in an anticlockwise direction
B a rotation of 60◦ about the origin in an anticlockwise direction
1
C a dilation by factor from the x axis
2
D a reflection in the line y = x,
E a rotation of 60◦ about the origin in a clockwise direction

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Review
Short-answer questions (technology-free)
1 Change each of the following to radian measure in terms of .

a 330◦ b 810◦ c 1080◦ d 1035◦ e 135◦
◦ ◦ ◦
f 405 g 390 h 420 i 80◦
2 Change each of the following to degree measure.
5 c 7 c 11 c 3 c 15 c
a b c d e
6 4 4 12 2
E
−3 c c 11 c 23 c
f g − h − i −
4 4 4 4
3 Give exact values of each of the following.

11 −7 11 −7
a sin b cos c sin d cos
4 4 6 6

e cos
13
2
d −3 cos 2x
6
f sin
PL23
6
e −4 sin
x
3
g cos
4 State the amplitude and period of each of the following.

a 2 sin

b −3 sin 4
−23
3

5 Sketch the graphs of each of the following (showing one cycle).

a y = 2 sin 2(2x) b y = −3 cos

x
3

c
f
1
2
2
3
h sin
sin 3
sin
2x
3
c y = −2 sin 3x

−17
4

M
x 2
d y = 2 sin e y = sin x − f y = sin x +
3 4 3
5
g y = 2 cos x − h y = −3 cos x +
6 6
6 Solve each of the following equations for R.
√ √
3 3
a sin = − , ∈ [−, ] b sin 2 = − , ∈ [−, ]
2 2
SA
1
c sin − = − , ∈ [0, 2] d sin + = −1, ∈ [0, 2]
3 2 3
1
e sin − = − , ∈ [0, 2]
3 2
7 Sketch the graphs of each of the following for x ∈ [−, 2].

a f (x) = 2 sin 2x + 1 b f (x) = 1 − 2 cos x c f (x) = 3 cos x +
3

d f (x) = 2 − cos x + e f (x) = 1 − 2 sin 3x
3

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Extended-response questions
1 The depth, D metres, of sea water in a bay, t hours after midnight on a particular day, may be
represented by the function with rule

2t
D(t) = a + b cos , where a, b and k are real numbers.
k
The water is at a maximum depth of 15.4 m at midnight and noon, and is at a minimum
depth of 11.4 m at 6.00 and 18.00 hours.
E
a Find the value of
i a ii b iii k
b Find the times when the depth of the water is 13.4 m.
c Find the values of t for which the depth of the bay is less than 14.4 m.
with rule
a
b
c
d
T = 15 − 8 cos

PL
2 The temperature (◦ ) in a small town in the mountains over a day is modelled by the function
t
12

+ 6 , where t is the time in hours after midnight, 0 ≤ t ≤ 24.
What is the temperature at midnight, correct to two significant figures?

What are the maximum and minimum temperatures reached?
At what times of the day, to the nearest minute, are temperatures warmer than 20◦ ?
Sketch the graph for the temperatures over a day.
M
3 A particle oscillates back and forth, in a straight line, between points A and B about a point
O. Its position, x(t) metres, relative to O at time t seconds is given by the rule
x(t) = 3 sin (2t − a). The position of the particle when t = 1 is x = −1.5.
A O B

a If a ∈ [0, ], find the value of a.
SA
2
b Sketch the graph of x(t) against t for t ∈ [0, 2]. Label maximum and minimum points,
axes intercepts and endpoints with their coordinates.
c How far from O is point A?
d At what time does the particle first pass through A?
e How long is it before the particle returns to A?
f How long does it take for the particle to go from A to O?
g How far does the particle travel in
i the first 2 s of its motion ii the first 2.5 s of its motion?

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Review
4 The depth of water, h(t) m, at a particular
jetty in a harbour at time t hours after midnight is
t
given by the rule h(t) = p + q sin . The graph of h(t) against t for t ∈ [0, 24] is as
6
shown.
h(t)
10.2
E
6 (24, 6)
1.8
t
O
PL
The maximum depth is 10.2 m and the minimum depth is 1.8 m.
a Find the values of p and q.
b State the times at which the depth of water is a maximum for the interval of time [0, 24].
c What is the average depth of the water in the time interval [0, 24]?
d At what times in the time interval [0, 24] is the depth of the water 3.9 m?
e For how long in the 24-hour period from midnight is the water more than 8.1 m in depth?
5 For the function f : [0, 2] → R with rule f (x) = 2 sin(3x) + 1
M
a Find the values of k such that the equation f (x) = k has
i six solutions for x ∈ [0, 2] ii three solutions for x ∈ [0, 2]
iii no solutions for x ∈ [0, 2]
b Find a sequence of transformations which takes the graph of y = f (x) to the graph of
y = sin x.
c Find the values of h ∈ [0, 2] such that
SA
i there is a maximum for the graph of y = f (x + h) at the point ,3

3
ii there is a minimum for the graph of y = f (x + h) at the point , −1
3
6 a Find a sequence of transformations which takes the graph of y = cos x to the graph of
y = sin x.
b Find a sequence of transformations which takes the graph of y = 2 cos x to the graph of
1
y = − sin 2x.
2 2
c i Find the rule for the image of the graph of f (x) = sin x under a dilation of factor

from the y axis, followed by reflection in the line y = 2.
ii Find the range and period of the new function.

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7 Two pistons A and B move backwards and forwards in a cylinder as shown.
A B
O x cm
y cm
The distance x centimetres of the right hand end of piston A from the point O at time t
E
seconds is modelled by the rule
x = 4 sin (3t) + 4
and the distance y centimetres of the left hand end of piston B from the point O at time t
seconds is modelled by the rule

y = 2 sin 2t − + 10
PL 6
The pistons are set in motion at time t = 0.
a State the value of x and the value of y when t = 0
b i State the amplitude of the motion of piston A.
ii State the amplitude of the motion of piston B.
c i State the maximum and minimum values of x.
ii State the maximum and minimum values of y.
d i State the period of the motion of piston A.
ii State the period of the motion of piston B.
M
e Find the time(s) in the first cycle of A that its distance from O is a maximum.
f Find the next four values of t for which x takes its maximum value.
g Find the values of t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 4, for which y attains its minimum value.
h On the one set of axes draw the graphs of x = 4 sin (3t) + 4 and

y = 2 sin 2t − + 10 over the interval [0, ].
6
i State the time when the pistons first touch each other.
SA
j How many seconds are there between the first and second times the pistons touch?
8 The pistons A and B (from 7) are adjusted so that the distance x cm of the right hand end of
piston A from point O at time t seconds is modelled by the formula
x = a sin (nt) + b
and the distance y centimetres of the left hand end of piston B from the point O at time t
seconds is modelled by the formula
y = c sin (mt) + d
The pistons meet every second at a point 8 cm from O. The right hand end of piston A
cannot go to the left of the point O.
a Find one possible set of values of a, b, n and c, m, d and explain your solution.
b Using the set of values found in a, sketch the graphs of x against t and y against t on the
one set of axes.

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Review
9 The population, N, of a particular species of ant varies
with the seasons. The population is
(t − 1)
modelled by the equation N = 3000 sin + 4000, where t is the number of
6
months after 1 January in a given year.
The population, M, of a second species of ant also varies
with time. Its population is
(t − 3.5)
modelled by the equation M = 3000 sin + 5500, where t is again the
5
number of months after 1 January in a given year. Use a graphics calculator to sketch the
graphs of both equations over a period of one year on the same axes and find
E
a the maximum and minimum populations of both species and the months in which those
maxima and minima occur
b during which month of the year the populations of both species are equal and the
population of each species at that time
PL
c by formulating a third equation, when the combined population of species N and M is at
a maximum and what that maximum is
d by formulating a fourth equation, when the difference between the two populations is a
maximum.
10 Passengers on a ferris wheel ride access their seats from a platform 5 m above the ground.
As each seat is filled the ferris wheel moves around so that the next seat can be filled. Once
all seats are filled the ride begins and lasts for 6 minutes. The height h m of Isobel’s seat
above the ground t seconds after the ride has begun is given by the equation
h = 15 sin (10t − 45)◦ + 16.5.
M
a Use a graphics calculator to sketch the graph of the equation for the first 2 minutes of
the ride.
b How far above the ground is Isobel’s seat at the commencement of the ride?
c After how many seconds does Isobel’s seat pass the access platform?
d How many times will her seat pass the access platform in the first 2 minutes?
SA
e How many times will her seat pass the access platform during the entire ride?
Due to a malfunction the ride stops abruptly 1 minute and 40 seconds into the ride.
f How far above the ground is Isobel stranded?
g If Isobel’s brother Hamish had a seat 1.5 m above the ground at the commencement of
the ride, how far above the ground was Hamish stranded?
11 The transformation of rotation about the origin in an anticlockwise direction by ◦ is
defined by the matrix

cos − sin
R =
sin cos
a Find the matrices
i R ·R and hence deduce identities for cos ( + ) and sin ( + )
ii R ·R = R2 and hence deduce identities for cos 2 and sin 2
iii R2 ·R = R3 and hence deduce identities for cos 3 and sin 3

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b Find the matrix R−1

. What does this matrix represent?
c Rotation about another point with coordinates (a, b) can be defined by the following
sequence of transformations:
−a
r translation defined by the vector
−b
r rotation defined by the matrix R

a
r translation defined by the vector
E
b
i Find the image of the point (x, y) following rotation about the point (a, b).
ii Find the image of the point (x, y) following rotation about the point (1, 1).

x x
d i If R × = , find x and y in terms of x and y.
y
y
PL
ii Find the image of the curve of y = x 2 under a rotation of 45◦ around the origin in an
anticlockwise direction.
iii Find the image of the line y = x under a rotation of ◦ around the origin in an
anticlockwise direction.
e i Find the image of the points with coordinates
(1, 0) and (0, 1) after reflection in the line
with equation y = (tan )x.
ii Given that this transformation (0, 1)
y
y = (tan θ)x
M
be represented by a 2 × 2 matrix
may
a b
, find the values of a, b, c and d 0 θ°
c d x
in terms of . (1, 0)
iii Use a matrix technique to show that
a rotation of degrees about the origin
SA
can be achieved through the composition

of two reflections.
f Find the image of the curve with equation y = x 2 under a reflection in the line y = x.


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P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS

9780521740494c10.xml CUAU033-EVANS September 9, 2008 13:11

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Measuring angles in degrees and radians

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Note: Angles formed by moving anticlockwise around

Degrees and radians

Convert 30◦ to radians.

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4 Use a calculator to express the following in radian measure.

5 Express in degrees the angles with the following radian measures.

6 Express each of the following in radian measure in terms of .

Many different angles will give the same point, P, on θc

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10.3 Another circular function: tangent B

Domain of tan = R\{ : cos = 0}.

Use a calculator to evaluate, correct to two decimal places

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10.4 Reviewing trigonometric ratios

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2 a Use a calculator to find a and b, correct to four y

Relationships, based on symmetry between circular functions, for angles in different

Note: These relationships are true for all values of .

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1st quadrant All are positive (A) S A

= 0.6 = −0.6 = −0.6 = −0.6

If cos x ◦ = 0.8, find the value of

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3 Write down the values of y

10.6 Exact values of circular functions

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3 Write down the exact values of

10.7 Graphs of sine and cosine

Observations from the graph

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Graphs of cosine functions

Dilations of sine and cosine functions

they axis has the rule (x, y) → (2x, y).

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f : R → R, f (x) = sin (nx) f : R → R, f (x) = cos (nx)

A dilation of factor 3 from has the rule (x, y) → (x, 3y).

f : R → R, f (x) = a sin (nx), n, a > 0 f : R → R, f (x) = a cos (nx), n, a > 0

Sketch the graphs of

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Using the TI-Nspire

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Using the Casio ClassPad